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中国文化概况PPTword版2011-6-6说明：由于西区网络缘故，所发PPT打不开，现将课堂内容PPT转成word版，以此减少笔记的压力。
A Glimpse of Chinese Culture学生版1About This Course▪Time: 24 hours, 2 hours/week，12 weeks.▪Objectives:1)Getting a better understanding of Chinese culture;2)Getting to know the key terms in Chinese culture and their English expressions;3)Obtaining a comparative perspective in Chinese culture4)Cultivating a critical attitude towards Chinese culture▪Requirements1)Class attendances2)Active participation3)Final examinationAbout the Final ExaminationI. Give brief statements to the following topics (20%)II. Fill in the following blanks (20%)III. True or False. (20%)IV. Discuss the following two topics no less than 200 hundred words each. Both English and Chinese are acceptable(40%)注明：1、课程总评计分按学校规定，采用百分制，其中卷面占70%，平时30%。
平时成绩考评，按教务规定。
2、考虑到大一的语言能力表达有限，试卷作答允许中文，但文化现象分析必须符合上课讲授的要求。
Some of the outstanding and legendary women in historyKey words: PowerOutstandingLegendaryDynastyBig constructionLv Zhi----by 杨婕Dou Yifang----by 张雪莲Xiao Zhuang----by 杨柳青 Shang Guanwaner----by 熊茜The Empress of The Western Han Dynast---Dou YifangDou Yifang,posthumous title was Xiaowen queen.She went blind when she under forty years of age.Then,she fought against with darkness and loneness on her own in the rest of her life.She had two sons and a daughter in total.She was the empress of Western Han Dynast.Her husband was the emperor Wen of Han.And she was the emperor jing’s mother of The Western Han Dynasty.Her family was very poor.She started with being a peasant girl.And then she became a shadow in the Palace.At length she became an outstanding woman who helped three emperors of The Western Han Dynast.The teleplay Schemes Of A Beauty almost told us about the life of the empress Dou.On the one hand,it showed us the love between she and the emperor Liu heng.On the other hand,we didn’t know the truth was that though the emperor loved her very much,and he loved a man named Deng Tong deeply too.Judging from these history,we could feel how difficult her life was.Her lived for 71 years,and she believed the Huang Lao school very much.Dou carried on the willing of the fist emperor of Han Liu Bang and developed it.She advocated Zhuang Zi’s belief that govern by doing nothing that goes against nature.It advanced the Rule of Wen and Jing.In some way ,it also made some devotion to the thrive and strong of The Han.She took the control of whole political situation and power of an imperial government and gave a base to the four hundred years of prosperity of the Han Dynast.Dou Yifang went blind when she under forty years ofage.Then,she fought against with darkness and loneness on her own in the rest of her life.She had two sons and a daughter in total.She became the mother of country with she character.Dou was Contented, modest, cautious, honest, virtuous.There is no doubt that she was one of the most outstanding and powerful women around the world.LV Zhi-The wife of HanGaoZu-LiuBang.She is the first woman who wielded power in Chinese history.She married LiuBang when she was 18. She brought up one son and a daughter .And Liu was 15 years older than her. In 202 BC, Liu became the emperor, and lvzhi was the empress.Her life was not as easy as we think so. And when people today remained of her, we usually think about how vicious she was. But actually she was also very kind and virtuous to her husband. On the way to be an emperor, lv helped Liu a lot. After she married Liu, her life was very hard. And during the chu-han war, lv was captured by the XiangYu. And there were four years after she captured.In order to let her son LiuYing become the emperor, she resorted various measures to strengthen her son’s power. And finally she did it. LiuYing was only 17 years old when he