Sociolinguistics and language teaching 优质课件

1.交际法英语教学和考试评估，徐强，上海外语教育出版社2002. 12.英语教学策略论，王笃勤外语教学与研究出版社2003. 93.语言问题求教集，王宗炎，外语教学与研究出版社2003.34.现代语言学的特点和发展趋势，戚雨村，上海外语教育出版社2001. 25. A New Introduction to Pragmatics新编语用学概要, 何兆熊, 上海外语教育出版社2001.86.中国大学生英语作文评改毛荣贵Dorine S.Houston 上海交通大学出版社1998. 47.英语教师行动研究，王蔷外语教学与研究出版社2002，118.Concise History of the English Language 英语简史, 费尔南德。

莫塞，水天同等译，外语教学与研究出版社，2000。

89.英语课堂教学形成性评价研究, 罗少茜，外语教学与研究出版社2003. 4nguage, Culture and Translating, Eugene A. Nida 上海外语教育出版社, 1999,911.The Learner-centered Curriculum A Study in Second Language Teaching, David Nunan 学习者为中心的课程研究, 上海外语教育出版社, 2000, 312.Linguistics, H.G. Widdowson语言学, 上海外语教育出版社, 2000, 313.Sociolinguistics, Bernard Spolsky社会语言学, 上海外语教育出版社, 2000, 314.Psycholinguistics, Thomas Scovel心理语言学上海外语教育出版社, 2000, 315.Second Language Acquisition, Rod Ellis第二语言习得, 上海外语教育出版社, 2000, 316.Pragmatics, George Y ule语用学上海外语教育出版社, 2000, 3nguage and Culture, Clair Kramsch语言与文化, 上海外语教育出版社, 2000, 318.英语词汇学教程, A Survey of English Lexicology, 汪榕培，卢晓娟，上海外语教育出版社, 1998, 419.The English Language，R. W.Burchfield，话说英语，牛津大学出版社，外研社1992, 120. A Survey of Modern Second Language Learning & Teaching, 王立菲，现代外语教学论，上海教育出版社, 2000,1121. A History of English Language Teaching, A. P.R. Howatt语言教学史, 上海外语教育出版社, 1999, 622.具有中国特色的英语教学法, 上海外语教育出版社, 2000, 823.Context and Culture in Language Teaching, Claire Kramsch语言教学的环境与文化, 上海外语教育出版社, 1999, 1224.Teaching Language as Communication, H. G. Widdowson语言教学交际法, 上海外语教育出版社, 1999, 1225.Aspects of Language Teaching, H. G. Widdowson语言教学面面观, 上海外语教育出版社,1999, 1226.Discourse and Literature, Guy Cook话语与文学, 上海外语教育出版社, 1999, 1227.外语教学心理学, 朱纯, 上海外语教育出版社, 2000, 328.V ocabulary, Semantics and Language Education词汇、语义学和语言教育, 外语教学与研究出版社，剑桥大学出版社Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Cambridge University Press29.Principles of Course Design for Language Teaching, Hatch and Brown语言教学课程设计原理, 外语教学与研究出版社，剑桥大学出版社Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Cambridge University Press30.Principles of Language Learning and Teaching, Yalden语言学习与语言教学的原则, 外语教学与研究出版社，剑桥大学出版社Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,Cambridge University Press31.Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Linguistics: A Handbook for Language Teaching,Johnson and Johnson应用语言学百科词典：语言教学手册, 外语教学与研究出版社，剑桥大学出版社Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Cambridge University Press 32. A Course in Language Teaching Practice and Theory, Ur 语言教学教程：实践与理论, 外语教学与研究出版社，剑桥大学出版社Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Cambridge University Press剑桥应用语言学丛书（外研社）General Linguistics普通语言学Aronoff, M．et aI．(eds) The Handbook of Linguistics语言学综览Beaugrande，R．D．Linguistic Theory：The Discourse of Fundamental Works语言学理论：对基要原著的语篇研究Bloomfield．L．Language语言论Poole，S．An Introduction to the study of Speech语言学入门Radford，A．et a1．Linguistics：An Introduction语言学教程Robins．R．H General Linguistics普通语言学概论Spair，E Language: An Introduction to the Studyof Speech 语言论：言语研究导论Saussure．F．D Course in General Linguistics普通语言学教程Yule．G The Study of Language Second edition语言研究Phonetics and Phonology 语音学与音系学Chen．M．Y Tome Sandhi：Patterns across Chinese Dialects汉语方言的连读变调模式Clark，J．et al An htroduction to Phonetics and PhonologySecond edition语音学与音系学入门Cruttenden，A．(ed) Gimson’s Pronunciation of English Sixth Edition吉姆森英语语音教程Gussenhoven．C．et al Understanding Phonology音系学通解Kager．R Optimality Theory 优选论Roach．P English Phonetics and Phonology：A Practical Course Secondedition 英语语音学与音系学实用教程Syntax句法学Baltin，M．et a1．(eds) The Handbook of Contemporary Syntactic Theory当代句法理论通览Chomsky，N Knowledge of Language：Its Nature，Origin，and Use语言知识：其性质、来源及使用Cook．V Chomsky's Universal Grammar：An Introduction Second edition乔姆斯基的普遍语法教程Ouhalla，J Introducing Transformational Grammar：From Principles and Parametersto Minimalism Second edition转换生成语法导论：从原则参数到最简方案Radford．A Syntax：A Minimalist Introduction句法学：最简方案导论Radford．A Transformational Grammar：A First Course转换生成语法教程Smith．N Chomsky：Ideas and Ideals乔姆斯基：思想与理想Semantics语义学Lappin，S．(ed) The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory当代语义理论指南Lyons,J Linguistic Semantics An Introduction语义学引论Saeed，J．I Semantics语义学Morphology 形态学Matthews．P．H．Morphology Second edition形态学Packard，J．L The Morphology of Chinese：A Linguistic and Cognitive Approach 汉语形态学：语言认知研究法Pragmatics 语用学Mey，J．L． Pragmatic：An Introduction Second edition语用学引论Levinson．S．C Pragmatics语用学Peccei，J．S Pragmatics语用学Sperber，D．et al Relevance：Communication and Cognition Second edition关联性：交际与认知Verschueren，J Understanding Pragmatics语用学新解Discourse Analysis话语分析Brown．G．et al Discourse Analysis话语分析Gee，J．P An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory & Method话语分析入门：理论与方法Philosophy 0f Language语言哲学Austin，J．L How to Do Things with Words Second edition如何以言行事Grice．H．P Studies in the Way of Words言辞用法研究Searle，J．R Speech Acts：An Essay in the Philosophy of Language言语行为：语言哲学论Searle，J．