福建医科大学外科学(普外)2016年考博真题试卷
- 格式:pdf
- 大小:131.86 KB
- 文档页数:3
全国外科学考博试题总结名词解释:1.高钾血症;2.心脏按摩;3.中心静脉压;4.非少尿型急性肾功能衰竭;5.呼吸性酸中毒;6.肠源性感染;7.脓毒症(sepsis);8.Superinfection;9.ARDS;10.过继免疫疗法;11.CARS12.GVHR;13.SIADH;14.基因诊断;15.条件性感染;16.SIADH;17.SIRS;18. 预存式自体输血;19.休克抑制期;20. 痈;21.海绵状血管瘤;22.负氮平衡;23. 脑再灌注损伤;24.中厚皮片;25. 脓血症26.烧伤面积的中国九分法;27.systemic inflammatory response syndrome ;28.功能性细胞外液;29.心肺复苏;30.MSOF;31.ARF;32.ARDS;33.ICU;34.休克指数;35.MODS;36.条件感染;37.载体和重组质粒;38.MAC;39.导向复苏40.精准医疗论述题:1、较广泛的或剧烈的创伤性炎症对机体可引起哪些不利影响?(10 分)2、成人呼吸窘迫综合症的临床表现和分期(15 分)。
3.输血适应症4.外科抗菌药应用原则5.理想手术切口应具备的条件6.肾替代疗法应达到的指标7.DIC 的临床表现8.创伤治愈的分期、处理原则9.理想的肿瘤标志物应具备的特点10. 肾在体内酸碱平衡调节的机制11. 肠外营养的适应证和并发症12. 自体输血的方式和禁忌证13.试述肠内营养适应证14.试述自体输血的适应证与禁忌症15.分输血的种类和适应症16.肠源性感染的发病机制17.代谢性酸中毒的分型及常见原因18.创伤的检查与诊断步骤(13)19.脑复苏的现代观念及主要方法20.灭菌与消毒有何区别?21.高钾血症的原因和诊断处理?22.肠外营养有哪些常见并发症如何处理23.简述外科如何选择和使用抗菌药物?24..创伤后组织修复分几个阶段?简述其修复过程?25.创伤后组织修复过程分为哪几个阶段?各阶段的主要特点是什么?26.试述肿瘤浸润与转移过程中的相关因素?27.试述创伤的代谢变化及其临床意义?28.溶血反应的发病机理及病理变化?29.感染性休克病理生理变化过程中血流动力学改变有何特征?治疗要点是什么?30.全胃肠外营养的并发症31..肠细菌移位的发生机制32.腹部外科术后心力衰竭的紧急处理,应从哪些方面着手?33.有哪些腹部外科疾病与病毒感染有关?如何预防和治疗。
1、Tme及直肠系膜的概念2、胰头癌引起梗阻性黄疸的处理办法3、原位肝移植的手术方式与适应症胃癌的淋巴结清扫范围与手术根治程度分级乳腺癌的内分泌治疗的方法与药物乳癌治疗原则Sirs sepsis MODS的概念与相互关系营养不良的分类与支持的适应症直肠癌前切除术的主要并发症胰岛素瘤的定位诊断肝癌的综合治疗, 肝癌的治疗原则门脉高压上消化道出血的治疗MODS的发病机理 MODS的治疗。
胆道出血的诊治慢性甲状腺炎的诊治SAP的治疗:胰腺炎的治疗Bismuth的分类;医源性胆管损伤按Bismuth分类:Ⅰ型:距肝总管起始部向远端2cm以上。
Ⅱ型:距肝总管起始部向远端2cm以内。
Ⅲ型:左右肝管汇合部。
Ⅳ型:左侧肝管或右侧肝管。
Ⅴ型:左右肝管分支处。
甲状腺癌的病理特点胃癌的治疗原则如何正确的对手术病人进行术前肝功能评估,以利手术顺利进行?Child 评分Child-Pugh评分分级标准传统腹股沟疝修补术和无张力疝修补术的特点和方法有何不用?休克时加重心肌损伤的因素有那些肿瘤的外科治疗有哪些方法一个良好的肿瘤标志物应该具有何特性,举例说明结肠癌的早期诊断梗阻性黄疸的检查方法有哪些肝内胆管结石的处理原则及治疗方法休克的监测及诊断乳腺癌的淋巴结引流途径甲状腺大布切除术的术前检查肝内胆管结石的手术治疗原则及方法ct发现胰腺头部占位后还应行哪些检查肝癌的定性诊断?孕期阑尾炎的诊断治疗原则胃癌的手术发式肝移植的适应症和手术方式甲状腺结节的处理原则闭合性腹部损伤非手术治疗期间应观察哪些指标普外:二问答1 PMC(甲状腺乳头状微小腺癌)及其目前治疗原则2 Budd-Chiari syndrome的分型及手术治疗方法布加综合征由各种原因所致肝静脉和其开口以上段下腔静脉阻塞性病变引起的常伴有下腔静脉高压为特点的一种肝后门脉高压症。
急性期病人有发热、右上腹痛、迅速出现大量腹腔积液、黄疸、肝大,肝区有触痛,少尿。
依血管受累多少、受累程度和阻塞病变的性质和状态等而殊不相同。
去年在小木虫、百度文库、丁香园、爱爱医收集的博士入学考试外科学简答题,是好几个学校在一块的,北医、上交、协和、山大,301,华科的,受益颇大,当时下载也花了不少心血,总结费了不少时间,分享给大家,一份耕耘,一份收获,但愿好运常相随!!!考博问答题整理无菌术1.什么是无菌术?无菌术的内容包括那些?无菌术是针对微生物及感染途径所采取的一系列预防措施。
无菌术的内容包括灭菌、消毒法、操作规则及管理制度。
2.无菌术、灭菌?所谓灭菌就是杀灭一切活的微生物。
而消毒是指杀灭病原微生物和其他活动有害微生物,但不要求奢靡额和清除所有微生物3.常用的灭菌消毒法有:(1)高压蒸汽法。
(2)煮沸法。
(3)火烧法。
(4)药液浸泡法。
(5)甲醛蒸汽熏蒸法。
4.手术过程中的无菌原则(1)手术人员穿无菌手术衣和戴无菌手套之后,手不能接触背部、腰部以下和肩部以上部位,这些区域属于有菌地带;同样,也不要接触手术台边缘以下的布单。
(2)不可在手术人员的背后传递手术器械及用品。
坠落到无菌巾或手术台边以外的器械物品,不准拾回再用。
(3)手术中如手套破损或接触到有菌地方,应更换无菌手套。
如前臂或肘部触碰有菌地方,应更换无菌手术衣或加套无菌袖套。
如无菌巾、布单等物已被湿透,其无菌隔离作用不再完整,应加盖干的无菌布单。
(4)在手术过程中,同侧手术人员如需调换位置,一人应先退后一步,背对背地转身到达另一位置,以防触及对方背部不洁区。
(5)手术开始前要清点器械、敷料,手术结束时,检查胸、腹等体腔,待核对器械、敷料数无误后,才能关闭切口,以免异物遗留腔内产生严重后果。
(6)切口边缘应以无菌大纱布垫或手术巾遮盖,并用巾钳或缝线固定,仅显露手术切口。
术前手术区粘贴无菌塑料薄膜可达到相同目的。
(7)做皮肤切口以及缝合皮肤之前,需再消毒皮肤一次。
(8)切开空腔脏器前,要先用纱布垫保护周围组织,以防止或减少污染。
(9)参观手术的人员不可太靠近手术人员或站得太高,也不可经常在室内走动,以减少污染的机会。
