最新中国学者有关石墨烯研究高被引文献

中国学者有关石墨烯研究高被引文献中国学者有关石墨烯研究高被引文献（被引次数超过80，检索时间2010年）显示 1 条，共 20 条作者: Zhang, J; Zou, HL; Qing, Q; Yang, YL; Li, QW; Liu, ZF; Guo, XY; Du, ZL标题: Effect of chemical oxidation on the structure of single-walled carbon nanotubes来源出版物: JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B, 107 (16): 3712-3718 APR 24 2003摘要: In the present study, we report the systematic investigation of the effect of chemical oxidation on the structure of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by using different oxidants. The oxidation procedure was characterized by using infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The SWNTs were produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and oxidized with three kinds of oxidants: (1) nitric acid (2.6 M), (2) a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid (98 wt %) and concentrated nitric acid (16 M) (v/v = 3/1) and (3) KMnO4. The results reveal that the different functional groups can be introduced when the SWNTs are treated with different oxidants. Refluxing in dilute nitric acid can be considered as a mild oxidation for SWNTs, introducing the carboxylic acid groups only at those initial defects that already exist. The abundance of the carboxylic acid groups generated with this oxidant remained constant along with the treating time. In contrast, sonication of SWNTs in H2SO4/HNO3 increased the incidence of carboxylic acid groups not only at initial defect sites but also at newly created defect sites along the walls of SWNTs. Compared to the two oxidants above, when KMnO4 in alkali was used as the oxidant, which is relatively mild, different amounts of -OH, -C=O, and -COOH groups were introduced. The oxidation processes begin mainly with the oxidation of the initial defects that arise during the CVD growth of the SWNTs and are accompanied by processes that can be roughly divided into two steps: (1) the defect-generating step and (2) the defect-consuming step. Specifically, during the defect-generating step, the oxidants attack the graphene structure by electrophilic reactions and generate active sites such as -OH and -C=O. This step depends on the oxidant's ability to generate -C-OH groups and to transform them into -C=O groups. During the defect-consuming step, the graphene structure of the tube was destroyed by the oxidation of the generated active sites in step 1. The defect-consuming step mostly counts on the ability of the oxidant to etch/destroy the graphite-like structure around the already generated -C=O and their neighborhood groups.ISSN: 1520-6106DOI: 10.1021/jp027500u显示 2 条，共 20 条作者: Becerril, HA (Becerril, Hdctor A.); Mao, J (Mao, Jie); Liu, Z (Liu, Zunfeng); Stoltenberg, RM (Stoltenberg, Randall M.); Bao, Z (Bao, Zhenan); Chen, Y (Chen, Yongsheng)标题: Evaluation of solution-processed reduced graphene oxide films as transparent conductors来源出版物: ACS NANO, 2 (3): 463-470 MAR 2008摘要: Processable, single-layered graphene oxide (GO) is an intriguing nanomaterial with tremendous potential for electronic applications. We spin-coated GO thin-films on quartz and characterized their sheet resistance and optical transparency using different reduction treatments. A thermal graphitization procedure was most effective, producing films with sheet resistances as low as 10(2) - 10(3) Omega/square with 80% transmittance for 550 nm light. Our experiments demonstrate solution-processed GO films have potential as transparent electrodes.ISSN: 1936-0851DOI: 10.1021/nn700375n显示 3 条，共 20 条作者: Li, XL (Li, Xiaolin); Zhang, GY (Zhang, Guangyu); Bai, XD (Bai, Xuedong); Sun, XM (Sun, Xiaoming); Wang, XR (Wang, Xinran); Wang, E (Wang, Enge); Dai, HJ (Dai, Hongjie)标题: Highly conducting graphene sheets and Langmuir-Blodgett films来源出版物: NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY, 3 (9): 538-542 SEP 2008摘要: Graphene is an intriguing material with properties that are distinct from those of other graphitic systems(1-5). The first samples of pristine graphene were obtained by 'peelingoff'(2,6) and epitaxial growth(5,7). Recently, the chemical reduction of graphite oxide was used to produce covalently functionalized single-layer graphene