翻译作业
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翻译(英译汉)个人作业:
1、Those Chinese scientists in Silicon Valley are understandably proud of their achievements.
那些在硅谷的中国科学家对自己的成就感到自豪,这是可以理解的。
2、The number of the young people in the United States who cannot read is incredible---about one in four. 美国的年轻人中大约有四分之一不识字,这令人难以置信。
3、Built in 1802, this palace has a history of more than 200 years.
这座宫殿建于1802年,具有超过200年的历史。
4、Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.
能量既不能被创造,也不能被消灭,这是条人尽皆知的定律。
5、His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.
他没有遵守安全守则,这导致了一起机械事故。
1.Our government has stronger control over foreign trade, and strengthened the service and coordinating functions of such intermediary organizations as chambers of commerce. We hope to continue to strengthen reform in our foreign trade system in order to gradually open foreign trade to competition and to get it under control by both legal means and economic measures, such as tariffs, foreign exchange rates and interest rates. All this should help speed up the internationalization of China’s foreign trade and create a better environment for bringing about a macro economic and trade prospect. By promoting a closer cooperation among business and trade communities, manufacturing industries, agriculture, technology industries and banks, we will be able to produce more and better export commodities for the international market. In this case, China will naturally become a big market.2.At present, Asia is facing potential challenges as well as opportunities. As a whole, Asia is still the region with the greatest economic vigor and potential for development. The further development of the economic globalization and the rapid advance of science and technology make it possible for the various countries in Asia to introduce new technology and to explore the international market so as to promote the economic growth of their own countries. However, we cannot be over-optimistic about the safety situation in that further efforts are expected to combat terrorism. Economic globalization, on one hand, brings about opportunities for development, but on the other hand, it also increases the uncertainty of international economic environment, and adds the difficulties of adjusting the local developing economicstructure and the risk of encountering external shocks.3.After getting a house, people switch their attention to the private cars. That is just what the various Chinese banks want. With its role consolidated in the part of housing loans, these banks now focus their attention on the promising private car loans. Yesterday, the Construction Bank of China (CBC), Beijing Branch introduced 10 preferential policies so as to win a part in the private car loans before the foreign non-financial organizations take any action. It has been predicted by those from the banks that the foreign non-financial organizations will probably concentrate on their convenient application procedures and preferential interest rates after they succeed in getting into the market of the private car loans. Therefore, China Construction Bank hopes that their own proportion of auto loan in personal consumption credit could increase from the previous 30% to 50% beyond through the ten preferential policies which is also in order to simplify the procedures and decrease the lending rate.4The great spirit in anti-Japanese war embodies Chinese people’s teamwork and cooperation. Faced with the national crisis, China’s sons and daughters, here or there, old or young, rich or poor, gather together with one mind and build up an insurmountable Great Wall of resistanc e, with their flesh and blood. “Indulge never in money and rank, apostatize never when in poverty and hardship, surrender never to power and force.” In times of national crisis, this formidable mettle and dauntlessintegrity prompt China’s sons and daughte rs to go through fire