考博外科学试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 以下哪项不是外科手术的基本原则?A. 无菌操作B. 无创原则C. 快速切除D. 保护组织2. 外科手术中,以下哪项不是常用的止血方法?A. 压迫止血B. 电凝止血C. 药物止血D. 物理止血3. 以下哪种情况不适合进行手术治疗?A. 急性阑尾炎B. 慢性胆囊炎C. 严重营养不良D. 早期乳腺癌4. 外科手术中,以下哪项不是术后并发症?A. 感染B. 出血C. 疼痛D. 血栓形成5. 以下哪项是腹腔镜手术的优点?A. 切口大B. 恢复快C. 视野差D. 并发症多6. 以下哪项是外科手术前的常规准备?A. 禁食禁水B. 立即手术C. 无需体检D. 无需心理辅导7. 以下哪种麻醉方式适用于短小手术?A. 全身麻醉B. 局部麻醉C. 椎管内麻醉D. 神经阻滞麻醉8. 以下哪项是外科手术中常见的感染类型?A. 细菌性感染B. 真菌性感染C. 病毒性感染D. 寄生虫感染9. 以下哪项是外科手术中常见的并发症?A. 心律失常B. 肾功能衰竭C. 肺栓塞D. 以上都是10. 以下哪项是外科手术中的无菌操作原则?A. 无菌区域与非无菌区域分离B. 手术器械随意摆放C. 手术人员可以随意进出手术室D. 手术人员可以不戴口罩答案:1-5 C, D, C, D, B;6-10 A, B, A, D, A二、简答题(每题10分,共30分)1. 简述外科手术前的基本准备流程。
答:外科手术前的基本准备流程包括:患者体检、病情评估、术前讨论、手术方案制定、患者及家属的知情同意、禁食禁水、皮肤准备、术前用药等。
2. 请列举三种常见的外科手术并发症,并简要说明其预防措施。
答:常见的外科手术并发症包括感染、出血和血栓形成。
预防措施分别为:严格遵守无菌操作原则、术中控制出血、术后使用抗凝药物和鼓励患者早期活动。
3. 描述腹腔镜手术与传统开腹手术的主要区别。
答:腹腔镜手术与传统开腹手术的主要区别在于:腹腔镜手术切口小、创伤小、恢复快、疼痛轻、住院时间短;而传统开腹手术切口大、创伤大、恢复慢、疼痛重、住院时间较长。
外科博士专业基础试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 外科手术中,以下哪个是无菌操作的基本要求?A. 手术室内保持清洁B. 手术人员必须穿戴无菌手术衣和手套C. 手术室内禁止无关人员进入D. 所有选项都是2. 以下哪项不是外科手术的基本原则?A. 无菌原则B. 无创原则C. 无痛原则D. 快速原则3. 以下哪个是外科手术中常用的止血方法?A. 压迫止血B. 电凝止血C. 药物止血D. 所有选项都是4. 以下哪个不是外科手术中常用的缝合材料?A. 丝线B. 肠线C. 不锈钢线D. 尼龙线5. 外科手术中,以下哪个是预防感染的重要措施?A. 术前准备B. 术中无菌操作C. 术后护理D. 所有选项都是6. 以下哪个是外科手术中常用的麻醉方式?A. 局部麻醉B. 椎管内麻醉C. 全身麻醉D. 所有选项都是7. 以下哪个不是外科手术中常用的引流方式?A. 腹腔引流B. 胸腔引流C. 静脉引流D. 动脉引流8. 以下哪个是外科手术中常用的切口类型?A. 横切口B. 纵切口C. 斜切口D. 所有选项都是9. 以下哪个不是外科手术中常用的止血带?A. 橡胶止血带B. 充气止血带C. 纱布止血带D. 金属止血带10. 以下哪个是外科手术中常用的抗感染药物?A. 青霉素B. 头孢类C. 红霉素D. 所有选项都是二、简答题(每题5分,共30分)1. 请简述无菌操作的基本原则。
2. 请简述外科手术中的无菌环境如何建立?3. 请简述外科手术中常用的缝合技术有哪些?4. 请简述外科手术中常见的并发症有哪些?5. 请简述外科手术中常用的麻醉方法及其特点。
6. 请简述外科手术中预防感染的措施。
三、论述题(每题25分,共50分)1. 论述外科手术中的无菌技术的重要性及其实施步骤。
2. 论述外科手术中对患者进行术前准备的重要性及其具体内容。
答案:一、选择题1. D2. D3. D4. C5. D6. D7. C8. D9. D10. D二、简答题1. 无菌操作的基本原则包括:保持无菌区域的清洁、避免接触无菌物品、使用无菌工具和材料、穿戴无菌手术衣和手套等。
Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases,marked A,B,C and D,are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Then,mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.Employers have a legal obligation to pay_______to their workers forpensation promise modity D.consumptionKey:A32.The argument between the two patients became so fierce that the doctor had to_________.A.alleviateB.aggravateC.extinguishD.interveneKey:D33.But despite all the legal hustle and bustle,they don’t actually expect to_______death sentences to life terms without parole.A.induceB.convertC.reviveD.swerve Key:B34.To maintain physical well-being,a person should eat_______food and get sufficient exercise.A.integral B.gross C.wholesome D.intactKey:C35.The Central Government’s pledge to maintain the______and stability of Hong Kong at all costs is a great encouragement to the local finance.A.provisionB.prosperityC.privilegeD.preferenceKey:B36.It is pointed out that patients must be reassured that“their lives will not be______as a result of bed shortages.”A.facilitatedB.forfeitedC.fulfilledD.furnished Key:B37.The cause of his death has been a mystery and_______unknown so far.A.exclusivelyB.superficiallyC.utterlyD.doubtfully Key:C38.It is known that some ways of using resources_______can destroy