Lattice changes in the martensitic phase due to ageing in 18 wt% nickel maraging steel grade 350

adhesive［胶］allotropic［同素异形的amorphous［无定形的，非晶的anion［负离子］apuy［适当地］austenite［奥氏体］bainte「贝氏体binary isomorphous system［二元匀晶系统］Burgers vector［柏氏矢量］cadmium［镉］canon［正离子］carbide［碳化物Cast Iron［铸铁cementite［渗碳体］ceramic［陶瓷］chloride［氯chromium［铬］composite materials［复合材料cordinate system［坐标系统covalent bond［共价键crystal structure［晶体结构］crystallinity［结晶度ddiy［塑性deteriorative［劣化］dislocation［位错］edge dislocation［刃形位错］equilibrium［平衡］eutectic［共晶的eutectoid［共析的ferrite［铁素体fractional［分数的，部分的，相对的gain［晶粒grain boundary［晶界hase［相hexagonal dose－packed［密排六方的hexagonal［六方的］hypereutectoid［过共析hypoeutectoid［亚共析ion［硅Ionic Dond［离子键］isotherm［等温线lamellae［薄片］lattice［空间点阵，晶格］lever law［杠杆定律liquidus line［液相线martensite［马氏体］martensitic transformation［马氏体相变metallic bond［金属键］microstucture［显微组织monoclinic［单斜的nickel［镍nitride［氮化物］non－crystalline［非晶的］orthorhombic［正交的］parentheses［括孤］pearlite［珠光体periodic table［元素周期表phase diagram［相图］」phase transformation［相交］」point defect［点缺陷］polarize［极化polyethylene［聚乙烯polymerization［聚合］prism［棱镜］proeutectoid［先共析体provoke［诱发］reciprocal［倒数recrystallization［再结晶rhombohedral［菱方的screw dislocation［螺形位错］skew［歪斜］smal－（or low）angle grain boundary［小角度晶界sodium［钠solar cell ［太阳能电池］solid solution strengthening［固溶强化solidus line［固相线solute［溶质solvus line［溶解度曲线spiral［螺旋形的］stifness［刚度］strucure［组织］synthesis［合成tetragonal［四方的tetrahedron［四面体thermoplastics［热塑性塑料］thermosets［热固性塑料tie linc［连接线］tilt boundary［倾侧晶界］translucent［半透明的］triclinic［三斜的troley［石油twin boundary［李晶界unit cell［晶胞vacancy［空位valence electron［价电子］Van de Waals bond［范德华键①材料科学是研究材料的加工、组织、性能和功能之间关系的科学。

小学下册英语第1单元测验卷(有答案)考试时间：90分钟（总分:110）A卷一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 填空题：My brother loves to play __________. (足球)2. 听力题：We go _____ (fishing/camping) every summer.3. 填空题：The ________ (生态影响因素) shape ecosystems.4. 填空题：My toy _____ can fly high.5. 听力题：The chemical formula for cyclohexane is ______.6. 选择题：What is the name of the famous character who lives in a shoe?A. Old Mother HubbardB. The Old Woman Who Lived in a ShoeC. CinderellaD. Goldilocks7. 听力题：You can find _______ in a garden or park.8. 填空题：I enjoy making ______ (美食) for my friends during gatherings.9. 听力题：A _______ can measure the amount of energy consumed by an appliance over time.10. 填空题：The __________ (历史的传承角色) connect generations.What is the name of the famous tower in Paris?A. Eiffel TowerB. Leaning Tower of PisaC. Burj KhalifaD. Space Needle答案: A12. 填空题：The ________ was a major turning point in the history of Europe.13. 填空题：The __________ (历史的纪录片) offer visual insights into the past.14. 听力题：Plants absorb carbon dioxide through their ______.15. 选择题：What do we call the time when the sun rises?A. SunriseB. SunsetC. DuskD. Dawn答案: A16. 听力题：Carbon dioxide is produced when we _______.17. 听力题：I have ___ (four/five) friends at school.18. ts are adapted to ______ (高海拔) environments. 填空题：Some pla19. 选择题：What is 20 divided by 5?A. 2B. 4C. 5D. 6答案:B20. 填空题：A sunflower turns towards the _____.My grandma makes the best __________ (甜点).22. 填空题：I like to visit ______ during summer break.23. 选择题：What is the opposite of hot?A. WarmB. CoolC. ColdD. Mild答案:C24. 听力题：The ______ helps make important decisions.25. 选择题：What is the capital city of the United Kingdom?A. ManchesterB. LondonC. EdinburghD. Cardiff答案: B26. 选择题：What do you call a large, slow-moving animal with a shell?A. TortoiseB. TurtleC. SnailD. Armadillo答案:A27. 选择题：What is the name of the fairy tale character who had a magic mirror?A. CinderellaB. Snow WhiteC. RapunzelD. Belle28. 听力题：My sister is ______ to a party this weekend. (going)29. 填空题：I have a pet ______ (兔子) named Fluffy. It is very soft and loves to be ______ (抚摸).What do we call the process of a liquid turning into a gas?A. EvaporationB. CondensationC. FreezingD. Melting答案: A31. 选择题：What do we call the water cycle's process of water vapor turning into liquid?A. EvaporationB. CondensationC. PrecipitationD. Collection答案: B32. 选择题：What is the opposite of "fast"?A. QuickB. SlowC. RapidD. Speedy答案:B33. 填空题：The _______ (虎) is a powerful hunter.34. 选择题：What do we call the process of cooking food using steam?A. BoilingB. SteamingC. FryingD. Baking答案:B35. 选择题：Which planet is known as the "Blue Planet"?A. EarthB. MarsC. VenusD. Neptune36. 填空题：The parrot has bright _________. (羽毛)The _______ of a plant can be very long.38. 填空题：_____ (花卉销售) supports local economies.39. 选择题：What term describes the shape of the orbit of planets?A. CircularB. EllipticalC. LinearD. Irregular40. 填空题：My ________ (玩具名称) comes with a set of stickers.41. 选择题：What is the name of the famous Scottish lake said to be home to a monster?A. Loch NessB. Lake SuperiorC. Lake TahoeD. Lake Victoria答案：A42. 选择题：What do we call the area of land near the sea?A. CoastB. DesertC. ForestD. Mountain43. 听力题：The Earth's surface is constantly ______ due to natural forces.44. 听力题：We have a _____ (庆典) for the festival.45. 听力题：The sky is _____ (blue/green) today.46. 选择题：What is the name of the fairy tale character who lost her glass slipper?a. Snow Whiteb. Cinderellac. Sleeping Beautyd. Rapunzel答案:B47. 听力题：A __________ is a geological feature that can impact agricultural practices.48. 听力题：The color of phenolphthalein changes in acidic and basic solutions, indicating ______.49. 听力题：My sister loves to ________.50. 听力题：I like _____ (to run/to walk).51. 选择题：What is the name of the tree that produces acorns?A. PineB. OakC. MapleD. Birch答案:B52. 选择题：What do you call the process of creating a new plant from a cutting?A. GraftingB. CloningC. PropagationD. All of the above53. 选择题：What do we call a person who studies animals?A. BiologistB. ZoologistC. BotanistD. Ecologist54. 填空题：The first successful heart transplant was performed in ______ (20世纪).55. 填空题：I love to go ________ (露营) in the summer.56. 填空题：I like to listen to ______ (故事) before I go to sleep.The process of oxidation involves the ______ of electrons.58. 选择题：What is the name of the famous artist known for his works in the Renaissance?A. Leonardo da VinciB. Vincent van GoghC. Pablo PicassoD. Claude Monet答案: A59. 选择题：What do you call a baby kangaroo?A. JoeyB. CubC. CalfD. Kit答案:A60. 听力题：Chemical changes often involve the formation of _____ or new substances.61. 听力题：A __________ is a natural resource that can be recycled.62. 选择题：How many days are in February during a leap year?a. 28b. 29c. 30d. 31答案:B63. 听力题：The ________ (dog) is barking loudly.64. 填空题：He is a _____ (评论家) who reviews films.65. 填空题：I created a _________ (玩具动物园) with all my stuffed animals.66. 填空题：There are many _______ (昆虫) in the garden.A ______ (植物的保育措施) can protect vulnerable species.68. 选择题：Which animal is known as the "king of the jungle"?A. ElephantB. LionC. TigerD. Bear答案:B69. 填空题：I can enjoy playful activities with my ________ (玩具类型).70. 填空题：At recess, we play ________ (游戏) on the playground. I love to play ________ (足球) with my classmates.71. 填空题：The __________ is a major geographical feature in Europe. (阿尔卑斯山)72. 填空题：A _____ (城市绿化) initiative can improve living conditions.73. 听力题：They are ___ (singing/playing) together.74. 选择题：What is the name of the famous river in Egypt?A. AmazonB. MississippiC. NileD. Yangtze75. 填空题：Certain plants are known for their ______ (药用性质).76. 听力题：The _____ (hedgehog) is spiky.77. 听力题：The process of oxidation involves __________ losing electrons.78. 选择题：What do we call a person who studies the weather?A. ClimatologistB. MeteorologistC. EnvironmentalistD. Geologist79. 选择题：What is the capital of Mongolia?A. UlaanbaatarB. HohhotC. ErdenetD. Darkhan答案:A. Ulaanbaatar80. 填空题：The chef, ______ (厨师), teaches cooking classes.81. 听力题：A ______ is a cold-blooded animal that lays eggs.82. 听力题：A __________ is an area of land that is covered with trees.83. 填空题：The anteater's long snout is perfect for eating ______ (蚂蚁).84. 填空题：The ________ was a famous naval battle during World War II.85. 选择题：Which of these animals can swim?A. LionB. WhaleC. HorseD. Monkey86. 填空题：My sister loves to read ____.87. 听力题：The chemical properties of an element depend on its ______.88. 听力题：A __________ is a low area that collects water.89. 填空题：My favorite superhero _________ (玩偶) has a cool _________ (披风).90. 填空题：My __________ (玩具名) is made of __________ (材料).91. 听力题：My favorite sport is _____ (篮球).92. 选择题：What do you wear on your feet?A. HatB. GlovesC. ShoesD. Scarf93. 听力题：The snow is _______ (white).94. 听力题：The chemical symbol for cesium is _______.95. 选择题：What do we call a person who repairs cars?A. AccountantB. MechanicC. ArchitectD. Chef答案:B96. 听力题：A chemical that can cause a reaction to occur is called a ______.97. 听力题：It is ___ (raining/sunny) outside.98. 选择题：What do we call the study of the earth's physical structure?A. GeographyB. GeologyC. EcologyD. Astronomy答案: B99. 选择题：What do we call a story that teaches a moral lesson?A. FableB. MythC. LegendD. Folklore答案: A100. 填空题：I like to ride my ______ (自行车) through the neighborhood with my friends.。