R Expression and Meaning：Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts表述和意义：言语行为研究Language 0rigin语言起源Aitchison，J． The Seeds of Speech：Language Origin and Evolution言语的萌发：语言起源与进化History of Linguistics语言学史Robins，R．H． A Short History of Linguistics Fourth edition语言学简史Lexicography词典学Bej 0int，H Modern Lexicography：An Introduction现代词典学入门Cowie．A．P English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners：A History英语学习词典史Hartmann．R．R．K．et al Dictionary of Lexicography词典学词典Stylistics文体学Leech．G．N A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry英诗学习指南：语言学的分析方法Leech．G．N．et al Style in Fiction：A Linguistic Introduction to English FictionalProse小说文体论：英语小说的语言学入门Thomborrow，J．et al Patterns in Language：Stylistics for Students of Language andLiterature语言模式：文体学入门Wright，L．et al Stylistics：A Practical Coursebook 实用文体学教程Typology语言类型学Croft．W．Typology and Universals语言类型学与普遍语法特征Anthropological Linguistics人类语言学Foley，W．An Anthropological Linguistics: An Introduction人类语言学入门Sociolinguistics 社会语言学Coulmas，F．(ed) The Handbook of Sociolinguistics社会语言学通览Crystal．D English as a Global Language英语：全球通用语Fasold．R The Sociolinguistics of Language社会语言学Hudson．R．A Sociolinguistics Second edition社会语言学教程Wardhaugh，R Introduction to Sociolinguistics Third edition社会语言学引论Psycholinguistics心理语言学Aitchison，J The Articulate Mammal：An Introduction to PsycholinguisticsFourth edition 会说话的哺乳动物：心理语言学入门Carroll．D．W Psychology of Language Third edition语言心理学Intercultural Communication文化交际Samovar．L．A．et al Communication Between Cultures Second edition跨文化交际Scollon．R．et aI． Intercultural Communication：A Discourse Analysis跨文化交际：语篇分析法Translatology 翻译学Taylor Baker．M． In Other Words：A Coursebook on Translation换言之：翻译教程Bell．R．T Translation and Translating：Theory and Practice翻译与翻译过程：理论与实践Cognitive Linguistics认知语言学Taylor，J．R Linguistic Categorization：Prototypes in Linguistic TheorySecond edition 语言的范畴化：语言学理论中的类典型Ungerer，F．et al An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics认知语言学入门Functional Linguistics功能语言学Bloor．T．et al The Functional Analysis of English：A Hallidayan Approach英语的功能分析：韩礼德模式Halliday，M．A．K An Introduction to functional Grammar Second edition功能语法导论Leech．G．N Halliday，M．A．K Language as Social Semiotic：The Social Interpretationof Language and Meaning作为社会符号的语言：从社会角度诠释语言与意义Halliday，M．A．K．et al Cohesive English英语的衔接Thompson．G Introducing Functional Grammar功能语法入门Historical Linguistics历史语言学Lehmann，W．P． Historical Linguistics：An Introduction Third edition历史语言学导论Trask．R．L Historical Linguistics历史语言学Corpus Linguistics语料库语言学Biber．D．et a1． Corpus Linguistics 语料库语言学Kennedv，G． An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics语料库语言学入门Statistics in Linguistics语言统计学Woods．A．et al． Statistics in Language Studies 语言研究中的统计学History of the English Language 英语史Baugh．A．C．et al A History of the English Language Fourth Edition英语史Freeborn．D From old EnglishtoStandard Englishecond edition英语史：从古代英语到标准英语First Language Acquisition 第一语言习得Foster-Cohen，S．H． An Introduction to Child Language Development儿童语言发展引论Goodluck．H． Language Acquisition：A Linguistic Introduction从语言学的角度看语言习得Peccel，J．S． Child Language New edition 儿童语言Second Language Acquisition第二语言习得Cohen．A．D Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language学习和运用第二语言的策略Cook．V Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition语言学和第二语言习得Cook．V Second Language Learning and Language Teaching Second edition 第二语言学习与教学James，C Errors in Language Learning and Use：Exploring Error Analysis语言学习和语言使用中的错误：错误分析探讨Larsen-Freeman．D．et a1 An Introduction Second Language Acquisition Research第二语言习得研究概况Nunan．D Second Language Teaching and Learning第二语言教与学Reid，J．M Learning Styles in the ESL／EFL Classroom ESL／EFL英语课堂上的学习风格Richards，J．C．et al Reflective Teaching in Second Language Classrooms第二语言课堂教学反思Language Education语言教育Brown．H．D Principles of Language Learning and Teaching Third edition语言学习和语言教学的原则Brown．H．D Teaching by Principles： An Interactive Approach to LanguagePedagogy 根据原理教学：交互式语言教学Brown，J．D The Elements of Language Curriculum: A Systematic Approach to Program Development语言教学大纲要素：课程设计系统法Harmer，J How to Teach English怎样教英语Hatch，E．et a1 Vocabulary, Semantics and Language Education词汇、语义学和语言教育Johnson，K An Introduction to Foreign Language Learning and Teaching外语学习与教学导论Richards，J．et a1 Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching语言教学的流派Trudgill，P．et al International English Third edition英语：国际通用语Ur．P A Course in Language Teaching：Practice and Theory语言教学教程：实践与理论Research Method研究方法McDonotlgh，J．et al Research Methods for English Language Teachers英语教学科研方法Slade．C Form and Style：Research Papers，Reports，Theses Tenth edition如何写研究论文与学术报告Thomas，J．et al. (eds) Using Corpora，for Language Research用语料库研究语言Wray，A．et al Projects in Linguistics：A Practical Guide to Researching Language 语言学课题：语言研究实用指南Testing测试学Alderson，J．C．et al Language Test Construction and Evolution语言测试的设计与评估Bachman，L．F．et al Interfaces between Second Language Acquisition and LanguageTesting Research 第二语言习得与语言测试研究的接口Davies。