the environment as well as the people living in it.A.recklesslyB.sparinglyC.sensiblyD.incrediblyKey:A39.Cholera is a preventable waterborne bacterial infection that is spread through______ water.A.filtered B.distilled C.contaminated D.purifiedKey:C40.We welcome him not____________as a new broom but rather as a very old friend.A.by the wayB.at all eventsC.by no meansD.in any senseKey:C2016医博英语考试阅读理解答案如下:Part IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Passage One61.To have a journey of discovery witheach child,according to the passage,is_____________.A.to discover their unique sleep-wakecycles62.In the first paragraph,the authorsuggests that parents____________.D.keep a diary on sleep pattern for theirchild63.When there exists a“marker”in thechild,according to the passage,__________.A.it might lead to his or her earlysubstance use64.What is the author trying to tell us inthe third paragraph?B.Sometimes parents need to seek professionalassistance.65.What is the main idea of the passage?C.Parents’role in building their child’shealthy sleeping habit.Passage Two66.The study's results indicated_____________.A.health disparities between English andAmerican senior citizens67.Which of the following is uniquehealth-care challenge for English senior citizens when compared with theirAmerican counterparts?A.A higher death rate.68.What does James Smith imply by anAmerican plate?C.A large portion of food consumed byAmericans.69.The Americans'unique health-carechallenge,according to James Smith,is derived form______________.D.their unhealthy lifestyle factors70.Even though it is much more aggressive,the American medicine__________.B.benefits more seniors who need medicalcare.Passage Three71.The current PIK study___________.B.was based on the global land-use models72.As the PIK results imply,it ispossible____________.D.to return to the emission levels around199573.Simply put,to produce and consume lessmeat and dairy is to__________.A.to reduce more methane and nitrous oxideemissions74.The greenhouse gas pie tells us__________.C.the priorities in the environmentalprotection75.What can be the best title for thepassage?D.Diet for a Healthier PlanetPassage Four76.What can be said of Henry?C.His life was improved with telehealth.77.Henry activates his daily healthmanagement__________.B.By getting hooked up to the monitoringdevices78.As one of the pioneering patients,Henry__________.A.receives the most benefits fromtelehealth79.What is the most important about thetelehealth technology in the case of Henry?D.His condition can be kept undercontinuous surveillance at home.80.Thanks to the telehealth technology,Henry knows for sure his blood oxygen level,thus__________.C.getting hospitalized in no timePassage Five81.Rappaport argues that a major threat toour human health__________.A.lies in our exposome82.What can be said of the exposomeaccording to Rappaport?D.Changeable.83.Speaking of genes,Rappaport would