小升初复习第五讲
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2023年学校六班级小升初数学专项复习(5)——等式的意义及其运算★★学学问问归归纳纳总总结结一、用字母表示数1.字母可以表示任意的数,也可以表示特定意义的公式,还可以表示符合条件的某一个数,甚至可以表示具有某些规律的数,总之字母可以简明地将数量关系表示出来。
2.用字母表示数的意义:有助于概念的本质特征,能使数量的关系变得更加简明,更具有普遍意义。
使思维过程简化,易于形成概念系统。
3. 用字母表示数时,数字与字母,字母与字母相乘,中间的乘号可以省略不写;或用“•”(点)表示。
4.字母和数字相乘时,省略乘号,并把数字放到字母前;“1”与任何字母相乘时,“1”省略不写。
5.消灭除式时,用分数表示。
6.结果含加减运算的,单位前加“()”。
7.系数是带分数时,带分数要化成假分数。
【例1】(2021秋•崇川区期末)铺设一条长3千米的自来水管道,已经铺了5天,每天铺x米。
先用含有字母的式子表示还没有铺的米数,再计算当x=400时,还剩多少米没有铺。
【分析】题目中的等量关系是,总米数=已经铺的米数+还剩下的米数,用还有x的式子表示已经铺的米数;依据等量关系式,还剩下的米数=总米数﹣已经铺好的米数,已经铺好的米数=每天铺的米数×铺的天数,列式,并计算即可。
【解答】解:3千米=3000米还没有铺的长度是(3000﹣5x)米。
当x=400时3000﹣400×5=3000﹣2000=1000(米)答:当x=400时,还剩1000米没有铺。
【点评】本题考查的是用字母表示数的学问,题目中的各种量之间的等量关系是解题的关键,以及单位的转换。
【例2】(2021秋•东城区期末)a是一个大于0的数,在直线上找到下面每个算式所在的位置,并在方框里标出每个算式相应的序号。
①a×0.6②a÷0.6③a×0.8 ④a÷0.8【分析】分别计算出4个式子的值,再推断位置即可。
【解答】解:a×0.6=0.6aa×0.8=0.8a一个数(0除外)除以小于1的数(0除外),商大于这个数;被除数不变,除数越大商越小,因此a÷0.8<a÷0.6,而且都在a和2a之间。
第五讲几何综合完结篇前言一、授课目标:通过本次课的梳理,我们将对小升初近年常考的几何一些个体类的问题进行梳理,系统提升学生对小升初考试中几何一些非常见题目的处理能力.二、知识概述:A.勾股定理及弦图(1)勾股定理及其逆定理:∠C = 90 ⇔a2 +b2 =c2 .(2)内弦图与外弦图B.几何变换(1)平移(2)旋转(3)翻折(对称)升学真题精选精讲【学生家长注意】本讲共17 道升学真题,限时75 分钟完成,请大家在听课前尽力完成例题.例题1. (BDF 真题)直角三角形ABC 三边长度分别是3、4 和5,其内部有一点P,已知P 点到三角形两条边的距离分别是3.2 和0.5.(1)在右图中画出点P 的大致位置,说明上面给出的两个距离各是P 点到哪条边的距离.(2)P 点到第三条边的距离是多少?例题2. (101 真题)如右图的大正方形格板由81 个1 平方厘米的小正方形铺成,B、C 是两个格点.请你在其它的格点中标出一点A,使△ABC 的面积恰等于3 平方厘米.则这样的A 点共有个.CB1例题3. (101 真题)如图所示,六边形ABCDEF 为正六边形,P 为对角线CF 上一点,若ΔPBC 、ΔPEF的面积分别是3 与4,则正六边形ABCDEF 的面积为.C DPB EA F例题4. (早培校内练习)如图,长方形的面积是60 平方厘米,其内3 条长度相等且两两夹角为120。
的线段将长方形分成了两个梯形和一个三角形.请问:一个梯形的面积是多少平方厘米?例题5. 沿直线将一个长方形剪掉一个角后形成一个五边形,已知这个五边形5 条边的长度分别是5 厘米、9 厘米、13 厘米、14 厘米、17 厘米(未必是按顺序的),求这个五边形的面积.2例题6. 如图,在⊙O 中,直径AB⊥弦CD,垂足为E,且E 为OA 中点,CD=9cm,那么⊙O 的面积为cm2例题7. (清华附真题)如图,圆环上有一长方形ABCD 其中AB 与大圆恰有一个交点,CD 是大圆的一条弦,且与小圆恰有一个交点.长AB=12 厘米,宽BC=4 厘米。
第5讲特殊标点符号的作用指导语:按从小到大的顺序依次找出所有的数字,老师来记录你所用的时间。
引号、破折号、省略号的作用一、引号的作用①表示直接引用的话例如:它一下就令人记起杨万里的诗:“怪生无语都张伞,不是遮头是使风。
”②表示突出强调。
例如:包身工没有“做”,或“不做”,的自由。
③表示讽刺和否定。
例如:还要让它“留芳百世吗”?有几个“慈祥”的老板到菜场去收集一些菜叶,用盐一浸,这就是他们难得的佳肴。
④表示特定称谓。
例如:“芦柴棒”着急地要将大锅子里的稀饭烧滚。
⑤有时用来引用成语、谚语、歇后语等。
例如:“如浴春风”,唔,让人开怀令人奋发的春风啊!二、破折号的作用①表示注释、说明②表示意思的递进③表示意思的转折,表示话题突然转变④表示声音或感情的延续破折号是一个用途比较广的标号。
它的主要用法可以归纳如下。
1. 用以表示对上文的解释说明或补充。
例如:“亚洲大陆有世界上最高的山系——喜玛拉雅山,有目前地球上最高的山峰——珠穆朗玛峰。
”括号也表示解释说明,但是破折号引出的解释说明是正文的一部分,是较重要的信息,要读出来的。
而括号里的解释说明不是正文,只是注释,没有它不影响句子的完整性,读时也不必连着正文念出来。
解释说明或补充的语句如果是插在句子中间的,可以前后各用一个破折号。
例如:“太阳系除了九个大行星——水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星、海王星和冥王星——以外,还有40个卫星以及为数众多的小行星、彗星和流星体等。