「当代国外语言学与应用语言学文库」详细书单，你读过几本？丨语言学午餐近年来，研究语言学和应用语言学的人多了；开设这方面专业的高校也多了，语言学硕士生和博士生也多了。

就是不以此为专业，学习语言学和应用语言学的也不乏其人。

为了给从事这个专业的师生提供便利，同时又帮助一般外语教师、涉外工作者以及汉语研究者开阔思路，扩大视野，提高效率，外研社献上了一套内容崭新而丰富的丛书——英文版《当代国外语言学与应用语言学文库》。

它覆盖了语言学与应用语言学26个分支学科。

这批书是各地有关专家教授反复研究之后精选出来的。

出版这样大规模的语言学与应用语言学丛书，这在我国语言学界和外语教学界是破天荒第一次。

详细目录：The Handbook of Linguistics语言学综览 72.90元Linguistic Theory: The Discourse of Fundamental Works语言学理论:对基要原著的语篇研究 37.90元Language语言论 49.90An Introduction to Linguistics语言学入门 19.90元Linguistics: An Introduction语言学教程 38.90元General Linguistics Fourth edition普通语言学概论 41.90元Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech语言论:言语研究导论 19.90元Course in General Linguistics普通语言学教程 24.90 元The Study of Language Second edition语言研究 28.90元Tone Sandhi: Patterns across Chinese Dialects汉语方言的连读变调模式 49.90元An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology Second edition 语音学与音系学入门 38.90 元Gimson's Pronunciation of English Sixth edition吉姆森英语语音教程 33.90 元Understanding Phonology音系学通解 28.90 元Optimality Theory优选论 42.90 元English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course Second edition英语语音学与音系学实用教程 25.90 元The Handbook of Contemporary Syntactic Theory当代句法理论通览 76.90 元Knowledge of Language: Its Nature， Origin， and Use语言知识:其性质，来源及使用 29.90元Chomsky's Universal Grammar: An Introduction Second edition乔姆斯基的普遍语法教程 34.90 元Introducing Transformational Grammar: From Principles and Parameters to Minimalism Second edition转换生成语法导论:从原则参数到最简方案 43.90元Syntax: A Minimalist Introduction句法学:最简方案导论 26.90 元Transformational Grammar: A First Course转换生成语法教程 56.90 元Chomsky: Ideas and Ideals乔姆斯基: 思想与理想 25.90元The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory当代语义理论指南 61.90 元Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction语义学引论 35.90 元Semantics语义学 34.90 元Morphology Second edition形态学 23.90 元The Morphology of Chinese: A Linguistic and CognitiveApproach汉语形态学: 语言认知研究法 31.90元Pragmatics: An Introduction Second edition语用学引论 35.90元Pragmatics语用学 38.90 元Pragmatics语用学 13.90 元Relevance: Communication and Cognition Second edition 关联性:交际与认知 31.90元Understanding Pragmatics语用学新解 28.90元Discourse Analysis话语分析 27.90元An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory & Method 话语分析入门:理论与方法 17.90元How to Do Things with Words Second edition如何以言行事 18.90元Studies in the Way of Words言辞用法研究 36.90元Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language言语行为:语言哲学论 19.90元Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts表述和意义: 言语行为研究 21.90元The Seeds of Speech: Language Origin and Evolution言语的萌发:语言起源与进化 28.90元A Short History of Linguistics Fourth edition语言学简史 27.90元Modern Lexicography: An Introduction现代词典学入门 26.90元English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A History英语学习词典史 22.90元Dictionary of Lexicography词典学词典 16.90元A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry英诗学习指南:语言学的分析方法 24.90元Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose小说文体论:英语小说的语言学入门 37.90元Patterns in Language: Stylistics for Students of Language and Literature语言模式:文体学入门 24.90元Stylistics: A Practical Coursebook实用文体学教程 22.90元Typology and Universals语言类型学与普遍语法特征 28.90元Anthropological Linguistics: An Introduction 人类语言学入门 45.90元The Handbook of Socialinguistics社会语言学通览 46.90 元English as a Global Language英语:全球通用语 15.90 元The Sociolinguistics of Language社会语言学 32.90元Sociolinguistics Second edition社会语言学教程 24.90元Introduction to Sociolinguistics Third edition社会语言学引论 34.90元The Articulate Mammal: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics Fourth edition会说话的哺乳动物:心理语言学入门 29.90元Psychology of Language Third edition语言心理学 41.90元Communication Between Cultures Second edition跨文化交际 28.90元Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach跨文化交际:语篇分析法 25.90元In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation换言之:翻译教程 27.90元Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice翻译与翻译过程:理论与实践 28.90元Linguistic Categorization: Prototypes in Linguistic Theory Second edition语言的范畴化:语言学理论中的类典型 31.90元An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics认知语言学入门 31.90元The Functional Analysis of English: A Hallidayan Approach 英语的功能分析:韩礼德模式 27.90元An Introduction to Functional Grammar Second edition功能语法导论 41.90元Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning作为社会符号的语言:从社会角度诠释语言与意义 24.90元Cohesion in English英语的衔接 35.90元Introducing Functional Grammar功能语法入门 25.90元Historical Linguistics: An Introduction Third edition 历史语言学导论 33.90元Historical Linguistics历史语言学 41.90元Corpus Linguistics语料库语言学 27.90元An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics语料库语言学入门 28.90元Statistics in Language Studies语言研究中的统计学 29.90元A History of the English Language Fourth edition英语史 41.90元From Old English to Standard English Second edition 英语史:从古代英语到标准英语 42.90元An Introduction to Child Language Development儿童语言发展引论 22.90元Language Acquisition: A Linguistic Introduction从语言学的角度看语言习得 22.90元Child Language New edition儿童语言 13.90元Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language 学习和运用第二语言的策略 28.90元Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition语言学和第二语言习得 28.90元Second Language Learning and Language Teaching Second edition第二语言学习与教学 22.90元Errors in Language Learning and Use: Exploring Error Analysis语言学习和语言使用中的错误:错误分析探讨 29.90元An Introduction to Second Language Acquisition Research 第二语言习得研究概况 36.90元Second Language Teaching and Learning第二语言教与学 31.90元Learning Styles in the ESL/EFL ClassroomESL/EFL英语课堂上的学习风格 26.90元Principles of Language Learning and T eaching Third edition 语言学习与语言教学的原则 32.90元Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy根据原理教学:交互式语言教学 42.90元The Elements of Language Curriculum: A Systematic Approach to Program Development语言教学大纲要素:课程设计系统法 25.90元How to Teach English怎样教英语 19.90元Vocabulary， Semantics and Language Education词汇，语义学和语言教育 42.90元An Introduction to Foreign Language Learning and Teaching 外语学习与教学导论 31.90元Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching语言教学的流派 16.90元International English Third edition英语:国际通用语 16.90元A Course in Language Teaching: Practice and Theory语言教学教程:实践与理论 33.90元Research Methods for English Language Teachers英语教学科研方法 26.90元Form and Style: Research Papers， Reports and Theses Tenthedition如何写研究论文与学术报告 26.90元Using Corpora for Language Research用语料库研究语言 28.90元Projects in Linguistics: A Practical Guide to Researching Language语言学课题:语言研究实用指南 29.90元Language Test Construction and Evaluation语言测试的设计与评估 27.90元Interfaces between Second Language Acquisition and Language Testing Research第二语言习得与语言测试研究的接口 19.90元Dictionary of Language Testing语言测试词典 25.90元A Guide to Language Testing: Development， Evaluation and Research语言测试指南:发展，评估与研究 19.90元Writing English Language Tests New edition英语测试 19.90元Assessment and Testing: A Survey of Research评估与测试:研究综述 26.90元Academic Writing 学术写作About Language: A Reader for Writers Fifth edition谈语言:写作读本 34.90元Principles of Course Design for Language Teaching语言教学课程设计原理 19.90元Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English朗文英语口语和笔语语法 99.90元Grammaticalization语法化学说 26.90元Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics语言与语言学辞典 46.90元The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language Second edition剑桥语言百科全书 79.00元Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Linguistics: A Handbook for Language Teaching应用语言学百科词典:语言教学手册 36.90元Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics朗文语言教学及应用语言学辞典(英英· 英汉双解) 44.90元。

