Some NewOld Approaches to QCD

人教版高中英语必修二Unit 1单元测试后附答案重点单词短语考核和能力提升一、单句语法填空（本大题共9小题，共18.0分）1. A stranger burst the door open，______shocked us all．2.______is known to us all，the rare vase dates back to the Ming Dynasty．3.The famous singer，______is from Britain，has a number of devoted fans in China．4.He bought me a valuable bike，______is worth more than 1，000yuan．5.We have got to the stage______the Internet plays an important part in our daily life．6.Do you still remember the summer holiday______we made a journey to Beijing．7.You look great as you are. You shouldn't be _______________（尴尬）about your weight.8.Our children go to the (本地的) schools.9.The way______he worked out the problem is worth considering．二、阅读理解（本大题共13小题，共26.0分）APaper cutting is one of China’s most popular folk arts. Archaeological(考古学的) findings show that the tradition started in the 6th century; it is even supposed that the beginning of paper cutting is even a few centuries earlier.Paper cuts have special importance at festivals and on holidays. To get rid of the old and bring good luck, people put up paper cuts on the windows on the Eve of the Spring Festival.Paper cuts are not produced by machine, but by hand. They are done all over China, but are different in the method in different areas. There are two methods of making paper cuts---by using scissors of knives. As the name suggests, scissors cuttings are made with scissors. Several pieces of paper (up to eight pieces) are placed together. The patterns are then cut with pointed scissors. Knife cuttings are made by putting several pieces of paper on a table. Following a pattern, the artist cuts the patterns into the paper with a knife.In the past, paper cuts are usually made only by women and girls. They use scissors and paper to cut all kinds of pictures such as apple trees, peach flowers , mice, fighting roosters and rabbits eating carrots.This used to be one of the skills that every girl was to master. Professional paper cutting artists are, on the other hand, almost always men who can make a living by working together in workshops.1.How long has paper cutting lasted at least?A. About 600 yearsB. About 1,500 years.C. About 2,000 yearsD. About 2,700 years.2.People put up paper cuts on the windows in order to _______ ?A. make them look more beautiful.B. show others their excellent skillsC. bring them good luck in the new year.D. sell them on the Eve of the Spring Festival.3.What does the third paragraph mainly tell us?.A. Two kinds of paper cutsB. Paper cuts are made by handC. Paper cuts are made by machineD. The process of making paper cuts.4.Paper cuts are usually about .A. Family members of the artistsB. sports and social activitiesC. fights between animalsD. things in our daily life.BHere's an unusual story：a diamond ring was recently found in an egg. The magician，Liu Qian，discovered it，in front of an audience of millions at CCTV's Spring Festival Gala. Liu's magic tricks have made the centuries-old art of magic fashionable once again，and made him the hottest magician in China.As a seasoned young magician from Taiwan，Liu is popular worldwide for his magic shows. Countries he has performed in include the United States，Japan，South Korea and the UK.Witnessing something impossible happen right before your eyes is the root of people's love for magic.Liu is known for his interaction (互动) with his audiences. He has a unique understanding of showmanship (演出技巧)．“It's actually thinking rather than one's manipulation (操作) skills that is more important to achieving a successful magic show. We think carefully about how to design the shows creatively，to make them appear more interesting.”Liu said.Liu Qian's success dated back to his childhood. Born in 1976 in Taiwan，he found himself attracted to a magic toy in a shop when he was seven years old. At the age of 12，he won Taiwan's Youth Magic Contest，which was judged by the great American magician，David Copperfield.Yet，Liu never planned on becoming a professional magician. He studied Japanese literature at university and only hoped to be an amateur (业余的) magician in his spare time. However，his failure to find a proper job after graduation pushed him towards magic as a career.To refine his performing skills，he has performed on streets，roads and fields for passers-by，policemen and farmers.