FeatureShape-memory materials:a reviewof technology and applicationsRobert BogueOkehampton,UKAbstractPurpose–The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the technology and applications of shape-memory materials(SMMs).Design/methodology/approach–This paper initially considers various classes of SMMs and their properties.It then discusses applications and concludes with a brief review of recent research and future prospects.Findings–SMMs include shape-memory alloys(SMAs),ferromagnetic SMAs(FSMAs)and shape-memory polymers(SMPs),which change shape when influenced by temperature and other stimuli.SMAs comprising nickel-titanium alloys were discovered and commercialisedfirst andfind uses in fittings,seals,valves,actuators and medical devices due to their thermoelastic properties.Their pseudoelastic properties are exploited in spectacle frames and other deformable metal products.FSMAs and SMPs were discovered more recently and are at an early stage of commercialisation and remain the topic of on-going research.Pilot applications are being investigated in the healthcare,aerospace,automotive and other industries.All classes of SMMs have prospects for more widespread uses in the future.Originality/value–Provides a detailed review of SMM materials,products and application and an insight into future developments. Keywords Alloys,Polymers,Elasticity,Materials with purpose,Mechanical properties of materialsPaper type Technical paperIntroductionShape-memory materials(SMMs)have the unique property of“remembering”their original shape to which they return when subjected to a thermal or other stimulus.This thermoelastic effect had been observed in gold-cadmium alloys as long ago as the1930s but it was a chance discovery by William J.Buehler from the US Naval Ordnance Laboratory in White Oak,Maryland,during a meeting in 1962that led to the present generations of shape-memory alloys(SMAs).At the meeting,a strip of nickel-titanium alloy (Ni-Ti)was presented that was bent out of shape many times and one of those present,David S.Muzzey,heated it with his pipe lighter and surprisingly,it returned to its original shape. Most of today’s SMAs are based on Ni-Ti and are referred to as nitinol,an acronym taken from the elements present and the location of the original discovery(nickel,titanium,Naval Ordnance Laboratory).Other important SMAs are based on copper-zinc-aluminium,copper-aluminium-nickel and Ni-Ti-platinum,although approximately15different binary,ternary and quaternary alloys are known to exhibit the shape-memory effect.In addition to thermal stimuli,some SMAs change shape when subjected to magneticfields:ferromagnetic shape-memory alloys(FSMAs),which were discovered by researchers at Massachusetts Institute of T echnology(MIT) in1996.A further class of SMMs are shape-memory polymers(SMPs)which can be activated by heat,magnetic fields and even light.All classes of SMMs are attracting growing interest and research into novel materials,devices and applications is widespread.Shape-memory materialsNitinol typically comprises55-56per cent nickel and44-45 per cent titanium and can exist in two different temperature-dependent crystal phases termed martensite(lower temperature)and austenite(higher temperature),whose physical properties differ(T able I).The alloy’s unique memory behaviour arises from the temperature-induced austenite-to-martensite phase transformation on an atomic scale which is sometimes referred to as the thermoelastic martensitic transformation.The transformation causing the shape recovery is a result of the need of the crystal lattice structure to maintain a minimum energy state for a given temperature.While nitinol is soft and easily deformable in its martensitic form,it resumes its original shape and rigidity when heated to its higher temperature,austenitic form (Figure1).This is the“one-way shape memory effect”and the ability of SMAs to recover to a preset shape on heating above the transformation temperatures and to return to an alternative shape on cooling is known as the“two-way shape memory effect”.The temperature at which the austenite-martensite transition occurs can be controlled by slight changes in the material composition and typically ranges from below21008C to overþ1508C.Cu-Zn-Al was thefirst copper-based SMA to be commercially exploited and the useful transformation temperature ranges from21008CThe current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at /0144-5154.htmAssembly Automation29/3(2009)214–219q Emerald Group Publishing Limited[ISSN0144-5154][DOI10.1108/01445150910972895]214to þ1008C.SMAs also exhibit pseudoelasticity,sometimes called superelasticity,which is an impermanent response to relatively high stresses,caused by the austenite-martensite phase transformation.However,unlike the thermoelastic shape-memory effect,pseudoelasticity occurs without a change in temperature;the austenite is transformed into martensite simply due to the loading.Nitinol and other SMAs are now widely available in a variety of forms such as wire,tube,sheet and bar but because of the reactivity of titanium,melting must be done in a vacuum or an inert atmosphere.Methods such as plasma-arc,electron-beam and vacuum-induction melting are used in its production.Nitinol’s properties make it well-suited to all manner of engineering and medical applications,as it is highly corrosion resistant and biocompatible as well as being stronger than titanium and lighter than carbon steel,with a density of 6.45g/cm 3.FSMAs have become the topic of a widespread research effort since the discovery in the 1990s of large magnetic field-induced strains of up to 8-10per cent in nickel-manganese-gallium (Ni-Mn-Ga)alloys.This ferromagnetic phenomenon is caused by martensitic transformation of the crystal lattice below a certain temperature.Regions of the material typically having a tetragonal crystal structure start to form within the parent austenitic,cubic phase,leading to the resulting strain/deformation.These materials are of particular interest as the magnetic response tends to be faster and more efficient than temperature-induced responses.SMPs have been available for over 20years and retain a temporary shape after pre-deformation at an elevated temperature and subsequent cooling;when reheated,the original shape can be recovered.They possess the capacity to recover large strains,in the order of 50-400per cent,by the application of heat and differ from SMAs in that a glass transition from a hard to a soft polymer phase is responsible for the effect rather than a metallic martensitic-austenitic transition.The temperature at whichthis occurs is the glass transition temperature (T g ).Examples include thermosets based on styrene and epoxy/cyanate ester and thermoplastic polyurethanes and several manufacturers have developed proprietary compounds.ApplicationsThe first recorded application of an SMA was in 1969by the Raychem Corporation who produced a Ni-Ti-based hydraulic coupling for the Grumman Corporation.This provided a 3,000psi hydraulic pipe coupling system for the US Navy’s F14jet fighter and such was the product’s success that over a million couplings were produced in the following year.Since then,numerous military aircraft,surface ships and submarines have employed the technology.Dubbed “Cryofit”,as installation involved cooling with liquid nitrogen,these fittings are manufactured as cylindrical sleeves that are slightly smaller than the metal tubing they aim to join.Their diameters are then expanded while martensitic and on warming to austenite they shrink and strongly hold the tube ends.The tubes prevent the coupling from fully recovering its manufactured shape and the stresses created as the coupling attempts to do so are sufficient to create a joint that,in many ways,is superior to a weld.Shape-memory couplings (Figure 2)are now also employed in underwater pipelines and by the petrochemicals industry.Devices fabricated from another SMA,nickel-titanium-niobium (Ni-Ti-Nb),are heated to regain their original shapes and rings of this material now find use in a range of electronic and mechanical devices such as connectors,seals and clamping components and provide reliable operation over temperatures ranging from 2658C to þ3008C.A key application in the automotive sector is the plugs used for sealing high-pressure fuel passages in diesel engine injectors (Figure 3).A typical heavy-duty diesel fuel injector comprises a solenoid control valve,a plunger cylinder and a fuel passage which links them.The fuel is delivered through this passage into the plunger cylinder via the control valve and is pressurised to over 32,000psi and injected through a spray nozzle into the combustion chamber.During manufacturing,the fuel passage is drilled from the outside of the injector body,creating an open end that requires sealing.Conventional sealing method utilising a brazed steel plug often fails under prolonged exposure to extreme pressures but a heat-to-recover Ni-Ti-Nb plug offers a more reliable seal and can be installed at much lower temperatures than a steel plug.Actuation is an emerging application and linear actuators,driven by the contraction of Ni-Ti wires when electrically heated are now commercially available.Originally designed in the mid-1990s as ultra-lightweight mechanisms for spacecraft,actuators produced by the MIGA Motors Company (Figure 4)are being promoted as alternatives to solenoids or electric motors.They use a patented “displacement multiplication”technology to achieve strokes of up to ,12mm and forces up to 40N.A high-temperature option,capable of operating at up to 2008C and based on nickel-titanium-palladium (Ni-Ti-Pd)wires,is under development.The temperature sensing and actuation responses at a critical temperature make SMAs ideal candidates for use in fire protection devices.An example is a fire safety valve,which incorporates a Cu-Zn-Al actuator designed to shut off toxic or flammable gas flows when a fire occurs.A related use is in sprinkler systems and SMAs can also be used as alternatives to bimetallic strips to regulate water temperature.An anti-scald device (Figure 5)in a shower Figure 1Schematic of phase transition in Ni-Ti alloyAustenitic phaseMartensitic phaseDeformed martensitic phaseTable I Mechanical properties of the two phases of nitinolAusteniticMartensitic Ultimate tensile strength (MPa)800-1,500103-1,100Tensile yield strength (MPa)100-80050-300Modulus of elasticity (GPa)70-11021-69Elongation at failure (%)1-20Up to 60215Figure 2Tube joints employing SMA fittingringsSource: Intrinsic devices, Inc.Figure 3Shape-memory plugs used to seal fuel injector bodies duringmanufactureFigure 4Range of SMA-based linearactuatorsSource: MIGA motorsFigure 5Anti-scald shower valve employing an SMAelement216head introduces cold water if the temperature becomes too high and uses an SMA compression spring and a biasing steel spring.At high temperatures(,488C),the SMA spring expands and opens a needle valve allowing cold water to enter the mixing chamber and when the temperature is reduced,the SMA returns to martensite and the steel spring resets the shape-memory spring and simultaneously closes the needle valve.Other heat-related uses include vehicle thermostats and electrical circuit breakers and a Ni-Ti-Cu spring is used for controlling the opening of the door in some self-cleaning ovens.A more recent application is a thermally activated current interrupt mechanism for protecting high energy-density batteries such as lithium ion types from excessive temperatures caused by overcharging or short circuits.A bent Ni-Ti disc is located between the electrical contacts and regains itsflat shape and breaks the electrical pathway when exposed to excessive temperatures.A related application is protecting telecoms networks from lightning which involves the use of a Cu-Zn-Al alloy by-pass device.These rely on the heating during a lightening strike causing a shape-memory strip to bend during its transformation and short-circuit, thus protecting the fuses.Over50million telephone lines in the US are equipped with these devices.Major applications are found in the medical sector and uses in interventional cardiology,neurology,radiology and vascular surgery include drug and stent delivery systems,vascular closure devices,implantable devices,catheters and thrombectomy devices.SMAs are also used in the repair of broken bones.Surgeons cool nitinol and whilst in its martensitic phase they stretch and wrap it around the bone section.As it heats up,actuation occurs and when it reverts to the austenite phase it tries to return to its original shape and exerts a pressure,thus pushing the damaged bone sections together.A recent study at Ohio State University found that this technique is far more useful than using conventional stainless steel.The late1980s,saw the introduction of nitinol in a number of minimally invasive endovascular applications. While more costly than stainless steel,the self-expanding properties of SMAs manufactured with a body temperature response have provided an attractive alternative to balloon expandable devices.Approximately,50per cent of all peripheral vascular stents currently available on the world market are now manufactured from nitinol.The pseudoelastic properties of SMAs are exploited in several high-volume applications.These materials are employed in the frames of reading glasses which can undergo large deformations in their high-temperature state and then instantly revert back to their original shape when the stress is removed.A similar use is in underwired bras which, according to a major SMA manufacturer“have both aesthetic as well as structural requirements”.Other applications includeflexible and kink-resistant antennae for cell phones and aarch wires for orthodontic correction which allow large and rapid teeth movements.While FSMAs are still largely at the research stage,SMPs became commercially available in1984when Nippon Zeon Company of Japan launched a poly(norbornene)-based polymer under the trade name Norsorex.Another Japanese company,Kurare Corporation,launched a second SMP,“Kurare TP-301”,based on poly(trans-isoprene),in1987. Since then,several other products have been introduced but, due partly to processing problems,applications remain limited.Nevertheless,many uses have been proposed ordemonstrated experimentally in such diversefields as aerospace,structural engineering,medicine and consumer electronics.One company to have successfully commercialised this technology is Cornerstone Research Group,Inc.,who produces a range of shape-memory thermoset polymers,foams and composites,marketed under the Veriflex w,Veritex e and Verilyte trade names.R&D and future prospectsIn part spurred-on by the burgeoning interest in smart materials and structures,SMMs are the topic of extensive research and new SMA,FSMA and SMP materials and applications are being investigated.Despite the relative maturity of SMA technology,many novel applications have been proposed or demonstrated experimentally and some examples are listed in T able II.Interest in high-temperature SMAs is growing and all manner of new materials are being developed and characterised.These include alloys containing elements such as platinum,palladium and hafnium,e.g.Pt-Ti,Ni-Ti-Hf, Ni-Ti-Pd,Ni-Ti-Pt and many others and applications are anticipated in the aerospace,defence,automotive,process and energy industries.A Ni-Ti-Pt alloy wire,developed by NASA and which can withstand repeated actuation at temperatures of up to2608C,is shown in Figure6.In addition to Ni-Mn-Ga,several other FSMAs have been discovered,including Fe-Pd,Fe-Pt,Co-Ni-Al and Co-Ni-Ga and much of today’s research aims to gain a fuller understanding of the mechanisms that underlie their properties,together with the development of improved manufacturing techniques.However,commercialisation is starting and Finnish company AdaptaMat,an MIT spin-off, believed to be the only company yet manufacturing these materials on a commercial basis,now produces a range of elements and actuators based on Ni-Mn-Ga.FSMAs have the ability to respond rapidly and this property underlies several proposed applications.For instance,the use of conventional SMA-based tortional actuators to control the tracking of helicopter rotor blades has been demonstrated but the control of blade vortex interaction which cause noise and vibration is more complicated,requiring that the blade tips move at the rotational speed of the blades,approximately600rpm (10Hz),which is far to rapid for SMAs.FSMAs based on Ni-Mn-Ga alloys may allow higher frequency operation and experiments have demonstrated shape change frequencies as high as400Hz.Other potential applications include uses in microactuators,motors,valves,pumps,injectors,sensors, switches,medical devices and high-precision robotic grippers.Further potential uses arise from the fact that a change in temperature or externally applied stress changes the magnetisation of the FSMA.Therefore,switching repeatedly between non-magnetic and magnetic behaviour can be exploited to generate power,allowing the materials to harvest energy from motion.Research into novel SMPs is rapidly gaining pace.For example,2005saw the publication of research involving SMPs that react to UV light:one wavelength induces shape change via molecular cross-linking and a different wavelength can break the links,reversing the change(Figure7).Other recent research concerns magnetically-activated SMPs which incorporate iron oxide nanoparticles in their structure.When influenced by an external magneticfield,the particles heat up, 217triggering a thermal shape response in the polymer.Medical applications are a major research theme and in addition to academic activities,the German company mNemoscience GmbH is pioneering the design,manufacture and commercialisation of biocompatible SMPs.The company was founded in 1998as a spin-off from MIT and is in the process of commercialising its “BIO-SMP”SMP in absorbable surgical sutures and vascular stents.Related work is underway at the Georgia Institute of T echnologywhere a group is also developing SMPs for use in minimally invasive spinal surgery.MedShape Solutions,Inc.has been spun-out of Georgia T ech to commercialise some of this research.It is likely that SMPs will eventually replace many of the SMAs presently used in medical applications.In addition to medical uses,all manner of applications have been proposed for SMPs in the aerospace,automotive,structural engineering and other industries.These include heat-repairable vehicle bumbers and body panels,adaptive aerodynamic (morphing)surfaces in aircraft,components in microfluidic systems and thermally activated and de-activated fasteners.A fascinating development by Cornerstone Research for NASA’s Glenn Research Centre are self-deploying trusses containing SMPs.These can be compressed for stowage and later deploy themselves to full size and shape.In the target applications,these will self-deploy and support a large,lightweight space-based antenna.These trusses offer a simple,light and affordable alternative to articulated mechanisms or inflatable structures and may also be useful in terrestrial applications such as shelters that can be readily transported and deployed quickly in hostile environments.The technology uses SMP thermoset resin,reinforced with fibres to form a helical composite structure.At normal temperatures,the material has the structural properties of a conventional composite but when heated to its designed T g ,the SMP matrix acquires the flexibility of an elastomer.In this state,the truss can be compressed telescopically to a configuration with a fraction of its original volume.Figure 8shows an early prototype.Figure 7A sample of the polymer (a)is elongated and irradiated from the right with UV light,forming a temporary shape (b)photos (c)and (d)show the material recovering to its original shape after exposure to UV light of a differentwavelengthSource: Photo credit: GKSS research centreFigure 8Early prototype of a self-deployingtrussNote: On heating, the length increases from 6.4 cm to 72.4 cm in 1 min Source: Cornerstone research group, Inc./NASAFigure 6High-temperature SMA wire,fabricated from nickel-titanium-platinumalloySource: NASATable II Potential future applications for SMAsSMA tendons,wires and cylinders Adaptive control and actuation of aircraft flight surfaces Embedded SMA wires Shape-adaptive composite materialsSMA actuatorsTransmission line sag control and ice removal from overhead power lines SMA energy absorbers and tendons Earthquake-resistant building and bridges,bridge and structural repairs SMA dampersEngine mountings,structural supportsSMA wires,wings,legs,actuators,etc.Mobile microrobots,robot arms and grippers SMA wires,composites,etc.Prosthetics,artificial muscles218SMMs alreadyfind a wide range of applications in many industries.Prevailing research supports the widely held view that these materials will become even more commonplace in the future,as well as providing some of the enabling technology behind futuristic concepts such as morphing structures and nanobots which,until recently, were viewed as little more than sciencefiction. Corresponding authorRobert Bogue can be contacted at:robbogue@T o purchase reprints of this article please e-mail:reprints@ Or visit our web site for further details:/reprints219。