and water and fight with the courage of despair, making the Anti-Japanese War moving and praise-worthy. It is now the 60th anniversary of China’s Anti-Japanese War and the world’s anti-fascism war. It is still of utmost importance to retrospect the lamentable history of blood and fire, to admire great feats by anti-Japanese pioneers, and to promote Chinese’ great spirit in anti-Japanese war.5.Many experts think the key of education reform is to change the current curriculum arrangement and testing method, avoiding children from focusing extremely on reading and learning. They pointed out that the key of the reform in the education system is a well-shared awareness that the high and primary educations are there, instead of simply offering the knowledge important to the students, to improve the students in an all-round way, and especially to guide them to a careful pondering over such fundamental issues as life itself and social responsibility. Schools should do more in-depth research into this field, choose proper content and method to lead and help students form correct viewpoints. If schools focus only on knowledge education and neglect guidance on life, what have been cultivated are verbal or digital machines rather than preliminary talents ready to enter the society.6. The traditional culture of the Chinese nation, extensive and profound, has a long history. As early as 2000 years ago, there emerged Confucianism represented by Confucius and Mencius, Taoism symbolized by Laozhuang, and many otherdoctrines that occupy an important position in ideological history of china as well. Such is the famous master’s hundred schools. From Confucius to Sun Yat-sen, the Chinese traditional culture possesses many treasures and something of national character as well as democracy. For example, they lay stress on the importance of kindness and love in human relations, on the interest of the community, and on the idea that the world is for all, especially on patriotism as embodied in the saying, "everybody is responsible for the rise or fall of the country;" and long suffering and hard working diligence and frugality in household management, and respecting teachers and valuing education. All these have played a great role in binding and regulating the family, the country and the society.7.He worked “assiduously” under his father’s guidance but, in fact, he read as a hobby, just like a glutton who was so greedy for food: great appetite, no selection and wide variety. He would burst into laughter even when reading a vulgar book. When he watched farcical parts in folk operas, he might even laugh out of his balance and imitate them again and again. Farcical: very funnyAs for such sophisticated literature as philosophy, aesthesis, and theory of literature art, he devoured so thick books one after another, just like a child ate snacks, especially poem, which was his favorite. If it were dictionaries, glossaries, encyclopedias that were too heavy to move, he would read them entry by entry, line by line. If there were any new version that he happened to come across, he would never get tired of squeezing the new entry into the old ones. He used to make notes while reading.8.I, Shu Sheyu, style myself Lao She/write under the pseudonym of Lao She. I am now 40 years old, having a yellow complexion and wearing no beard. I was born in Peking. At the age of 3, I lost my father( when I was 3 years old, my father died), so I could be said to have no father. When I was 15/ at school/ of school age, the emperor ceased to exist /was dethroned, so I could be said to have no emperor. Without father and emperor, I was especially filial and respectful to my mother. In my childhood, I read the Book of Songs, making no effort to understand the meaning thoroughly /without a deep understanding of the content. Years later, I attended a normal school, where I prepared myself to be a teacher/ where