saythat__________.B.there is no such a thing as predictivemedicine.84.Even though we cannot pinpoint theexact impact of environmental influences.Wild contends that__________.C.each of us leaves a unique exposurehistory in the environment85.Particularly important,according toNicholson,is the time when__________.C.the exposome comes inPassage Six86.The author cries for a change in____________.D.global science publishing87.According to the author,the lowinternational recognition and impact of scientists in the developing countriescan be attributed to__________.C.their limited publications in globalindexing databases88.The survey conducted by Tijssenjustified the author's view that__________.D.most scientists in developing countriesremain marginalized in global science publishing89.To address the current situation,theauthor argues that it is imperative that__________.D.quality and quantity be desired in thelocal journals90.Which of the following can be the besttitle for the passage?C.Globalizing Science Publishing。
2016年首医考博真题神经解剖学一、名词解释(3分*10=30)1.肋间臂神经2.外侧膝状体3.海德带4.Clarke柱5.杏仁体6.穹窿7.苔藓纤维8.腰内脏神经9.E-W核10.髓纹二、简答题(6分*5=30)1.瞳孔括约肌,竖脊肌,二腹肌前腹,斜方肌,甲状舌骨肌,颈阔肌的神经支配。
2.海绵窦的结构和交通。
3.红核综合征。
4.牵张反射的概念,原理,分类。
5.简述耳神经节。
三、论述题(10分*4=40)1.背侧丘脑特异性核团及功能。
2.颅内及骶髓副交感神经分布。
3.大脑前动脉皮层支分布区,损伤导致何处的随意运动障碍,为什么,简述其神经传导通路。
4.Wernicke区的组成,在“听问话并回答中的作用”并解释。
神经病学一、名词解释(2分*5=10)1.Meige综合征2.烟雾病3.Lhermitte sign4.路易体痴呆5.克雅脑病(CJD)二、选择(1分*10=10)1.AD的病因及发病机制:神经原纤维缠结与铝沉积,胆碱能异常,细胞骨架,脑外伤是危险因素2.累及突触后膜的疾病有:MG3.累及钙离子通道的疾病有:LES,周麻4.继发性三叉神经痛:持续性,伴面部感觉、角膜反射及其他颅神经受累5.PD的MAO-B不应与SSRI合用6.HSV:嗜DNA病毒lard-Gubler8.交叉性感觉障碍平面:延髓9.MG的病理生理机制10.GBS脑脊液蛋白-细胞分离的时间:3周三、简答题(5分*7=35)1.简述主要的脑干反射2.简述核间性眼肌麻痹3.AEDS使用原则4.TIA概念、病因及发病机制5.黄斑回避及发生机制6.去脑强直及去皮层强直,损伤部位及临床意义7.截瘫为什么会有尿潴留四、论述题(15分*3=45)1.VCI的概念及病因学分类2.临床常见的脑动脉盗血综合征3.病例分析:诊断,鉴别诊断,治疗原则(PD)。
2016年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解试卷一(Paper One)Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choosethe best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Now let’s begin with question number 1.1. A. At ten next Wednesday.B. At three next Wednesday.C. At ten next Monday.D. At three next Monday.【答案】B【解析】录音中护士一开始问男病人下个星期一上午十点有空吗?病人说只有下午三点有空,接下来护士确认了最后的时间为下个星期三的三点,故正确答案为B项。
2016年全国医学博士英语统考答案Listening Comprehension (30%)Section A1. B. At three next Wednesday.2. B. A piercing pain.3. A. He is going to get married.4. D. She couldn't agree with the man more.5. A. Jack's girlfriend is mad at him.6. B. It's wise to be prepared.7. B. He is a trouble-maker.8. D. $309. C. Work out in the gym.10. B. 23211. A. Mary isn't his type.12. A. Play tennis.13. C. In the hospital.14. A. She is seriously ill.15. B. She makes a living now as a landlady.Section BDialogue16. A. A duodenal ulcer.17. B. Try medical means.18. A. Overweight.19. C. He is a heavy smoker.20. D. Make an appointment with Dr. Oaks.Passage One21. D. He is the creator of a website on longevity.22. C. Women develop cardiovascular disease much later than men.23. B. In their 60s and 70s.24. D. Iron.25. C. Another possibility for women's longevity.Passage Two26. C. He struggled under the strain of poverty.27. B. He is an investment advisor.28. D. Fear.29. B. He began reading investment books and then began practicing.30. C. Where there is a will, there is a way.