”“直觉——尽管它并不总是可靠的——告诉我,这事可能出了什么问题。
”2. 表示话题的转变。
例如:“我在珠海的公司干得挺顺心。
老板对我不错,工资也挺高,每月三千多呢!——我能抽支烟吗?”破折号前是讲述自己情况, 后面突然转而询问对方别的事。
3. 表示话语的中断。
例如:“‘班长他牺——’小马话没说完就大哭起来。
”“他很大了,——(顿)并且他以为他母亲早就死了的。
”前一例的破折号表示下面的话没说出来。
第五讲 取整的应用在实际生活中,有一些数量只能取整数解,如:动物个数、数的棵树、房子的栋数·····而分数指的是:把单位“1”平均分成若干份,表示这样一份或几份的数。
于是生活中结合分数的意义,便产生了在涉及分数的应用题中的一种巧妙的解法,即取整。
也就是说单位“1”的量一定能被平均分成若干份,如果这个单位“1”的量必须为整数的话,则单位“1”必是这个分母的倍数,我们根据把这些 加以列举,寻找满足题意的数即可。
例1:某校同学共植树300多棵,低年级同学植的树比总数的83少25棵,中年级同学植的树比总数的92多38棵,那么高年级同学植了多少棵树? 解题关键:植树总数是一个不确定的数,故无法像一般分数应用题那样解决。
结合生活实际,树的棵树应为整数,所以结合题意可知:植树总数既是8的倍数,又是9的倍数。
我们只需找出8和9的公倍数中在300~400之间的数就可确定植树总数了。
总棵树:[]360572,729,8=⨯=(棵)1102583360=-⨯(棵),1183892360=+⨯(棵),132118110360=--(棵) 答:高年级同学植了132棵树。
巩 固 练 习 11.某校对全校学生展开兴趣调查,结果显示:全校学生中喜欢音乐的占254,喜欢美术的占407,喜欢数学的占139,从以上信息可知:该校至少有 人。
2.甲、乙、丙三人去买书,乙买的书比甲买书的本数的94多3本,丙买的书比甲买的书的53少1本。
那么,三人合计最少买了 本。
3.某校六年级有400多人,在一次测试中,得优秀的占全年级总人数的53,得良好的占全年级总人数的81,合格的占全年级总人数的112,其余为待合格。
那么这个六年级中待合格的学生还有 人。
例2 :奥数班A 、B 两个班共有学生89人,已知A 班男生占A 班人数的95,B 班女生占B 班人数的114,那么,两个班共有男生多少人? 解题关键:A 、B 两个班人数都不知道,就无法算出各个班的男生和女生人数,即便想到用方程解,也找不到列方程的等量关系。
第五讲:一般现在时/现在进行时阅读完形训练AApril 14th is my grandmother's birthday. I'll go back to my hometown ______ (1) my parents.Yesterday, after supper our family had a _____ (2). "What ____ (3) we buy for grandmother next week?" I asked. "We can buy her a shirt." said my brother. "My sister ____ (4) me yesterday. She told me she would buy clothes for grandmother." M y mother said, “We can buy her a big ______ (5)."My sister-in-law(嫂子)told me she would prepare the birthday ______ (6) ."Dad, what shall we buy then?" I asked. "I don't know ______ (7)" answered my father. We thought _____ (8). "I know." I shouted(喊), "We can buy _____ (9) some milk powder(奶粉)!""Why?" "Grandma is very ______ (10). If we buy her some milk powder, she will get the calcium(钙) she needs after drinking it.1. A. and B. with C. for D. at2. A. party B. meeting C. yes D. look3. A. do B. would C. may D. shall4. A. called B. took C. said D. made5. A. pear B. apple C. cake D. orange6. A. suit B. dinner C. apple D. play7. A. buy B. to buy C. how to buy D. what to buy8. A. hard B. of C. about D. good9. A. she B. hers C. her D. us10. A. strong B. old C. tall D. thinkBIn July, my friend and I are taking a camping trip. We will travel for four weeks and will tour (环游) the United States and part of Canada. We have decided to camp because it does not cost as much as vacationing (度假) in hotels.We have to plan very carefully. First, the car we are going to drive is very small, so