I laid a foundation for my career as a teacher. In the prime of my life, I roved hither and thither/ went from one place to another, earns a living by teaching. That profession offered me little chance of making a fortune/ getting rich, so I took to buying lottery tickets, I prided myself on/ I took pride in winning the smallest prize, resigned to leading a poor and humble life. At 27, I made a determined effort to write books. Having achieved no success and got nowhere with sciences and philosophy, I turned to creation of fiction merely to amuse my readers. That did not amount to much./ that was not bit achievement.I got married at the age of 34. Now I have a son and a daughter. They are both mischievous /naughty and lovable. I read whatever I could get hold of, but got nothing out of them, and I am not worried. I teach and do everything else in real earnest/ conscientiously and I often come to grief, but I do not regret. If I can live another 40 years, I may achieve some success/ get somewhere (in my life).•9.In the south of Jiangshu Province, Wuxi, a luminous pearl of Taihu, locates in the center zone of beautiful and opulent Yangtse River delta.It is one of the most vital tourism cities in China, charactered by its cozy climate, abundant products and impressive scenery. Like a bright pearl set on the Taihu Lake and situated in the center of the beautiful and fertile Changjiang Delta in southern Jiangsu Province, Wuxi is one of China’s major tourist cities, with its pleasant climate, rich natural resources and picturesque scenery. Cutting through the city is the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, an ancient project equal in fame to the Great Wall. A trip along the river will offer a glimpse into the local customs and lifestyles. Seven kilometers from downtown is a popular scenic area known as Meiliang. There, the Taihu Lake is at its best: the vast expanse of blue waters is dotted by fishing boats against an enchanting background of mist-shrouded hills. Of the scenic spots in the area, the huge rock named Yuantouzhu resembles a turtle’s head. The rock commands a distant view of the boundless Taihu Lake.It is lauded by Guo Moruo, a renowned Chinese poet, as the “best spot of the Taihu Lake”.•10.Located in the north of Jiangxi Province, Mount Lushan is acclaimed as the most beautiful mountain under heaven for its remarkable beauty of natural scenery with changjiang River to its north and Poyang Lake southeast. There are 16 sites of natural marvels and 474 scenery spots for a total covering area of 302square kilometers. Ridges and peaks of 171 rolling hills rise one after another, forming a region of meandering mountain ranges. Waterfalls roaring like thunder pour down precipitous cliffs and running streams meander the secluded niche. The drifting clouds and billowing vapor envelop the valley in a blanket of mist. Over 3000 kinds of plants are scattered in the misty valley, producing( a world dotted with a spectrum of colors and remains of quaternary glaciers )adding an air of unique mystery to its beauty……and remains of quaternary glaciers adding an air of unique mystery to its beauty. A million migrant birds perch and dwell at the foot of t he mountain, with the world’s largest scale of crane flock fluttering and dancing on the horizon far beyond where the stretch of water and sky merge and blend, assuming a marvelous spectacle. As early as the antediluvian age, the established traces of our ancestors in Mount Lushan makes it a famous attraction boasting its long-standing history and culture. Sima Qian, a historian of Western Han Dynasty, once went down south to climb Mount Lushan and then recorded the account of it in Shi JI over 2000 years ago. The White Deer Cave Academy ranks top among the four ancient academies of classical learning in China and enjoys its high reputation in Chinese educational history. Donglin Temple, built