oxide(8-15). However, chemical approaches for the large-scale production of highly conducting graphene sheets remain elusive. Here, we report that the exfoliation reintercalation- expansion of graphite can produce high-quality single-layer graphene sheets stably suspended in organic solvents. The graphene sheets exhibit high electrical conductance at room and cryogenic temperatures. Large amounts of graphene sheets in organic solvents are made into large transparent conducting films by Langmuir-Blodgett assembly in a layer-by-layer manner. The chemically derived, high-quality graphene sheets could lead to future scalable graphene devices. ISSN: 1748-3387DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2008.210显示 4 条，共 20 条作者: Xu, YX (Xu, Yuxi); Bai, H (Bai, Hua); Lu, GW (Lu, Gewu); Li, C (Li, Chun); Shi, GQ (Shi, Gaoquan)标题: Flexible graphene films via the filtration of water-soluble noncovalent functionalized graphene sheets来源出版物: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 130 (18): 5856-+ MAY 7 2008摘要: Flexible graphene films were prepared by the filtration of water-soluble noncovalently functionalized graphene sheets with pyrenebutyrate. The work presented here will not only open a new way for preparing water-soluble graphene dispersions but also provide a general route for fabricating conducting films based on graphene.ISSN: 0002-7863DOI: 10.1021/ja800745y显示 5 条，共 20 条作者: Yi, W; Lu, L; Zhang, DL; Pan, ZW; Xie, SS标题: Linear specific heat of carbon nanotubes来源出版物: PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 59 (14): R9015-R9018 APR 1 1999摘要: The specific heat and thermal conductivity of millimeter-long aligned carbon multiwall nanotubes (MWNT's) have been measured. As a rolled-up version of graphene sheets, a MWNT of a few tens nm diameter is found to demonstrate a strikingly linear temperature-dependent specific heat over the entire temperature range measured (10-390 K). The results indicate that interwall coupling in MWNT's is rather weak compared with its parentform,graphite, so that one can treat a MWNT as a few decoupled two-dimensional single wall tubules. The thermal conductivity is found to be low, indicating the existence of substantial amounts of defects in the MWNT's prepared by a chemical-vapor-deposition method. [S0163-1829(99)50714-5].ISSN: 0163-1829显示 6 条，共 20 条作者: Wang, Q; Li, H; Chen, LQ; Huang, XJ标题: Monodispersed hard carbon spherules with uniform nanopores来源出版物: CARBON, 39 (14): 2211-2214 2001摘要: Hard carbon with perfect spherical morphology was prepared for the first time by a hydrothermal method. It has controllable monodispersed particle size and a smooth surface. Transmission electron microscopy shows that there are a large quantity of uniform nanopores of about 0.4 nm in diameter and only very few parallel graphene, sheets exist within the spherules. This hard carbon material has a specific BET surface area of 400 m(2)/g for N-2 as adsorbate, and can reversibly store lithium up to 430 mAh/g. This shows convincingly that carbon nanopores can store a large quantity of lithium. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.ISSN: 0008-6223显示 7 条，共 20 条作者: Zhang, XF; Cao, AY; Wei, BQ; Li, YH; Wei, JQ; Xu, CL; Wu, DH标题: Rapid growth of well-aligned carbon nanotube arrays来源出版物: CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS, 362 (3-4): 285-290 AUG 19 2002摘要: Vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays with high density were synthesized on quartz substrates in large areas (100 x 40 mm(2)) by catalytic decomposition of a ferrocene-xylene mixture at 850 degreesC in a quartz tube reactor. The nanotubes grow at a high growth rate of similar to50 mun/min, and reach 1.5 mm. in length in 30 min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations reveal that the nanotubes are high-purity multi-wall CNTs with well-ordered graphene sheets, and about 30-60 nm in diameter. This provides a simple way to synthesize well-aligned CNTs in large areas. A continuous rapid growth model is suggested for the CNTs in high growth rate under our experimental conditions. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.ISSN: 0009-2614显示 8 条，共 20 条作者: Yan, QM (Yan, Qimin); Huang, B (Huang, Bing); Yu, J (Yu, Jie); Zheng, FW (Zheng, Fawei); Zang, J (Zang, Ji); Wu, J (Wu, Jian); Gu, BL (Gu, Bing-Lin); Liu, F (Liu, Feng); Duan, WH (Duan, Wenhui)标题: Intrinsic current-voltage characteristics of graphene nanoribbon transistors and effect of edge doping来源出版物: NANO LETTERS, 7 (6): 1469-1473 JUN 2007摘要: We demonstrate that the electronic devices built on patterned graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) can be made with atomic-perfect-interface junctions and controlled doping via manipulation of edge terminations. Using first-principles transport calculations, we show that the GNR field effect transistors can achieve high performance levels similar to those made from single-walled carbon nanotubes, with ON/OFF ratios on the order of 10(3)-10(4), subthreshold swing of 60 meV per decade, and transconductance of 9.5 x 10(3) Sm-1. ISSN: 1530-6984DOI: 10.1021/nl070133j显示 9 条，共 20 条作者: Huang, Y (Huang, Y.); Wu, J (Wu, J.); Hwang, KC (Hwang, K. C.)标题: Thickness of graphene and single-wall carbon nanotubes来源出版物: PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 74 (24): Art. No. 245413 DEC 2006摘要: Young's modulus and the thickness of single wall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) obtained from prior atomistic studies are largely scattered. In this paper we establish an analytic approach to bypass atomistic simulations and determine the tension and bending rigidities of graphene and CNTs directly from the interatomic potential. The thickness and elastic properties of graphene and CNTs can also be obtained from the interatomic potential. But the thickness, and therefore elastic moduli, also depend on type of loading (e.g., uniaxial tension, uniaxial stretching, equibiaxial stretching), as well as the nanotube radius R and chirality when R < 1 nm. This explains why the thickness obtained from prior atomistic simulations is scattered. This analytic approach is particularly useful in the study of multiwall CNTs since their stress state may be complex even under simple loading (e.g., uniaxial tension) due to the van der Waals interactions between nanotube walls. The present analysis also provides an explanation of Yakobson's paradox that the very high Young's modulus reported from the atomistic simulations together with the shell model may be due to the not-well-defined CNT thickness.ISSN: 1098-0121文献编号: 245413DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.245413显示 10 条，共 20 条作者: Dai, LM; Patil, A; Gong, XY; Guo, ZX; Liu, LQ; Liu, Y; Zhu, DB标题: Aligned nanotubes来源出版物: CHEMPHYSCHEM, 4 (11): 1150-1169 NOV 14 2003摘要: Since the discovery of carbon nanotubes by Iijima in 1991, various carbon nanotubes with either a single- or multilayered graphene cylinder(s) have been produced, along with their noncarbon counterparts (for example, inorganic and polymer nanotubes). These nanostructured materials often possess size-dependent properties and show new phenomena related to the nanosize confinement of the charge carriers inside, which leads to the possibility of developing new materials with useful properties and advanced devices with desirable features for a wide range of applications. In particular, carbon nanotubes have been shown to exhibit superior properties attractive for various potential applications, ranging from their use as novel electron emitters in flat-panel displays to electrodes in electrochemical sensors. For many of the applications, it is highly desirable to have aligned/patterned forms of carbon nanotubes so that their structure/property can be easily assessed and so that they can be effectively incorporated into devices. In this Review, we present an overview on the development of aligned and micropatterened nanotubes, with an emphasis on carbon nanotubes.ISSN: 1439-4235DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200300770显示 11 条，共 20 条作者: Shan, CS (Shan, Changsheng); Yang, HF (Yang, Huafeng); Song, JF (Song, Jiangfeng); Han, DX (Han, Dongxue); Ivaska, A (Ivaska, Ari); Niu, L (Niu, Li)标题: Direct Electrochemistry of Glucose Oxidase and Biosensing for Glucose Based on Graphene来源出版物: ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, 81 (6): 2378-2382 MAR 15 2009摘要: We first reported that polyvinylpyrrolidone-protected graphene was dispersed well in water and had good electrochemical reduction toward O-2 and H2O2. With glucose oxidase (GOD) as an enzyme model, we constructed a novel polyvinylpyrrolidone-proteeted graphene/polyethylenimine-ftmctionalized ionic liquid/GOD electrochemical biosensor, which achieved the direct electron transfer of GOD, maintained its bioactivity and showed potential application for the fabrication of novel glucose biosensors with linear glucose response up to14 mM.ISSN: 0003-2700DOI: 10.1021/ac802193c显示 12 条，共 20 条作者: Zhou, X; Zhou, JJ; Ou-Yang, ZC标题: Strain energy and Young's modulus of single-wall carbon nanotubes calculated from electronic energy-band theory来源出版物: PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 62 (20): 13692-13696 NOV 15 2000摘要: The strain energies in straight and bent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT's) are calculated by taking account of the total energy of all the occupied band electrons. The obtained results are in good agreement with previous theoretical studies and experimental observations. Young's modulus and the effective wall thickness of SWNT's are obtained from the bending strain energies of SWNT's with various cross-sectional radii. The repulsion potential between ions contributes the main part of Young's modulus of SWNT's. The wall thickness of the SWNT comes completely from the overlap of electronic orbits and is approximately of the extension of the pi orbit of carbon atom. Both Young's modulus and the wall thickness are independent of the radius and the helicity of SWNT, and insensitive to the fitting parameters. The results show that continuum elasticity theory can serve well to describe the mechanical properties of SWNT's.ISSN: 1098-0121显示 13 条，共 20 条作者: Kan, EJ (Kan, Er-Jun); Li, ZY (Li, Zhenyu); Yang, JL (Yang, Jinlong); Hou, JG (Hou, J.G.)标题: Half-metallicity in edge-modified zigzag graphene nanoribbons来源出版物: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 130 (13): 4224-+ APR 2 2008摘要: Graphene is an important material with potential application in spintronics. Edge-modified zigzag graphene nanoribbons (ZGNR) are investigated with density functional theory. The modifications are realized by saturating the dangling edge bonds by different terminal groups, such as H, NH2, NO2, and CH3. Such modification has a significant impact on the ZGNR electronic structure. Half-metallicity is observed when ZGNR is terminated by NO2 groups at one edge and by CH3 groups on the other side. Free energy analysis suggests that edge-modification is a practical way in experiment to realize half-metallicity. ISSN: 0002-7863DOI: 10.1021/ja710407t显示 14 条，共 20 条作者: Peng, LM; Zhang, ZL; Xue, ZQ; Wu, QD; Gu, ZN; Pettifor, DG标题: Stability of carbon nanotubes: How small can they be?来源出版物: PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, 85 (15): 3249-3252 OCT 9 2000摘要: Experimental evidence has been found for the existence of small single wall carbon nanotubes with diameters of 0.5 and 0.33 nn? by high resolution transmission electron microscopy, and their mechanical stability was investigated using tight-binding molecular dynamics simulations. It is shown that, while the carbon tubes with diameters smaller than 0.4 nm are energetically less favorable than a graphene sheet, some of them are indeed mechanically stable at temperatures as high as 1100 degrees C. The 0.33 nm carbon tube observed is likely a (4, 0) tube and is indeed part of a compound nanotube system that forms perhaps the smallest metal-semiconductor-metal tubular junction yet synthesized.ISSN: 0031-9007显示 15 条，共 20 条作者: Wei, BQ; Spolenak, R; Kohler-Redlich, P; Ruhle, M; Arzt, E标题: Electrical transport in pure and boron-doped carbon nanotubes来源出版物: APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, 74 (21): 3149-3151 MAY 24 1999摘要: The resistivities of individual multiwalled pure and boron-doped carbon nanotubes have been measured in the temperature range from 25 to 300 degrees C. The connection patterns were formed by depositing two-terminal tungsten