we decide to take only one small suitcase each and as few camping things as possible. We will take some medicine with us, to prevent (预防) insects (昆虫) from hurting us, and also food for picnics. Second, there is a lot to see in the United States and Canada, so we have to decide on the direction (方向) we want to drive.All of this planning takes a long time.The date we are leaving is July 2nd. We want to see and do many things on our camping tour. We want to climb in the mountains, visit famous caves, and swim in cool mountain rivers. We want to visit many cities and talk to many people. We also want to find a hotel room if it rains at night. We hope to have an exciting trip.1. The two friends are going to take a camping trip ________.A. if they have four weeks’ time offB. to see a friendC. so that they can save moneyD. though it will be a long trip2. According to the passage, which of the following sentences is possibly true?A. They are now on the trip.B. They are going to make a tour all over the U.S. and Canada.C. July is drawing near.D. They are back now.3. We learn from the second paragraph that ________.A. they must have been illB. they must have brought a lot in the carC. they must have studied the map carefullyD. they must have lost their way4. It is quite clear that ________.A. the two friends will share a suitcaseB. they are sure to take some medicine with them on the tripC. the two friends will take turns (轮流) to driveD. they are wife and husband5. What will happen if they are caught in the rain?A. They will talk to people while it rains.B. They will go swimming.C. They will stay in a tent.D. They will have to stay in a hotel for the nightCThe word “sandwich” is an English word. Sandwich was an English ___1___. He lived in England about two hundred years ago. Sandwich had a lot of ___2___. He was very rich. But he liked ___3___ cards (扑克牌) for money. He often played ___4___ day and all night. ___5___ day he played twenty-four hours without stopping. He did not ___6___ the card table to eat. He asked his servant (仆人) to ___7___ him some meat and ___8___. So he put some meat between two pieces of bread. He did not want to stop ___9___ playing cards. From the name of this man, Sandwich, we have the “sandwich” ___10___.1. A. place B. man C. hat D. woman2. A. money B. books C. bread D. cards3. A. making B. keeping C. playing D. reading4. A. every B. each C. many D. all5. A. One B. Some C. Next D. Two6. A. left B. leave C. put D. show7. A. use B. brought