小学上册英语第六单元测验试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1. A solution that contains ions is called a _______ solution.2.I like to ___ (build) sandcastles at the beach.3.What is the capital city of Italy?A. MadridB. RomeC. ParisD. BerlinB4.She is a _____ (历史学家) exploring historical narratives.5.The chemical formula for glucose is __________.6.The chemical reaction that occurs during cooking is an example of a _______ change.7.Which animal is known for its long neck?A. ElephantB. GiraffeC. KangarooD. ZebraB8.What do we call the process of moving from one place to another?A. TransportationB. TravelC. CommuteD. MigrationB9.The _______ (The Treaty of Tordesillas) divided the New World between Spain and Portugal.10. A _____ (乌龟) can pull its head into its shell.11.The canary is known for its beautiful _________ (歌声).12.The temperature at which a substance boils is its ______.13.Chemical reactions can occur quickly or ________ over time.14.The baby is _____ (crying/sleeping) in the crib.15.The garden has many _______ that blossom beautifully throughout the year.16.What do we call the time when we celebrate Christmas?A. SummerB. SpringC. WinterD. Autumn17.What is the process of changing solid to liquid?A. FreezingB. MeltingC. BoilingD. Evaporating答案:B18.What color do you get when you mix blue and yellow?A. GreenB. PurpleC. OrangeD. BrownA19.The beach is _____ (sandy/rocky).20.The rabbit's fur helps keep it ______ (温暖).21.What do you use to cut paper?A. KnifeB. ScissorsC. HammerD. Tape22.The ______ teaches us about astronomy.23.What is the capital of Sri Lanka?A. ColomboB. KandyC. GalleD. JaffnaA24.There are five _____ (apples/oranges) in the basket.25.What is the smallest unit of life?A. OrganB. CellC. TissueD. Organism26.The __________ can provide insight into the age of rocks.27.The beach has _____ (sand/water).28.What do we call the time of day when it gets dark?A. SunriseB. SunsetC. NoonD. Midnight29.I enjoy helping my parents cook __________ on special occasions.30.What is the capital city of Zimbabwe?A. HarareB. BulawayoC. GweruD. Mutare31.The ______ helps us understand math better.32.We have a ______ (丰富的) curriculum that includes arts.33.What do you call a person who designs buildings?A. ArchitectB. EngineerC. ContractorD. DesignerA34.The fish swims in _______ (清澈的) water.35.The ________ was a significant leader in the push for human rights.36.We can find ______ (药用植物) in the forest.37.What do we call the act of making decisions?A. JudgmentB. EvaluationC. AnalysisD. All of the aboveD38. A mixture that can be separated by physical means is called a ______.39. A ______ (自然保护区) can protect vulnerable species.40.Which planet is known for its rings?A. EarthB. MarsC. SaturnD. NeptuneC41.I love playing ________ (角色扮演) games with my friends. We become different ________ (角色).42.My birthday is in ___ (June).43.My mom grows _______ in the garden (我妈妈在花园里种_______).44.The food is ___ (healthy/unhealthy).45.The _____ (toy) is broken.46.I put on sunscreen when it’s __________ outside. (阳光明媚的)47.The main source of energy for the Earth is ______.48.The chemical symbol for hydrogen is __________.49.What is the term for a group of words that expresses a complete thought?A. PhraseB. SentenceC. ClauseD. ParagraphB50. A _______ can help to demonstrate the principles of electricity.51.The _______ can help maintain the balance of nature.52.In a chemical reaction, the energy transformation can involve changes in temperature, light, or _____.53.What do we call the study of viruses and bacteria?A. VirologyB. MicrobiologyC. PathologyD. Immunology54.What do you call a large number of stars?A. GalaxyB. ClusterC. UniverseD. ConstellationA55.The chemical symbol for chlorine is __________.56.Baking soda is a ______ used in cooking.57.The pizza is _____ (hot/cold).58.The Earth's surface is shaped by a combination of natural and ______ processes.59.I enjoy ______ (与家人一起) playing games.60.The _____ (蜗牛) carries its house on its back.61.What do you use to cut paper?A. GlueB. ScissorsC. TapeD. PencilB62.The __________ (果实的生长) takes time and patience.63.The hedgehog rolls into a ______ (球) when threatened.64. A ______ can be a great companion.65.I enjoy watching ______ (舞台剧) because they tell interesting stories. It’s a fun experience.66.I need to _____ (buy/sell) new shoes.67.The _______ (蛇) sheds its skin.68.What is the primary color of a tangerine?A. RedB. OrangeC. YellowD. Green69.The ______ helps us learn about different professions.70.The ________ (ocean) is very deep.71. A ______ is an ocean animal with a soft body and no bones.72.The _____ (sand/gravel) is warm.73.My dad is really _______ (形容词) when it comes to fixing things. 他总是_______ (动词).74.My friend is a ______. She loves to sing in the choir.75.I want to _______ (学会)如何摄影。

