北京大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题汇编

Part Two：Structure and Written Expression（20%）Directions:For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably completethe sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet。

11． Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing” for human being is a question thata wide solution.A．admits of B. requires of C. needs of D。

seeks for12．In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control， it is sometimesa bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message.A．accustomed to split and dividedB．accustomed to splitting and dividingC．accustomed to split and dividingD．accustomed to splitting and divided13．Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value。

A。

at itself B。

as itself C。

on itself D。

in itself14． us earlier, your request to the full.A。

北京大学博士英语试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分，每题2分）1. The company has been ________ for over a century.A. establishedB. establishingC. to establishD. being established答案：A2. Despite the heavy rain, the match will be held as ________.A. planB. plannedC. planningD. to plan答案：B3. The professor suggested that we ________ a meeting to discuss the issue.A. arrangeB. arrangedC. arrangingD. will arrange答案：A4. The book is worth ________.A. to readB. readC. readingD. being read答案：C5. The problem is too difficult for us ________.A. to solveB. solvingC. solvedD. being solved答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分，每题3分）阅读以下短文，然后回答问题。

The rise of artificial intelligence has brought about significant changes in various industries. Companies are now using AI to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance customer experiences. However, with the rapid advancement of technology, there are concerns about job displacement and privacy issues.6. What is the main focus of the passage?A. The impact of AI on industriesB. The benefits of AIC. The concerns about AID. The advancement of technology答案：A7. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of AI?A. Improved efficiencyB. Reduced costsC. Enhanced customer experiencesD. Increased job opportunities答案：D8. What is the concern associated with AI?A. Job displacementB. Increased efficiencyC. Reduced costsD. Enhanced customer experiences答案：A9. What can be inferred from the passage?A. AI is only used in certain industries.B. AI is a threat to privacy.C. AI is being embraced by companies.D. AI has no benefits.答案：C10. What is the purpose of the passage?A. To promote AIB. To criticize AIC. To inform about AID. To encourage debate about AI答案：C三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）In the past, people used to believe that the world was flat. However, with the discovery of new lands and the development of navigational tools, this belief was gradually __11__.11. A. changedB. alteredC. modifiedD. transformed答案：A12. The explorers' voyages led to a __12__ understanding of the world.A. clearB. distinctC. preciseD. accurate答案：D13. As a result, the concept of a spherical Earth became__13__.A. acceptedB. acknowledgedC. recognizedD. known答案：A14. Today, we take for granted the fact that the Earth is round, but in the past, it was a __14__ idea.A. revolutionaryB. radicalC. groundbreakingD. innovative答案：A15. The __15__ of the Earth's shape has had a profound impact on science and exploration.A. realizationB. perceptionC. understandingD. comprehension答案：A四、翻译（共30分，每题10分）16. 随着互联网的普及，人们获取信息的方式发生了巨大变化。