C. bring D. take8. A. coffee B. tea C. fruit D. bread9. A. before B. when C. after D. what10. A. in shops B. today C. at home D. this yearDIt was Sunday afternoon. My brother and I were alone at home. My parents went for a party and asked me to look after my brother. I was doing my homework while my younger brother was watching TV. Suddenly the doorbell rang. My brother thought that it was our parents, so heopened the 1 quickly.A tall man wearing a black raincoat stood outside. He said that he came to 2 books and asked politely if our parents were at home.Wit hout thinking, my brother said, “No. ”Then the man asked if we would like to buy some story. books. I 3 him. When I wanted to close the door,he suddenly pushed the door very hard and came into our house. He took out a knife and 4 me to tie up my brothe r’s hands with a rope. I tied up his hands in a special way so my brother could untie himself 5 . The man then tied my hands up and locked both of us in the kitchen. Soon, he went upstairs to 6 money. I taught my brother to untie the rope on his hands. He then untied me. I rushed to the telephone to call the police, 7 the line was dead. The doors were all locked from the outside. It was lucky that the man 8 to lock the kitchen window. We got out of the house through the kitchen window and went to the nearest pay phone to call the police.Soon 9 came to our house and the man was caught. By that time, my parents had come home. We told them the whole story. My parents were 10 that we were not hurt. They told me that I should stop my brother from opening the door to strangers. I learnt a lesson on safety.1. A. window B. door C. book D. fridge2. A. read B. borrow C. sell D. buy3. A. asked B. gave C. told D. refused4. A. encouraged B. ordered C. allowed D. helped5. A. easily B. slowly C. quietly D. happily6. A. look for B. look after C. look into D. look at7. A. and B. so C. or D. but8. A. wanted B. remembered C. forgot D. failed9. A. my friends B. the police C. the neighbors D. my parents10. A. glad B. angry C. sad D. sorry小升初分班知识点串讲——一般现在时/现在进行时一般现在时一般现在时基本用法介绍功能:1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。
2022-2023学年小升初数学精讲精练专题汇编讲义第5讲比和比例知识点一:比1.比的意义:两个数相除又叫作两个数的比。
2.比的各部分名称及比的读法:4 : 5=4÷5=0.8↓↓↓↓前项比号后项比值3.比的基本性质:比的前项和后项同时乘以或除以相同的数(0除外),比值不变4.求比值与化简比(1)求比值:前项除以后项所得的商是比的结果,叫比值。
同类量的比,其比值没有单位名称; 不同类量的比,其比值有单位名称。
例如: 100千米:5时=20千米/时(2)化简比:比的前项和后项都是整数,并且是互质数,这样的比就是最简整数比。
把两个数的比化成最简整数比的,称为化简比或比的化简。