became the emperor. So Lv became the real decision maker in the West Han dynasty. Besides, she was not satisfied with this. She wanted her family replace the Liu’s position.By the way, she was very cruel and jealous, and she could do everything to achieve her goal. But she still died without success in her ambition.We all know that although LvZhi had done something really terrible, but indeed she was an excellent and extraordinary woman in the Chinese history. Maybe what she did was just for her family. We should have an objective opinion towards her life.Xiao Zhuang--a legendary in Qing dynastyXiao zhuang，a legendary woman in Qing dynasty. She spent his whole life cultivating her son(Fu lin) and her grandson(Kang xi) to be wise emperors. She is a famous queen and politician in the Chinese ancient history. In her life time, she born several daughters and only one son, which was the emperor in the future.In some words, the son established her as the highest ranking in the harem.There was a legend that xiaozhuang married to his husband’s brother for her son. But her son(fulin) failed to live up to his mother. Fulin gave up to be an emperor, he became a monk. Xiaozhuang had to let her eight-year-old grandson to be an emperor. As we all know, kangxi was one of the greatest emperors in the Qing dynasty.In 1613,xiao zhuang was born in Mongolia. In 1625, she married to huangtaiji when she was 13. From then on, she started his royal career.In 1642, the Qing military captured song hill, the capital of ming military was captured alive. But he was unwilling to tame to Qing dynasty. So, xiaozhuang decided to use the honey-trap to him. Finally, the capital of Ming was surrendered.I n 1643, huangtaiji was dead. Xiaozhuang’s son became the emperor, she became the mother of queen naturally. In order to get the support of the noble of han nation, she broke the tradition that person of Man nation couldn’t marry to person of Han nation. In 1653, she married princess heshuo to wusangui’s son.When kangxi became the emperor, there were some old officials wanted to usurper. Xiaozhuang collected her family’s strength to fight against these officials. When kangxi was 16, with the help of xiaozhuang, kangxi rooted out the four officials.In 1687, xiaozhuang was dead at the age of 75.Here existed several unsolved mysteries about xiaozhuang. She wasn’t buried in the imperial mausoleum. Some people said that she had married to duoergun, so, she had no qualification to be buried in it. The second mystery was whether she married to duoergun. As for statement, it was only a folklore. The authenticity remains to be proved.Whether they are true or not, we can’t deny the contributio n that xiaozhuang had gained. She did make great contribution to thedevelopment of Qing. When xiaozhuang’s son decided to be a monk, she didn’t give up. So, we shouldn’t give up easily. We should accumulate power waiting the eruption in the future.Shang Guan Wan Er -- an imperial concubine of Tang Zhong ZongShang Guan Wan Er has another name called Shang Guan Zhao Rong.And her nickname is Xiao Wan.She is a famous female officials and poet in Tang dynasty.Besides,she is also an imperial concubine of Tang Zhong Zong .Her grandfather is Shang Guan Yi.When her grandfather was killed by because of committing a crime，she was sent into the Ye Court with her mother.During this time,her mother educated her strictly.She was a smart girl.Gradually,she was familiar with books and history.So when she was 14 years old ,Wu Ze Tian put her in an important position.She did everything well,so Wu Ze Tian let her deal with the conduct of public affairs.Then,her power was stronger and stronger.When Tang Zhong Zong got the power back,she was invested with Zhao Rong.After that she had an important influence in politics