北京大学考博英语-9(总分66, 做题时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ Vocabulary1.Our visual perception depends on the reception of energy reflecting or radiating from ______ which we wish to perceive.SSS_SINGLE_SELA itB theseC thatD those2."The effect of this medicine ______ by midnight," the doctor told Emma"You had better not try to read tonight."SSS_SINGLE_SELA will wear offB wears offC will have worn offD will be worn off3.Cooked vegetables are also valuable sources of certain vitamins and minerals, if the juice is eaten and if not cooked ______ .SSS_SINGLE_SELA too long a timeB a long time tooC much time longD long much time4."Is George really leaving the university? .... Yes, but would you mind ______ to anyone":"SSS_SINGLE_SELA not to mention itB not mention itC not mentioning itD not to mentioning it5.Hip replacement surgery is______joint replacement surgery in theU.S..SSS_SINGLE_SELA the single most frequentB the most single frequentC the single frequentD a single frequent6.A comet is distinguished from other bodies in the solar system______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA into its appearanceB off its appearanceC by its appearanceD to its appearance7.Can"t you speak more ______ to your parents?SSS_SINGLE_SELA respectablyB respectinglyC respectivelyD respectfully8.The magician picked out several persons ______ from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance.SSS_SINGLE_SELA by accidentB on averageC on occasionD at random9.The major obstacle to the reform in New Orleans, ______, is money.SSS_SINGLE_SELA as is it across the countryB as it is across the countryC as it were across the countryD as were it across the country10.The scheme was so impracticable that I refused even ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA to consider supporting itB considering to support itC to considering to support itD considering supporting it11.Packed like sardines into sweaty, claustrophobic subway carriages, passengers can barely breathe, ______ move about freely.SSS_SINGLE_SELA as well asB disregard forC let aloneD not mentioning12.The destruction of the Twin Towers in New York City ______ shock and anger not only throughout America but also throughout the whole world.SSS_SINGLE_SELA envelopedB summonedC temptedD provoked13.Some readers, especially children, find his works among themost______books they have ever read.SSS_SINGLE_SELA captivatingB captivatedC capturableD captious14.The room is so ______ with furniture that it is hard to move about.SSS_SINGLE_SELA muddledB clutteredC distributedD scattered15.Hong Kong was not a target for terror attacks, the Government insisted yesterday, as the US ______ closed for an apparent security review.SSS_SINGLE_SELA ConsultationB ConstitutionC ConsulateD Consular16."They said what we always knew," said an administration source,______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA he asked not to be namedB who asked not to be namedC who asked not be namedD who asked not named17.Remember to ask for a______ of quality for the consumer goods; otherwise they will not of- fer any maintenance.SSS_SINGLE_SELA certificateB markC warrantyD receipt18.The patient is not in good condition, so do not ______ your visit.SSS_SINGLE_SELA lengthenB delayC extendD prolong19.Australia is struggling to cope with the consequences of a devastating drought. As the world warms up, other countries should pay______SSS_SINGLE_SELA heelB healC heedD head20.The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now ______ for it.SSS_SINGLE_SELA none the worseB none the betterC never worseD never betterPart Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionThe early retirement of experienced workers is seriously harming the US economy, according to a new report from the Hudson Institute, a public policy research organization. Currently, many older experienced workers retire at an early age. According to the recently issued statistics, 79 percent of qualified workers begin collecting retirement benefits at age 62; if that trend continues, there will be a labor shortage that will hinder the economic growth in the twenty-first century.Older Americans constitute an increasing proportion of the population, according to the US Census Bureau, and the population of those over age 65 will grow by 60% between 2001 and 2020. During the same period, the group aged 18 to 44 will increase by only 4%. Keeping older skilled workers employed, even part time, would increase US economic output and strengthen the tax base; but without significant policy reforms, massive early retirement among baby boomers seems more likely.Retirement at age 62 is an economically rational decision today. Social Security and Medicaid earnings limits and tax penalties subject our most experienced workers to marginal tax rates as high as 67%. Social Security formulas encourage early retirement. Although incomes usually rise with additional years of work, any pay increases after the 35-year mark result in higher social Security taxes but only small increases in benefits.Hudson Institute researchers believe that federal tax and benefit policies are at fault and reforms are urgently needed, but they disagree with the popular proposal that much older Americans will have to work because Social Security will not support them and that baby boomers are not saving enough for retirement. According to the increase in 401 (k) and Keogh retirement plans, the ongoing stock market on Wall Street, and the likelihood of large inheritances,there is evidence that baby boomers will reach age 65 with greater financial assets than previous generations.The Hudson institute advocates reforming government policies that now discourage work and savings, especially for older worker. Among the report"s recommendations: Tax half of all Social Security benefits. regardless of other income; provide 8% larger benefits for each year beyond 65; and permit workers nearing retirement to **pensation packages that may include a lower salary but with greater healthcare benefits. However, it may take real and fruitful planning to find the right solution to the early retirement of older experienced workers; any measures taken must be allowed to prolong the serviceability of older experienced workers.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.According to Hudson Institute researchers, the effect of the early retirement of qualified workers in the U. S. economy is ______A constructiveB significantC inconclusiveD detrimentalSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.The older experienced workers in America tend to retire early because their prolonged service may ______A do harm to younger generationsB end up with few or no benefitsC give play to their potentialsD shed light on social trendsSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.The second paragraph is written chiefly to show that ______A there will be an acute labor shortage in the near futureB baby-boomers contribute much to the US economic outputC government policies concerning older people are out-datedD alder workers are enthusiastic about collecting socialbenefitsParkinson"s disease, first described in the early 1800s by British physician James Parkinson as "shaking palsy", is among the most prevalent neurological disorders. According to the United Nations, at least four million people worldwide have it; in North America,estimates run from 500,000 to one million, with about 50,000 diagnosed every year. These figures are expected to double by 2040 as the world"s elderly population grows; indeed, Parkinson"s and other neurodegenerative **mon in the elderly (such as Alzheimer"s and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) are on their way to overtaking cancer as a leading cause of death. But the disease is not entirely one of the aged: 50 percent of patients acquire it after age 60; the other half are affected before then. Furthermore, better diagnosis has made experts increasingly aware that the disorder can attack those younger than 40.So far researchers and clinicians have found no way to slow, stop or prevent Parkinson"s. Although treatments do exist-including drugs and deep-brain stimulation-these therapies alleviate symptoms, not causes. In recent years, however, several promising developments have occurred. In particular, investigators who study the role proteins play have linked miscreant proteins to genetic underpinnings of the disease. Such findings are feeding optimism that fresh angles of attack can be identified.As its 19th-century name suggests--and as many people know from the educational efforts of prominent Parkinson"s sufferers such as Janet Reno, Muhammad Ali and Michael J. Fox--the disease is characterized by movement disorders. Tremor in the hands, arms and elsewhere, limb rigidity, slowness of movement, and impaired balance and coordination are among the disease"s hallmarks. In addition, some patients have trouble walking, talking, sleeping, urinating and performing sexually.These impairments result from neurons dying. Although the victimcells are many and found throughout the brain, those producing the neurotransmitter dopamine in a region called the substantia nigra are particularly hard-hit. These dopaminergic nerve cells are **ponents of the basal ganglia, a complex circuit deep within the brain that fine-tunes and co-ordinates movement. Initially the brain canfunction normally as it loses dopaminergic neurons in the supstantia nigra, even though it cannot replace the dead cells. But when half or more of these specialized cells disappear, the brain can no longer cover for them. The deficit then produces the same effect that losing air traffic control does at a major airport. Delays, false starts, cancellations and, ultimately, chaos pervade as parts of the brain involved in motor control--the thalamus, basal ganglia and cerebral cortex--no longer function as an integrated and orchestrated unit.SSS_SINGLE_SEL4.Which of the following statements about Parkinson"s disease can be best supported by the passage?A Parkinson"s disease will become one of the leading causes of death for the old peopleB Parkinson"s disease is not entirely one of the aged, as halfof the patients are young peopleC Parkinson"s disease first appeared in the 19th centuryD Parkinson"s disease is a neurological disorder, but not yet a neurodegenerative illnessSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.The author of the passage suggests that the developments in the study of Parkinson"s disease can help______A prevent Parkinson"sB alleviate the causes of Parkinson"sC find new avenues for treatment of Parkinson"sD cure Parkinson"sSSS_SINGLE_SEL6.According to the passage, what causes Parkinson"s disease?A The dopaminergic nerve cells are impaired by the victim cellsB The dopaminergic nerve cells can no longer co-ordinate movementC There are tumors in the brainD There are not enough dopaminergic neurons in the brainSSS_SINGLE_SEL7.Janet Reno and Michael J. Fox are mentioned in the passagebecause______A they were experts on Parkinson"s diseaseB they made great efforts to fight Parkinson"s diseaseC they succeeded in fighting Parkinson"s diseaseD they were well-known sufferers of Parkinson"s diseaseSSS_SINGLE_SEL8.The primary purpose of this passage is to______A analyze what causes Parkinson"s diseaseB demonstrate how to prevent Parkinson"s diseaseC warn the young people of the danger of Parkinson"s diseaseD present new movements in the study of Parkinson"s diseaseMost scholars agree that Isaac Newton, while formulating the laws of force and gravity and inventing the calculus in the late 1600s, probably knew all the science there was to know at the time. In the ensuing 350 years an estimated 50 million research papers and innumerable books have been published in the natural sciences and mathematics. The modern high school student probably now possesses more scientific knowledge than Newton did, yet science to many people seems to be an impenetrable mountain of facts.One way scientists have tried to cope with this mountain is by becoming more and more specialized. Another strategy for coping with the mountain of information is to largely ignore it. That shouldn"t come as a surprise. Sure, you have to know a lot to he a scientist, but knowing a lot is not what makes a scientist. What makes a scientist is ignorance. This may sound ridiculous, but for scientists the facts are just a starting place. In science, every new discovery raises 10 new questions.By this calculus, ignorance will always grow faster than knowledge. Scientists and laypeople alike would agree that for all we **e to know, there is far more we don"t know. More important, every day there is far more we know we don"t know. One crucial outcome of scientific knowledge is to generate new and better ways of being ignorant: not the kind of ignorance that is associated with a lack of curiosity or education but rather a cultivated, high-quality ignorance. This gets to the essence of what scientists do: they make distinctions between qualities of ignorance. They do it in grant proposals and over beers at meetings. As James Clerk Maxwell, probably the greatest physicist between Newton and Einstein, said, "Thoroughly conscious ignorance...is a prelude to every real advance in knowledge. "This perspective on science—that it is about the questions more than the answers— **e as something of a relief. It makes science less threatening and far more friendly and, in fact, fun. Science becomes a series of elegant puzzles and puzzles within puzzles— and who doesn"t like puzzles? Questions are also more accessible and often more interesting than answers; answers tend to be the end of the process, whereas questions have you in the thick of things.Lately this side of science has taken a backseat in the public mind to what I call the accumulation view of science—that it is a pile of facts way too big for us to ever hope to conquer. But if scientists would talk about the questions, and if the media reported not only on new discoveries but the questions they answered and the new puzzles they created, and if educators stopped trafficking in facts that are already available on Wikipedia—then we might find a public onceagain engaged in this great adventure that has been going on for the past 15 generations.SSS_SINGLE_SEL9.Which of the following would most scholars agree to about Newton and science?A Newton was the only person who knew all the science in the 1600sB Newton"s laws of force and gravity dominated science for 350 yearsC Since Newton"s time, science has developed into a mountain of factsD A high school student probably knows more science than Newton didSSS_SINGLE_SEL10.Which of the following is best supported in this passage?A A scientist is a master of knowledgeB Knowledge generates better ignoranceC Ignorance is a sign of lack of educationD Good scientists are thoroughly ignorantSSS_SINGLE_SEL11.Why is it a relief that science is about the questions more than the answers?A Because people like solving puzzlesB Because questions make science accessibleC Because there are more questions than answersD Because questions point the way to deep answersSSS_SINGLE_SEL12.The expression "take a backseat" (line 1, paragraph 5) probably meansA take a back placeB have a different roleC be of greater priorityD become less importantSSS_SINGLE_SEL13.What is the author"s greatest concern in the passage?A The involvement of the public in scienceB Scientists" enjoyment of ignoranceC The accumulation of scientific knowledgeD Newton"s standing in the history of scienceWhy does the Foundation concentrate its support on basic rather than applied research? Basic research is the very heart of science, andits cumulative product is the capital of scientific progress, a capital that must be constantly increased as the demands upon it rise. The goal of basic research is understanding, for its own sake. Understanding of the structure of the atom or the nerve cell, the explosion of a spiral nebula or the distribution of cosmic dust, the causes of earthquakes and droughts, or of man as a behaving creature and of the social forces that are created whenever two or more human **e into contact with one another--the scope is staggering, but**mitment to truth is the same. If **mitment were to a particular result, conflicting evidence might be overlooked or, with the best will in the world, simply not appreciated. Moreover, the practical applications of basic research frequently cannot be anticipated. When Roentgen, the physicist, discovered X-rays, he had no idea of their usefulness to medicine.Applied research, undertaken to solve specific practical problems, has an immediate attractiveness because the results can be seen and enjoyed. For practical reasons, the sums spent on applied research in any country always far exceed those for basic research, and the proportions are more unequal in the less developed countries. Leaving aside the funds devoted to research by industry--which is naturally far more concerned with applied aspects because these increaseprofits quickly--the funds the U.S. Government allots to basic research currently amount to about 7 percent of its overall research and development funds. Unless adequate safeguards are provided, applied research invariably tends to drive out basic. Then, as Dr. Waterman has pointed out, "Developments will inevitably be undertaken prematurely, career incentives will gravitate strongly toward applied science, and the opportunities for making major scientific discoveries will be lost. Unfortunately, pressures to emphasize new developments, without corresponding emphasis upon pure science tend to degrade the quality of the nation"s technology in the long run, rather than to improve it."SSS_SINGLE_SEL14.The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is______.A Roentgen"s Ignorance of X-raysB The Attractiveness of Applied ResearchC The Importance of Basic ResearchD Basic Research vsSSS_SINGLE_SEL15.Industry is primarily interested in applied research because it______.A provides better understandingB is frowned upon by the FoundationC offers immediate profitD drives out basic researchSSS_SINGLE_SEL16.Basic research is vital because ______.A it leads to results that can be appreciatedB it is driven out by applied researchC it provides the basis for scientific progressD its results cannot be anticipatedSSS_SINGLE_SEL17.The federal government ______.A encourages basic researchB devotes more than 90% of its research and development funds to applied researchC spends far more on applied research than on military problemsD opposes the Foundation"s grants to basic researchPart Ⅲ ClozeSeventeen-year-old Quantae Williams doesn"t understand why the U. S. Supreme Court struck down his school district"s racial diversity program. He now 1 the prospect of leaving his mixed-race high school in suburban Louisville and 2 to the poor black downtown schools where he 3 in fights. "I"m doing 4 in town. They should just leave it the 5 it is," said Williams, using a fond nickname for suburban Jeffersontown High School, 6 he"s bused every day from his downtown neighborhood. "Everything is 7 , we get along well. If I go where all my friends go, I"ll start getting in trouble again," Williams said as he took a 8 from his summer job 9 clothing 10 for poor families. Last month"s 5-4 ruling by the Supreme Court struck down programsthat were started voluntarily in Louisville and Seattle. The court"s decision has left schools 11 the country 12 to find a way to protect13 in their classrooms. Critics have called the decision the biggest14 to the ideals of the 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education 15 , which outlawed racial segregation in U. S. public schools. With students already 16 to schools for the 17 year that begins in September, 18 will be immediately affected by the Supreme Court decision. In Jefferson County, officials said it could be two years 19 a new plan is 20 place, leaving most students in their current schools.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.A aspires toB dreadsC is hostile toD disdainsSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.A maintainingB transmittingC reimbursingD returningSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.A used to getB is used to getC is used to gettingD use to getSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.A wellB betterC goodD bestSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.A methodB wayC procedureD mannerSSS_SINGLE_SEL6.A whereB to whereC for whichD whichSSS_SINGLE_SEL 7.A linkedB segregatedC equalD mixedSSS_SINGLE_SEL 8.A restB breakC resurgenceD recreationSSS_SINGLE_SEL 9.A pickingB sortingC selectingD separatingSSS_SINGLE_SEL 10.A forfeitB bootyC donationD presentSSS_SINGLE_SEL 11.A overB acrossC amidD alongSSS_SINGLE_SEL 12.A falsifyingB purchasingC scamperingD scramblingSSS_SINGLE_SEL 13.A sanctityB complicationC genuinenessD diversitySSS_SINGLE_SEL 14.A concessionB countenanceC threatD adherenceSSS_SINGLE_SEL 15.A conditionB caseC claimD exampleSSS_SINGLE_SEL 16.A lootedB assignedC proddedD occupiedSSS_SINGLE_SEL 17.A academicB scholarlyC educationalD pedagogicalSSS_SINGLE_SEL 18.A fewB manyC a fewD everyoneSSS_SINGLE_SEL19.A afterB beforeC sinceD becauseSSS_SINGLE_SEL20.A inB onC out ofD intoPart Ⅳ Proofreading(66) Prosperous alumni helped make 2006 a recorded fund-raising year for colleges and universities, which hauled in $28 billion -- a 9.4 percent jump from 2005.(67) There were increases across the board, but for usual it was the already wealthy who tared best. (68) Stanford"s $911 million was the most ever collected by a single university, and rose the possibility of a billion-dollar fund-raising year in the not-too-distant future.(69) "There were a set of ideas and a set of initiatives that the university is undertaking that people wanted to invest," said Martin Shell, Stanford"s vice president for development. (70) "This is an unbelievably generous response from unbelievably philanthropic set of alumni, parents, and friends."(71) Harvard ranked two in fund-raising last year with $595 million.(72) National, donations from alumni rose 18.3 percent from 2005, according to figures released yesterday by the Council for Aid to Education. (73) Alumni donations account about 30 percent of giving to higher education. (74) Giving from other groups, such as corporations and foundations, increased by much small amounts. (75) Survey director Ann Kaplan said the strong economics played a role, but universities also were asking more aggressively as part of formal fund-raising campaigns.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI1.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI 2.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI 3.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI 4.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI 5.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI 6.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI 7.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI 8.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI 9.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI 10.1。

北大考博真题英语答案解析北大考博是中国高等教育领域的重要考试之一，英语是其中的一门科目。

随着竞争的激烈，考生对于北大考博英语真题的解析和答案掌握变得尤为重要。

本文将针对北大考博英语真题进行深入解析，帮助考生更好地准备考试。

首先，我们先来看一道真题，然后对其进行解析。

以下是一道典型的北大考博英语阅读理解题：Passage 1It is tempting, but misleading, to picture the history of African-Ameri-cans hid-den, waiting passively for progress to come. In fact, what we find over and over again in black history is the story of black people shaping their own lives and destinies. At the heart of this struggle has been the quest for education, knowledge, and just treatment— issues that have defined a people fighting for dignity and opportunity.Which of the fol-lowing would be the best title for the passage?A. The Struggles of African-AmericansB. The Importance of EducationC. African-American HistoryD. Resilience and Progress解析：本题是一道主旨题，要求找出这篇文章的最佳标题。