5.比与分数、除法的关系关系:比与分数相比,比的前项相当于分子,比的后项相当于分母,比值相当于分数值,比号相当于分数线;比与除法比较,比的前项相当于除法中的被除数,比的后项相当于除法中的除数,比值相当于商,比号相当于除号。
(1)比、分数和除法之间的联系与区别如下表所示:名称比分数除法联系前项分子被除法:(比号)一(分数线)÷(除号)后项分母除数比值分数值商知识精讲除法各部分间的关系可知,比的基本性质、分数的基本性质以及商不变的规律三者只是说法不同,其实质是一样的。
6.按比分配:(1)在工农业生产和日常生活中,常常需要把一个数量按照一定的比来进行分配,这种分配方法通常叫作按比分配。
(2)按比分配应用题的特征:已知总数量和部分数量的比,求各部分数量。
(3)常用的解题方法有两种:一种是先求总份数,再求各部分量占总量的几分之几,最后求各部分数量;另一种是先求每份是多少,再求几份是多少。
知识点二:比例1.比例的意义:表示两个比相等的式子叫做比例。
2.比例的各部分名称:组成比例的四个数,叫做比例的项。
两端的两项叫做外项,中间的两项叫做内项。
3.比例的基本性质:在比例里,两个外项的积等于两个内项的积。
这叫做比例的基本性质。
第5讲负数与数轴(思维导图+考点归纳+真题通关)1、负数任何正数前加上负号都等于负数。
在数轴线上负数都在0的左侧,所有的负数都比自然数小。
负数用负号“-”标记。
2、正数大于0的数叫正数,不包括0,数轴上0右边的数叫做正数若一个数大于零0,则称它是一个正数。
正数的前面可以加上正号“+”来表示。
正数有无数个,其中分为正整数、正分数和正小数。
3、0既不是正数,也不是负数,它是正、负数的界限。
正数都大于0,负数都小于0,正数大于一切负数。
4、画一条水平直线,在直线上取一点0叫做原点,选取某一长度作为单位长度,规定向右的方向为正方向,就得到了数轴。
5、从原点出发,朝正方向的射线(正半轴)上的点对应正数,相反方向的射线(负半轴)上的点对应负数,原点对应零。
一.选择题(共15小题)1.与直尺上最左端的“0”表示的意义相同的是()A.0.5吨中的0B.温度计上的0C︒C.足球比赛计分牌上“0:2”中的0D.24时计时法中的0时2.乒乓球被誉为我国的“国球”,在正规比赛中,乒乓球的标准质量为2.7克。
一位质检员检验乒乓球质量时,把一个超出标准质量0.15克的乒乓球记作0.15+,那么另一个低于标准质量0.03克的乒乓球记作()A.0.12+D.0.03+-C.0.12-B.0.033.箭头处表示的数是()A.0.7-B. 1.3-C.0.7D.14.点A为数轴上表示2-的点,当点A沿数轴移动4个单位长度到点B时,点B所表示的数为()A.2B.6-C.4D.2或6-5.在中学体育测试中,男生引体向上这项测试的满分是13次。
在一次引体向上模拟测试中小明的成绩是12次,记为“1-”。
如果小刚的成绩记为“3+”,则小刚所做引体向上的次数是()A.3B.10C.13D.166.文具店、书店和玩具店依次坐落在一条东西走向的大街上,文具店在书店西边20米处,玩具店位于书店东边100米处,小明从书店沿街向东走了40米,接着又向东走了60-米,此时小明的位置在()A.文具店B.玩具店C.文具店西40米处D.玩具店西60米处7.数m、n、t在数轴上的位置如图所示。
一、词汇
食物____________[fud]
早餐____________[ˈbrekfəst] 午餐____________[lʌntʃ]
晚餐____________[ˈdinə] [ˈsʌpə] 面条____________[ˈnu:dl]
米饭____________[rais] 肉____________[mi:t]
汤___________[su:p] 面包____________[bred]
牛肉____________[bi:f] 猪肉____________[pɔ:k]
羊肉____________[ˈmʌtn] 鸡肉____________[ˈtʃɪkən]
鱼____________[fiʃ] 牛奶____________[milk]
蛋___________[eɡ] 豆腐___________[ˈtəʊfu:]
蛋糕___________[keik] 热狗____________[hɔt dɔɡ]
汉堡包___________ [ˈhæmbə:ɡə] 炸薯条____________[frentʃfraɪz]
饮料___________[driŋk]
水____________ [ˈwɔ:tə] 冰淇淋___________[ais kri:m]
可乐____________ [kəʊk] 果汁___________ [kəʊk]
茶___________ [ti:] 咖啡 ____________ [ˈkɔfi]
水果____________ [fru:t]
苹果____________ ['æpl] 香蕉___________[bə'nɑ:nə]
梨___________ [peə(r)]草莓____________['strɔ:bərɪ] 葡萄___________[ɡre i p] 橙___________['ɒrɪndʒ] 西瓜____________ [ˈwɔ:təmelən] 桃___________[pi:tʃ]
二、语法
冠词一般用在名词的前面,对名词起限定作用,不能离开名词单独存在。
1、不定冠词a,an用在单数可数名词前面,泛指一类人或物中的任何一个。
①a用于辅音音素开头的名词之前。
e.g. a bed,a computer,a “U”
②an用于元音音素开头的名词之前。
e.g. an egg,an umbrella,an orange,an elephant,an idea,
an ice-cream
2、定冠词the用在单数或复数可数名词前,也可用在不可数名词前。
①表示特指的人或物前。
e.g. The man with a flower in his hand is Jack.