and culture field.From then on,she began to be in charge of the government decrees and the statement.When she was in power,she advoca ted to enhance women’s social and political position.She founded Xiu Wen Guan and added the bachelor.For she was full of knowledge,she left some famous poems such as Cai Shu Yuan and 25 Poems about Visit Changning Princess’s Liubei pond. Unfortunately,She died when Tang Xuan Zong gathered his warriors to stage a coup.Someone says she is the first female prime minister in history.Most of people don’t think women can be powerful and strong.But there are so many examples that can certify the women can do same things as men.The empress of Western Han Dynast Dou Yifang proved that women can do it on us own.Lv Zhi、Xiao Zhuang and Shang Guanwaner--all history of them could teach us how to be powerfuland outstanding.There are so many outstanding women in the history.Their success experience told us that women should be looked down and women should try to prove and improve our ability .Lv Zhi----by 杨婕Dou Yifang----by 张雪莲Xiao Zhuang----by 杨柳青 Shang Guanwaner----by 熊茜。
Chapter 1The Origin of Chinese Culture文化词汇Confucian philosophy 儒家哲学Confucius孔子Mencius孟子the descendants of Y an and Huang 炎黄子孙the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Periods 春秋战国时期The Art of War《孙子兵法》porcelain 瓷器三皇五帝Three Emperors and Five Sovereigns)Gregorian calendar/ solar calendar格里高利历,是国际通用的历法,即公历lunar calendar阴历the Twenty-four Solar Terms二十四节气Chinese Zodiac生肖Chinese Culture---Past and PresentChinese history began with two legendary figures—Emperor Huang and Emperor Yan, who, together with their tribes, inhabited the drainage area along the middle reaches（中游）of the Yellow River. By the time of Xia Dynasty, after centuries of living side by side, these two tribes had gradually merged into（合并，融合）one. Consequently, the Chinese people usually call themselves “the descendants of Yan and Huang”.People at that time believed that the land they lived on was the center of the world, and called their state the "Middle Kingdom"(中国), thus giving China its country name.Traditional Chinese culture is recorded not only in history books and documents, but also in archeological records(考古记载), such as ancient city walls, palaces（宫殿）, temples（寺庙）, pagodas（宝塔）, and grottos（洞窟）; artifacts（史前古器物）, such as bronze objects, weapons, bronze mirrors, coins, jade and pottery objects, and curios; and folk culture, including song and dance, embroidery（刺绣）, cuisine（烹饪）, clothing, tea ceremonies, drinking games, lanterns, riddles, martial arts（武术）, chess and kites. With a continuous history of 5,000 years, it has undergone frequent transformations to produce a rich and vital cultural heritage.In the modern day, with the rise of western economic and military power beginning in the mid-19th century, Western systems of social and political organization have gained adherents in China. Indeed, within today’s globalized environment, modern cultures interact and cooperate increasingly more with each other. China’s culture of the future will most likely reflect this cross-cultural dimension. Thus, obtaining a solid understa nding of China’s culture of the past is necessary in order to successfully embrace all that the culture has to offer to the world.The Appellation of ChinaChina is the appellation of our country given by foreigners. The porcelain china is the transliteration of the place name Changnan(昌南), which was the old name for Jingdezhen（景德镇）. The porcelain made in Changnan was smooth and bright, and earned another name of artificial jade. It became famous both home and abroad and was exported to Europe in large quantities.As time passed, people in Europe forgot the meaning of Changnan and switched the original meaning of porcelain of the word “china” to the place