我们可以通过文章的主要内容和观点来选择正确答案。

北京大学2003-2006年博士研究生入学考试英语真题北京大学2003年博士研究生入学考试英语真题Part Ⅰ Structure and Written ExpressionDirections:In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. 1. Recognizing the shortage of time available to spend with their children, working, mothers sometimes take ______ in the concept of "quality time".A. refugeB. prideC. placeD. action2. The term "New Australians" came into vogue in the 50s and 60s, which implied that the goal of immigration was assimilation and that migrants would place their new-found Australian identity ahead of the ______ context from which they had come.A. athleticB. ethicC. aestheticD. ethnic3. Scholarships are too few to ______ the high-school graduates who deserve a college education.A. meetB. accommodateC. compromiseD. adopt4. The study shows that laying too much emphasis on exams is likely to ______ students' enthusiasm in learning English.A. hold backB. hold offC. hold downD. hold over5. The robber tried to ______ the stolen goods from the house he had broken into, but was caught by the guards.A. make away withB. make off forC. get outD. get through6. The editors said they must report to the world how Beijing has ______ pollution and improved the quality of the environment.A. cut upB. cut offC. cut downD. cut out7. If drug abuse, prostitution, pollution, environmental decay, social inequality, and the like ______, more is required than an increased police presence or a fresh coat of paint.A. are to eliminateB. are eliminatedC. are to be eliminatedD. are being eliminated8. This toothed whale has a large, square head with ______ the so-called spermaceti.A. cavity to containB. cavity containingC. the cavity for containingD. a cavity that contains9. ______, the market will have to overcome some of the highest hurdles. It's seen in a long time.A. But to happen in that orderB. But for that in order to happenC. But in order that to happenD. But in order for that to happen10. With its anti-terrorism campaign taking ______ over anything else, thegovernment is extending its job and running in more affairs.A. superiorityB. priorityC. majorityD. polarity11. The gap between those at the lowest level and those at the highest level of income has increased ______, and is continuing to increase.A. substantiallyB. successfullyC. succinctlyD. sufficiently12. China's economic reform is aimed at separating enterprises from the government. It has been implemented for almost 20 years, but breakthroughs ______.A. have been made yetB. have yet to makeC. have yet to be madeD. to have yet made13. Several trial efforts in the 1980s proved that it was financially ______ to restore old buildings.A. feasibleB. probableC. beneficiaryD. passable14. Unloved and unwanted youngsters may be tempted to run away from home to escape their problems, ______ bigger ones in cities plagued with crime, drugs, and immorality.A. have only foundB. only findingC. only foundD. only to find15. If the struggle for a sustainable society _____, we must have some vision of what we are aiming for.A. is to succeedB. has succeededC. succeedsD. succeeded16. A trap _____ disguise is what has come to be called a Trojan Horse, from the ancient story of the gift of the wooden horse from the Greeks.A. offered as a gift inB. offers a gift inC. offering a gift toD. offered a gift of17. Telecommuting is a new form of work _____to work, such as fathers with children, the chance to work while remaining at home.A. that affording those unable previouslyB. affords those who were previously unableC. affording those previously unableD. afforded those previously unable18. _____ the passage of light, many new plastics are processed using technologies rivaling those used in the manufacture of computer chips.A. For the better ofB. Permitting betterC. To better permitD. It is better for19. The Flower Market in San Francisco is _____, and it was established in the 1930's.A. home of the second largest flower market in the countryB. home to the country's second largest flower marketC. the second flower market in the country's homeD. the home to the second country's large flower market20. The loyalty of dogs to their masters has earned _____ "man's best friend".A. the nickname ofB. them the nicknameC. a nicknameD. nicknamesPart Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: Each of the passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Passage One(1) Gerald Feinberg, the Columbia University physicist, once went so far as to declare that "everything possible will eventually be accomplished." Well, that of course left only the impossible as the one thing remaining for daring intellectual adventurers to whittle away at Feinberg, for one, thought that "they'd succeed even there."(2) It was a point worth considering. How many times in the past had certain things been said to be impossible, only to have it turn out shortly thereafter that the item in question had already been done or soon would be. What greater cliche was there in the history of science than the comic litany of false it-couldn't-be-dones; the infamous case of Auguste Comte saying in 1844 that it would never be known what the stars were made of, followed in a few years by the spectroscope being applied to starlight to reveal the stars' chemical composition; or the case of Lord Rutherford, the man who discovered the structure of the atom, saying in 1933 mat dreams of controlled nuclear fission were "moonshine." And those weren't even the worst examples. No, the huffiest of all it-couldn't-be-done claims centered on the notion that human beings could actually fly, either at all, or across long distances, or to the moon, the stars, or wherever else.(3) There had been so many embarrassments of this type that about mid-century Arthur C. Clarke came out with a guideline for avoiding them, which he termed Clarke's Law: "When a distinguished but elderly scientist states that something is possible, he is almost certainly right. When he states that something is impossible, he is very probably wrong."(4) Still, one had to admit there were lots of things left that were really and truly impossible, even if it took some ingenuity in coming up with a proper list of examples. Such as. "A camel cannot pass through the eye of a needle." (Well, unless of course it was a very large needle.) On "It is impossible for a door to be simultaneously open and closed." (Well, unless of course it was a revolving door.)(5) Indeed, watertight examples of the really and truly impossible were so exceptionally hard to come by that paradigm cases turned out to be either trivial or absurd. "I know I will never play the piano like Vladimir Horowitz," offered Milton Rothman, a physicist, "no matter how hard I try". Or, from Scott Lankford, a mountaineer "Everest on roller skates."21. The false it-couldn't-be-dones in science are comic because ______.A. they are cliches, repeated too often by scientistsB. they are almost always proved to be wrong by later scientific researchC. they are mocked at by later generationsD. they provide material for good comedies22. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. The author uses the case of a camel passing through the eye of a needle to prove his point that there are things impossible to accomplish.B. That a scientist cannot play the piano like one of the best pianists is not a proper illustration to prove that in science there are things impossible to accomplish.C. Scott Lankford challenges the idea that mountaineers can never climb the Everest on roller skates.D. People now laugh at their predecessors for denying the possibility of human flight.23. Through this passage, the author wants to ______.A. show us that scientists in the past years have made a lot of misjudgmentsB. praise those scientists who dared to challenge the impossibleC. emphasize the great potential of the scientific research made by human beingsD. analyze what is possible and what is impossible through scientific effortsPassage Two(1) Since the lineage of investigative journalism is most directly traceable to the progressive era of the early 1900's, it is not surprising that the President of the United States at the time was among the first to articulate its political dimensions. Theodore Roosevelt called investigative reporters "muckrakers," after a character from John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress who humbly cleaned "the filth off the floor." Despite the misgivings implied by the comparison, Roosevelt saw the muckrakers as "often indispensable to the well-being of society".(2) There are in the body politic, economic and social, many and grave evils, and there is urgent necessity for the sternest war upon them. There should be relentless exposure of and attack upon every evil man, whether politician or businessman.(3) Roosevelt recognized the value-laden character of investigative journalism. He perceived correctly that investigative reporters are committed to unearthing wrongdoing. For these journalists, disclosures of morally outrageous conduct maximize the opportunity for the forces of "good" to recognize and do battle with the forces of "evil".(4) So, the current folklore surrounding investigative reporting closely resembles the American ideal of popular democracy. Partly a product of its muckraking roots, this idealized perspective is also an outgrowth of the commonly perceived effects of exposes published in the early 1970's. The most celebrated of these exposes were the news stories that linked top White House officials to Watergate crimes. These stories were widely held responsible for the public's loss of confidence in the Nixon administration, ultimately forcing the President's resignation.24. When the author talks about the political dimensions of the investigative journalism he refers to ______.A. John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress and one of its characters "Muckrakers"B. its function of cleaning the dirt off the floor in public placesC. its relentless exposures of political and social evilsD. its indispensable status to the well-being of society25. Roosevelt's comparison of investigative reporters to "muckrakers" shows his view that these reporters ______.A. were treated lowly in the societyB. reduced journalism to a humble jobC. should be praised highly for their contributions to the societyD. did unpleasant but necessary work26. By using the word "folklore", the author suggests that ______.A. people tend to romanticize what is thought to be American popular democracyB. investigative journalism enhances democracy and freedomC. people often circulate the stories they read from investigative reportsD. investigative reports have difficulty in convincing people as truth27. The Watergate incident is mentioned to show ______.A. journalism has a tangible effect on politicsB. the Watergate incident is an abuse of the political powerC. journalism subverts legitimate political powerD. the victory of American freedom of speechPassage Three(1) Viewed from a star in some other corner of the galaxy, Earth would be a speck, a faint blue dot hidden in the blazing light of our sun. While our neighbors Venus and Mars would reflect a fairly even glow. Earth would put on a little show. Earth's light would brighten and dim as it spins, because oceans, deserts, forests and clouds which are all too small to be seen from such a distance, reflect varying amounts of sunlight. The variations, it turns out, are so strong and distinctive that surprising amount of information could be taken from a simple ebb and flow of light. Scientists at Princeton University and the Institute for Advanced Study conducted a detailed study of Earth's reflections as a way for human scientists to learn about distant planets that may be like our own.(2) "If you looked at our solar system from far away, and you looked at the terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars, one of the quickest ways to see that Earth is unique, which is by looking at the light curve," said Ed Turner, professor of astrophysics and a co-author of the study. "Earth has by far the most complicated light curve." The standard thinking in the field had been that most of the information about an Earth-like planet would come from spectral analysis, a static reading of the relative component of different colors within the light, rather than a reading of changes over time. Spectral analysis would reveal the presence of gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide and oxygen, in the planet's atmosphere. Looking at the change in light over time does not replace spectral analysis, but it could greatly increase the amount of information scientists could learn, said Turner. It may indicate, for example, the presence of weather, oceans, ice or even plant life.28. "Earth would put on a little show" means: as it spins, ______.A. Earth is a more active planet than Venus and MarsB. Earth reflects a brighter light curve than Venus and MarsC. Earth shows oceans, deserts, forests and clouds, while Venus and Mars don'tD. Earth reflects sunlight in an ebb-and-flow manner29. Spectral reading of the light reflected by an Earth-like planet ______.A. can tell us the components of that planet's atmosphereB. can locate oceans and forests on that planetC. can show what the weather on that planet is likeD. is the quickest way to study its light curve30. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. Scientists at the Princeton University want to find that distant planets are like our Earth.B. Among all the terrestrial planets Earth's light curve is the most complicated.C. Spectral study of the light will see no development of itself because it is static.D. Spectral reading is used as a supplementary method to the study of the change in light over time.Section BDirections: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET. (15%)(31) A couple of months ago, Singaporean officials unintentionally made cinematic history. They slapped an NC-17 rating on a film, which means children under 17 cannot see it, not because of sex or violence or profanity, but because of bad grammar. Despite its apparently naughty title. Talking Cock, the movie is actually an innocuous comedy comprising four skits about the lives of ordinary Singaporeans. The censors also banned a 15-second TV spot promoting the flick. (32) All this is because of what the authorities deemed "excessive use of Singlish."(33) Given the tough crackdown, you would expect Singlish to be a harmful substance that might corrupt our youth, like heroin or pornography. But it's one of Singapore's best-loved quirks, used daily by everyone from cabbies to CEOs. (34) Singlish is simply Singaporean slang, whereby English follows Chinese grammar and is liberally sprinkled with words from the local Chinese. Malay and Indian dialects.I like to talk cock, and I like to speak Singlish. It's inventive, witty and colorful.(35) Singlish is especially fashionable these days among the younger generation, in part because it gives uptight Singapore a chance to laugh at itself. But the government is not amused. It doesn't like Singlish because it thinks it is bad language and bad for Singapore's image as a commercial and financial center.Part Three Cloze TestDirections: Fill in each numbered blank in the following passage with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET. (10%) It is a dream world, where chemists can turn a sow's ear into a silk purse, where bioengineers can put a little bit of a sheep into a wolf, or vice versa, and where the life-styles of the rich are beamed by satellite (36) every upwardly mobile village on the planet. Thanks to science and technology, more people are consuming a more amazing array of worldly goods than at any time in history.But beneath the surface all is not well. Like Oscar Wilde's fictional creation Dorian Gray, who stayed forever (37) while a portrait of him in the attic aged horribly. The modern economy masks a disfigured planet. The engine of consumptionhas scarred the land and stained the sea, (38) away at the foundations of nature and threatening to destroy humanity's only means of survival. Today's elderly, born at the beginning of last century, started life in a world (39) about 50% of its ancient forests still standing. Though far from pristine, it was a world of oceans and land masses teeming with all kinds of life. But those who will be born after the turn of the millennium will (40) of age to find that previous generations have squandered and defiled their inheritance, foreclosing some options even as new ones were created. Our grandchildren may have (41) to conveniences that further reduce the drudgery of everyday life, but they will also inherit a planet with less than 20 % of its original forests (42) , with most of the readily available freshwater already spoken for and much of the arable (43) under plough. They will inherit a stressed atmosphere and an unwanted legacy of toxic waste in the soil and water. Missing from the estate will be countless species, most (44) out before even (45)_ catalogued by scientist. Part Four ProofreadingDirections: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each underlined sentence or part of a sentence. You may have to change a word, add a word or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it out with a slash (—) and write the correct word near it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (—). Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)(46) Clonaid, a company associated by a group that believes extraterrestrials created mankind, announced Friday that it had produced the first clone of a human being. According to the spokeswoman, it is a baby girl who appears to have been born healthy.(47) As we know, cattle, mice, sheep and other animals have been cloned in the past years with mixing success. (48) All cloned animals have displayed defects later in life. (49) Scientists fear same could happen with cloned humans. (50) The company Clonaid is viewed skeptical by most scientists, who doubt the group's technical ability to clone a human being. (51) But the Clonaid spokeswoman said an dependent expert will confirm the baby's clone status through DNA testing.(52) Clonaid is lead by Brigitte Boisselier a former deputy director of research at the Air Liquide Group, a French producer of industrial and medical gases. (53) Clonaid is also linked to a sect called the Raelians whose founder, Claude V orihon, describes himself for a prophet and calls himself Rael. (54) The group believes cloning could extend human life for hundred of years. In fact, Clonaid has been racing the Italian fertility doctor Severion Antinori to produce the first cloned baby. (55) Antinori said in last month he expected one of his patients to give birth to a cloned baby in January.Part Five WritingDirection: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below. (15%)Topic: Comment on the Development of the Internet2003年北京大学博士研究生入学考试真题答案Part One Structure and Written Expression1. A2. D3. B4. A5. A6. C7. C8. D9. D 10. B11. A 12. C 13. A 14. D 15. D 16. A 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. B Part Two Reading Comprehension21. B 22. B 23. C 24. D 25. C 26. C 27. A 28. D 29. A 30. B Part Three Cloze Test36. to 37. young 38. eating 39. with40. come 41. access 42. intact 43. land44. wiped 45. beingPart Four Proofreading46. by→with 47. mixing→mixed48. All→Some 49. same→the same50. skeptical→skeptically 51. will→was going to52. lead→led 53. for→as54. hundred→hundreds 55. inPart Five Writing略2004年北京大学博士研究生入学考试真题Part Ⅰ Structure and Written ExpressionDirections:In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.1. The beauty of the reflected images in the limpid pool was the poignant beauty of things that are ______, exist only until the sunset.A. equitableB. ephemeralC. euphoniousD. evasive2. Brooding and hopelessness are the ______ of Indians in the prairie reservations most of the time.A. occupationsB. promisesC. frustrationsD. transactions3. What ______ about that article in the newspaper was that its writer showed an attitude cool enough, professional enough and, therefore, cruel enough when facing that disaster-stricken family.A. worked me outB. knocked me outC. brought me upD. put me forward4. ______ considered the human body aesthetically satisfactory.A. Neither prehistoric cave man nor late-industrial urban manB. Nor prehistoric cave man or late-industrial urban manC. No prehistoric cave man nor late-industrial urban manD. Neither prehistoric cave man or late-industrial urban man5. Not until the 1980's ______ in Beijing start to find ways to preserve historic buildings from destruction.A. some concerned citizensB. some concerning citizensC. did some concerning citizensD. did some concerned citizens6. The buttocks are ______ most other parts in the body.A. likely less to cause fatale damage thanB. likely less causing fatal damage toC. less likely to cause fatal damage thanD. less likely to cause fatal damage to7. The concept of internet, ______ has intrigued scientists since the mid-20th century.A. the transmission of images, sounds and messages over distancesB. transmitting of images, sounds and messages along distancesC. to transmit images, sounds and messages on distanceD. the transmissibility of images, sounds and messages for distances8. Because of difficulties in getting a visa, the students had to ______ the idea of applying for study in the United States.A. reduceB. yieldC. relinquishD. waver9. His request for a day off ______ by the manager of the company.A. was turned offB. was turned downC. was put downD. was put away10. The index of industrial production ______ last year.A. raised up by 4 percentB. rose up with 4 percentC. arose up with 4 percentD. went up by 4 percent11. Please ______ if you ever come to Sydney.A. look at meB. look me upC. look me outD. look to me12. British hopes of a gold medal in the Olympic Games suffered ______ yesterday, when Hunter failed to qualify during the preliminary heats.A. a sharp set-backB. severe set-backC. a severe blown-upD. sharp blown-up13. By the end of the year 2004, he ______ in the army for 40 years.A. will have servedB. will serveC. will be servingD. will be served14. ______ there was an epidemic approaching, Mr. smith ______ the invitation to visit that area.A. If he knew, would have declinedB. If he had known, would declineC. Had he known, would declineD. Had he known, would have declined15. In the dark they could not see anything clear, but could ______.A. hear somebody mournB. hear somebody mourningC. hear somebody mournedD. hear somebody, had been mourning16. The team leader of mountain climbers marked out ______.A. that seemed to be the best routeB. what seemed to be the best routeC. which seemed to be the best routeD. something that to be the best route17. The scheme was so impracticable that I refused even ______.A. to consider supporting itB. considering to support itC. to considering to support itD. considering supporting it18. Among the first to come and live in North America ______, who later prospered mainly in New England.A. had been Dutch settlersB. Dutch settlers were thereC. were Dutch settlersD. Dutch settlers had been there19. The cargo box has a label ______ on it. Please handle it with care.A. "flexible"B. "break"C. "fragile"D. "stiff"20. ______ we wish him prosperous, we have objections to his ways of obtaining wealth.A. Much asB. As muchC. More asD. As well as Part Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: Each of the passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Put your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWhat Makes a "Millennial Mind"?(1) Since 1000 AD, around 30 billion people have been born on our planet. The vast majority have come and gone unknown to all but their friends and family. A few have left some trace on history: a discovery made, perhaps, or a record broken. Of those, fewer still are remembered long after their death. Yet of all the people who have lived their lives during the last 1000 years, just 38 have achieved the status of "Millennial Minds" that's barely one in a billion. Those whose lives Focus has chronicled have thus become members of possibly the most exclusive list of all time. And choosing who should be included was not easy.(2) From the beginning, the single most important criterion was that the "Millennial Minds" are those who did more than merely achieve greatness in their own time, or in one field. Thus mere winners of Nobel Prizes had no automatic right to inclusion, nor artists who gained fame in their own era, but whose reputation has faded with changing fashion. The achievements of the genuine "Millennial Mind" affect our lives even. now, often in ways so fundamental that it is hard to imagine what the world was like before.(3) Not even transcendent genius was enough to guarantee a place in the Focus list. To rate as a "Millennial Mind", the life and achievements also had to cast light on the complex nature of creativity: its origins, nature and its personal cost.21. The first paragraph tells us that ______.A. Focus had a list of "Millennial Minds" worked out in secretB. Focus had compiled a biographical book of the lives of "Millennial Minds"C. Focus's list of the "Millennial Minds" consists of a strictly selected fewD. Focus tried hard to exclude most of the famous lives from the list of the "Millennial Minds"22. According to the second paragraph, which of the following statements is TRUE?A. Nobel Prize winners are not qualified for the "Millennial Minds".B. A "Millennial Mind" needs only to have a great influence on the lives of the people of his time.C. Only those whose achievements still greatly affect our lives today can be included in the list of the "Millennial Minds".D. The "Millennial Minds" are those who have changed human lives so much。