by some eminent monks in Eastern Jin Dynasty, is the birthplace of Pure and Sect. There are approximately 1500 famous persons who paid visit to Mount Lushan and accumulation of literary works, picture scrolls and calligraphy works. The recent 600 or so villas of utterly distinctive styles and exquisitely original shapes, are representative ofthe diversity in cultural essence of 18 countries and nations.11.For a very long period of historical development, mankind could only passon.music through performance and oral instruction When mankind invented musical scores, music started to break away from the boundaries of being merely a performing art, and develop into a system of “written symbols” that can be recorded and spread. Undoubtedly, however, it was the scientists who should be crowned as the founders of the real revolutionary milestone of human musical communication.Scientists invented marvelous means of music transmission, beginning from the earliest mechanical “record turntable” to today’s many kinds of “electronic media. Among all those means in 20th century, the invention and development of radio plays a pivotal role in spreading music. Nevertheless, the rapid development of high technology has brought serious challenges to China’s radio music workers in the new century.•12.The term "literal translation" has become something of authority since theMay Fourth Movement in clear opposition to Lin Qinnan's "distortion in translation". We calling Mr. Lin's translation twist translation is not in the least a disdain, just because it cannot be considered as liberal translation. Lin had no knowledge of any European languages whose letters were no more than "squiggles" to him. All of his translations were done after they had been orallytranslated by others. We still have no idea about how they cooperate with each other: whether Lin translates one sentence immediately after the other interprets or he does so after the other interpret one paragraph. But this translation methodology, anyway, is still double-distorted: the original version is interpreted into oral, which costs much time, and then Lin translates it into traditional Chinese. This is Double-distortion.Such distortion may be traced onto his "translation methodology". Lin was a passionate champion of orthodox Confucian teachings, and "the doctrines of Confucius and Mencius" had been spiritually passed down to him. He would identify Scott's style with that of the great Chinese historian Sima Qian…. His collaborators, however, could not be blamed for the last type of distortion, which derived directly from Lin's ideology.13.In the dusk, rosy clouds befall upon the river, merging toward the horizon into one color. It is hard to separate the flowing clouds from the river. Beside this picture with profusions of colors, a group of sheep are lowing their heads, eating by the river bank. Hardly none of them would spare some time to raise their eyes to have a glance at the beautiful dusk. They are, perhaps, taking use of every minute to enjoy their last chew before being driven home.This is a picture of the Yellow River bank, in which the shepherd disappears, and no one knows where he is resting himself.Only the sheep, however, as free creatures, are joyfully appreciating the dusk. The exuberant water plants have nurtured the sheep, making them grow as fat as balls. If you have a closer look, you will find theiradorable looks, white teeth and rich but innocent expressions.A longer glimpse may even excite your compassion•14.I said, “Dad, you might leave now.” But he looked out of the window and said, “I’m going to buy you some tangerines. You just stay here. Don’t move around.”I caught sight of several vendors waiting for customers outside the railings beyond a platform. But to reach that platform would require crossing the railway track and doing some climbing up and downThat would be a strenuous job for