考试注意事项整个试卷共120题,听力部分有30道题,长度约25分钟,该部分结束后立即开始语法词汇部分,然后是填充部分和阅读部分。

这三部分时间统用,共80分钟。

听力录音长度约21分钟,共30题,其中10题有惩罚措施:做对得1分,做错扣0.5分。

因此建议:不要做没有把握的题。

阅读部分中第111-120题亦有惩罚措施:做对得1分;做错扣1分。

请先下载听力试题的声音文件(MP3格式。

按鼠标右键,用―目标另存为...‖将声音文件下载到硬盘上,然后用相关软件播放。

试题的标准答案附在最后。

请自己核对答案。

最终成绩的换算表:Part I Listening Comprehension (听力理解每个正确答案乘以 1Part II Grammar and Vocabulary (语法、词汇每个正确答案乘以 0.6Part III Cloze (填充每个正确答案乘以 0.8Part IV Reading Comprehension (阅读理解每个正确答案乘以 1四项换算后的成绩之和为总分。

满分为100分。

录取等级参考标准如下:高级班:65分以上中级班:50-64分准中级班:35-49分基础班:20-34分Part I Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections :In this section, you will hear 10 short statements. The statements will be spoken just once. They will not be written out for you, and you must listen carefully in order to understand what the speaker says.When you hear a statement, you will have a period of 15 to 20 seconds to read the four sentences in your test book and decide which one is closest in meaning to the statement you have heard. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the problem and mark your answer by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets.Listen to the following example:You will hear:You will read:[A] He's been living in Beijing for a long time.[B] He used to live in Beijing.[C] He's gone to Beijing for a short visit.[D] He should stay longer in Beijing,Sentence [B] "He used to live in Beijing" is closest in meaning to the statement "He is no longer living in Beijing." Therefore you should choose answer [B].1. [A] Tom is riding a bike.[B] The bike is upside down.[C] Tom is repairing the bike.[D] Tom is cleaning his bike.2. [A] Professor Graff doesn't usually write on the blackboard.[B] Students are rarely bored in Professor Grafts class.[C] The professor uses graphs when she lectures.[D] Students in the graphic arts course don't take notes.3. [A] They are with them.[B] It is with them.[C] They are with her.[D] He is with her.4. [A] I passed the test because I studied hard.[B] I won't do well on the test if I don't study.[C] I failed the test because I didn't study enough.[D] I'll study hard so I can pass the test.5. [A] How long is the school term?[B] Why did you turn over the stool?[C] I wish I know how to get to the dormitory.[D] I want the term to end soon.6. [A] The boat owner must be rich.[B] This man must be the owner.[C] Those men are both rich.[D] The boat has a monkey on it.7. [A] Alice answered Jean's question.[B] Alice allowed Jean to respond.[C] Jean's response was questionable.[D] Alice accepted the answer.8.[A] Bob bought a new pair of sandals.[B] Bob's sandals were fixed.[C] The shoemaker only made sandals.[D] The shoemaker wore sandals.9.[A] We have to go to a party after work.[B] We are going to have a party when the house has been painted.[C] We went to a huge party after the house was painted.[D] We'll go to the party if the house is painted.10. [A] They read about the invention in the news report.[B] The inventor wrote an interesting news report.[C] A reporter asked the inventor some questions.[D] The reporter was watching the news.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear 10 short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. You will hear the question only once. When you have heard the question, you will have a period of 15 to 20 seconds to read the four possible answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D] and decide which is the best answer. Mark your answer on the answer sheet by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets.Example :You will hear:'You will read:[A] At the office.[B] On his way to work.[C] Home in bed.[D] Away on vacation.From the conversation, we know that Bill is sick and will have to stay in bed until Monday. The best answer, then, is [C] "Home in bed." Therefore, you should choose answer [C].11. [A] On the steps.[B] By the window.[C] At s store.[D]In a bank.12. [A] It's almost time for lunch.[B] Only a few strawberries will be eaten at lunch.[C] There are just enough strawberries for lunch.[D] There won't be many people for lunch.13.[A] No one knows how Mary gets to work.[B] It's surprising that Mary could repair the record player.[C] She threw the old records away.[D] She doesn't think the record player works.14. [A] In a railroad station.[B] In a bus terminal.[C] In a restaurant.[D] In a hotel room.15. [A] At the information desk.[B] On the platform.[C] On the train.[D] Near the stairs.16. [A] Eighteen.[B] Nineteen.[C] Twenty.[D] Twenty-eight.17. [A] He gave homework.[B] He prepared a test.[C] He opened the book to page 20.[D] He went to the cinema.18. [A] He doesn't understand the question.[B] He will definitely not lend her the money.[C] He will lend her the money.[D] He might lend her the money.19. [A] She lost her money.[B] The price of postage went up.[C] She didn't know where the post office.[D] The post office was closed today.20. [A] Zero.[B] One.[C]Two.[D] Three.Section CDirections :In this section you will hear several brief talks and/or conversations. You will hear them once only. After each one, you will hear some questions. You will hear each question once only. After you hear the question, you will have 1 5 to 20 seconds to choose the best answer from the four choices given. Mark your answer on the answer sheet by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets.21. [A] A person's character.[B] A person's voice characteristics.[C] A person's health.[D] A person's profession.22. [A] The strength of the speaker.[B] The force of air that comes from the lungs.[C] The weight of the speaker.[D] The height of the speaker.23. [A] The highness or lowness of sounds.[B] The loudness of sounds.[C] The force of sounds.[D] The speed of sounds.24. [A] The Student Activities Office will open.[B] Seniors will measure their heads.[C] Students will order new school hats.[D] Seniors will graduate.25. [A] All students[B] All seniors[C] All graduating seniors[D] All faculty26. [A] What kind of ceremony there will be[B] How to order the graduation outfit[C] How much to pay for the clothes[D] Where to go for graduation27. [A] Rent them[B] Buy them[C] Clean them[D] Measure them28. [A] Michael Jackson.[B] Muhammad Ali[C] A very famous actor.[D] A very famous and powerful president.29. [A] He was a gold medal winner in Olympics.[B] He is the younger brother of Michael Jackson.[C] He had some influence on the president of the U.S.[D] He is quite popular with the American young people today.30. [A] They usually don't live long.[B] They usually are quickly forgotten by the public.[C] They don't know where to hide themselves.[D] They are usually very fat.Part II Grammatical Structure and Vocabulary(30 minutesSection ADirections :There are 10 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are 4 words or phrases marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the answer sheet by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets.Example: I have been to the Great Wall three times ___ 1979.[A] from[B] after[C] for[D] sinceThe sentence should read, "I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979." Therefore you should choose [D].31. Those foreign visitors look very ____.[A] smartly[B] wildly[C] like friends[D] friendly32.It ____ every day so far this month.[A] is raining[B] rains[C] has rained[D] rained33. James has just arrived, but I didn't know he ____ until yesterday.[A] will come[B] was coming[C] had been coming[D] came34. She ought to ___ my letter a week ago. But she was busy with her work.[A] have answered[B] answering[C] answer[D] be answered35. The house ____ windows are broken is unoccupied.[A] its[B] whose[C] which[D] those36. _____ of gold in California caused many people to travel west in hope of becoming rich.[A] The discovering[B] To discover[C] The discovery[D] On discovering37. _____ the Wright brothers successfully flew their airplane.[A] The century was beginning[B] It was the beginning of the century[C] At the beginning of the century[D] The beginning of the century38. After a brief visit to New Orleans,____.[A] returning to New York and beginning to write his greatest poetry did Walt . Whitman.[B] Walt Whitman returned to New York and began to write his greatest poetry.[C] Walt Whitman was writing his greatest poetry when he returned to New York.[D] having returned to New York Walt Whitman wrote his greatest poetry.39. We wish that you ____ such a lot of work , because we know that you would have enjoyed theparty.[A] hadn't had[B] hadn't[C] didn't have had[D] hadn't have40. Since your roommate is visiting her family this weekend, why_____ you have dinner with ustonight[A] will[B] won't[C]do[D] don'tSection BDirections :There are 10 sentences in this section. Each sentence has four parts underlined. The four underlined parts are marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the one underlined part that is wrong. Mark your answer on the answer sheet by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets.Example:A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition which they sawA B C Dmany new products.Answer [C] is wrong because the sentence should read, "A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition where they saw many new products." So you should choose[C].41. Thomas is most excellent in the family.A B C D42. By 1642 all towns in the colony of Massachusetts was required by law to have schools.A B C D43. Both moths and butterflies have a keen sense of sight, smell, and tasting.A B C D44.The plane took off after holding up for hours by fog.A B C D45. Smith sold most of his belongings. He has hardly nothing left in the house.A B C D46. The reason why I decided to come here is because this university has a goodA B CDepartment of English.D47.If he would have finished his paper a little sooner, he would have graduated this term.A B C D48. Most experts agree that there have never been such an exciting series ofA B Cbreakthroughs in the search for a cancer cure as we have seen recently.D49. If one does not have respect for himself, you cannot expect others to respect him.A B C D50. The South is mostly Democrat politically, when the North has both DemocratsA B C Dand Republicans.Section CDirections:There are 20 sentences in this section. Each sentence has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the one word or phrase which would best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined part. Mark your choice on the answer sheet by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets.Example: The initial step is often the most difficult.[A] quickest[B] longest[C] last[D] firstThe best answer is [D] because "first" has the same meaning as "initial" in the sentence. Therefore you should choose [D].51. The initial talks were the base of the later agreement.[A] first[B] quickest[C] last[D] longest52. She is quiet and pious at church in the morning but gossips all afternoon.[A]gentle[B] smiling[C]joyful[D] devout53. The weatherman said, "It will be chilly this afternoon."[A] wet[B] turbid[C] hot[D] cold54. He walked to his bedroom cautiously because he heard strange sounds in it.[A] happily[B] carefully[C] curiously[D] noisily55. Apparently she never got my letter after all.[A] Evidently[B] Disappointedly[C] Luckily[D] Anxiously56. Placing tags on ducks and geese as they migrate is one method of studying the behavior of birds.[A] sleep for winter[B] move from one place to another[C] flee their enemies[D] search for food57. In September, 1835, Darwin's vessel arrived at the Galapagos Islands.[A] assistant[B] cargo[C] ship[D] gun58. Movie studios often boost a new star with guest appearances on television talk shows.[A] attack[B] watch[C] denounce[D] promote59. When products advertise extensively on television, they are often ridiculously overpriced.[A] inexpensive[B] costly[C] valueless[D] overabundant60. John and his brother have entirely different temperaments.[A] likings[B] dispositions[C] tastes[D] objectives61. Seeds are contained in the center of fleshy fruit such as apples and pears.[A] core[B] focus[C] nucleus[D] median62. One of the responsibilities of a forest ranger is to drive slowly through the area in search of animals in distress.[A] cruise[B] tiptoe[C] skid[D] mare63. Mrs. Palmer was offended by the clerk's mean remark.[A] tasty[B] nasty[C] misty[D] musty64. Most recipients of the peace prize are given the award in person, but sometimes the award is givenposthumously.[A] when the person is out of the country[B] after the person has died[C] to political prisoners[D] by mail65. Seeing the Grand Canyon from the air is a sight to behold.[A] hold upon[B] remember[C] anticipate[D] gaze upon66: Mythical creatures have been a part of the folklore of many cultures throughout the centuries.[A] Appealing[B] Magical[C] Legendary[D] Fighting67. Everyone would like a panacea for health problems.[A] protection against[B] advice for[C] a cure-all for[D] a decrease in68. In the fall it is gratifying to see stalks of wheat ready for harvest.[A] terrifying[B] satisfying[C] surprising[D] relaxing69. A bad winter storm can paralyse an urban area.[A] immobilise[B] evacuate[C] isolate[D] stabilise70. Even though he was obese, Oliver Hardy gained fame as a comedian.