Part Two：Structure and Written Expression（20%）Directions：For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.11．Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question thata wide solution.A．admits of B. requires of C. needs of D.seeks for12．In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message.A．accustomed to split and dividedB．accustomed to splitting and dividingC．accustomed to split and dividingD．accustomed to splitting and divided13．Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value.A. at itselfB. as itselfC. on itselfD. in itself14．us earlier, your request to the full.A.You have contacted…we could comply withB.Had you contacted…we could have complied withC.You had contacted…could we have complied withD.Have you contacted…we could comply with15．The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy.A. discardB. discreetC. discordD. disgorge16. Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious theirpsychology. No one can shield himself such an influence.A. on…by…atB. by…for…inC. from…in…onD. through…with…from17. The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety. Now it appears to create.A. boreB. boredC. boredomD. bordom18. Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz.A. lackedB. lackingC. for lack ofD. lack of19. There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine.A. that have toB. have toC. having toD. has to20. The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it.A. none the worseB. none the betterC. never worseD. never better21. As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color.A. cried out for…cried out forB. cry out for…cry out forC. had cried out for…cried out forD. had cried out for…cry out for22. While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very .A. triggerB. meagerC. vigorD. linger23. Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology.A. as much the Africans are detribalizedB. the Africans are much being detribalizedC. as much as the Africans are being detribalizedD. as much as the Africans are detribalized24. We admire his courage and self-confidence.A. can butB. cannot onlyC. cannot butD. can only but25. In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed tonotice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical.A. inundatingB. imitatingC. immolatingD. insulating26. you promise you will work hard, support you to college.A. If only…will IB. Only…I willC. Only if…will ID. Only if…I will27. It is one of the ironies of Western man that he has never felt invention as a threat to his way of life.A. any concern withB. any concern aboutC. any concern inD. any concern at28. One room schools, with all subjects being taught to all grades at the same time, simplywhen better transportation permits specialized spaces and specialized teaching.A. resolvedB. absolvedC. dissolvedD. solved29. People are living longer and not saving enough, which means they will either have to worklonger, live less in retirement or bailed by the government.A. in…for…upB. for…on…outC. by…in…onD. on…for…out30. The country s deficit that year to a record 1698 billion dollarsA. soaredB. souredC. soredD. sourcedPart Three: Close Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and choose ONE best word for each numbered blank. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.2009 was the worst year for the record labels in a decade31 was 2008, and before that 2007 and 2006. In fact, industry revenues have been 32 for the past 10 years. Digital sales are growing, but not as fast as traditional sales are falling.Maybe that’s because illegal downloads are so easy. People have been 33 intellectual property for centuries, but it used to be a time-consuming way to generate markedly 34 copies. These days, high-quality copies are 35 . According to the Pew Internet project, people use file-sharing software more often than they do iTunes and other legal shops.I’d like to believe, as many of my friends seem to, that this practice won’t do much harm. But even as I’ve heard over the past decade that things weren’t 36 bad, that the music industry was moving to a new, better business model, each year’s numbers have been worse. Maybe it’s time to admit that we may never find a way to 37 consumers who want free entertainment with creators who want to get paid.38 on this problem, the computational neuroscientist Anders Sandberg recently noted that although we have strong instinctive feelings about ownership, intellectual property doesn’t always 39 that framework. The harm done by individual acts of piracy is too small and too abstract.“The nature of intellectual property,”he wrote, “makes it hard to maintain the social and empathic 40 that keep(s) us from taking each other’s things.”31. A. As B. Same C. Thus D. So32. A. stagnating B. declining C. increasing D. stultifying33. A. taking B. robbing C. stealing D. pirating34. A. upgraded B. inferior C. ineffective D. preferable35. A. numerous B. ubiquitous C. accessible D. effortless36. A. so B. this C. that D. much37. A. satisfy B. help C. reconcile D. equate38. A. Based B. Capitalizing C. Reflecting D. Drawing39. A. match up with B. fill in C. fit into D. set up40. A. constraints B. consciousness C. norm D. etiquettePart IV: Reading Comprehension(20%)Directions: Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question or unfinished statement, four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneCancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over time, of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab—so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain is like the pinch of a crab’s claw. Premodern cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos). In the second century A．D．, Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melancholy or black bile, one of the body’s four “humors,”brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances. Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim. Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B．C．concluded: “There is no treatment.”The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on the culture has been light. In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever); “apoplexies”(what we now call strokes and heart attacks); and, most notably in the nineteenth century, “consumption”(tuberculosis). The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind—as it now is. This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modern disease par excellence,”and that Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity.”At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease of civilization,” belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness belie ved to be brought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes. William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century text “Domestic Medicine”judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy.”In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality,”and, in some versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene. Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort. “It seems unimaginable,”Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize”cancer.41. According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians .A. called cancer the crabB. were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant onesC. found out the cause of cancerD. knew about a lot of malignant tumors42. Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?A. Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancerB. In the past, people did not fear cancerC. Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinementD. Some physicians believed that one s own behavioral mode could lead to cancer43. Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called “the modern disease”?A. Modern cancer care is very effectiveB. There is a lot more cancer nowC. People understand cancer in radically new ways nowD. There is a sharp increase in mortality in modern cancer world44.“Neurasthenia”and diabetes are mentioned because .A. they are as fatal as cancerB. they were considered to be “disease of civilization”C. people dread them very muchD.they are brought by the high pressure of modern life45. As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?A. The care and management of cancer have development over timeB. The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different timesC. Cancer s identity has never changedD. Cancer is the price paid for modern lifePassage TwoIf you happened to be watching NBC on the first Sunday morning in August last summer, you would have seen something curious. There, on the set of Meet the Press, the host, David Gregory, was interviewing a guest who made a forceful case that the U．S．economy had become “very distorted.”In the wake of the recession, this guest explained, high-income individuals, large banks, and major corporations had experienced a “significant recovery”; the rest of the economy, by contrast—including small businesses and “a very significant amount of the labor force”—was stuck and still struggling. What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather “fundamentally two separate types of economy,”increasingly distinct and divergent.This diagnosis, though alarming, was hardly unique: drawing attention to the divide between the wealthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left. (The idea of “two Americas”was a central theme of John Edwards’s 2004 and 2008 presidential runs.) What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was being offered by none other than the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan: iconic libertarian, preeminent defender of the free market, and (at least until recently) the nation’s foremost devotee of Ayn Rand. When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong.This widening gap between the rich and non-rich has been evident for years. In a 2005 report to investors, for instance, three analysts at Citigroup advised that “the World is dividing into two blocs—the Plutonomy and the rest”.In a plutonomy there is no such animal as “the U．S．consumer”or “the UK consumer”, or indeed “the Russian consumer”. There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumption they take. There are the rest, the “non-rich”, the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie.Before the recession, it was relatively easy to ignore this concentration of wealth among an elite few. The wondrous inventions of the modern economy—Google, Amazon, the iPhone broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy. And the less-wondrous inventions—particularly the explosion of subprime credit—helped mask the rise of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant.But the financial crisis and its long, dismal aftermath have changed all that. A multi-billion-dollar bailout and Wall Street’s swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit. And this, in turn, has led to wider-and not unreasonable-fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.46. According to the passage, the U．S．economy .A. fares quite wellB. has completely recovered from the economic recessionC. has its own problemsD. is lagging behind other industrial economies47. Which of the following statement about today’s super-elite would the passage support?A. Today’s plutocrats are the hereditary eliteB. Today’s super-rich are increasingly a nation unto themselvesC. They are the deserving winners of a tough economic competitionD. They are worried about the social and political consequences of rising income inequality48. What can be said of modern technological innovations?A. They have lifted many people into the middle class.B. They have narrowed the gap between the rich and the non-rich.C. They have led to a rise of income inequality.D. They have benefited the general public.49. The author seems to suggest that the financial crisis and its aftermath .A. have compromised the rich with the non-richB. have enriched the plutocratic eliteC. have put Americans on the alert for too much power the rich possessD. have enlarged the gap between the rich and non-rich50. The primary purpose of the passage is to .A. present the financial imbalance in the U．S．B. display sympathy for the working classC. criticize the super elite of the Unite StatesD. appreciate the merits of the super rich in the U．S．Passage ThreeCharles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is credited with sparking evolution’s revolution in scientific thought, but many observers had pondered evolution before him. It was understanding the idea’s significance and selling it to the public that made Darwin great, according to the Arnold Arboretum’s new director.William Friedman, the Arnold Professor of Organism and Evolutionary Biology who took over as arboretum director Ja n．1, has studied Darwin’s writings as well as those of his predecessors and contemporaries. While Darwin is widely credited as the father of evolution, Friedman said the “historical sketch”that Darwin attached to later printings of his masterpiece was intended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas.The historical sketch grew with each subsequent printing, Friedman told an audience Monday (Ja n．10), until, by the 6th edition, 34 authors were mentioned in it. Scholars now believe that somewhere between 50 and 60 authors had beaten Darwin in their writings about evolution Included was Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, a physician who irritated clergymen with his insistence that life arose from lower forms, specifically mollusks.Friedman’s talk, “A Darwinian Look at Darwin’s Evolutionist Ancestors,”took place at the arboretum’s Hunnewell Building and was the first in a new Director’s Lecture Series.Though others had clearly pondered evolution before Darwin, he wasn’t without originality. Friedman said that Darwin’s thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was shared by few, most prominently Alfred Wallace, whose writing on the subject after years in the field spurred Darwin’s writing of “On the Origin of Species.”Although the book runs more than 400 pages, Friedman said it was never the book on evolution and natural selection that Darwin intended. In 1856, three years before the book was published, he began work on a detailed tome on natural selection that wouldn’t see publication until 1975.The seminal event in creating “On the Origin of Species”occurred in 1858, when Wallace wrote Darwin detailing Wallace’s ideas of evolution by natural selection. The arrival of Wallace’s ideas galvanized Darwin into writing “On the Origin of Species”as an “abstract”of the ideas he was painstakingly laying out in the larger work.This was a lucky break for Darwin, because it forced him to write his ideas in plain language, which led to a book that was not only revolutionary, despite those who’d tread similar ground before, but that was also very readable.Though others thought about evolution before Darwin, scientific discovery requires more than just an idea. In addition to the concept, discovery requires the understanding of the significance of the idea, something some of the earlier authors clearly did not have—such as the arborist who buried his thoughts on natural selection in the appendix of a book on naval timber. Lastly, scientific discovery demands the ability to convince others of the correctness of an idea. Darwin, through “On the Origin of Species,”was the only thinker of the time who had all three of those traits, Friedman said.“Darwin had the ability to convince others of the correctness of the idea,” Friedman said, adding that even Wallace, whose claim to new thinking on evolution and natural selection was stronger than all the others, paid homage to Darwin by titling his 1889 book on the subject, “Darwinism.”51. According to William Friedman, Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is great in that.A. it was the most studied by later scientistsB. it had significant ideas about evolutionC. it was the first to talk about evolutionD. it was well received by the public52. Friedman believes that Darwin attached a “historical sketch”to later printings of his book in an attempt to .A. credit the ideas about evolution before hisB. claim himself as the father of evolutionC. introduce his grandfather to the readerD. summarize his predecessors work53. In Friedman s view, Darwin s originality lies in .A. his thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolutionB. his sharing ideas about evolution with his contemporariesC. the way he wrote “On the Origin of Species”D. the way he lectured on the ideas of evolution54. We have learned that at first Darwin intended to write his idea in .A. a much larger bookB. a 400page bookC. scientific termsD. plain language55. Scientific discovery requires all the following Expect .A. coming up with a new ideaB. understanding the significance of the ideaC. making claims to the idea by writing booksD. convincing others of the correctness of the idesPassage FourMany adults may think they are getting enough shut-eye, but in a major sleep study almost 80 percent of respondents admitted to not getting their prescribed amount of nightly rest. So, what exactly is the right amount of sleep? Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality. Read on to see just how much of an impact moderate sleep deprivation can have on your mind and body.By getting less than six hours of sleep a night, you could be putting yourself at risk of high blood pressure. When you sleep, your heart gets a break and is able to slow down for a significant period of time. But cutting back on sleep means your heart has to work overtime without its allotted break. In constantly doing so, your body must accommodate to its new conditions and elevate your overall daily blood pressure. And the heart isn’t the only organ that is overtaxed by a lack of sleeps. The less sleep you get, the less time the brain has to regulate stress hormones, and over time, sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brain’s ability to regulate these hormones, leading to elevated blood pressure.We all hang around in bed during our bouts of illness. But did you know that skipping out on the bed rest can increase your risk of getting sick? Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between “modest”sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response. So try to toughen up your immune system by getting at least seven hours of sleep a night, and maintaining a healthy diet. You’ll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days.During deep REM sleep, your muscles (except those in the eyes) are essentially immobilized in order to keep you from acting out on your dreams. Unfortunately, this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire,resulting in sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the body remains in its immobilizing state. This can be quite a frightening sensation because, while your mind is slowly regaining consciousness, it has no control over your body, leaving some with a feeling of powerlessness, fear and panic. Most people experience this eerie phenomena at least once in their lives, but those who are sleep deprived are more likely to have panicked episodes of sleep paralysis that are usually accompanied by hallucinations, as well.For a second, imagine all of your memories are erased; every birthday, summer vacation, even what you did yesterday afternoon is completely lost, because you have no recollection of them. It’s a chilling thought, but that is what a life without sleep would be like. Sleep is essential to the cognitive functions of the brain, and without it, our ability to consolidate memories, learn daily tasks, and make decisions is impaired by a large degree. Research has revealed that REM sleep, or dream-sleep, helps solidify the “fragile”memories the brain creates throughout the day to that they can be easily organized and stored in the mind’s long-term cache.56. According to the passage, what is the meaning of “sleep deprivation”?A. To sleep for an average period of time.B. To sleep deeply without dreaming.C. To sleep less than needed.D. To sleep modestly.57. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?A. When everyone else gets a fever, those with sleep deprivation will be abele to sleep longer.B. When everyone else gets a fever, those who usually have adequate sleep will be alright.C. Only modest sleep deprivation could weaken the immune system.D. Prolonged sleep deprivation will not have impact on the immune system.58. Why is there the so-called “sleep paralysis”?A. It occurs when you are unable to wake up from dreams while you are sleeping.B. It occurs when you brain immobilizes your body in order to keep you from dreaming.C. Because you are usually too frightened to move your body when waking up from deep REM sleep.D. Because your body, immobilized when dreaming, may still be unable to move even when your brain is waking up.59.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?A. Memories are part of the cognitive function of the brain.B. Memories created during the daytime are usually fragile and impaired.C. You are likely to lose your memories of yesterday after a night’s sleep.D. Long term memory cannot be formed without dream-sleep.60. What effects of sleep deprivation on human mind and body are discussed in this passage?A. High blood pressure, a toughened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.B. Blood pressure, immune system, sleep paralysis, and long term memory.C. Blood pressure, immune system, the brain and the body, and memory.D. High blood pressure, a weakened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.Part V: Proofreading (15%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 15 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words ( in brackets )immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answer on the Answer Sheet (2).Examples:eg. 1(61) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (61) begun beganeg. 2(62) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up .Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (62) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3(63) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (63)notWal-Mart announced Thursday afternoon that it would introduce a program nationwide called (61) “Pick Up Today”that allows customers to submit orders online and pick up their items few hours later in their local store. (62) The move is not revolutionary—Sears and Nordstrom, as instance, already have similar programs.(63) Retailers say that tying online and in-store inventory together lets them to sell more products. (64) Nordstrom recently combined its inventory so that if the online stockroom is out of a jacket, a store that has it can ship to the Web customer. (65) Encourage customers to retrieve items they have ordered online in a store increases visits to the stores, which usually increases sales. (66) Best Buy offers both store pickup and “ship to store,”where items are shipped free from a local store. Ace Hardware, J．C．Penney and Wal-Mart itself are among the others offering “ship to store”programs.In Wal-Mart’s program, (67) that is expected to be nationwide by June, customers can select from among 40,000 items online. (68) They will send a text message or e-mail alerting them when the order is ready, which usually takes about four hours.(69) “Not only we see it as a nice convenience for customers, but we also saw it as a way to drive incremental traffic to the stores, and incremental sales,”said Steve Nave, senior vice president and general manager of Walmar t．Com.(70) The program will include about 40000 items likewise electronics, toys, home décor and sporting goods. (71) As of now, it does not include groceries, though M r．Nave did dismiss that possibility.(72) “We’re not ready to talk today about everything that’s going on in grocery,”he said“What we’ve tried to do is (73) focus on those categories where customers are most likely to be willing to make the purchase after they touch it or look at it.(74) This is a convenient play, trying to figure out what are the things that are going to drive more customers into the stores.”Wal-Mart also announced that (75) it was shortened the time customers would have to wait for ship-to-store items, to four to seven days, from seven to 10 days.Part VI: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it nearly on the Answer Sheet (2).In China, minimum wage becomes higher in many places. But people disagree over its benefits and drawbacks. Supporters say it increases the worker’s standard of living, while opponents say it increase unemployment. What do you think?Part II Structure and Written Expression（20%）11.【A】A项admits of“容许，有……的可能”；B项requires of“要求，要求得到”；C项needs of“满足需要”；D项seeks for“寻找，追求，探索”。