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D, are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Employers have a legal obligation to pay _______ to their workers for injuries.A. compensationB. compromiseC. commodityD. consumptionKey: A32. The argument between the two patients became so fierce that the doctor had to _________.A. alleviateB. aggravateC. extinguishD. interveneKey: D33. But despite all th e legal hustle and bustle, they don’t actually expect to _______ death sentences to life terms without parole.A. induceB. convertC. reviveD. swerveKey: B34. To maintain physical well-being, a person should eat _______ food and get sufficient exercise.A. integralB. grossC. wholesomeD. intactKey: C35. The Central Government’s pledge to maintain the ______ and stability of Hong Kong at all costs is a great encouragement to the local finance.A. provisionB. prosperityC. privilegeD. preferenceKey: B36. It is pointed out that patients must be reassured that “their lives will not be ______ as a result of bed shortages.”A. facilitatedB. forfeitedC. fulfilledD. furnishedKey: B37. The cause of his death has been a mystery and _______ unknown so far.A. exclusivelyB. superficiallyC. utterlyD. doubtfullyKey: C38. It is known that some ways of using resources _______ can destroy the environment as well as the people living in it.A. recklesslyB. sparinglyC. sensiblyD. incrediblyKey: A39. Cholera is a preventable waterborne bacterial infection that is spread through ______ water.A. filteredB. distilledC. contaminatedD. purifiedKey: C40. We welcome him not ____________ as a new broom but rather as a very old friend.A. by the wayB. at all eventsC. by no meansD. in any senseKey: CSection B41. scrutinyA. sanctionB. restrictionC. censusD. examination Key: D42. potentA. inexpensiveB. powerfulC. conventionalD. lethal Key: B43. at odds withA. in tune withB. in favor ofC. for the sake ofD. in disagreement withKey: D44. eminentA. renownedB. notoriousC. popularD. mysteriousKey: A45. diversityA. sevrityB. reliablilityC. varietyD. specificityKey: C46. lapseA. errorB. sinC. guiltD. offenseKey: A47. jaundiceA. grievanceB. sympathyC. jealousyD. indignation Key: C48. to little availA. by no meansB. in vainC. of no accountD. at stake Key: B49. lavishlyA. fearlesslyB. conspicuouslyC. wastefullyD. ferociously Key: C50. progressionA. deteriorationB. accumulationC. expansionD. promotionKey: APart III Cloze (10%)51. A. careful about B. capable of C. accessible to D. susceptible toKey: B52. A. in the event B. in an attempt C. at the moment D. along the wayKey: D53. A. exclusive B. very C. just D. exactKey: A54. A. indeed B. however