father, who was fat. I wanted to do nothing but let him go. I watched him hobble towards the railway track in his black skullcap, black cloth mandarin jacket and dark blue cotton-padded cloth long gown. He had little trouble climbing down the railway track, but it was a lot more difficult for him to climb up that platform after crossing the railway track. to walk in an awkward way, usually because the feet or legs are injuredHis hands held onto the upper part of the platform, his legs huddled up and his corpulent body tipped slightly towards the left, obviously making an enormous exertion.When I was watching him from behind, tears gushed from my eyes. I quickly wiped them away lest he or others should catch me crying. The next moment when I looked out of the window again, father was already on the way back, holding bright red tangerines in both hands. In crossing the railway track, he first put the tangerines on the ground, climbed down slowly and then picked them up again. When he came near the train, I hurried out to help him by the hand. After boarding the train with me, he laid all the tangerines on my overcoat, and patting the dirt off his clothes, he looked somewhatrelieved and said after a while, “I must be going now. Don’t’ forget to write me from Beijing.”I gazed after his back retreating out of the carriage. After a few steps, he looked back at me and said, “Go back to your seat. Don’t leave your things alone.”I, however, did not go back to my seat until his figure was lost among crowds of people hurrying to and fro and no longer visible. My eyes were again wet with tears.15.In recent years, both father and I have been living an unseated life, and the circumstances of our family going from bad to worse. Father left home to seek a livelihood when young and did achieve quite a few things all on his own. To think that he should now be so downcast in old age. The discouraging state of affairs filled him with an uncontrollable feeling of deep sorrow, and his pent-up emotion had to find a vent. That is why even mere domestic trivialities would often make him angry, and meanwhile he became less and less nice with me. However, the separation of the last two years had made him more forgiving towards me. He keeps thinking about me and my son. After I arrived in Beijing, he wrote me a letter, in which he says, “I’m all right except for a severe pain in my arm. I even have trouble using chopsticks or writing brushes. Perhaps it won’t be long now before I depart this life.”Through the glistening tears which these words had brought to my eyes I again saw the back of father’s corpulent form in the dark blue cotton-padded cloth long gown and the black cloth mandarin jacket. Oh, how I long to see him again!。
一、改译宰客slaughter customers(cheating customers)自学self learn(study on one’s self)彩票colorful tickets(lottery)救火save a fire(Firefighting)(电脑)死机systerm dead(computer crash)吃食堂eat the canteen(eat in the canteen)风凉话cold word(sarcastic remark)太平门safe door(emergency exit)三角债triangle debts(chain debts)扣帽子put a hat on(put a label on)文化程度cultural degree(education level)抓紧时间grasp time firmly(hurry up)来信写道the latter writes(the letter reads)提高英语水平raise the level of one’s English(Improve one’s English)胸有成竹have a bamboo in one’s stomach(have a well-thought-out plan) 二、直译大海捞针Look for a needle in the ocean猫哭耗子假慈悲Cat cry for mouse嫁鸡随鸡嫁狗随狗Marry a chicken with chicken married dog follows dog挥金如土Spend money like water易如反掌As easy as to turn one's hand打草惊蛇To beat the grass and frighten away the snake呆若木鸡Dumb as a wooden chicken千里之行始于足下Every journey begins with the first step瑞雪兆丰年A timely heavy snow promises a good harvest .跑得了和尚跑不了庙Run a monk can not run the temple三、重点翻译她经常在邻里之间搬弄是非She always makes mischief between neighbors.她毛遂自荐来这所学校当老师She recommending herself to be a teacher in this school.正真的好朋友应该是雪中送炭True friend is who provides you timely help.