北京大学考博英语模拟试卷8(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Cloze 4. Proofreading 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．This book will show the readers_____can be used in other contexts.A．how that they have observedB．how what they have observedC．that how they have observedD．that they have observed正确答案：B解析：how what they have observed can be used in other contexts“如何将他们所观察到的应用于其它情况”，what they have observed作宾语从句的主语，how 引出宾语从句，其它三个答案不合句型。

2．Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it_____in Cuba.A．being cultivatedB．been cultivatedC．having cultivatedD．cultivating正确答案：A解析：find后面可以跟现在分词或过去分词的复合结构。

本题中的found it being cultivated是跟现在分词的被动态。

3．One of the requirements for a fire is that the material_____to its burning temperature.A．heatedB．be heatedC．to be heatedD．being heated正确答案：B解析：本题测试虚拟语气。

北京大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题2006-08-16 10:56:00Part One Listening Comprehension （略）Part Two Structure and Written ExpressionDirections: In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. (20%)41. The beauty of the reflected images in the limpid pool was the poignant beauty of things that are__________, existing only until the sunset.A. equitableB. ephemeralC. euphoniousD. evasive42. Brooding and hopelessness are the__________of Indians in the prairie reservations most of the time.A. occupationsB. promisesC.frustrations D. transactions43. What__________about that article in the newspaper was that its writer showed an attitude cool enough, professional enough and, therefore, cruel enough when facing that disaster-stricken family.A. worked me outB. knocked me outC. brought me upD. put me forward44. __________considered the human body aesthetically satisfactory.A. Neither prehistoric cave man nor late-industrial urban manB. Nor prehistoric cave man or late-industrial urban manC. No prehistoric cave man nor late-industrial urban manD. Neither prehistoric cave man or late-industrial urban man45. Not until the 1980's__________in Beijing start to find ways to preserve historic buildings from destruction.A. some concerned citizensB. some concerning citizensC. did some concerning citizensD. did some concerned citizens46. The buttocks are__________most other parts in the body.A. likely less to cause fatal damage thanB. likely less causing fatal damage toC. less likely to cause fatal damage thanD. less likey to cause fatal damage to47. The concept of internet,__________has intrigued scientists since the mid-20th century.A. the transmission of images, sounds and messages over distancesB. transmitting of images, sounds and messages along distancesC. to transmit images, sounds and messages on distanceD. the transmissibility of images, sounds and messages for distances48. Because of difficulties in getting a visa, the students had to__________the idea of applying for study in the United States.A. reduce B.yield C. relinquish D. waver49. His request for a day off__________by the manager of the company.A. was turned offB. was turned downC. was put downD. was put away50. The index of industrial production__________last year.A. raised up by 4 per centB. rose up with 4 per centC.arose up with 4 per centD. went up by 4 per cent51. Please__________if you ever come to Sydney.A. look at meB. look me upC. look me outD. look to me52. British hopes of a gold medal in the Olympic Games suffered__________yesterday, when Hunter failed to qualify during the preliminary heats.A. a sharp set-backB. severe set-backC. a severe blown-upD. sharp blown-up53. By the end of the year 2004, he__________in the army for 40 years.A. will have servedB. will serveC. will be servingD. will be served54. __________there was an epidemic approaching, Mr. Smith__________the invitation to visit that area.A. If he knew, would have declinedB. If he had known, would declineC. Had he known, would declineD. Had he known, would have declined55. In the dark they could not see anything clear, but could__________.A. hear somebody mournB. hear somebody mourningC. hear somebody mournedD. hear somebody had been mourning56. The team leader of mountain climbers marked out__________.A. that seemed to be the best routeB. what seemed to be the best routeC. which seemed to be the best routeD. something that to be the best route57. The scheme was so impracticable that I refused even__________.A. to consider supporting itB. considering to support itC. to considering to support itD. considering supporting it58. Among the first to come and live in North America__________, who later prospered mainly in NewEngland.A. had been Dutch settlersB. Dutch settlers were thereC. were Dutch settlersD. Dutch settlers had been there59. The cargo box has a label__________on it. Please handle it with care.A. “flexible”B.“break” C.“fragile” D. “stiff”60. __________we wish him prosperous, we have objections to his ways of obtaining wealth.A. Much asB. As muchC. More asD. As well asPart Three Reading ComprehensionⅠ. Directions: Each of the passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Put your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Passage OneWhat Makes a “Millennial Mind”?Since 1000 AD, around 30 billion people have been born on our planet. The vast majority have come and gone unknown to all but their friends and family. A few have left some trace on history: a discovery made, perhaps, or a record broken. Of those, fewer still are remembered long after their death. Yet of all the people who have lived their lives during the last 1, 000 years, just 38 have achieved the status of “Millennial Minds” -that's barely one in a billion. Those whose lives Focus has chronicled have thus become members of possibly the most exclusive list of all time. And choosing who should be included was not easy.From the beginning, the single most important criterion was that the “Millennial Minds” are those who did more than merely achieve greatness in their own time, or in one field. Thus mere winners of Nobel Prizes had no automatic right to inclusion, nor artists who gained fame in their own era, but whose reputation has faded with changing fashion. The achievements of the genuine “Millennial Mind” affect our lives even now, often in ways so fundamental that it is hard to imagine wha t the world was like before.Not even transcendent genius was enough to guarantee a place in the Focus list. To rate as a “Millennial Mind”, the life and achievements also had to cast light on the complex nature of creativity: its origins, nature, and its personal cost.61. The first paragraph tells us that__________.A. Focus had a list of “Millennial Minds” worked out in secretB. Focus had compiled a biographical book of the lives of “Millennial Minds”C. Focus's list of the “Millennial Minds” consists of a strictly selected fewD. Focus tried hard to exclude most of the famous lives from the list of the “Millennial Minds”62. According to the second paragraph, which of the following statements is TRUE?A. Nobel Prize winners are not qualified for the “Millennial Minds”.B. A “Millennial Mind” needs only to have a great influence on the lives of the people of his time.C. Only those whose achievements still greatly affect our lives today can be included in the list of the “Millennial Minds”.D. The “Millennial Minds” are those who have changed human lives so much that people of later generations can not remember what things were likein the past.63. In the first sentence of the third paragraph, “transcendent genius” means__________.A. people who are exceptionally superior and great in talentB. people whose achievements are not forgotten by later generationsC. people whose genius has been passed down to the present timeD. people who have guaranteed themselves a place in the Focus list64. In the third paragraph, t he phrase “cast light on” can be replaced by__________.A. shine overB. light upC. shed lighton D. brighten upPassage TwoTribute to Dr. Carlo Urbani, Identifier of SARSOn the 29th of March, 2003, the World Health Organization doctor Carol Urbani died of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, the fast-spreading pneumonia that had killed 54 people worldwide.http:The 46-year-old Italian doctor was the first WHO officer to identify the outbreak of this new disease in an American businessman. Dr. Urbani first saw the US businessman on Feb. 28, two days after the patient had been admitted to a hospital in Hanoi. Although Urbani had worn a mask, he lacked goggles and other protective clothing. He began demanding that Hanoi hospitals stock up on protective gear and tighten up infection control procedures. But he was frustrated at how long it was taking to teach infection-control procedures to people in hospitals. There were shortages of supplies, like disposable masks, gowns, gloves.After three weeks of round-the-clock effort, Urbani's superior urged him to take a few days off to attend a medical meeting in Bangkok, where he was to talk on childhood parasites. The day after he arrived, he began feeling ill-with symptoms of the new disease. He called his wife, now living in Hanoi with their three children. He said:“Go back to Italy and take the children, because this will be the end for me.” Dr. Urbani developed a fever and was put into isolation where he remained until his death. The WHO representative in Hanoi said:“He was very much a doctor, his first goal was to help people.”He was buried on April 2, 2003 in Castelplanio, central Italy, leaving behind his wife and children. The measures he helped put in place before his death appear to have doused the SARS wildfire in Vietnam.65. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?A. Dr. Urbani caught SARS from an American businessman who was hospitalized in Hanoi.B. There were not enough disposable masks, gowns, gloves and protective equipment.C. He knew he had little hope to survive after he was found infected.D. Dr. Urbani had helped combating the new disease by putting in place a series of infection-control measures.66. In the third paragraph, “three weeks of round-clock effort”means__________.A. for three weeks the hospital was taking in SARS patients without stoppingB. Dr Urbani worked day and night for three weeks, trying to get SARS under controlC. for three weeks Dr. Urbani did not have any time to sleep, trying hard to fight the new diseaseD. After three weeks hard work to control SARS, the hospital superior thought it was time to stop the clock67. According to the context, the word “doused” in the last sentence of this passage could be best replaced with__________.A. extinguishedB. eliminatedC.solved D. delugedPassage ThreeGlassSince the Bronze Age, about 3000 B. C., glass has been used for making various kinds of objects. It was first made from a mixture of silica, lime, and an alkali such as soda or potash, and these remained the basic ingredients of glass until the development of lead glass in the seventeenth century.When heated the mixture becomes soft and moldable and can be formed by various techniques into a vast array of shapes and sizes. The homogeneous mass thus formed by melting then cools to create glass, but in contrast to most materials formed in this way (metals, for instance), glass lacks the crystalline structure normally associated with solids, and instead retains the random molecular structure of a liquid. In effect, as molten glass cools, it progressively stiffens until rigid, but does so without setting up a network of interlocking crystals customarily associated with that process. This is why glass shatters so easily when dealt a blow.Another unusual feature of glass is the manner in which its viscosity changes as it turns from a cold substance into a hot, ductile liquid. Unlike metals that flow or “freeze” at specific temperatures, glass progressively softens as the temperature rises, going through varying moldable stages until it flows like a thick syrup. Each of these stages allows the glass to be manipulated into various forms, by different techniques, and if suddenly cooled the object retains the shape achieved at that point. Glass is thus open to a greater number of heat-forming techniques than most other materials.68. According to the passage glass cools and becomes rigid differently from metals because__________.A. it has an unusually low melting temperatrueB. it does not set up a network of interlocking crystalsC. it has a random molecular structure of a liquidD. it is made from a mixture of silica, lime, and soda69. In the phrase “without setting up a network of interlocking crystals customarily associated with that process” in the second paragraph, a substitute for the word “customarily” maybe__________.A. continuouslyB. certainlyC.eventually D. usually70. Glass can be easily molded into all kinds of forms because__________.A. it melts like liquid when heatedB. it softens gradually through varying stages when heatedC. it retains the shape at the point when it is suddenly cooledD. various heating techniques can be used in making glassⅡ. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (15%)No one gets out of this world alive, and few people come through life without at least one serious illness. (71) If we are given a serious diagnosis, it is useful to try to remain free of panic and depression. Panic can constrict blood vessels and impose an additional burden on the heart. (72) Depression, as medical researchers way back to Galen, an ancient Greek doctor, have observed, can set the stage for other illnesses or intensify existing ones. It is no surprise that so many patients who learn that they have cancer or heart disease-or any other catastrophic disease-become worse at the time of diagnosis. (73) The moment they have a label to attach to their symptoms, the illness deepens. All the terrible things they have heard about disease produce the kind of despair that in turn complicates the underlying condition. (74) It is not unnatural to be severely apprehensive about a serious diagnosis, but a reasonable confidence is justified. Cancer today, for example, is largely a treatable disease. A heavily damaged heart can be reconditioned. (75) Even a positive HIV diagnosis does not necessarily mean that the illness will move into the active stage.Part Four Cloze TestDirections: Fill in each numbered blank in the following passage with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Flowers for the DeadSince flowers symbolize new life, it may seem inappropriate to have them at funerals. Yet people in many cultures top coffins or caskets with wreaths and garlands and put blossoms on the graves of the (76) __________. This custom is part of a widespread, long-lived pattern. Edwin Daniel Wolff speculated that floral tributes to the dead are an outgrowth of the grave goods of ancient (77)__________. In cultures that firmly believed in an (78)__________, and believed further that thedeparted could enter that afterlife only (79) __________they took with them indications of their worldly status, it was a necessity to bury the dead with material goods: hence the wives and animals that were killed to accompany (80)__________rulers, the riches (81)__________with Egyptian pharaohs, and the coins that Europeans used to place on the departed person's eyes as payment for the Stygian ferryman. In time, as economy modified tradition, the actual (82)__________goods were replaced (83)__________symbolic representations. In China, for example, gold and silver paper became a stand-in (84)__________real money. Eventually even the symbolic significance became obscured. Thus, Wolff said, flowers may be the (85)__________step in “three well-marked stages of offerings to the dead: the actual object, its substitute in various forms, and —finally —me re tributes of respect.”Part Five ProofreadingDirections: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each underlined sentence or part of a sentence. You may have to change a word, adda word or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it out with a slash (\) and write the correct word near it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (\). Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Examples:e.g.1 (86) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (86) begun begane.g.2 (87) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtains went up.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (87) (Scarcely) had (they)e.g.3 (88) Never will I not do it again.