社会语言学理论指导下的英语语言学习摘要：社会语言学是一门从社会的视角出发研究语言的学科。

在社会语言学理论指导下，英语语言学习者可以更好地了解英语文化、明确学习目的、开拓学习思路，实现用英语沟通的学习目标。

关键词：社会语言学理论文化学习网络语言社会语言学（Sociolinguistics ）是美国语言学家哈佛·丘里（H.Currie ）在1952年发表的论文《社会语言学的设计：语言和社会阶层的关系》（ A Projection of Sociolinguistics：the Relationship of Speech to Social Status）中最先提出的。

之后，在1964年5月，美国召开首届社会语言学大会，会议论文集《社会语言学》在次年的出版标志着社会语言学的诞生。

社会语言学是研究语言与社会多方面关系的学科，它从不同社会科学（诸如社会学、人类学、民族学、心理学、地理学、历史学等）的角度去考察语言，探讨语言与社会的相互关系，突出交际能力，研究各种语言变异，揭示语言使用与文化因素之间的交互作用。

社会语言学理论研究同英语语言学习之间有着紧密的联系。

杨永林指出：首先，从理论借鉴角度看，美国社会语言学家Dell Hymes的交际教学法、拉波夫所首创的社会语言学变体理论等都为外语学习提供了借鉴；其次，Preston的《社会语言学与二语习得》、Wolfson的《多维视野：社会语言学与英语教学》等多部专著的出版充分证明了英语学习者必须考虑社会语言学这一影响语言学习的重要因素，必须充分运用社会语言学的理论、方法指导英语语言学习，才能起到事半功倍的效果。

一、社会语言学相对论理论指导学习范畴19世纪英国人类学家Edward Tylor在《原始文化》一书中指出，所谓文化乃是包括语言、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及包括作为社会成员的个人而获得的其他任何能力、习惯在内的一种综合体。

无论哪一个国家或民族的文化，都具有相对于其他国家或民族不同的一些特征，也就是说文化的价值观、准则和信仰等必须为一个群体、一个社会的人们共同接受和遵循，即具有共享性，才能成为文化。

大连外国语学院2006年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题学科专业：英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学（英语）考试科目：语言学（A卷）考生请注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，将标号写清楚。