[A] dying[B] crazy[C] unhappy[D]fatPart III ClozeDirections: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the choices in the column on the right. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and draw a short bar across the corresponding letter.There is a lot of luck in the drilling foroil. The [71] may just miss the oil although it is near;[72], it may strike oil at a fairly high[73]. When the drill goes down, itbrings [74] soil. The sample of soil from various depths areexamined for traces of [75]. If they are disappointed at one place, thedrillers go to [76]. Great sums ofmoney [77] spent, for example in the deserts of Egypt, in ‗prospecting‘ for oil. Sometimes[78] is found. When you buy a few gallons of petrol for our cars, we pay not only the [79] of the petrol, but also part of the cost if the search that 71.[A] time[B] man[C] drill[D] plan72. [A] at last[B] in the end[C] as a result[D] on the other hand73. [A] level[B] time[C] place[D] price74. [A] down[B] up[C] on[D] in75. [A] sand[B] water[C] oil[D] gas76. [A] another[B] the other[C] others[D] one another77. [A] are[B] is[C] has been[D] have been78. [A] a little[B] little[C] a few[D] few79. [A] amount[B] price[C] cost[D] drilling北京语言大学出国人员培训部/入学考试样题/2013is [ 80 ] going on.When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries.[ 81 ].The commonestform of treatment is [ 82 ]. When the oil is heated, the first vapours[ 83 ] are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a lowboiling[ 84 ]; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes.Gas that comes off the [ 85 ] lateris condensed into paraffin. [ 86 ] the lubricating oils of variousgrades are produced. What [ 87 ] is heavy oil that is used as fuel.There are four main areas ofthe world [ 88 ] deposits of oil appear.The first is [ 89 ] of the Middle East.Another is thearea [ 90 ] North and South America, and the third, between Asia and Australia. The fourth area is the part near the North Pole. 80. [A] often[B] frequently[C] busily[D] always81. [A] to be treated[B] to treat[C] for treatment[D] for treating82. [A] heated[B] to be heated[C] to heat[D] heating83. [A] to rise[B] rises[C] rising[D] risen84. [A] level[B] place[C] point[D] degree85. [A] ground[B] air[C] oil[D] water86. [A] Then[B] Last of all[C] Afterwards[D] Lately87. [A] remains[B] remain[C] remained[D] remaining88. [A] there[B] which[C] that[D] where89. [A] the one[B] one[C] that[D] this90. [A] between[B] among[C] above[D] belowPart IV Reading Comprehension(40 minutesDirections:In this part there are passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers. Choose the one you think is the best answer. Mark your choice on the answer sheet by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets. Questions 91-94 are based on the following passage:The fiddler crab is a living clock. It indicates the time of day by the color of its skin, which is dark by day and pale by night. The crab's changing skin color follows a regular 24-hour cycle that exactly matches the daily rhythm of the sun.Does the crab actually keep time, or does its skin simply respond to the sun's rays, changing color according to the amount of light that strikes it? To find out, biologists kept crabs in a dark room for two months. Even without daylight the crab's skin color continued to change precisely on schedule.This characteristic probably evolved in response to the rhythm of the sun, to help protect the crab from sunlight and enemies. After millions of years it has become completely regulated inside the living body of the crab.The biologists noticed that once each day the color of the fiddler crab is especially dark, and that each day this occurs fifty minutes later than on the day before. From this they discovered that each crab follows not only the rhythm of the sun but also that of the tides. The crab's period of greatest darkening is precisely the time of low tide on the beach where it was caught!91. The fiddler crab is like a clock because it changes color[A] in a regular 24-hour rhythm.[B] in response to the sun's rays.[C] at low tide.[D] every fifty minutes.92. The crab's changing color[A] tells the crab what time it is.[B] protects the crab from the sunlight and enemies.[C] keeps the crab warm.[D] is of no real use.93. When the fiddler crabs were kept in the dark, they[A] did not change color.[B] changed color more quickly.[C] changed color more slowly.[D] changed color on the same schedule.94. The best title for the passage is[A] The Rhythmic Cycles of the Sun and Tide[B] Discoveries in Biology[C] A Scientific Study[D] A living ClockThere is another example of the revolution in railway signaling and safety measures which can also be attributed to the widespread introduction of electricity in the last decade of the nineteenth century. The track circuit, patented by one William Robinson as far back as 1872, was based on a simple principle. A section of track is insulated at the rail joints from the adjoining sections, and an electrically-operated switch or relay is maintained in the closed position by a low-voltage current passing continually through the rails. The effect of the entry of a train on the insulated section is to short-circuit this current through its wheels and axles with the result that the switch opens. It will be appreciated that should the current fail or should an accidental short-circuit take place, the device will behave as if a train were on the section. However, it will obey the essential requirement of every safety device that in the event of failure the danger signal is given.95. What does the paragraph preceding this one probably discuss?[A] Another one of Robinson's inventions[B] A twentieth-century safety device[C] An electrically-operated safety device[D] Railroading in the mid-nineteenth century96. In the last sentence in the passage, what does the word "it" refer to?[A] An accidental short-circuit[B] A danger signal[C] A safety device[D] A train97. Which of the following statements is TRUE?[A] Railway signaling improved with the American Revolution.[B] The last century saw great progress in railway signaling device.[C] The track circuit is a simple application of a complex principle.[D] The widespread introduction of electricity took place around 1910.98. If a short-circuit takes place, what will happen to the section containing the safety device?[A] A fire will start.[B] A danger signal will be given.[C] A train will derail.[D] The electrically operated switch will close.99. What is the result when a train passed over a section with a low-voltage current?[A] It will derail.[B] A switch opens.[C] A danger signal is given.[D] It will shock the crew.100. What is the topic of this passage?[A] The development of electrical safety devices[B] The inventions of William Robinson[C] The danger of railroad accidents[D] The operation of an electrical safety device for trainsLife near the shore everywhere is affected by the tides, which come and go twice each day in a cycle of about twelve-and-a-half hours —just different enough from the daily cycle of the sun so that there can be no regular relationship between the shore being alternately wet and dry and alternately light and dark. The extent of the tides varies greatly, from as little as one foot in inland seas like the Mediterranean, to fifty feet or so in the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia. In some parts of the world, one of the two daily tides rises higher and falls lower than the other; and tides at the time of new moon and full moon are generally greater than at other times. The extent of the intertidal zone thus varies from day to day as well as from place to place.The kinds of organisms living in the region between the tidal limits depend very much on whether the shore is rocky, sandy, or muddy. Rocky shores have the most obviously rich faunas, because of the firm anchorage for both animals and plants, and because of the small pools left by the retreating seas. Sandy shores, especially when exposed to surf (as they usually are, have the fewest kinds of animals.101. Which of the following factors does not affect the extent of the tides?[A] Place[B] Time[C] The moon[D] The composition of the shore soil102. The time span between tides[A] varies as much as the extent of the tides.[B] is a more constant phenomenon than the extent of the tides.[C] is shorter in inland seas.[D] and the extent of tides depend upon each other.103. The two tides in a given day[A] may vary in extent.[B] never vary in extent.[C] always vary in extent.[D] only vary in extent at the time of a new moon or a full moon.104. The composition of the intertidal soil affect[A] the nature of tides.[B] the temperature of the water in that area.[C] the amount of animals and plants living in that area.[D] the level of pollution in that area.105. Muddy shores[A] have poorer faunas than do sandy shores.[B] have richer faunas than do rocky shores.[C] have poorer faunas than do rocky shores, but richer faunas than do sandy shores.[D] have no faunas at all.106. The smallest tides occur in[A] open seas.[B] inland.[C] bays.[D] deeper seas.Reading is the key to school success and, like any skill, it takes practice. A child learns to walk by practising until he no longer has to think about how to put one foot in front of the other. A great athlete practices until he can play quickly, accurately, without thinking. Tennis players call that "being in the zone." Educators call it "automaticity."A child learns to read by sounding out the letters and decoding the words. With practice, he stumbles less and less, reading by the phrase. With automaticity, he doesn't have to think about decoding the words, so he can concentrate on the meaning of the text.It can begin as early as first grade. In a recent study of children in Illinois schools, Alan Rossman of Northwestern University found automatic readers in the first grade who were reading almost three times as fast as the other children and scoring twice as high on comprehension tests. At fifth grade, the automatic readers were reading twice as fast as the others, and still outscoring them on accuracy, comprehension and vocabulary."It's not I.Q. but the amount of time a child spends reading that is the key to automaticity," according to Rossman. Any child who spends at least 3.5 to 4 hours a week reading books, magazines or newspapers will in all likelihood reach automaticity. At home, where the average child spends 25 hours a week watching television, it can happen by turning off the set just one night in favour of reading.You can test your child by giving him a paragraph or two to read aloud - something unfamiliar but appropriate to his age. If he reads aloud with expression, with a sense ofthe meaning of the sentences, he probably is an automatic reader. If he reads haltingly, one word at a time, without expression or meaning, he needs more practice.107. The first paragraph tells us____.[A] what automaticity is[B] how accuracy is acquired[C] how a child learns to walk[D] how an athlete is trained108. An automatic reader[A] sounds out the letters[B] concentrates on meaning[C] has a high I.Q.[D] pays much attention to the structures of sentences109. The Illinois study shows that the automatic reader's high speed[A] costs him a lot of work[B] affects his comprehension[C] leads to his future success[D] doesn't affect his comprehension110. A bright child[A] also needs practice to be an automatic reader[B] always achieves great success in comprehension tests[C] becomes an automatic reader after learning how to read[D] is a born automatic readerQuestions 111 - 116 are based on the following passage:The Triumph of Unreason?Neoclassical economics is built on the assumption that humans are rational beings who have a clear idea of their best interests and strive to extract maximum benefit (or―utility‖, in economist-speak from any situation. Neoclassical economics assumes that the process of decision-making is rational. But that contradicts growing evidence that decision-making draws on the emotions—even when reason is clearly involved.The role of emotions in decisions makes perfect sense. For situations met frequently in the past, such as obtaining food and mates, and confronting or fleeing from threats, the neural mechanisms required to weigh up the pros and cons will have been honed by evolution to produce an optimal outcome. Since emotion is the mechanism by which animals are prodded towards such outcomes, evolutionary and economic theory predict the same practical consequences for utility in these cases. But does this still apply when the ancestral machinery has to respond to the stimuli of urban modernity?One of the people who thinks that it does not is George Loewenstein, an economist at Carnegie Mellon University, in Pittsburgh. In particular, he suspects that modern shopping has subverted the decision-making machinery in a way that encourages people to run up debt. To prove the point he has teamed up with two psychologists, Brian Knutson of Stanford University and Drazen Prelec of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to look at what happens in the brain when it is deciding what to buy.。