wires on a nanotube using focused-ion-beam lithography. A decrease of the resistivity with increasing temperature, i.e., a semiconductor-like behavior, was found for both B-doped and pure carbon nanotubes. B-doped nanotubes have a reduced room-temperature resistivity (7.4 X 10(-7) - 7.7 X 10(-6) Ohm m) as compared to pure nanotubes (5.3 X 10(-6) - 1.9 X 10(-5) Ohm m), making the resistivity of the doped tubes comparable to those along the basal plane of graphite. The activation energy derived from the resistivity versus temperature Arrhenius plots was found to be smaller for the B-doped (55-70 meV) than for the pure multiwalled nanotubes (190-290 meV). (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(99)03021-1].ISSN: 0003-6951显示 16 条，共 20 条作者: Liu, ZF (Liu, Zunfeng); Liu, Q (Liu, Qian); Huang, Y (Huang, Yi); Ma, YF (Ma, Yanfeng); Yin, SG (Yin, Shougen); Zhang, XY (Zhang, Xiaoyan); Sun, W (Sun, Wei); Chen, YS (Chen, Yongsheng)标题: Organic Photovoltaic Devices Based on a Novel Acceptor Material: Graphene来源出版物: ADVANCED MATERIALS, 20 (20): 3924-+ OCT 17 2008摘要: Solution-processable functionalized graphene (SPFGraphene, see figure) is used as the electron-accepting material in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices for the first time, showing that it is a competitive alternative. The fabrication and performance of bulk heterojunction OPV devices with SPFGraphene and different donor materials is presented, together with the impact of post-fabrication annealing.ISSN: 0935-9648DOI: 10.1002/adma.200800366显示 17 条，共 20 条作者: Fan, XB (Fan, Xiaobin); Peng, WC (Peng, Wenchao); Li, Y (Li, Yang); Li, XY (Li, Xianyu); Wang, SL (Wang, Shulan); Zhang, GL (Zhang, Guoliang); Zhang, FB (Zhang, Fengbao)标题: Deoxygenation of Exfoliated Graphite Oxide under Alkaline Conditions: A Green Route to Graphene Preparation来源出版物: ADVANCED MATERIALS, 20 (23): 4490-4493 DEC 2 2008摘要: Stable graphene suspensions are prepared using a new, green, and intriguing synthetic route. Graphene can be directly prepared by the fast deoxygenation of exfoliated graphite oxide in strong alkaline solutions at low temperatures (50-90 degrees C), in the absence of reducing agents. This study opens an opportunity towards the production of processable graphene on an industrial scale.ISSN: 0935-9648DOI: 10.1002/adma.200801306显示 18 条，共 20 条作者: Cai, WW (Cai, Weiwei); Piner, RD (Piner, Richard D.); Stadermann, FJ (Stadermann, Frank J.); Park, S (Park, Sungjin); Shaibat, MA (Shaibat, Medhat A.); Ishii, Y (Ishii, Yoshitaka); Yang, DX (Yang, Dongxing); Velamakanni, A (Velamakanni, Aruna); An, SJ (An, Sung Jin); Stoller, M (Stoller, Meryl); An, JH (An, Jinho); Chen, DM (Chen, Dongmin); Ruoff, RS (Ruoff, Rodney S.)标题: Synthesis and solid-state NMR structural characterization of C-13-labeled graphite oxide来源出版物: SCIENCE, 321 (5897): 1815-1817 SEP 26 2008摘要: The detailed chemical structure of graphite oxide ( GO), a layered material prepared from graphite almost 150 years ago and a precursor to chemically modified graphenes, has not been previously resolved because of the pseudo- random chemical functionalization of each layer, as well as variations in exact composition. Carbon-13 (C-13) solid- state nuclear magnetic resonance ( SSNMR) spectra of GO for natural abundance C-13 have poor signal- to- noise ratios. Approximately 100% C-13- labeled graphite was made and converted to C-13- labeled GO, and C-13 SSNMR was used to reveal details of the chemical bonding network, including the chemical groups and their connections. Carbon-13-labeled graphite can be used to prepare chemically modified graphenes for C-13 SSNMR analysis with enhanced sensitivity and for fundamental studies of C-13-labeled graphite and graphene. ISSN: 0036-8075DOI: 10.1126/science.1162369显示 19 条，共 20 条作者: Guo, GY; Chu, KC; Wang, DS; Duan, CG标题: Linear and nonlinear optical properties of carbon nanotubes from first-principles calculations来源出版物: PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 69 (20): Art. No. 205416 MAY 2004摘要: A systematic ab initio study of the optical as well as structural and electronic properties of the carbon nanotubes within density-functional theory