写在试卷上不给分。

I. Mark the following statements with T if they are true or F if they false(20 points)1. The design features of human languages include only creativity and displacement.2. The bow-wow theory, the pooh-pooh theory and the “yo-he-ho” theory are well-established theory with adequate supportive evidences.3. Recreational function and metalingual function are the most important functions of language.4. Phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics are branches of linguistics.5. Macrolinguistics is of interdisciplinary nature.6. Articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics and auditory phonetics study speech sounds.7. Fictive is among the eleven places of articulation which are distinguished on the IPA chart.8. A physically definable unit, the common factor underlying a set of forms, and a grammatical unit are used to discuss the definition of “word”.9. Broadening, narrowing, meaning shift, class shift and semantic change contribute to change in sentence meaning.10. In Saussure’s view, language is a system of sings, each of which consists of two parts: SIGNIFIED (sound image) and SIGNIFER (concept).11. Syntax refers to the study of the rules governing the ways sounds are combined to form sentences in a language.12. There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized－sameness relation, oppositeness relation and inclusiveness relation with the technical terms of synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy respectively.13. Pairs of words like buy-sell and lend-borrow belong to complementary antonymy.14. Cognitive psycholinguistics is concerned with making inferences about the content of the human mind.15. The theory of CONTEXT OF SITUATION can be summarized as follows: the relevant features of the participants, the relevant object and the effects of the verbal action.16. Austin claims that there are two types of sentences: performatives and constatives.17. The part of linguistics that studies the language of literature is termed literary stylistics.18. CAI aims at seeing educational problems on the part of the teacher, whereas CAL emphasizes the use of a computer in both teaching and learning in order to help the learner achieve educational objectives.19. Communicative Competence has two components: appropriateness and performance.20. An important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of FUCTION.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word with the hint of the initial letter (20points)1. A______ of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes learning a language laborious. For learners of a foreign language , it is this feature of language that is more worth noticing than its arbitrariness.2. Speaking of the manners of articulation, p______ is complete closure of the articulators involved so that the airstream cannot escape through the mouth..3. V______ is made with the back of the tongue and the soft palate. An example in English is [k] as in “cat”.4. The principle of a______ creation can account for the co-existence of two forms, regular and irregular, in the conjugation of some English verbs.5. G______ is a type of control over the form of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions.6. P______ logic is the study of the truth conditions for propositions: how the truth ofa composite proposition is determined by the truth of value of its constituent propositions and the connections between them.7. The principle of r______ is defined as every act of ostensive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance.8. Assonance describes s______ with a common vowel (cVc).9. The type of l______ constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as interlanguage.10. E______ is the grammatically incorrect form; mistake appears when the language is correct grammatically but improper in a communicational context.III. Mark the choice that best completes the statement (20points)1. The dog barks wow wow in English but wangwangwang in Chinese. This indicates the ______ relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning.A. arbitraryB. dualC. creativeD. displaced2. The _______function of language is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.A. recreationalB. emotiveC. interpersonalD. performative3. ______ are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.A. V owelsB. Semi-vowelsC. ConsonantsD. Semi-consonants4. There are two possibilities of assimilation. If a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, we call it ____ assimilation.A. progressiveB. precedingC. precedingD. regressive5. The term ___ refers to those words that consist of more than one lexical morpheme, or the way to join two separation words to produce a single form.A. compoundB. derivationC. inventionD. blending6. ___ refers to a type of word-forming where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language.A. BorrowingB. Back-formationC. AcronymD. Analogical creation7. ___, also known agreement, maybe defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.A. tenseB. aspectC. concordD. government8. The ___ construction is defined as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents, such as “on the shelf”.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate9. The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the ___ theory.A. integratedB. sense relationC. subordinateD. coordinate10. Ogden and Richards proposes a theory that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct, but it is mediated by ____.A. triangleB. conceptC. meaningD. referential11. ___ describes the additional ease with which a word is accessed due to its more frequent usage in the language.A. Cohort TheoryB. Frequency EffectC. Recency EffectD. Context Effect12. General context effect occurs when our ___ knowledge about the world influences language comprehension.A. generalB. specificC. discourseD. text13. Language may determine our thinking patterns. This is part of the ___.A. Sapir-Whorf HypothesesB. Cross-Cultural Communication theoryC. Context of situation theoryD. Ethnography of Communication theory14. ____ may be said to equivalent to speaker’s meaning, contextual meaning, or extra meaning.A. LocutionaryB. Perloculationary ActC. Illocutionary principleD. Performatives15. Which of the following are not the four categories of maxims introduced by Grice?A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. obscurity16. Make your contribution necessary and say no more than you must. This is the ___ proposed by Horn.A. Q-principleB. R-principleC. Cooperative principleD. Q-based principle17. The person who tells the story may also be a character in the fictional world of the story, relating the story after the event. In this case, the critics call the narrator ___. A. third-person narrator B. I-narratorC. First narratorD. Indirect narrator18. ___ deals with the principles and practice of using a large body of machine-readable texts in language study.A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. PragmaticsD. Corpus linguistics19. Classified by different aims, there are four types of test. Which is not one of them?A. AptitudeB. Attitude testC. Proficiency testD. achievement test20. Chomsky believes that language is somewhat innate, and that children are born with what he calls a ___.DB.MTC. S→R R→SD. ESTⅣ. Match each in Column A with a term in Column B that best describes it (10 points)Ⅴ. Write out the scholar that is closely connected with the concept or theory (10 points)Ⅵ. Analyze two possible interpretations of the following ambiguous expressions by IC Analysis (10 points) Leave the boy at homeⅦ. Explain the following concepts or theories (20 points)1. Language and parole (4 points)2. Morpheme (4 points)3. Explain the three major strands of psycholinguistics research comprehension, production and acquisition (4 points)4. Stress (at word level) (4 points)5. Computational linguistics (4 points)Ⅷ. Essay questions (40 points)1. Illustrate arbitrariness of language with examples. (10 points)2. What is “compound”? Illustrate it with examples from English. (10 points)3. Illustrate Austin’s claim about the type of sentences “performtives”. (10 points)4. What are the contributions of sociolinguistics to language teaching? (10 points)。