转基因蚊子英语作文英文回答：Genetically modified mosquitoes, also known as transgenic mosquitoes, have been a topic of debate and controversy in recent years. These mosquitoes are created by inserting foreign genes into their DNA, which alters their genetic makeup and can potentially have various effects on their behavior and ability to transmit diseases.One potential benefit of genetically modified mosquitoes is their ability to combat the spread of diseases such as dengue fever, Zika virus, and malaria. For example, scientists have developed transgenic mosquitoes that are resistant to the malaria parasite, which could potentially reduce the transmission of the disease. This could have a significant impact on public health,especially in regions where these diseases are prevalent.Another potential benefit is the ability to controlmosquito populations. Genetically modified mosquitoes can be designed to produce offspring that are unable to survive or reproduce, which can help reduce mosquito populations in areas where they are a nuisance or pose a health risk. This method of population control could be more environmentally friendly compared to traditional methods such as insecticides.However, there are also concerns and risks associated with genetically modified mosquitoes. One concern is the potential unintended consequences on ecosystems. Modifying the genes of mosquitoes could potentially disrupt the natural balance of ecosystems and have unforeseen effects on other organisms that rely on mosquitoes for food or other ecological functions.There are also concerns about the long-term effects and potential for genetic mutations. While scientists take precautions to ensure the safety of genetically modified organisms, there is always a possibility of unintended genetic changes or mutations that could have unforeseen consequences. These risks need to be carefully evaluatedand monitored before widespread release of genetically modified mosquitoes.In conclusion, genetically modified mosquitoes have the potential to be a valuable tool in combating the spread of diseases and controlling mosquito populations. However, it is important to carefully consider the potential risks and ethical implications associated with their use. Continued research and monitoring are necessary to ensure the safety and effectiveness of genetically modified mosquitoes.中文回答：转基因蚊子，也被称为转基因蚊子，近年来一直是争议和争议的话题。

1.the Iron Age 铁器时代2.covalent bonding 共价键，共价结合posites 复合材料4.crystal lattice 晶体点阵，晶格position and structure 成分和结构6.tensile strength抗拉强度，抗张强度7.ferrous metals 黑色金属8.gray cast iron 灰口铸铁9.austennitic stainless 奥氏体不锈钢10.weldability and hardenability 可焊性和可淬性11.refractory metals 难溶金属11.carbide and nitride碳化物和氮化物12.stiffness 刚度13.corrosion 腐蚀14.the Bronze Age 铜器时代15.metallic bonding 金属键，金属结合16.polymers 高分子材料17.ceramics and glasses 陶瓷和玻璃18.elementaty cell 晶胞19.direction indices晶向指数20.synthesis and processing 合成和加工21.yeild strength 屈服强度22.nonferrous metals 有色金属23.white cast iron白口铸铁24.martensitic stainless steels 马氏体不锈钢25.castability and formability 铸造性能与模锻性能26.titanium and nickel钛和镍27.precious metals 贵金属28.oxide and sulfide氧化物和硫化物29.die cast alloy压铸合金30.elasticity 弹性，弹力31.brittleness脆性32.fatigue strength 疲劳强度33.corrosion腐蚀34.annealing 退火35.high compressive strength 高压缩强度材料工程materials engineering 金属及其化合物metals and their alloys 面心立方晶格face-centered cubic lattice 材料塑性the plasticity of materials 普碳钢plain-carbon steels 陶瓷ceramics 合金元素alloying elements 表面处理surface treatment 金属物理性能the physical property of metals 材料科学materials science 金属材料metallic materials 体心立方晶格body-centered cubic lattice 材料的强度the strength of materials 有色金属nonferrous metals 合金钢alloy steels 铝及铝合金aluminums and aluminum alloys 加工硬化work hardening 热处理heat treated 金属力学性能mechanical propertyAbsorbed energy吸收功transition temperature转变温度modulus of elasticity弹性模量conductivity导电性thermal expansion热膨胀heat capacity 热容mold铸型rolling轧制forming 模压thermosetting ploymers热固性材料thermoplastic ploymers 热塑性材料stress versus strain应力应变pig iron生铁wrought iron熟铁steel malking 炼钢smelting熔炼blast furnace鼓风炉castability可锻性machinability机加工性nonmachinable不可机加工的hardenability可淬硬性nonmagnetic非磁铁alloyed steels合金钢anneal退火stree-corrsion cracking应力腐蚀断裂high-strength low-alloy steel高强度低合金钢cast iron alloys铸铁合金heat-treatable 可热处理的solubility溶解度thermo-mechanical 热加工性plain-carbon steel普碳钢electrolytic iron电解铁Introduction to materials材料概论coordination nunber配位数polycrystals多晶体anisotropy各向异性hexagonal close-packed structure 密排六方结构impact strength冲击强度tensile strength拉伸强度yield point屈服点utimate strength极限强度breaking strength破坏强度fracture toughness断裂韧度thoughness 韧性elastic limit弹性极限creep strength蠕变强度creep蠕变fatigue life 疲劳寿命corrosion resistance抗腐蚀性wear-resistance 耐磨性wear rate磨损率oxidation resistance抗氧化性imperfection缺陷austenitic马氏体martensitic 马氏体pearlite珠光体ferritic铁素体iron carbide渗碳体stainless steel不锈钢fracture 断裂compouds化合物specific strength比强度allotropic同素异形体reractory metals耐火材料anodize阳极电镀forging锻造casting铸造hardness硬度gray cast iron灰口铸铁magnetin磁性rust铁锈ingots铸锭malleable cast iron 可锻铸铁brittle materials脆性材料white cast iron 白口铸铁gears齿轮shafts轴weldable可焊接的unweldable不可焊接的weldablility可焊接性tool steels工具钢metallic bonding金属键covalent bonding共价键ionic bonding离子键hydrogen bonding 氢键crystal lattice晶格crystalline晶体amorphous非晶体packing factor致密度crystallographic indices结晶指数slip planes滑移面close-packed planes密排面elasticity弹性Elongation rate延伸率stress-rupture properties应力开裂reduction in area断面收缩句子：1,It is generally the behavior of materials is which limits the performance of machines and equipment.材料的性能通常限制着机器和设备的性能2,It is useful to consider the extent of metallic behaverior in the currently known range of chemical elements.在目前已知的化学范围内考察其金属性的程度是很有用的3,The packing factor is determined as the ratio of the volume of all elementary particles per elementary cell to the total volume of the elementary cell.填充因子的大小取决于每个晶胞中所有基本微粒的体积之和与整个晶胞体积之间的比率4,In most materials more than one phase is present, with each phase having its unique atomic arrangement and properties. Control of the type, size, distribution, and amount of these phases within the main body of the material provides an additional way to control properties of a material.在大多数材料中，往往存在着不止一种相，每一种相都有其各自的原子排列和特性。

