chapter11_1
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Chapter 11 Translation of Understatement (隐喻的翻译)(Reference)11. 1 派生意义(Derivative Meaning) (P 159-160)例1:Early Reagan was a mirror image of early Carter.【译文】里根上台时在做法上跟执政初期的卡特毫无两样。
11. 2 形象意义(Figurative Meaning) (P 161-162)例1:There is a tide in the affairs of men which taken at the flood, leads on to fortune.【译文】世事如潮水,一切都听天由命。
11. 3 联想意义(Associative Meaning) (P 163-165)例1:Dawn was beginning to prowl about the sky and put out the stars.【译文】黎明悄然来临,星星暗淡无光。
例2:All the time the creeping fear that he would never come back to her grew strong within her.【译文】那种一直令她毛骨悚然的恐惧愈来愈强烈——她感到他将永远离她而去。
11. 4 内涵寓意(Sub-text Meaning) (P 166-167)例1:Many took to gambling and got in over their heads, borrowing from Shylocks to pay their debts. 【译文】那些债台高筑的赌徒们不得不借高利贷还钱。
例2:It was another one of those catch-22 situations, you’re damned if you do and you’re damned if you don’t. 【译文】这又是一个左右为难的尴尬局面,干也倒霉,不干也倒霉!Practice 1 (P 161)1. 我认为应该一视同仁。
Chapter11LanguageAcquisition第二语言习得Chapter 11 Language Acquisition①Questions for discussion:1. Why can children acquire their mother tongue effectively and effortlessly?2. Is there a critical period for learning the first or second language?3. What are the differences between L1 aquisition and L2 learning?11.1 Important Distinctions11.1.1 Acquisition vs. learning 习得与学习★The distinction was made by Stephen Krashen (1982) as part of his Monitor Theory. Acquisition is the subconcious process of “pick up” a language through exposure. Learning refers to the conscious process of studying a language.11.1.2 Second language vs. foreign language★A second language (L2) is any language learned after the first language or mothertongue (L1), e.g. English in India.A foreign language is any language learned for use in an area where that languageis not generally spoken, e.g. English in China.11.1.3 Language acquisition vs. second language acquisition (SLA)★Language acquisition usually refers to first language acquisition, which means the children’s acquisition of their native/mother language.SLA is the process by which people of a language can learn a second language in addition to their native language.11.2 First Language Acquisition11.2.1 Theories of FLA (also Child Language Acquisition)◆Behaviorism: Language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.Innatism: Human beings are biologically programmed for language, like walking.(Language Acquisition Device and Universal Grammar)Interactionism: Language develops as a result of the complex interplay between children and the environment, and the modified language (motherese/caretaker talk/child directed speech保姆式语言) is crucial.Questions for discussion:1. How do you think of the three theories about language acquisition?①教材中没有关于language acquisition的独立章节,这里本章内容部分来自课本第六、十一章,其他内容来自其他语言学书。