sociolinguistics语言学定义Sociolinguistics is a subfield of linguistics that focuses on the study of language in its social context. It examines how language is used and how it varies across different social groups, communities, and cultures. Sociolinguistics explores the relationship between language and society, and how language reflects and shapes social identity, power dynamics, and social interactions.One of the key areas of study in sociolinguistics is language variation. Language variation refers to the fact that language is not uniform but varies in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar across different regions, social classes, age groups, and ethnicities. Sociolinguists investigate how and why these variations occur and what they reveal about social factors such as social class, gender, ethnicity, and age.Another important aspect of sociolinguistics is language attitudes and ideologies. Language attitudes refer to people's opinions and evaluations of different languages or language varieties. Sociolinguists examine how language attitudes are shaped by social factors and how they influence language use and language policies. Language ideologies, on the other hand, refer to the beliefs and values associated with particular languages or language varieties. Sociolinguists analyze howlanguage ideologies influence language choices, language maintenance or shift, and language planning.Sociolinguistics also explores language and identity. Language is a fundamental aspect of individual and group identity, and sociolinguists investigate how language use and language choices contribute to the construction and negotiation of social identities. Language can be a marker of social class, ethnicity, gender, and other social categories, and sociolinguists examine how language is used to express and negotiate these identities.Power and language is another important area of study in sociolinguistics. Language is not only a means of communication but also a tool of power and social control. Sociolinguists investigate how language is used to assert dominance, maintain social hierarchies, and reproduce inequalities. They examine how language choices and language policies can reflect and perpetuate power imbalances and social inequalities.Sociolinguistics also examines language change and language contact. Language is constantly evolving, and sociolinguists study how and why languages change over time. They investigate the social factors thatdrive language change, such as contact with other languages, migration, and social mobility. Sociolinguists also analyze language contact situations, where different languages come into contact and influence each other, leading to the emergence of new linguistic varieties.In addition to these main areas of study, sociolinguistics also explores language and education, language planning and policy, language and globalization, and language and technology. Sociolinguists investigate how language is taught and learned in educational settings, how language policies are formulated and implemented, how language is affected by globalization processes, and how technology impacts language use and communication.Overall, sociolinguistics provides valuable insights into the complex relationship between language and society. It helps us understand how language is used, how it varies, and how it reflects and shapes social identities, power dynamics, and social interactions. By studying sociolinguistics, we can gain a deeper understanding of the role of language in our everyday lives and in the broader social context.。