小学上册英语全练全测英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The _______ (Suez Canal) connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.2.How do you say "hello" in Spanish?A. BonjourB. HolaC. CiaoD. NamasteB3.The spider spins a ______ (网) in the corner of the ______ (房间).4.What do you call a baby deer?A. CalfB. FawnC. KidD. FoalB5.The ______ (松鼠) gathers food for the winter.6.What do we call a baby sheep?A. CalfB. KidC. LambD. Foal7.What is the currency of Japan?A. YuanB. DollarC. YenD. WonC8.My favorite dessert to bake is ______.9.I like to ______ at the library. (read)10.The _____ (果树) blossoms in the spring.11.Water is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one _______ atom. (氧)12.What is the name of the planets that have rings?A. Gas GiantsB. Rocky PlanetsC. Dwarf PlanetsD. Terrestrial Planets13.The _____ (生态系统服务) includes clean air and food production.14.What do bees make?A. MilkB. HoneyC. BreadD. CheeseB15.ssance was a period of great ______ (艺术) and learning in Europe. The Rena16.I often ask my __________ for help. (父母)17. A ______ (湿润的气候) supports lush vegetation.18.The _______ (Mongol Empire) was one of the largest empires in history.19.I planted _____ (草) last week.20.What do we call the act of developing skills?A. TrainingB. EducationC. LearningD. All of the AboveD21. A ______ is a type of animal that can climb very well.22. A _____ (海狮) performs tricks at the aquarium.23. A ______ (马) can be very strong and fast.24.What is 2 + 2?A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 6B25. A ____ has sharp spines and can protect itself.26.What is the largest ocean on Earth?A. AtlanticB. IndianC. ArcticD. Pacific27.Which of these is a primary color?A. GreenB. PurpleC. BlueD. Orange答案:C28.Which day comes after Monday?A. SundayB. TuesdayC. WednesdayD. Thursday29.My mom loves to __________. (烘焙)30.What is the term for a word that sounds the same but has a different meaning?A. AntonymB. SynonymC. HomonymD. AdjectiveC31. A ______ is a type of insect that can produce honey.32.What is the main function of roots in a plant?A. To absorb nutrientsB. To produce flowersC. To attract insectsD. To make foodA33.The rainbow has many _____ (colors/shapes).34.__________ (沉淀) occurs when solid particles form from a solution.35.My uncle loves to __________ (分享) his travel stories.36.The ancient Mesopotamians created one of the first written _______.37.古代的________ (currencies) 促进了商业活动的进行。