C. moreover D. thereforeKey: B55. A. demonstration B. dimension C. destiny D. determination Key: C56. A. has been said B. being said C. was said D. is saidKey: B57. A. more or less B. pretty much C. as ever D. if anyKey: B58. A. while B. despite C. nevertheless D. sinceKey: C59. A. case B. mold C. sense D. conditionKey: C60. A. different B. similar C. insufficient D. significantKey: DPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Passage One61. To have a journey of discovery witheach child, according to the passage,is_____________.A. to discover their unique sleep-wakecycles62. In the first paragraph, the authorsuggests that parents ____________.D. keep a diary on sleep pattern for theirchil63. When there exists a “marker”in the child according to the passage, __________.A. it might lead to his or her earlysubstance use64. What is the author trying to tell us inthethird paragraph?B. Sometimes parents need to seek professionalassistance.65. What is the main idea of the passage?C. Parents’role in building their child’shealthy sleeping habit.Passage Two66. The study's results indicated_____________.A. health disparities between English andAmerican senior citizens67. Which of the following is uniquehealth-care challenge for English senior citizens when compared with theirAmerican counterparts?A. higher death rate.68. What does James Smith imply by anAmerican plate?C. large portion of food consumed byAmericans.69. The Americans' unique health-carechallenge, according to James Smith, is derived form ______________.D. their unhealthy lifestyle factors70. Even though it is much more aggressive,the American medicine __________.B. benefits more seniors who needmedicalcare.Passage Three71. The current PIK study ___________.B. was based on the global land-use models72. As the PIK results imply, it ispossible ____________.”D. to return to the emission levels around199573. Simply put, to produce and consume lessmeat and dairy is to __________.A. to reduce more methane and nitrous oxideemissions74. The greenhouse gas pie tellsus__________.C. the priorities in the environmentalprotection75. What can be the best title forthepassage?D. Diet for a Healthier PlanetPassage Four76. What can be said of Henry?C. His life was improved with telehealth.77. Henry activates his daily healthmanagement __________.B. By getting hooked up to themonitoringdevices78. As one of the pioneering patients,Henry __________.A. receives the most benefits fromtelehealth79. What is the most important about thetelehealth technology in the case of Henry?D. His condition can be kept undercontinuous surveillance at home.80. Thanks to the telehealth technologyHenry knows for sure his blood oxygen level, thus __________.C. getting hospitalized in no timePassage Five81. Rappaport argues that a major threat toour human health __________.A. lies in our exposome82. What can be said of the exposomeaccording to Rappaport?D. Changeable.83. Speaking