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Understanding of Sociolinguistics1 Introduction (1)2 Some definitions of sociolinguistics (1)3 The scope of sociolinguistic study (2)4 The comment on Fishman’s definition of sociolinguistics (2)5 Conclusion (3)References (3)Abstract：Sociolinguistics has drawn more and more attention since it became an independent discipline in 1960s．But scholars from various disciplines look at sociolinguistics from different perspectives，and carry out sociolinguistic study in different ways．This paper tries to understand sociolinguistics in terms of its definitions and the scope of sociolinguistic study to point out the lack of comprehensiveness in Fishman’s view on the definition of sociolinguistics．Key words：sociolinguistics；definitions；scope；lack of comprehensiveness1 IntroductionThough the social aspect of language attracted early attention，it was not until the mid 1960s that sociolinguistics became an independent discipline with its representatives William Labor and Dell Hymes．It has become an indispensable course in linguistic study together with syntax，phonetics and phonology, semantics. etc．．But scholars from various disciplines have different answers to the questions：‘What is sociolinguistics?’，‘What does the sociolinguist do?’，‘What content should be included in sociolinguistic study?’，and ‘What methods should be adopted in carrying out sociolinguistic study?’．Fishman argued that sociolinguistics is the name commonly given to the study of who speaks (or writes) what language (or what language variety) to whom and when and to what end (cited from Wardhaugh，R．1986：16)．Before we make any comment on this view，it is necessary to have a basic knowledge about the definitions of sociolinguistics and the scope of sociolinguistic study．2 Some definitions of sociolinguisticsSociolinguistics is a cross—disciplinary subject．Linguists and sociolinguists are not the only researchers involved in studies of language in society．Scholars such as anthropologists，psychologists，educators，and planners have an interest too．They study the socio—cultural aspect of language from different angles and come up with different understanding．Peter Trudgill says that sociolinguistics is a science that combines linguistic and social concerns in varying degrees (cited from Fasold，R．1990：FS0)．This view seems to p1ay sociolinguistics at a high level by considering it “a science”, but is vague in the failure to specify the “varying degrees”．William Labov defines sociolinguistics as the secular linguistics．While William Downes sees sociolinguistics as that branch of linguistics which studies just those properties of language and languages which require reference to social，including contextua1 factors in their explanation．To quote Holmes’ view，sociolinguistics is concerned with the relationship between language and the context in which it is used．Gumperz states that sociolinguistics is an attempt to find relations between social structure and linguistic structure and to observe any changes that occur．This definition covers a broad range，therefore is more inclusive of the scope of sociolinguistic study．Susan Pinlips in 1980 defines sociolinguistics b riefly as the ‘study of the ways in which a person’s speech conveys social information’．This view manifests that language is a social behavior．People’sdifferent choices of linguistic forms may reflect their different social background．Wolfson expresses his view by saying that sociolinguistics is the study of the interplay of linguistic，social，and cultural factors in human communication．In Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching ＆Applied Linguistics, sociolinguistics is defined as the study of language in relation to social factors, that is, social class，educational level and type of education, Age, sex，ethnic origins，etc．(Richard，J．C．1992：425)．It seems that there is no agreement on the exact definition of sociolinguistics，just like what Dell Hymes has claimed：“Different people may have different understanding of the term ‘sociolinguistics’．Therefore，no one has the patent for its definition.”(cited in Fasold．1990：F 12) But however different views scholars hold，they are ready to agree at least one point．That is，sociolinguistics studies the relation between language and society．Whatever sociolinguistics is，it must be oriented toward both data and theory．But still scholars will come up with different answers to the question ‘What content should be included in sociolinguistic study?’．3 The scope of sociolinguistic studyWe can generally divide sociolinguistic study into the broad sense and the narrow sense．The former is also widely called the macro-sociolinguistics，and the latter micro-sociolinguistics．To make the division clear, Wolfson compared sociolinguistic study to a sort of telescope through which language behavior may be studied in its socio-cultural context．In looking through the small end of the telescope，we view speech at the level of face-to-face interaction，and this type of study is called micro-sociolinguistics．