②指说话人双方都知道的人或物前。
e.g. Lily, close the door, please.
③在上文提到过,第二次又提到的人或物前。
e.g. There is a man under the tree. The man is called James.
①表示世界上独一无二的事物前。
e.g. The sun is bigger than the moon.
②用在序数词前面。
e.g. It is the first day of the new term.
③用在乐器名称前。
e.g. He often plays the violin at weekends.
④用在形容词最高级前。
e.g. Spring is the best season in a year.
⑤用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。
e.g. I went to the Great Wall last week.
⑨用在国家名称的缩写前。
e.g. He is from the UK.
3、零冠词:名词前不用冠词的情况。
在季节、月份、星期、节假日、三餐、球类或棋类运动前,通常不用冠词。
e.g. have breakfast ,play basketball,play chess
课堂练习:
一、用a、 an填空,不需要的地方不填
1. Gilbert is ________ taxi driver.
2. She is _______ housewife.
3. I'm ________ English.
4. He's ________ American policeman.
5. He is ________ cook.
6. Robert is ________ engineer.
7. He is ________ nurse. 8. She's ________ worker
9. ________ hour ________honest boy
10. ________useful book ________ usual day
11. ________ uncle ________ unhappy day
12. ________ one-year-old baby ________ “S”and ________ “F”
二、用适当的冠词填空
1、Here is ____ cup and ____glass. ____cup is small and ___glass is big.
2、Give me ___book, please.
3、Look! There’s____ policeman.
4、Mr. Jones isn’t ____ student. He’s _____ teacher. He’s ____very good teacher.
5、Sophie is ____French and she is ___beautiful girl.
6、This is Robert. He is ___new student.
7、What ____ is in your car?
It’s ____ Mini.
8、Give me ___ umbrella, please. ____ umbrella? Which one? That one.
9、Who is ___man in___ park?
____man in ____ park is ____ ice cream Man.
10、Give me ___cup, please, John.
Here you are.
Not ____ dirty one! ___ clean one, please.
三、选择填空
1.Mom tells her little daughter old story every night.
A. a
B. /
C. an
D. the
2. computer on the table is Susan’s.
A. A
B. An
C. The
D. /
3.There is map of the world on wall. map is mine.
A. a, a, A
B. a, the, The
C. the, the, The
D. the, the, A
4. Whites live on floor.
A. /, three
B. A, third
C. The, third
D.The, the third
5. Spring comes after winter.
A. /, /
B.The, /
C.The, the
D.A, the
6.I bought shoes yesterday. shoes are very beautiful.
A. a, The
B. a pair of, The
C. the, The
D. a pair, The pair
7.He was soldier in the Second World War.
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. /
8.She can play and .
A. the tennis, the guitar
B. tennis, guitar
C. the tennis, guitar
D. tennis, the guitar
9.I can see moon and clouds in the sky.
A. the, a
B. a, a
C. the, /
D. the, the
10. “c” is in “cat.”“s” is in “sat.”
A. An, An
B. An, A
C. A, A
D. A, An
11. Tian’anmen Square is in Beijing.
A. /, /
B. A, /
C. The, /
D. /, the
12.—Can you tell me nearest bookshop?
—Go straight and turn right at_______third crossing, and you will see it.
A. the, a
B. the, the
C. a, the
D. the, /。