of genes, Rappaport wouldsaythat __________.B. there is no such a thing aspredictivemedicine.84. Even though we cannot pinpoint theexact impact of environmental influences. Wild contends that __________.C. each of us leaves a unique exposurehistory in the environment85. Particularly important, according toNicholson, is the time when __________.C. the exposome comes inPassage Six86. The author cries for a changein____________.D. global science publishing87. According to the author, the lowinternational recognition and impact of scientists in the developing countriescan be attributed to __________.C. their limited publications in globalindexing databases88. The survey conducted by Tijssenjustified the author's view that __________.D. most scientists in developing countriesremain marginalized in global science publishing89. To address the current situation, theauthor argues that it is imperative that__________.D. quality and quantity be desired in thelocal journals90. Which of the following can be the besttitle for the passage?C. Globalizing Science Publishing作文的标题:The Cultivation and Development of General Practitioner。
博士生入学考试普通外科学试题一、名词解释1.stress ulcers2.gut drived infection3.couinand 肝分段4.child分级5.Charcot’s triads二、问答1.Tme及直肠系膜的概念2.原位肝移植的手术方式与适应症3.胰头癌引起梗阻性黄疸的处理办法4.胃癌的淋巴结清扫范围与手术根治程度分级5.营养不良的分类与支持的适应症6.乳腺癌的内分泌治疗的方法与药物7.Sirs sepsis MODS的概念与相互关系8.肝门部胆管癌的Bishmush-C分型9.直肠癌前切除术的主要并发症10.胰岛素瘤的定位诊断11.肝癌的综合治疗12.门脉高压上消化道出血的治疗1、烧伤补液原则2、胃癌病理分期及临床分期3、直肠癌分期及处理4、ARDS机制及处理5、肝门脉高压的机制6、胃癌浸润转移机制7、本专业研究最新进展1、消化道肿瘤的辅助化疗途径及意义2、血栓疾病的诊治原则3、以乳腺癌为例,试述PTNM分期。
4、抗生素的应用原则5、门脉高压血液流变学和病理生理学1、Whipple三联症2、Mizzi综合症(好像是胆囊压迫胆总管)3、休克指数问答题:1、输血的并发症及处理2、肝脏的应用解剖3、胃癌的综合治疗,热疗4、胆石症的并发症和处理(胆石症的转归)一、名词解释1、Multiple endocrine neoplasm(MEN)2、Mirrizi综合征3、Richter疝4、乳腺Paget病5、Peutz-Jeghers综合征二、选择题(略)三、简答题1、癌症三阶梯治疗的原则2、阑尾炎McBurney、Morris、Lanz压痛点的部位3、肝门胆管癌的分型(Bismuth)4、TME的原则5、上消化道出血的病因及首选诊断方法6、原发性腹膜炎细菌感染途径有哪些四、论述题(一)原发性肝癌的诊断和鉴别诊断(二)结直肠癌并发急性肠梗阻的外科治疗方法及非手术治疗进展。
外科学考博试题库及答案外科学是一门研究外科疾病的诊断、治疗和预防的医学科学。
以下是一份外科学考博试题库及答案,供参考:一、选择题1. 以下哪项不是外科手术的基本原则?A. 无菌原则B. 无创原则C. 快速原则D. 安全原则答案:C2. 外科手术中,下列哪项不是无菌操作的基本要求?A. 穿戴无菌手术衣和手套B. 保持手术区域的清洁C. 手术器械直接接触患者皮肤D. 手术室内保持空气流通答案:C3. 以下哪项是外科手术中常见的并发症?A. 术后出血B. 术后感染C. 术后肺栓塞D. 所有选项都是答案:D二、简答题1. 简述外科手术的无菌技术的重要性。
答:无菌技术是外科手术中非常重要的一环,它可以有效预防术后感染,保证手术的安全性和成功率。
无菌技术包括手术人员穿戴无菌手术衣和手套、手术器械的消毒、手术区域的清洁以及手术室内环境的控制等。
2. 描述外科手术中的麻醉方法有哪些,并简要说明其特点。
答:外科手术中的麻醉方法主要包括局部麻醉、椎管内麻醉和全身麻醉。
局部麻醉作用于身体的某一部位,使该部位失去痛觉,适用于小手术;椎管内麻醉作用于脊髓,使下半身失去痛觉,适用于下肢和下腹部手术;全身麻醉使患者在整个手术过程中处于无痛和无意识状态,适用于大型手术。
三、论述题1. 论述外科手术中止血的重要性及其常用方法。
答:止血是外科手术中至关重要的环节,它不仅可以防止患者失血过多,还能减少术中并发症的发生。
常用的止血方法包括物理止血(如压迫止血、冷敷止血)、药物止血(如使用止血药物)、电凝止血、结扎止血等。
选择合适的止血方法需要根据出血的类型、部位和量来决定。
结束语外科学作为一门实践性极强的学科,对医生的理论知识和操作技能都有很高的要求。
通过不断的学习和实践,医生可以提高自己的专业水平,更好地为患者服务。
希望这份试题库能够帮助考生们更好地复习和掌握外科学的相关知识。
福建医科大学考博分生真题2008年福建医科大学博士入学考试医学分子生物学(专业基础)简答题(共7题,每题10分)1.简述重组DNA技术的基本步骤2.简述目的基因的获取方法3.简述原癌基因激活的机制4.简述DNA-pol I的生物学活性5.反式作用因子DNA结合域的主要结构及其特点6.基因家族的主要类型及其特点7.克隆载体应具备的条件论述题(共2题,各15分)1.试述真核生物基因表达调控的机制2.如何使外源蛋白在原核表达系统高效、可溶性表达且易于纯化2009年福建医科大学博士入学考试医学分子生物学(专业基础)1.何谓基因、基因组、基因组学2.何谓异源酶、同尾酶、核酶3.何谓增强子、启动子、顺贩子4.简述反式作用因子的基本特性5.简述基因治疗的策略6.简述DNA芯片技术的基本原理7.分离DNA时,为什么在缓冲液中加入蔗糖和EDTA8.简述受体的作用和特点9.简述蓝白筛选的原理10.简述DNA重组技术的基本步骤二。