By looking through the large end of the sociolinguistic telescope，we are able to see the workings of language contact，choice，use，maintenance，and change at the social level，a field of study called the sociology of language or macro-sociolinguistics．Hudson in 1980 made a distinction between sociolinguistics and the sociology of language in stating that the former is the study of language in relation to society while the later is the study of society in relation to language(cited in Wardhaugh，R．1986：12-13). That is to say．sociolinguistics can be studied either from the perspective of language or from that of society．Hudson further argues that the influence which society exerts on language is the major concern of sociolinguistic study．Some scholars also classify sociolinguistic study into the theoretical research model and the practical research mode1．But no matter how scholars define and understand sociolinguistics，it is generally agreed that sociolinguistic study mainly deals with social variation, language varieties，the differences of language use conventions，and the socio-cultural factors that contribute to the variation, varieties and differences．Social variation in language including the variation of region，social class, register, style，age and sex has been one of the major focuses of sociolinguistics since its formation in the early 1960．Language variety has been and still is the main concern of sociolinguistics，but the scope of sociolinguistic study may be very wide such that it can cover almost everything．Sociolinguistics is an empirical science．it must be founded on an adequate data base．This requires that when we are considering sociolinguistics，we should take the various kinds of research methods Into account．It is better to collect data through observing naturally occurring linguistic events．The ethnomethodology makes one significant contribution to the development of sociolinguistic study．4 The comment on Fishman’s definition of so ciolinguisticsFishman says that sociolinguistics is the name commonly given to the study of who speaks(or writes)what language (or what language variety)to whom and when and to what end．The American sociolinguist Nessa Wolfson shares the similar view with Fishman in generalizing the scope of sociolinguistics to be‘Who says what to whom，when and how’(cited from Hudson．1980：F14)．Brief as Fishman’s definition is，it includes the major elements in sociolinguistics:“what” representsthe language or language variety．“who”, “whom”, “when”and “to what end”represent those social variables．This may be better understood by considering the four components that influence linguistic choices，namely，the participants，the setting or social context of the interaction．the topic and the function(Holmes，Janet．1997：12)．Hymes’s SPEAKING theory may also be adopted to account for Fishman’s definition to some extent．In spite of its brevity and reasonableness，this definition is not comprehensive enough to inform us the nature of sociolinguistics，the relationship between it and the sociology of language or other disciplines．Neither does it cover the broad range of the scope of sociolinguistic study．It looks at sociolinguistics from the viewpoint of interpersonal interactions，and covers social variation and language variety, thus belongs to the scope of micro-sociolinguistics．To mention only the language variety does not make the whole story．It also fails to mention the research methods and the theoretical base of sociolinguistic study．Therefore，Fishman’s definition can not provide us with an overall and thorough understanding of sociolinguistics．5 ConclusionThough scholars from various disciplines have shown great interest in the socio—cultural aspect of language，different researchers define sociolinguistics differently and come up with different understanding．In fact，sociolinguistic study is characterized by a wide variety or inclusiveness of its research scope．Cf．McGregor argues that as long as we are fully aware of this point，questions like “How to define sociolinguist ics?” and “What content should be included in sociolinguistic study?” seem to be not very imperative and important(quoted in Fasold，R．1990：F12)．References1, Downes, William，1998．Language and Society【M】．2nd edition．Cambridge：CUP．2, Fasold，R．1 990 The Sociolinguistics【M】．Oxford：Blackwell Publishers Ltd．3, Holmes．Janet．I 997．An Introduction to Sociolinguistics【M】．New York：Longman Ltd．4, Hudson，R．A．1 980．Sociolinguistics【M】．2-edition．Cambridge：CUP．5, Richards，C．J．and Platt，J．and Platt，H．1 992．Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching＆Applied Linguistics【M】．New York：Longman Ltd．6, Salzmann，Zdenek．1993．Language．Culture．& Social An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology 【M】．Boulder：Westview Press，Inc．7, Trask，R．L．I999．Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics【M】．London；Routledge．8, Wardhaugh．R．1986．An Introduction to Sociolinguistics：Issues of Society and Schooling 【M】．Oxford：Basil Blackwel1．9, Wardhaugh．R．1998．An Introduction to Sociolinguistics【M】．3 edition．Oxford：Blackwel1．10, Wolfson，N．1989．Perspectives．Sociolinguistics and TESOL【M】．Cambridge：Newbury．。