of its origin.The Alternative Names of China⏹Chixian, Shenzhou(赤县、神州)⏹Jiuzhou (九州)⏹Hua ( 华)⏹Huaxia(华夏)⏹Zhonghua(中华)⏹Hainei(海内)Chinese MythologyChinese Mythology is a collection of cultural history, folktales（民间故事）, and religions that have been passed down in oral or written form. Chinese mythology is similar to modern religion in that they both believe in relationships between mankind and a higher power.Historians have conjectured（推测）that Chinese mythology began in 12th century BC (close to the time of the Trojan War 特洛伊战争). The myths and legends were passed down in oral form for over a thousand years, before being written down in early book such as Shui Jing Zhu and Shan Hai Jing.The classification of myth神话的分类Creation myth 创世神话：Nvwa Created Man(女娲造人）Hero myth 英雄神话：Houyi Shooting the Sun(后羿射日)War myth 战争神话：Yellow Emperor Tackled Human-God(黄帝擒蚩尤)Cultural MosaicHeavenly Stems and Earthly BranchesThe standard Gregorian calendar is generally referred to as the solar calendar in China. The traditional Chinese lunar calendar, also known as the Jiazi calendar, counts the years in sixty-year cycles by combining two series of numbers---the 10 Heavenly Stems and 12 Earthly Branches.The Twenty-four Solar TermsThe traditional Chinese lunar year is divided into twenty-four solar terms, according to the position of the sun on the ecliptic in relationship to the earth. The solar terms designate agricultural periods, and can predict changing seasonal conditions, temperature, and weather throughout the course of the year. They are extremely important to agricultural production.Changes in the four seasons are determined by eight solar terms:立春( the Beginning of Spring),春分( the Spring Equinox ),立夏(the Beginning of Summer ),夏至(the Summer Solstice),立秋(the Beginning of Autumn),秋分( the Autumnal Equinox),立冬( the Beginning of Winter),冬至(the Winter Solstice )Changes in temperature are indicated by five solar terms:小暑Slight Heat ,大暑Great Heat ,处暑the Limit of Heat ,小寒Slight Cold ,大寒Great ColdChanging weather conditions are indicated by seven solar terms:雨水Rain Water ,谷雨Grain Rain ,白露White Dew ,寒露Cold Dew,霜降Frost's Descent ,小雪Slight Snow ,大雪Great Snow .Recurring natural phenomena are indicated by four solar terms:惊蛰the Waking of Insects ,清明Pure Brightness ,小满Grain Full,芒种Grain in EarChinese ZodiacIn ancient times, our ancestors counted the years with 10 heavenly stems and 12 earthly branches. Although this was scientific, most people were illiterate and could not memorize or calculate easily. Thus the animals that influenced people's lives were chosen to symbolize the terrestrial branches: the rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey , rooster, dog and pig.Chapter 2 Culinary Culture文化词汇culinary厨房的，烹饪的;烹调用的cuisine烹饪，烹调法;菜肴main food主食,主粮（staple food ）Fire temperature火候food tonic 食补“Food is the first necessity of the people”(“民以食为天。
01中国文化概述Chapter文化的定义与特点中国文化注重人与自然、人与社会、人与自我之间的和谐关系。
中国文化强调“仁爱”、“礼制”、“道德”等核心价值观念。
中国文化倡导“自强不息”、“厚德载物”等精神追求。
中国文化的世界影响01020302中国传统文化Chapter儒家思想与道德伦理儒家思想的核心儒家经典儒家道德伦理儒家思想的影响道家思想的核心道家经典道家自然哲学道家思想的影响道家思想与自然哲学法家思想与政治实践法家思想的核心法家经典法家政治实践法家思想的影响墨家思想与社会正义墨家思想的核心兼爱、非攻、尚贤等社会观念。
墨家经典《墨子》等。
墨家社会正义强调平等、互利、反对战争。
墨家思想的影响对中国古代社会思想和科学思想产生一定影响。
佛教思想与宗教信仰佛教思想的核心佛教经典四谛、八正道、十二因缘等宗教观念。
《大藏经》等。
佛教宗教信仰佛教思想的影响强调修行、解脱、慈悲为怀。
对中国文化、艺术、哲学等领域产生广泛影响。
03中国文学艺术Chapter《诗经》《楚辞》唐诗宋词古代散文四大名著元曲与明清传奇关汉卿、王实甫等戏曲家的作品，以及《牡丹亭》《长生殿》等传奇剧作，展现了中国古代戏曲的魅力。
古代绘画与书法中国画书法古代音乐与舞蹈古代音乐古代舞蹈01020304现代诗歌与散文现代绘画与书法现代小说与戏剧现代音乐与舞蹈现代文学艺术发展04中国传统节日与风俗Chapter春节、元宵节等传统节日春节元宵节其他节日清明节端午节其他祭祀节日030201清明节、端午节等祭祀节日中秋节、重阳节等团圆节日中秋节又称月夕、秋节等，是中华民族的传统节日之一，人们会赏月、吃月饼、提灯笼等庆祝活动，寓意着团圆和美满。
重阳节又称登高节、敬老节等，人们会登高、赏菊、喝菊花酒等，也有祭祖和祈福的习俗。
其他团圆节日如七夕节、冬至等，这些节日都与家庭团聚、亲情友情有关，是中国传统文化中强调家庭观念和人情味的重要体现。
少数民族特色节日泼水节01火把节02其他少数民族节日03传统风俗与民间信仰婚嫁习俗01生育习俗02民间信仰0305中国古代科技与发明Chapter四大发明及其影响印刷术造纸术指南针火药唐代发明，应用于军事，改变了战争方式，也促进了烟花文化的发展。