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (88) not(86) Homes could start been connected to the Internet through electrical outlets. (87) In this way, consumers and business may find easier to make cheaper telephone calls under new rules that the Federal Communications Commission began preparing on Thursday. (88) Taking together, the new rules could profoundly affect the architecture of the Internet and the services it provides. (89) They also have enormous implications for consumers, the telephone and energy industries, equipment manufacturers. Michael K. Powell, the F. C. C. chairman, and his two Republican colleagues on the five-member commission said that (90) a 4-to-1 vote on Thursday to allow a small company providingcomputer-to-computer phone connections to operate in different rules from ordinary phone companies, would ultimately transform the telecommunications industry and the Internet. (91) “This is a reflecting of the commission's commitment to bring tomorrow's technology to consumers today,” said Mr. Powell. He added that (92)the rules governing the new phone services sought to make them as wide available as e-mail, (93) and possibly much less expensive than traditional phones, and given their lower regulatory costs. At the same time, (94) once while the rules allowing delivery of the Internet through power lines are completed, (95) companies could provide consumers with the ability to plug their modems directly into wall sockets, just like they do with a toaster, or a desk lamp.Part Six WritingDirections: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below. And write the composition on the ANSWER SHEET. (15%)Topic: Epidemic Diseases and Public Health Crises试题详解Part One Listening Comprehension(略）Part Two Structure and Written Expression41. B 42. A 43. B 44. A 45. D 46. C 47. A 48. C 49. B 50. D51. B 52. A 53. A 54. D 55. B56. B 57. A 58. C 59. C 60. APart Three Reading ComprehensionⅠ.Passage One61. C 62. C 63. A 64. CPassage Two65. D 66. B 67. APassage Three68. B 69. D 70. BⅡ.(71) If you are seriously ill, it's good for you not to be panic and depressed.(72) Medical researchers, among whom Galen, an ancient Greek doctor, is the first one, have found out that depression can not only result in other illness but also aggravate existing ones.(73) Once they know what illness they've got, they get worse.(74) For most people, it's difficult to accept the terrible fact and remain sensible, but we should at least have confidence in ourselves.(75) Even if you get a HIV diagnosis, it is still possible for you to avoid the outbreak.Part Four Cloze Test(76) dead (77) traditions (78) afterlife (79) if(80) the (81) or(82) grave (83) by (84) for(85)lastPart Five Proofreading(86) been being (87) (finD. it (easier) (88) taking Taken(89) (industries), and (equipment)(90) in under(91) reflecting reflection考博，免费考博网(92) wide widely (93) and given given (94) while (95) like asPart Six WritingEpidemic Diseases and Public Health CrisesWhen SARS epidemic swept across China and stirred up even the entire globe last year, people finally came to realize the concept of public health crises, which in reality have already affected our life in various ways. Why didn't we recognize this until our life has been endangered? Surely, epidemic diseases as a kind of public health crises, have contributed to people's perception of public health crises.Public health itself is not new, but the term ”public health crises “has been fresh for most people in China. It includes not only outbreaks of diseases, but also water erosion, deforestation, desertification and many other problems which mankind as a whole must face. Ever since the industrial revolution and great economic expansion, people's life has been challenged in one way or another due to lots of irresponsible behaviors of mankind. Most of the time, people have accustomed to their ordinary way of life and do not spare time in comprehending the imminent crises.On the other hand, epidemic outbreaks always take on a very severe outlook and thus pose direct dangers to common people. They affect people's daily activities and even their lives, and that is why they can successfully arouse people's concerns about their own health. To some extent, our awareness of our dining habits and carelessness in protecting the environment can be attributed to the outbreak of some epidemics, like SARS and bird flu.We should all be gratitude for this awareness brought about by some epidemics. As China and the world's economy continue to expand, governments and people are fully aware that some measures have to be taken to fend off any possible danger to public health.A. is to send them to clinicsB. offers recapture of earlier experiencesC. is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD. is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced47. The child in the nursery__________.A. quickly learns to wait for foodB. doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC. always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD. always feels the world around him is warm and friendly48. The encouragement of children to achieve new skills__________.A. can never be taken too farB. should be left to school teachersC. will always assist their developmentD. should be balanced between two extremes49. Jigsaw puzzles are__________.A. too difficult for childrenB. a kind of building-block toyC. not very entertaining for adultsD. suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation50. Parental controls and discipline__________.A. serve a dual purposeB. should be avoided as much as possibleC. reflect the values of the communityD. are designed to promote the child's happinessQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:More than half of all Jews married in U. S. since 1990 have wed people who aren't Jewish. Nearly 480, 000 Americanhildren under the age of ten have one Jewish and one non-Jewish parent. And, if a survey compiled by researchers at the University of California at Los Angeles is any indication, it's almost certain that most of these children will not identify themselves as “Jewish” when they get older.That survey asked college freshmen, who are usually around age 18, about their own and their parents' religious identities. Ninety-three percent of those with two Jewish parents said they thought of themselves as Jewish. But when the father wasn't Jewish, the number dropped to 38 percent, and when the mother wasn't Jew, just 15 percent of the students said they were Jewish, too.“I think what was surprising was just how low the Jewish identification was in these mixed marriage families.” Linda Sax is a professor of education at UCLA. She directed the survey which was conducted over the course of more than a decade and wasn't actually about religious identity specifically. But Professor Sax says the answers to questions about religion were particularly striking, and deserve a more detailed study. She says it's obvious that interfaith marriage works against the development of Jewis h identity among children, but says it's not clear at this point why that's the case. “Thisnew study is necessary to get more in-depth about their feelings about their religion. That's something that the study that I completed was not able to do. We didn't have information on how they feel about their religion, whether they have any concern about their issues of identification, how comfortable they feel about their lifelong goals. I think the new study's going to cover some of that,” she says.Jay Rubin is executive director of Hilel, a national organization that works with Jewish college students. Mr. Rubin says Judaism is more than a religion, it's an experience. And with that in mind, Hillel has commissioned a study of Jewish attitudes towards Judaism. Researchers will concentrate primarily on young adults, and those with two Jewish parents, and those with just one, those who see themselves as Jewish and those who do not. Jay Rubin says Hillel will then use this study to formulate a strategy for making Judaism more relevant to the next generation of American Jews.51. The best title of this passage is__________.A. Jewish and Non-Jewish in AmericanB. Jewish Identity in AmericaC. Judaism-a Religion?D. College Jewish Students52. Among the freshmen at UCLA__________thought themselves as Jewish.A. mostB. 93% of those whose parents were both JewishC. 62% of those only whose father were JewishD. 15% of those only whose mother were Jewish53. The phrase “interfaith marriage” in the Paragraph 3 refers to the__________.A. marriage of people based on mutual beliefB. marriage of people for the common faithC. marriage of people of different religious faithsD. marriage of people who have faith in each other54. Which of the following statements is NOT true about professor Sax's research?A. The research indicates that most students with only one Jewish parent will not think themselves as Jewish.B. The survey was carried out among Jewish Freshmen.C. The research survey didn't find out what and how these Jewish students think about their religion.D. The research presents a new perspective for the future study.55. Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?A. Mr. Rubin is the founder of Hillel.B. Mr. Rubin thinks that Judaism is not a religion and it's an experience.C. Hillel is an organization concerned with Jewish college students in the world.D. Hillel has asked certain people to carry out a study about Jewish attitudes towards Judaism.Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy should guarantee two basic rights: the right to private property and the right to enforceable contracts, says Mancur Olson in his book Power and Prosperity. Olson was an economics professor at the University of Maryland until his death in 1998.Some have argued that such rights are merely luxuries that wealthy societies bestow, but Olson turns that argument around and asserts that su ch rights are essential to creating wealth. “In comes are low in most of the countries of the world, in short, because the people in those countries do not have secure in dividual rights,” he says.Certain simple economic activities, such as food gathering and making handicrafts, rely mostly on individual labor; property is not necessary. But more advanced activities, such as the mass production of goods, require machines and factories and offices. This production is often calledcapital-intensive, but it is really property-intensive, Olson observes.“No one would normally engage in capital-intensive production if he or she did not have rights that kept the valuable capital from being taken by bandits, whether roving or stationary,”he argues. “There is no private property without government—individuals may have possessions, the way a dog possesses a bone, but there is private property only if the society protects and defends a private right to that possession against other private parties and against the government as well.”Would-be entrepreneurs, no matter how small, also need a government and court system that will make sure people honor their contracts. In fact, the banking systems relied on by developed nations are based on just such an enforceable contract system. “We would not deposit our money in banks...if we could not rely on the bank having to honor its contract with us, and the bank would not be able to make the profits it needs to stay in business if it could not enforce its loan contracts with borrowers,” Olson writes.Other economists have argued that the poor economies of Third World and communist countries are the result of governments setting both prices and the quantities of goods produced rather than letting a free market determine them. Olson agrees there is some merit to this point of view, but he argues that government intervention is not enough to explain the poverty of these countries. Rather, the real problem is lack of individual rights that give people incentive to generate wealth. “If a society has clear and secure individual rights, there are strong incentives (刺激，动力）to produce, invest, and engage in mutually advantageous trade, and therefore at least some economic advance,” Olson concludes.56. Which of the following is true about Olson?A. He was a fiction writer.B. He edited the book Power and Prosperity.C. He taught economics at the University of Maryland.D. He was against the ownership of private property.57. Which of the following represents Olson's point or view?A. Protecting individual property rights encourages wealth building.B. Only in wealthy societies do people have secure individual rights.。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京大学考试全真模拟全知识点汇编押题第五期（含答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Charles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species” is credited with sparking evolution’s revolution in scientific thought, but many observers had pondered evolution before him. It was understanding the idea’s significance and selling it to the public that made Da rwin great, according to the Arnold arboretum’s new director.William Friedman, the Arnold Professor of Organism and Evolutionary Biology who took over as arboretum director Jan.1 has studied Darwin’s writings as well as those of his predecessors and contemporaries. While Darwin is widely credited as the father of evolution, Friedman said the “historical sketch” that Darwin attached to later printings of his masterpiece was intended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas.The historical sketch grew with each subsequent printing, Friedman told an audience Monday (Jan. 10)，until, by the 6th edition, 34 authors were mentioned in it. Scholars now believe that somewhere between 50 and 60 authors had beaten Darwin in their writings about evolution. Included was Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, a physician who irritated clergymen with his insistence that life arose from lower forms, specifically mollusks.Friedman’s talk, “A Darwinian Look at Darwin’s Evolutionist Ancestors，” took pla ce at the arboretum’s Hunnewell Building and was the first in a new Director’s Lecture Series. Though others had clearly pondered evolution before Darwin, he wasn’t without originality. Friedman said that Darwin’s thinking on natural selection as the mecha nism of evolution was shared by few, most prominently Alfred Wallace, whose writing on the subject after years in the field spurred Darwin’s writing of “On the Origin of Species”. Although the book runs more than 400 pages, Friedman said it was never the book on evolution and natural selection that Darwin intended. In 1856, three years before the book was published, he began work on a detailed tome on natural selection that wouldn’t see publication until 1975.The seminal event in creating “On the Origin of Species” occurred in 1858, when Wallace wrote Darwin detailing Wallace’s ideas of evolution by natural selection. The arrival of Wallace’s ideas galvanized Darwin into writing “ On the Origin of Species ” as an “ abstract ” of the ideas he was painstaking ly laying out in the larger work. This was a lucky break for Darwin, because it forced him to write his ideas in plain language, which led to a book that was not only revolutionary, despite those who’d tread similar ground before, but that was also very readable.Though others thought about evolution before Darwin, scientific discovery requires more than just an idea. In addition to the concept, discovery requires the understanding of the significance of the idea， something some of the earlier authors clearly did not have 一 such as the arborist who buried his thoughts on natural selection in the appendix of a book on naval timber. Lastly, scientific discovery demands the ability to convince others of the correctness of an idea. Darwin, through “On the Origin of Species，” was the only thinker of the time who had all three of those traits, Friedman said. “Darwin had the ability to convince others of the correctness of the idea，” Friedman said, adding that even Wallace, whose claim to new thinking on evolution and natural selection was stronger than all the others, paid homage to Darwin by titling his 1889 book on the subject, “ Darwinism. ’’1.According to William Friedman, Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species” is great in that ______.2.Friedman believes that Darwin attached a “historical sketch” to later printings of his book in an attempt to _______.3.In Friedman’s view, Darwin’s originality lies in _______.4.We have learned that at first Darwin intended to write his idea in（）5.Scientific discovery required all the following Except（）问题1选项A.it was the most studied by later scientistsB.it had significant ideas about evolutionsC.it was the first to talk about evolutionD.it was well received by the public问题2选项A.credit the ideas about evolution before hisB.claim himself as the fathter of evolutionC.introduce his grandfather to the readerD.summarize this predecessors’ work问题3选项A.his thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolutionB.his sharing ideas about evolution with his contemporariesC.the way he wrote “On the Origin of Species”D.the way he lectured on the ideas of evolution问题4选项A.a much larger bookB.a 400-page bookC.scientific termsD.plain language问题5选项ing up with a new ideaB.understanding the significance of the ideaC.making claims to the idea by writing booksD.convincing others of the correctness of the ides【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:A第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.细节题。