我要有个三长两短,你给我娘捎个话If something happens to me, please give my mother a massage.留得青山在,不愁没柴烧As long as the green mountains are there, one need not worry about firewood.你这人真的是狗嘴里吐不出象牙他对你的许诺不过是个空头支票而已His promise to you just a blank check.我喜欢那套房子,但美中不足的是离上班的地方太远I like that house,but the fly in the ointment is too far away from the work place.四、翻译句子中国将永远与亚洲各国一道,荣辱相依,休戚与共,共同开创亚洲新未来China will forge ahead and share weal and woe with other Asian countries in a joint effort to open up new vistas for Asia's development.在中国文化中,每12年是一个生肖循环,照此说来,博鳌亚种论坛正处于一个新的起点上,希望更上一层楼In the Chinese culture, 12 years form a zodiac cycle. In this sense, the Boao Forum has reached a new starting point and I hope it will scale an even greater height.面对这些新情况,新问题,亚洲国家要同舟共济、共克时艰,把经济的互补性转化为发展的互助力,不断扩大利益交汇点,实现互惠共存、互利共赢Faced with these new situations and problems, the Asian countries should help each other to overcome the difficulties, to transformed economic comp -lementarity and mutual assistance into development power, continues to ex pand common interests and achieve mutual coexistence, mutual benefit and win-win.不当家不知当家难,事实上,单就解决面临的日常问题需要我们长期扶持大量的投入和心意Never kown how difficult it is to keep house even you did. I fact,it needs a large number and long-term support of investment and mind only to manage the daily problems facing.凡是预则立,面对当前复杂形势,我们既要冷机观察、保持定力,又要未雨绸缪,主动作为,宏观调控要把握总量平衡,更要着眼结构优化,根据形势变化合理把控调控的政策力度,适时采取针对性强的差异化措施Preparedness ensures success.Faced with this complex situation, we need to calmly assess the current developments, stay focused, and take initiatives as called for. In exercising macro-control, we will endeavor to strike a balance between aggregate supply and demand, focus on improving the economic structure, ensure proper policy intensity of macro-control in the light of changing situation and take targeted and differentiated measures as appropriate.。
1. Excuse me. Where's the nearest police station?打扰一下/劳驾,离这儿最近的派出所在哪里?2.Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?我有个问题弄不懂,想请教你,你能回答吗?3. Crops grow well in the south.庄稼在南方生长得很好。
4. I was having a nap when suddenly the telephone rang.我在睡觉时,电话铃突然响了。
5. Don’t you see it was just for fun ? Y ou got it all wrong.你没看出那不过是开开玩笑吗?你完全误解了。
6. If you don’t mind, please pass me the salt.如果方便的话,请把盐递给我。
7. If you decided to learn a new language, you would have to dedicate yourself wholeheartedly to the cause.如果你决定学一门新的语言,你必须全身心地投入。
8. In an age of plenty, we feel spiritual hunger.在这个物质财富充裕的时代,我们感到精神上的饥渴。
9. The more passions we have, the more happiness we are likely toexperience.我们的激情越多,我们有可能体验的快乐就越多。
10. Tom’s father has taught English here since he graduated fromPeking University.汤姆的父亲从北京大学毕业后就一直在这里教英语。
1.The ship plows the sea.船在乘风破浪地前进。
2.Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed healths.他们的主人,(又是)割啊,(又是)倒啊,(又是)上菜啊,(又是)切面包啊,(又是)说啊,(又是)笑啊,(又是)敬酒啊,忙个不停。
(增加语气助词和概括词语)3.This digital camera is easy to operate, versatile, compact and has a pleasing modern design. 这种数码相机操作简便,功能齐全,结构紧凑,造型美观。
4.Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it.因为空气具有重量,所以处在空气中的任一物体都会受到空气的作用力。
5.We won’t retreat,we never have and never will.我们不后退,我们从来没有后退过,我们将来也决不后退6.Air pressure decreases with altitude.气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。
7.He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars.他伸出双腿,露出腿上的道道伤痕。
8.I was taught that two sides of a triangle were greater than the third.我学过,三角形的两边之和大于第三边。
9.请把这张表填一下,填完给我。
Please fill in this form, and give it to me when you have finished.10.要提倡顾全大局。
We should advocate the spirit of the taking the whole the situation into consideration11.送君千里,终有一别。
翻译作业Drills 1A. Improve or correct the following poor translationsA). Errors due to inaccurate comprehension1). This will go a long way to overcoming the difficulty.在克服困难上要⾛很远的路。
2). Go it while you are young.去吧,当你年轻的时候。
3). The failure was the making of him.这次失败是他造成的。
4). I wish peace could be saved at the eleventh hour.我希望和平在地⼗⼀点钟可以得救。