in the local-density approximation has been performed. Highly accurate full-potential projected augmented wave method was used. Specifically, the optical dielectric function epsilon and second-order optical susceptibility chi((2)) as well as the band structure of a number of the armchair[(3,3),(5,5),(10,10),(15,15),(20,20)], zigzag [(5,0),(10,0),(15,0),(20,0)] and chiral[(4,2),(6,2),(6,4),(8,4),(10,5)] carbon nanotubes have been calculated. The underlying atomic structure of the carbon nanotubes was determined theoretically. It is found that for the electric field parallel to the nanotube axis (Eparallel to(z) over cap), the absorptive part epsilon(') of the optical dielectric function for the small nanotubes (the diameter being smaller than, say, 25 Angstrom) in the low-energy range (0-8 eV) consists of a few distinct peaks. Furthermore, the energy position, the shape, and the number of the peaks depend rather strongly on the diameter and chirality. This suggests that one could use these distinct optical features to characterize the chirality and diameter of the grown nanotubes. In contrast, for the electric field perpendicular to the nanotube axis (Eperpendicular toz), the epsilon(') spectrum of all the nanotubes studied except the three 4 Angstrom nanotubes in the low-energy region is made up of a broad hump. The bandwidth of the hump increases with the nanotube diameter and the magnitude of the hump is in general about half of that of the epsilon(') for Eparallel to(z) over cap. Surprisingly, given their one-dimensional character, the optical anisotropy of the nanotubes is smaller than that of graphite. For the nanotubes with a moderate diameter (say, 30 Angstrom) such as the (20,20) nanotube, the optical anisotropy is not large and the epsilon(') spectrum for both electric-field polarizations becomes rather similar to that of graphite with electric-field parallel to the graphene layers (Eperpendicular toc). The calculated static polarizability alpha(0) for the semiconducting nanotubes is rather anisotropic withalpha(0) for Eparallel to(z) over cap being several times larger than that for Eperpendicular toz. For both electric-field polarizations, alpha(0) is nearly proportional to the square of the tube diameter. The calculated electron energy loss spectra of all the nanotubes studied here for both electric field polarizations are similar to that of Eperpendicular toc of graphite, being dominated by a broad (pi+sigma)-electron plasmon peak at near 27 eV and a small pi-electron plasmon peak at 5-7 eV. Only the chiral nanotubes would exhibit second-order nonlinear optical behavior. Furthermore, only two tensor elements chi(xyz)((2)) andchi(yzx)((2)) are possibly nonzero with chi(xyz)((2))=-chi(yzx)((2)). For all the chiral nanotubes studied here, both the real and imaginary parts of chi(xyz)((2))(-2omega,omega,omega) show an oscillatory behavior. The absolute value of chi(xyz)((2))(-2omega,omega,omega) of all the chiral nanotubes in the photon energy range of 0.1-3.0 eV is huge, being up to ten times larger than that of GaAs, suggesting that chiral nanotubes have potential applications in nonlinear optics, e.g., second-harmonic generation and sum-frequency generation. Nevertheless, the static value of both chi(xyz)((2)) and chi(yzx)((2)) is zero.ISSN: 1098-0121文献编号: 205416DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.205416显示 20 条，共 20 条作者: Chen, H (Chen, Haiqun); Muller, MB (Mueller, Marc B.); Gilmore, KJ (Gilmore, Kerry J.); Wallace, GG (Wallace, Gordon G.); Li, D (Li, Dan)标题: Mechanically strong, electrically conductive, and biocompatible graphene paper来源出版物: ADVANCED MATERIALS, 20 (18): 3557-+ SEP 17 2008摘要: Ultrastrong, smooth, and shiny graphene paper with a layered structure (see figure) is prepared by vacuum filtration of a well-dispersed graphene dispersion. Moderate thermal annealing further enhances its mechanical properties and electrical conductivity. A combination of exceptional mechanical strength, thermal stability, high electrical conductivity, and biocompability makes this unique material promising for many technological applications. ISSN: 0935-9648DOI: 10.1002/adma.200800757。