2023-2024学年上海市静安区高三上学期期末教学质量调研考试英语试题Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Japan’s robot revolution in senior careJapan’s artificial intelligence expertise is transforming the elder care industry, with 1 (specialize) robotic care accomplishing more than just taking pressure off the critical shortage of caregivers. Senior care facilities across Japan are testing out such new robots 2 deliver a collection of social and physical health care and the government-backed initiative has been met with positive reviews by elderly residents.The rapidly graying population 3 (eye) by the government as a potential market for medical technology now. Disappointing government predictions show that by 2025, Japan's first baby boomers will have turned 75 and about 7 million people are likely to suffer from some form of dementia (痴呆). The nation won't be able to avoid a dementia crisis 4 an additional 380,000 senior care workers.The long-standing shortage of professional care workers has encouraged the Japanese government 5 (simplify) procedures for foreign caregivers to be trained and certified. The current Technical Intern Training Program between Vietnam, the Philippines, and Indonesia, under 6 Economic Partnership Agreement, was extended to include nursing care as well as agriculture, fishery, and construction sectors.7 the government made efforts to increase the numbers of senior care workers, the target number of foreign graduates has still fallen flat, with the national caregiver examination proving a major obstacle to pass. The success rate for foreign students was a merely 106 students last year, 8 has slightly improved to 216 students this year. Another depressing reality is that 19 to 38 percent of foreign nurses who pass the exam opt to leave the industry and return home, 9 (cite) tough work conditions and long hours. Given the challenges, this is 10 the government believes care robots will be able to step in.Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. smoothingB. remainC. switchedD. likelihoodE. impactF. tipG. broadly H. headed I. booming J. positioning K. reliablySea-level rise predictionsA team of University of Idaho scientists is studying a fast-moving glacier in Alaska in hopes of developing better predictions on how quickly global sea levels will rise.Tim Bartholomaus, a professor in the Department of Geography and Geological Sciences, spent several weeks on Turner Glacier in Alaska’s southeastern 11 near Disenchantment Bay. The glacier is unique because, unlike other glaciers, it rises greatly every five to eight years.A surging glacier is defined, 12 , as one that starts flowing at least 10 times faster than normal. But the how and why of that glacial movement is poorly understood, although recent research suggests that global climate change increases the 13 of glacial surging.During Turner’s surges, the mass of ice and rock will increase its speed from roughly 3 feet a day to 65 feet per day.All of that is important because glaciers falling into the ocean are a major contributor to sea level rise, and current clima te change models don’t 14 account for these movements. For example, Greenland’s glaciers are one of the leading contributors to global sea-level rise. Since the early 2000s, Greenland 15 from not having any effect on world sea levels, to increasing sea level by about 1 millimeter per year. Half of that yearly increase is due to warmer average temperatures, which leads to more ice melting. The other half, however, is because glaciers in Greenland are, as a whole, moving faster and running into the ocean more frequently.Glacial movement has something to do with water running underneath the glacier. Glaciers are full of holes, and water runs through those holes. When the water pressure is high underneath a glacier, it starts to move, partly because it’s li fting the mass of ice and rock off the ground and partly because it’s 16 the underside of the glacier.But how exactly does that water move through the glacier, and how does the movement 17 the glacier’s speed? Those are the questions the scientists ho pe to answer.Bartholomaus, some graduate students and researchers from Boise State University, 18 onto the ice in August. They set up a base camp at the toe of the glacier and spent their days flying in on helicopters. They placed roughly 30 instruments, burying them deeply into the glacier and 19 them on rock outcroppings (露岩) alongside the glacier. This summer the team will return to get the instruments and replace batteries. Those instruments will 20 on and around the glacier until the glacier surge stops, providing researchers with before and after data.Investors probably expect that following the suggestions of stock analysts would make them better off than doing the exact opposite. _________, recent research by Nicola Gennaioli and his colleagues shows that the best way to gain excess return s would be to invest in the shares least favored by analysts. They compute that, during the last 35 years, investing in the 10 percent of U. S. stocks analysts were most _________ about would have yielded on average 3 percent a year._________, investing in the 10 percent of stocks analysts were most pessimistic about would have yielded a surprising 15 percent a year.Gennaioli and colleagues shed light on this _________ with the help of cognitive sciences and, in particular, using Kahneman and Tversky's concept of representativeness. Decision makers, according to this view, _________ the representative features of a group or a phenomenon. These are defined as the features that occur more frequently in that group than in a baseline reference group.After observing strong earnings growth—the explanation goes—analysts think that the firm may be the next Google. “Googles” are in fact more frequent among firms experiencing strong growth, which makes them _________. The problem is that “Googles” are very _________ in absolute terms. As a result, expectations become too optimistic, and future performance_________. A model of stock prices in which investor beliefs follow this logic can account both qualitatively and quantitatively for the beliefs of analysts and the dynamics (动态变化) of stock returns.In related work, the authors also show that the same model can _________ booms and busts in the volume of credit and interest rate spreads.These works are part of a research project aimed at taking insights from cognitive sciences and at__________them into economic models. Kahneman and Tversky's concept of “representativeness” lies at the heart of this effort. “In a classical example, we __________ to think of Irishmen as redheads because red hair is much more frequent among Irishmen than among the rest of the world,” Prof. Gennaioli says. “However, only 10 percent of Irishmen are redheads. In our work, we develop models of belief formation that show this logic and study the __________ of this important psychological force in different fields.”Representativeness helps describe __________ and behavior in different fields, not only in financial markets. One such field is the formation of stereotypes about social groups. In a recent experimental paper, Gennaioli and colleagues show that representativeness can explain self-confidence, and in particular the __________ of women to compete in traditionally male subjects, such as mathematics.A slight prevalence of __________ male math ability in the data is enough to make math ability un-representative for women, driving their under confidence in this particular subject.21.A．Consequently B．Furthermore C．Nevertheless D．Meanwhile22.A．curious B．controversial C．concerned D．optimistic23.A．In brief B．By contrast C．In addition D．Without doubt 24.A．engagement B．concentration C．puzzle D．definition25.A．memorize B．prioritize C．modernize D．fertilize26.A．representative B．argumentative C．executive D．sensitive27.A．harsh B．adaptable C．crucial D．rare28.A．cheers B．disappoints C．stabilizes D．improves29.A．account for B．count on C．suffer from D．hold up30.A．pouring B．admitting C．integrating D．tempting31.A．pretend B．afford C．offer D．tend32.A．effects B．delights C．intervals D．codes33.A．companions B．scales C．expectations D．findings34.A．necessity B．involvement C．perseverance D．reluctance35.A．equivalent B．exceptional C．mysterious D．distressing Montessori was born in Italy in 1870 with progressive parents, who frequently communicated with the country’s leading thinkers and scholars. This enlightened family environment provided Montessori with many advantages over other young girls of the time.Her mother’s support was vital for some impo rtant decisions, such as her enrolment in a technical school after her elementary education. Her parents’ support also proved to be essential for her decision to study medicine, a field that was dominated by men.Soon after graduating, in 1896, Montessori began work as a voluntary assistant in a clinic at the University of Rome, where she cared for children with learning difficulties. The rooms were bare, with just a few pieces of furniture. One day, she found that the children were enthusiastically playing with breadcrumbs (面包屑) that had dropped on the floor. It then occurred to her that the origin of some intellectual disabilities could be related with poverty. With the right learning materials, these and other young minds could be nurtured, Montessori concluded.The observation would lead Montessori to develop a new method of education that focused on providing optimal stimulation during the sensitive periods of childhood.At its centre was the principle that all the learning materials should be child-sized and designed to appeal to all the senses. In addition, each child should also be allowed to move and act freely, and use their creativity and problem-solving skills. Teachers took the role of guides, supporting the children without press or control.Mont essori opened her first Children’s House in 1907. When the Fascists (法西斯主义者) first came into power in Italy in 1922, they initially embraced her movement. But they soon came to oppose the emphasis on the children’s freedom of expression. Montessori’s value s had always been about human respect, and the rights of children and women, but the Fascists wanted to use her work and her fame.Things reached a breaking point when the Fascist tried to influence the schools’ educational content, and in 1934 Montessori and her son decided to leave Italy. She didn’t return to her homeland until 1947, and she continued to write about and develop her method until her death in 1952, at the age of 81.36. The primary reason for Montessori to develop a new educational method was ______.A．her family’s supportive influence on her educationB．her experience as a voluntary assistant in a clinicC．her observation of children playing with breadcrumbs happilyD．her decision to study medicine, a field dominated by men37. What was a central principle of Montessori’s educational method as described in the passage?A．Providing standardized, one-size-fits-all learning materials.B．Encouraging strict discipline and control over children’s actions.C．Focusing on rote memorization and competition.D．Creating a free and children-centered learning environment.38. Montessori decided to leave Italy in 1934 because .A．she wanted to explore other countries and culturesB．she wanted to avoid the Fascist’s influence on her workC．she was offered a better job in a different countryD．she wanted to retire and enjoy a peaceful life in another country39. Which of the following words can best describe Montessori in this passage?A．Observant and innovative. B．Traditional and emotional.C．Progressive and dependent. D．Open-minded and indifferent. Reducing the workweek to four days could have a climate benefit. In addition to improving the well-being of workers, cutting working hours may reduce carbon emissions. But those benefits would depend on a number of factors, experts emphasize, including how people choose to spend nonworking time.Commuting and travelTransportation is the biggest contributor to greenhouse emissions. A November 2021 survey of2,000 employees and 500 business leaders in the United Kingdom found that if all organizations introduced a four-day week, the reduced trips to work would decrease travel overall by more than 691 million miles a week.But the climate benefits of less commuting could be eliminated, experts said, if people choose to spend their extra time off traveling, particularly if they do so by car or plane.Energy usageShorter working hours could lead to reductions in energy usage, experts said. According to a 2006 paper, if the United States adopted European work standards, the country would consume about 20 percent less energy.Energy could also be conserved if fewer resources are needed to heat and cool large office buildings, reducing demands on electricity. For example, if an entire workplace shuts down on the fifth day, that would help lower consumption — less so if the office stays open to accommodate employees taking different days off.Lifestyle changesIt’s possible that fewer working hours may lead some people to have a larger carbon footprint, bu t experts say research suggests that most people are likely to shift toward more sustainable lifestyles.One theory is that people who work more and have less free time tend to do things in more carbon-intensive ways, such as choosing faster modes of transportation or buying prepared foods. Convenience is often carbon-intensive and people tend to choose convenience when they're time-stressed. Meanwhile, some research suggests that those who work less are more likely to engage in traditionally low-carbon activities, such as spending time with family or sleeping.“When we talk about the four-day workweek and the environment, we focus on the tangible, but actually, in a way, the biggest potential benefit here is in the intangible,” experts said.40. What is identified as the leading cause of greenhouse emissions according to the passage?A．The well-being of employees.B．The conservation of energy.C．Commuting and travel.D．The European work standard.41. What can be inferred from the underlined sentence “the biggest potential benefit here is in the intangible” in the last paragraph?A．People will have big potential in achieving intangible benefits while working.B．People are more likely to engage in carbon-intensive activities due to time constraints.C．People may shift toward more sustainable lifestyles and lower carbon footprints.D．People may travel more frequently by car or plane during their extra time off.42. The passage is mainly written to .A．highlight the importance of shortening working time in the context of well-beingB．provide an overview of transportation emissions worldwideC．analyze the impact of reduced working hours on mode of businessD．illustrate factors affecting the climate benefits of a shorter workweekThe cultivation of plants by ants is more widespread than previously realized, and has evolved on at least 15 separate occasions.There are more than 200 species of ant in the Americas that farm fungi (真菌) for food, but this trait evolved just once sometime between 45 million and 65 million years ago. Biologists regard the cultivation of fungi by ants as true agriculture appearing earlier than human agriculture because it meets four criteria: the ants plant the fungus, care for it, harvest it and depend on it for food.By contrast, while thousands of ant species are known to have a wide variety of interdependent relationships with plants, none were regarded as true agriculture. But in 2016, Guillaume Chomicki and Susanne Renner at the University of Munich, Germany, discovered that an ant in Fungi cultivates several plants in a way that meets the four criteria for true agriculture.The ants collect the seeds of the plants and place them in cracks in the bark of trees. As the plants grow, they form hollow structures called domain that the ants nest in. The ants defecate (排便) at designated absorptive places in these domain, providing nutrients for the plant. In return, as well as shelter, the plant provides food in the form of fruit juice.This discovery prompted Chomicki and others to review the literature on ant-plant relationships to see if there are other examples of plant cultivation that have been overlooked. “They have never really been looked at in the framework of agriculture,” says Chomicki, who is now at the University of Sheffield in the UK. “It’s definitely widespread.”The team identified 37 examples of tree-living ants that cultivate plants that grow on trees, known as epiphytes (附生植物). By looking at the family trees of the ant species, the team was able to determine on how many occasions plant cultivation evolved and roughly when. Fifteen is a conservative estimate, says Campbell. All the systems evolved relatively recently, around 1million to 3 million years ago, she says.Whether the 37 examples of plant cultivation identified by the team count as true agriculture depends on the definitions used. Not all of the species get food from the plants, but they do rely on them for shelter, which is crucial for ants living in trees, says Campbell. So the team thinks the definition of true agriculture should include shelter as well as food.43. According to biologists, why is ant-fungus cultivation considered as a form of true agriculture?A．Because it occurred earlier than human agriculture.B．Because it fulfills the standards typical of agricultural practices.C．Because it redefines the four criteria for true human agriculture.D．Because it is less common than previously thought.44. What motivated Chomicki and others to review the literature on ant-plant relationships?A．They determined on new family trees of the ant species.B．They overlooked some tree-living ants that provided nutrients for the plants.C．They never studied the ant-plant relationships within the context of agriculture.D．They never identified any an t species that engaged in cultivation of fungi.45. Which of the following statements is supported by the team's findings according to the passage?A．Ants’ cultivation of plants is limited to a few specific species.B．The cultivation of fungi by ants is considered the earliest form of agriculture.C．True agriculture in ants involves only food-related interactions with plants.D．Ants have independently cultivated plants on at least 15 distinct occasions.46. What is the passage mainly about?A．The evolution of ants in the plant kingdom.B．The widespread occurrence of ant-plant cultivation.C．The discovery of a new ant species engaging in agriculture.D．The contrast between ant agriculture and human agriculture.What is the likelihood of you having someone who looks just like you? Would it be a good thing? And if you did have one, would you want to meet them?Consider how often your facial features are used to identify you. Your passport, ID card and driving license all feature your face. 47 You may need your face to unlock your smartphone and possibly even need it to exclude you from being present at a crime scene.The word “doppelgänger” refers to a person who looks the same as you, essentially sharing your features; those that you thought were unique to you and your identity. Not identical twins, as a doppelgänger has no relation to you. The idea originated in German folklore. 48So, let's get real. What are the chances of you having one in the first place? There's said to be a one in 135 chance of an exact match for you existing anywhere in the world, so the chances are pretty low, despite folk wisdom promising you otherwise. And the chances of meeting? The mathematical certainty of finding this particular person is supposedly less than one in a trillion.That said, these statistics may be a good thing. Historically, having a double wasn't always a positive. Back in 1999, an innocent American man, indistinguishable from the real criminal, was sent to prison for robbery, where he stayed for 19 years. 49 . In a different case, a woman in New York was accused of trying to poison her doppelgänger with deadly cheesecake so that she could steal her identity!50 The fascination with doppelgängers may be rooted in historical beliefs that facial resemblance meant they were from the same family or had a common ancestor. It leads to the hope that one day you will meet your lookalike, creating the thrill of a potentially strange meeting. However, as these encounters can be both interesting and disturbing, we understand that after such an experience, you might not want to meet your doppelgänger again.passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Competitive CheerleadingOver the years, cheerleading has taken two primary forms: game-time cheerleading and competitive cheerleading. Game-time cheerleaders’ main goal is to entertain the crowd and lead them with team cheers, which should not be considered a sport. However, competitive cheerleading is more than a form of entertainment. It is really a competitive sport.Competitive cheerleading includes lots of physical activity. The majority of the teams require a certain level of tumbling (翻腾运动) ability. It’s a very common thing for gymnasts, so it’s easy for them to go into competitive cheerleading. Usually these cheerleaders integrate lots of their gymnastics experience including their jumps, tumbling, and overall energy. They also perform lifts and throws.Competitive cheerleading is also an activity that is governed by rules under which a winner can be declared. It is awarded points for technique, creativity and sharpness. Usually the more difficult the action is, the better the score is. That’s why cheerleaders are trying to experience great difficulty in their performance. Besides, there is also a strict rule of time. The whole performance has to be completed in less than three minutes and fifteen seconds, during which the cheerleaders are required to stay within a certain area. Any performance beyond the limit of time is invalid.Another reason for the fact that competitive cheerleading is one of the hardest sports is that it has more reported injuries. According to some research, competitive cheerleading is the number one cause of serious sports injuries to women. Generally, these injuries affect all areas of the body, including wrists, shoulders, ankles, head, and neck.There can be no doubt that competitive cheerleading is a sport with professional skills. It should be noted that it is a team sport and even the smallest mistake made by one teammate can bring the score of the entire team down. So without working together to achieve the goal, first place is out of reach. ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________52. 如果不好好准备，周五的演讲可能会变得一塌糊涂。

专利名称：用于治疗神经变性疾病和阿尔茨海默病以及改善正常记忆的方法和组合物
专利类型：发明专利
发明人：纳兹尼恩·德维基,S·乔纳森·辛格
申请号：CN200780020001.0
申请日：20070330
公开号：CN101454671A
公开日：
20090610
专利内容由知识产权出版社提供
摘要：本公开的内容总的涉及神经变性疾病，更具体地涉及一组早老素/G－蛋白/c－src结合多肽以及使用它们来调节阿尔茨海默病的信号转导和发展的方法。

申请人：加利福尼亚大学董事会
地址：美国加利福尼亚州
国籍：US
代理机构：北京安信方达知识产权代理有限公司
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