5). She really knows a thing or two.她的确略知⼀⼆。
6). She is too ready to speak.她准备的太充分了以⾄于讲不出来。
7). News came through on the wireless of a rich oil filed district. 从该地区某⼀丰富油⽥的⽆线电传来了消息。
B). Poor translations due to inadequate representation1). This is a 100-hour reliable engine.这是⼀台100⼩时可靠的发动机。
2). Somewhat our path took us towards the park.不知怎么搞的,我们的路把我们带到公园了。
3). The little chap’s good-natured honest face won his way for him.这⼩伙⼦的⽼实、脾⽓⼜好的脸蛋为他开辟了⼀条路。
4). Great was the excitement as procession after procession poured itseager masses into the town.当⼀队⼜⼀队把热⼼的群众倾到镇上时,激动是很激烈的。
1.这位老绅士抱怨法律如此有利于罪犯,使得审判看来像是一场运气的游戏。
(to grumble)The old gentleman is to grumble about that the laws are so favored the criminal that trials seem to be a game of fortune. 2.如果我们只坚持这样的紧缩措施,国家将滑入更深的经济萧条。
(austerity)If we only stick to such austerity measures, the country will plunge deeper and deeper into recession.3.全世界科学家的共识是地球可能在未来几十年中变暖。
(consensus)The consensus among the world's scientists is that the earth is likely to warm up over the next few decades.4.如果抓住他们痛打一顿,他们会向警察告发我们。
( to denounce)If we catch them and beat them up, they will denounce us at the police.5.我们坚决反对铺张浪费和形式主义。
(extravagance)We will resolutely oppose extravagance, waste and formalism.6. 政治家和商界领袖们常常质问,无需负责的机构为什么有权这么做。
(unaccountable)Politicians and business leaders often query why those unaccountable organizations have the night to do so.7. 他告诉我,他有坏消息相告,我准备听坏消息。
5.171.能点菜了吗?(两种)2.他太饿了,所以他想吃三碗米饭。
3.我哥哥很喜欢吃面条,但是我不喜欢。
但是今天我哥哥想要米饭。
4.你想和我一起去购物吗?5.你想喝一些粥吗?并做肯定回答。
6.你想要加牛奶和糖的茶吗?7.鸡蛋汤里有任何的蔬菜吗?做否定回答,强调没有任何。
1.May I take your order?/May I have your order?2.He is too hungry, so he wants to have three bowl of rice./…,so he would like to have …3.My brother likes to eat noodles, but I don’t. But my brother would like to have rice today.4.Do you want to go shopping with me?5.Would you like some porridge? Yes, please.6.Would you like tea with milk and sugar?7.Are there any vegetables in the egg soup? No, there isn’t.5.18.2017读P59 2b 5遍,并翻译一下句子。
完成2b,2c.May 18th Thursday Sunny1. 人们在生日时想要吃什么?2. 蜡烛的数量便是过生日人的年龄。
3. 如果他(她)一口气把蜡烛全部吹灭的话,许的愿望便会成真。
4. 在中国,生日吃蛋糕日渐流行。
5. 虽然所有这些生日食品可能会有所不同,但其蕴含的意义是一样的:它们把好运带给过生日的寿星。
6. 一个人怎样可以使他的(她的)愿望实现?5.25.2017一.写出下列单词的过去式am is are go milk ride feed talk take see do show say grow eat ask learn pick二.分类。
英语翻译作业第一篇:英语翻译作业精品欣赏进取的幸福【中文】正是因为不停地追求进取,我们才感到生活幸福。
一件事完成后,另一件随之而来,如此连绵不绝,永无止境。
对于往前看的人来说,眼前总有一番新天地。
虽然我们蜗居于这颗小行星上,整日忙于锁事且生命短暂,但我们生来就有不尽的希望,如天上繁星,遥不可及。
只要生命犹在,希望便会不止。
真正的幸福在于怎样开始,而不是如何结束,在于我们的希翼,而并非拥有。
【英文】We live in an ascending scale when we live happily, one thing leading to another in an endless series.There is always a new horizon for onward-looking men, and although we dwell on a small planet, immersed in petty business and not enduring beyond a brief period of years, we are so constituted that our hopes are inaccessible, like stars, and the term of hoping is prolonged until the term of life.T o be truly happy is a question of how we begin and not of how we end, of what we want and not of what we have.四级翻译练习中国是舞龙舞狮的起源地。
自问世以来,舞龙、舞狮运动一直受到各个民族人民的喜爱,代代相传,长久不衰,并因此形成了灿烂的舞龙舞狮文化。
长期以来,很多青年朋友都以为龙舞、狮舞就是春节、庙会、庆典时的喜庆表演,殊不知它历经了几千年的传承流变,积淀了深厚的历史文化,是祖先留给我们的极其宝贵的文化遗产。
建议的最终方案插入,11/3/98第1页micard.doc11/12/98一美卡素® (替米沙坦)片,40毫克和80毫克怀孕时使用23当在怀孕期间使用的第二和第三期,药物的行为4肾素血管紧张素系统直接伤害,甚至会导致死亡的5发育中的胎儿。
当检测到怀孕,美卡素片应® 6,尽快停止。
见警告:胎儿/新生儿发病率和7死亡率89描述美卡素® (替米沙坦)是一种非肽类血管紧张素Ⅱ受体(AT110型)拮抗剂。
11替米沙坦的化学描述为4' - [(1,4'-二甲基- 2'-丙基[2,6'-双1H12苯并咪唑] -1'基)甲基] - [1,1'-联苯] - 2 -羧酸。
其经验公式13 C33H30N4O2,分子量为514.63,其结构式为:甲基141516替米沙坦是一个白色,无味的白色结晶性粉末。
这是几乎不溶于17水和pH值范围为3至9日,有节制地溶于强酸(除不溶于18盐酸),和可溶性坚实的基础。
19美卡素® 是可用口服片剂,含有40毫克或任20 80毫克替米沙坦。
这些药片包含以下非活性成分:钠21氢氧化钙,葡甲胺,聚维酮,山梨醇,硬脂酸镁。
美卡素片®建议的最终方案插入,11/3/98第2页micard.doc11/12/9822是吸湿防潮,需要保护。
23临床药理学24作用机制25血管紧张素II是形成了从血管紧张素由angiotensin26催化反应转换酶(ACE,激肽酶Ⅱ)。
血管紧张素II是主要的升压剂27肾素血管紧张素系统,使用效果,包括血管收缩,刺激28合成和醛固酮释放刺激心脏,肾脏重吸收和钠。
29血管收缩剂和血管紧张素Ⅱ醛固酮分泌的影响替米沙坦块通过选择性地阻断血管紧张素Ⅱ的结合对AT1受体30在许多组织,31,如血管平滑肌和肾上腺。
因此,它的作用是独立32对血管紧张素Ⅱ的合成途径。