北京大学博士研究生英语水平考试（PKU-GATE）2015年12月27日说明：考试总共180分钟，试题题型包括五大题型，主要是常规性题目和新题型，常规题目包括听力、阅读理解，新题型有材料听写、比较写作；外文书籍阅读与写作；转译。

试题共有试题册和答题卡组成，还会发下自己的条形码（不愧为帝国最高学府，科研开发制作技术高端大气上档次！）第一大题：听力（分值20%）记得是三段材料（或两段），前两段材料是选择题，下面给出3-4个问题，供选择。

某不才听的材料不够准确，第一段材料大约是讨论美国楼市关键词有zombie house、us hosing market。

坚持使用美国等国外原汁原味的材料，勇气可嘉，与从小到大听Chinglish的某不习惯，但是趣味性强。

还有一题是听力默写，材料中空出了十个空，每个空去掉不止一个词汇，让你填。

听力材料大约长800-1000个词（a4纸的基本上都是这个材料）。

这段材料关于智能医学的似乎，关键词是autogenic training。

听力播放的时间：14点-14点25分。

朗读人员：一男一女，女的是Chinese、男的是foreigner（似乎），地道的美式发音。

第二大题：阅读理解（分值40%）。

共四篇阅读材料，每一篇阅读下有五个题目，和高考、硕考没大区别，但是材料明显要长，每篇材料大约有1000-1200个单词，生词量也大，平均每1-2句就有个生词。

每篇的题目中有单词理解、有细节理解、有main idea等。

Passage one：似乎是关于伦理学的学术论文，题目的中关键词和生词有：turn the other cheek、ethical precept、moral urge、morality、moral precepts、give without thought of reward、altruistic、ironically、selfish agendas 、kin、等，经过多方搜索没有搜集到原文出处。