问答题1.试述PCR反应的条件和机制2.如何以大肠杆菌质粒DNA为载体,克隆一个编码动物激素的基因,并使之在大肠杆菌内表达?简要说明实验中可能遇到的问题及可能的解决方法?3.结合实例,设计一个研究方案,分析其特定基因的功能2011年福建医科大学博士入学考试医学分子生物学(专业基础)1.简述DNA芯片技术的基本原理2. 简述蓝白筛选的原理3. 简述反式作用因子的基本特性4. 分离DNA时,为什么在缓冲液中加入蔗糖和EDTA5. .简述受体的作用和特点6. 简述DNA重组技术的基本步骤7. 何谓基因、基因组、基因组学二、问答题1.试述PCR反应的条件和机制2.试述基因分析的基本策略2012年福建医科大学博士入学考试医学分子生物学(专业基础)简答题1、碱裂法提取质粒DNA原理。
2、真核表达系统有哪些?3、原核克隆载体有哪些,片段长度。
4、反式作用因子DNA结合结构域结构种类及其特点。
5、探针的标记方法。
参考答案一、 单选题1-5BABCC 6-10EACBA 11-15BAACE 16-20DBCEB二、 填空题1. 膀胱挛缩 对侧肾积水2. 肾胚胎瘤 Wilms瘤3. 腹股沟管、直疝三角4.巨块型 结节型 弥漫型5.处理原发病 彻底清除腹腔 充分引流6. 腰段骶棘肌中外侧缘7. 静脉性肿胀 淋巴性肿胀三、名词解释1. 脑疝:当颅内某分腔有占位性病变时,该分腔的压力大于邻近分腔的压力,脑组织从高压力区向低压力区移位,导致脑组织,血管及颅等神经等重要结构受压和移位,有时被挤,硬脑膜的间隙或孔道中,从而出现一系列严重临床症状和体征称为脑疝。
2. 5P征:骨筋膜室综合征的晚期,出现无痛,脉搏消失,皮肤苍白,感觉异常,肌肉麻痹称为5P征。
3.腹外疝:腹腔内脏器或组织连同腹膜壁层,经腹壁薄弱点或孔隙,向体表突出所形成的肿物。
4. 急性胰腺炎:是一种常见病,激活的胰酶对胰实质的自身消化,病变轻微者为胰腺间质水肿,重者胰腺发生部分或全腺坏死,以及胰腺及胰周感染。
5.肾绞痛:结石引起的肾盂输尿管连接部或输尿管完全梗阻致肾盂或输尿管平滑肌痉挛所产生的剧烈疼痛称为肾绞痛。
三、 问答题1. 答:①胸部影像学检查是诊断纵隔肿瘤的重要手段,X线透视检查可观察肿块是否随吞咽上下移动、是否随呼吸有形态改变以及有无博动等。
X线正侧位胸片可显示肿瘤的部位、密度、外形、边缘清晰光滑度、有无钙化或骨影等。
断层摄片、CT或磁共振更能进一步显示肿瘤与邻近组织器官的关系,必要时作心血管造影或支气管造影,能进一步鉴别肿瘤的相通部位以及与心大血管或支气管、肺等的关系,提高确诊率。
②超声扫描有助于鉴别实质性、血管性或囊性肿瘤。
③放射性核素131碘扫描可协助诊断胸骨后甲状腺肿。
④颈部肿大淋巴结活检有助于鉴别淋巴源性肿瘤或其它恶性肿瘤。
⑤气管镜、食管镜、纵隔镜等检查有助于鉴别诊断,但应用较少。
⑥诊断性放射治疗,在短期内能否缩小,有助于鉴别放射性敏感的肿瘤。
参考试卷一、单择题20%(共20题,每题1分)1、采用非手术的方法治疗上尿路结石时,一般要求结石应B姓名: 学号: 小组: 专业:A、<0.4cmB、<0.6cmC、<0.8cmD、<1.0cmE、<2.0cm2、上尿路结石的临床表现主要是:AA、与活动有关的疼痛和血尿B、与活动无关的疼痛和血尿C、与活动有关的尿频、尿急、尿痛D、腰痛和无尿E、腰痛、发热3、开放性气胸是指:BA、胸壁上有未清创缝合的伤口B、胸膜腔持续与外界相通C、胸膜腔暂时与外界相通D、胸部损伤后胸膜腔内气体存留E、肺组织和胸壁同时损伤4、肾盂癌的手术切除范围是:CA、肾盂病变部分B、全肾切除C、全肾和输尿管上段D、全肾和输尿管中段E、全肾和输尿管全长5、体外循环过程中需要进行血液稀释,一般要求HCT 达到的值为:CA、10%以下B、10%~15%C、20%~25%D、30%~35%E、35%以上6、关于肺动脉瓣膜狭窄患者的心脏杂音特点,不正确的是?EA、位于胸骨左缘第二肋间B、杂音性质响亮而粗糙伴有收缩期震颤。
C、为中早期喷射性杂音D、肺动脉第二音减弱或消失E、肺动脉瓣第二心音亢进7、颅腔内容物容积最大可代偿:AA、5%B、8%C、10%D、15%E、20%8、颅内血肿按症状出现时间分为3型,亚急性型为:CA、24h 以内B、72h 以内C、三周内D、超过三周E、两个月内9、男,16岁。
低热2个月,胸椎后突畸形,X线片示T 8锥体破坏,椎体压缩成楔型,椎弓根阴影仍清晰可见;红细胞沉降率增快,最可能的诊断是:A、压缩性骨折B、脊椎结核 BC、脊椎肿瘤D、化脓性脊椎炎E、先天性脊柱畸形10、腹外疝致死的主要原因是:AA、绞窄疝未及时治疗,引起肠梗阻、腹膜炎B、腹内脏器构成疝囊壁的一部分,难还纳C、腹股沟疝的临床症状常不典型,易误诊D、疝囊单纯高位结扎术造成E、巨大疝的疝内容过多11、乳癌局部皮肤呈橘皮样改变的原因是:BA、侵入Cooper韧带B、皮内皮下淋巴管被癌细胞填塞C、腋窝淋巴管被癌细胞填塞D、粘连E、癌细胞侵犯皮肤12、原发性肝癌极易转移的脏器是:AA、肝内B、肺C、骨D、脑E、胰腺周围、腹膜后13、在我国急性胰腺炎的病因主要是:AA、胆结石B、过量饮酒C、暴饮暴食D、高脂血症E、高钙血症14、急性阑尾炎,当腹痛尚未转移至右下腹前,在诊断上具有重要意的是:A、已出现发热B、有恶心呕吐 CC、压痛已固定于右下腹D、脐区压痛反跳痛E、腹腔穿刺抽出脓液15、不完全性肠梗阻主要是没有下列哪项症状:EA、恶心B、呕吐C、腹痛D、腹胀E、肛门停止排气排便16、经直肠指诊可触及的直肠癌占:DA、40%B、50%C、60%D、70%E、80%17、胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔最常发生于:BA、胃底B、十二指肠前壁C、十二指肠后壁D、胃小弯E、胃大弯18、因溃疡行胃部分切除术后18个月,3个月前出现上中腹痛,比术前更剧烈,并偶排黑便,最可能的诊断是:CA、残胃癌B、碱性反流性胃炎C、吻合口溃疡D、残胃溃疡E、残留十二指肠溃疡19、肾损伤非手术治疗,下列哪一项是错误的:EA、抗休克补充血容量B、应用止血剂C、早期使用抗生素预防感染D、卧床休息观察血尿与腰部肿块的变化E、病情稳定、血尿转清后,要早期离床活动20、下肢静脉曲张症能否进行手术治疗的关键性检查是:BA、深浅静脉交流支瓣膜功能是否健全B、深静脉是否通畅C、浅静脉瓣膜是否闭锁不全D、小隐静脉功能是否健全E、曲张静脉是否出现并发症二、填空题15%(每空1分)1、肾结核晚期常见的并发症是 和 。