还有一个AT2受体在许多组织中发现的,但AT2的33不知道被34与心血管动态平衡。
替米沙坦具有更大的亲和力(“3000倍)的比对AT2的35受体AT1受体。
36封锁的与ACE抑制剂肾素血管紧张素系统,它抑制37生物合成血管紧张素Ⅰ血管紧张素Ⅱ,被广泛用于治疗38高血压。
ACE抑制剂也抑制缓激肽的降解,反应也39催化的ACE。
由于替米沙坦不抑制的ACE (激肽酶Ⅱ),它不40影响缓激肽的反应。
这种差异是否有临床意义尚未41而闻名。
替米沙坦不绑定或阻止其他激素受体或离子通道42已知在心血管调节的重要。
43血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻断剂抑制负调节反馈44肾素分泌血管紧张素II,但由此增加血浆肾素活性和45血管紧张素Ⅱ循环水平不克服替米沙坦对血液的影响46压力。
47药代动力学建议的最终方案插入,11/3/98第3页micard.doc11/12/9848个一般继口服,峰值浓度的替米沙坦(Cmax49)都达到了给药后50 0.5-1小时。
粮食略有降低替米沙坦的生物利用度,与一51下的面积减少,血浆浓度时间曲线约6%(AUC)的同52片40毫克和20毫克的剂量后,160的绝对生物利用度%53替米沙坦的剂量依赖性。
在40和160毫克的生物利用度为42%和58%,分别为54。
口服替米沙坦的药代动力学为非线性以上55毫克的剂量范围ф20- 160,大于血浆比例增加56浓度(Cmax和AUC)随剂量。
替米沙坦表明双指数57终端消除半衰期约24小时衰减动力学。
槽58血浆替米沙坦每日一次给药浓度约10-25%的高峰59血浆浓度。
替米沙坦具有在1.5至2.0等离子积累指数60时,每天一次重复给药。
61代谢及消除62以下任一对14C标记替米沙坦静脉注射或口服,最下辖63个剂量(“97%)被淘汰了通过胆道排泄粪便不变,只有64分钟量的尿液中发现(0.91%和0.49%的总放射性,65分别)。
66替米沙坦是由共轭代谢,形成药理无效67 acylglucuronide;父化合物葡糖苷酸代谢物是唯一有中已发现68人血浆和尿液。
经过单剂量,代表葡糖苷酸69约11%的血浆中测放射性。
细胞色素P450 70同工酶不参与替米沙坦代谢的影响。
71替米沙坦血浆总清除率> 800毫升/分钟。
终端半衰期和总72关看来是剂量无关。
73个分布建议的最终方案插入,11/3/98第4页micard.doc11/12/9874替米沙坦是高度与血浆蛋白结合(“99.5%),主要是白蛋白和 1 -酸75糖蛋白。
血浆蛋白结合,是在浓度达到范围内保持恒定76推荐剂量。
替米沙坦的分布容积为约77 500升,这表明更多的组织结合。
78特殊人群79小儿科:替米沙坦药都没有受到调查的患者<18岁80岁。
81老年人:替米沙坦的药代动力学之间没有什么不同的老人和82岁以下者65岁(见用法用量)。
83性别:血浆中替米沙坦浓度一般2-3倍,女性高84高于男性。
在临床试验中,然而,血压没有显着增加85反应的体位性低血压的发病率或女性被发现。
没有剂量86调整是必要的。
87肾功能不全:肾排泄无助于替米沙坦的间隙。
88根据患者微薄经验轻度至中度肾功能损害89(30-80毫升/分肌酐清除率,平均通关约50毫升/分),无90剂量的调整是必要的,与患者的肾功能下降。
替米沙坦91不会从血液滤过(见注意事项,并用法用量92 ADMINISTRA TION)。
93肝功能不全:肝功能不全患者中,血浆浓度94替米沙坦在增加,而且绝对生物利用度接近100%(见95注意事项S和用法用量)。
96药物相互作用:见注意事项,药物相互作用。
97药效98在正常的志愿者,替米沙坦80毫克的剂量抑制到升压反应建议的最终方案插入,11/3/98第5页micard.doc11/12/9899静脉输注血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ浓度与峰值约90%100约40%抑制坚持24小时。
101血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ和血浆肾素活性(PRA)浓度增加一102剂量依赖性替米沙坦后单一的行政和正常人重复给药对高血压103例。
一度高达日常管理104替米沙坦80毫克并不影响正常人血浆醛固酮浓度。
105例高血压患者的多剂量研究,没有临床意义106电解质(血清钾或钠)的变化,或代谢功能(包括107胆固醇,甘油三酯,高密度脂蛋白,低密度脂蛋白,血糖,尿酸或)血清水平。
108在30个高血压患者肾功能正常8周替米沙坦治疗109替米沙坦80毫克或80毫克的组合与氢氯噻嗪12.5毫克,有110没有显着变化从基线临床肾血流量,肾小球滤过111率,滤过分数,肾血管阻力,或肌酐清除。
112临床试验113的美卡素® (替米沙坦)降压效果已被证明在六个114主要安慰剂对照的临床试验中,研究一种ф20- 160毫克范围,其中之一115替米沙坦和氢氯噻嗪审查的降压效果116组合。
这些研究涉及1773名病人的轻度至中度117高血压(95-114毫米汞柱的舒张压),1031人被处理118替米沙坦。
继一次日常管理替米沙坦的幅度鲜血从基线119安慰剂后压力减少约减120(收缩压/舒张压)6-8 / 6 20毫克,9月13日/ 40毫克6-8毫米汞柱,和12-13 / 7-8毫米汞柱毫米汞柱121 80毫克。
大剂量(高达160毫克),并未造成进一步减少122血压。
当与替米沙坦降压治疗开始123,血压下降124后的第一剂,用了大约4周的最大下降。
随着停止美卡素® 125片,治疗高血压的逐渐恢复到基线值建议的最终方案插入,11/3/98第6页micard.doc11/12/98126持续数天到一个星期。
在长期的研究(无安慰剂127控制)替米沙坦的作用似乎是最多维持至少一年。
128替米沙坦的降压效果不影响病人的年龄,性别,体重129或身体质量指数。
在黑人患者的血液压力反应(通常为低肾素130人口)明显高于白人病人少。
这一直是真正的大多数,131但不是全部,血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂和ACE抑制剂。
132在控制研究中,除替米沙坦氢氯噻嗪产生了133附加剂量有关减少血液中的压力,在规模类似134方面取得的替米沙坦单药治疗。
氢氯噻嗪也有一说135血压的影响时,添加到替米沙坦。
136抗高血压活动开始后出现一个单一的行政管理3小时内137口服剂量。
在20,40,80毫克,每日一次剂量的降压效果138替米沙坦管理是保持了整整24小时的剂量间隔。
随着139自动动态血压监测和常规血压140测量,为40-80毫克的剂量替米沙坦24小时低谷到峰值比141 70-100%的收缩压和舒张压。
有症状的发病率在所有142后首次剂量orthostasis对照试验低(0.04%)。
在有143的患者心替米沙坦治疗控制率无明显变化144试验。
145的指示及或用途® 146美卡素(替米沙坦)被用于治疗高血压。
它可用于147单独或与其他抗高血压药物合用。
148 CONTRAINDI阳离子149美卡素® 是禁忌的患者谁是过敏的任何组成部分150本产品。
建议的最终方案插入,11/3/98第7页micard.doc11/12/98151警告152胎儿/新生儿发病率和死亡率153药物作用于肾素血管紧张素系统直接会造成胎儿和新生儿154发病率和死亡时,向孕妇管理。
几十个案件155据报道,在世界文学中的患者服用血管紧张素转换谁156酶抑制剂。
当检测到怀孕,美卡素片应®157尽快停止。
158使用的药物直接作用在第二于肾素血管紧张素系统和怀孕第三期159已与胎儿和新生儿的伤害,包括160低血压,新生儿颅骨发育不全,无尿,肾功能衰竭可逆或不可逆的,并161死亡。
羊水过少也有报道,大概是从减少导致胎儿162肾功能,在此设置已与羊水过少胎儿肢体163挛缩,颅面部变形,肺发育不良的发展。
早产儿,164胎儿宫内发育迟缓,以及动脉导管未闭也有报道,虽然165目前尚不清楚是否这些事件是由于暴露于药物。
166这些不利影响似乎并没有从宫内曝光,导致药物167已被限制于前三个月。
母亲和胎儿的胚胎暴露于168只在一个血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂的头三个月,应得到通知。
169然而,当患者怀孕,医生应该让患者170停止了美卡素片® 尽快使用。
171很少(可能是不经常在每千怀孕过一次),无以替代血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂172会被发现。
在这些极少数情况下,母亲应173必须获悉的潜在危害胎儿,超声检查和串行174应进行评估羊膜腔内环境。
如果羊水过少175观察,美卡素® 片应该停止,除非他们176顷认为生命为母亲保存。
收缩应力测试(科委),非压力建议的最终方案插入,11/3/98第8页micard.doc11/12/98177测试(国税),或生物物理分析(BPP)的可能是适当的,这取决于周178怀孕。
患者和医生应该知道,然而,羊水过少179后可能不会出现,直到胎儿有持续不可逆转的损伤。