“Street shows are the biggest challenge for us magicians. We have to deal with unexpected situations and tough crowds，”Liu said.1.The story is about ________.A. Liu Qian's experiences of becoming a great magicianB. why people love magicC. what magic tricks areD. how fashionable magic is2.People love to watch magic because ________.A. they can't figure out the secret of magicB. it makes them happyC. they love watching magicians make something impossible happenD. it is a centuries-old art3.Which of the following is the key reason that Liu Qian decided to make magic hiscareer?A. He was interested in magic when he was young.B. He had won Taiwan's Youth Magic Contest.C. He became an amateur magician in his spare time.D. He couldn't find an acceptable job after graduation.4.From the story we know that ________.A. Liu Qian competed in many magic competitionsB. Liu Qian often invites audiences to be in his magic showC. Liu Qian performs on streets in order to increase his fameD. Liu Qian does street show to make moneyCThere are many older people in the world and there will be many more. A lime-known fact is that over 60 percent of the older people live in developing countries. According to the World Health Organization，by 2020 there will be 1 billion，with over 700 million living in developing countries.It is a surprising fact that the population ageing is particularly rapid in developing countries. For example，it took France 115 years for the proportion of older people to double from 7 percent to 14 percent. It is estimated to take China a mere 27 years to achieve this same increase.What are the implications of these increased numbers of older folk？One of the biggest worries for governments is that the longer people live，the more likelihood there is for diseases and for disability. Attention is being paid to the need to keep people as healthy as possible，including during old age，to lessen the financial burden on the state.Another significant problem is the need for the younger generations to understand and value the older people in their society. In some African countries，certainly in Asia，older people are respected and regarded as the ones with special knowledge. Yet traditions are fading away daily，which does not ensure the continued high regard of older people. As society changes，attitudes will change.Much needs to be done to get rid of age discrimination (歧视) in employment. Life-long learning programs need to be provided to enable older people to be active members in a country’s development.Social security policies need to be established to provide adequate income protection for older people. Both public and private schemes are vital in order to build a suitable safety net.To achieve equality in such matters will take considerable time and effort. One thing is sure：there is no time to be lost.1.The proportion of older people________.A. is bigger in developed countries than in developing countriesB. is one-seventh of the population in developing countriesC. will increase much faster in China than in FranceD. will be sixty percent in developing countries by 20202.According to the passage，which of the following are governments most worried about?A. The diseases and disability of older people.B. The longer life and good health of people.C. The loss of taxes on older people.D. The increasing respect for older people.3.It is stated directly in the passage that older people should________.A. be treated differently in different culturesB. enjoy a similar lifestyleC. be ignored as society changesD. be valued by the younger generations4.Which of the following measures is NOT mentioned to solve the population ageingproblem?A. Getting rid of age discrimination in employment.B. Ensuring adequate income protection for older people.C. Providing free health care for sick older people.D. Supplying life-long learning programs to older people.5.The author concludes in the last paragraph that________.A. governments have spent lots of time in solving the ageing problemB. population ageing is a hard problem，but it needs to be solved urgentlyC. people are too busy to solve the population ageing problemD. much time and effort will be lost in solving the ageing problem三、单选题（本大题共14小题，共14.0分）1.This is the house _____ I once lived in.A. whereB. whatC. thatD. in which2.I am surprised that a company with the good _______ would produce such poor quality goods.A. enjoymentB. appreciationC. entertainmentD. reputationThe father along with his children ______ solving word puzzles.A. are likeB. is likeC. likeD. likes3.Some of us remain________ at our computer for hours every day，forgetting moving our body.A. seatingB. seatedC. satD. sit4．The scenery in the desert is quite different from _____ by the seaside.A. thatB. itC. oneD. which5.—As a teenager，our son should have two or three hobbies to be really happy.—________，but how can he afford the time with so much homework every day?A. So does heB. So he doesC. So should heD. So he should6.Have you found some information about that writer ______ you can use in your article.A. whoB. whomC. whatD. which7.We pursue happiness，thinking one day we will find it. But_________ it by seeking it.A. rarely will we findB. rarely we will findC. rarely will find weD. rarely find we will8.________our manager objects to Tom's joining the club，we shall accept him as a member.A. UntilB. UnlessC. IfD. After9．—I went to the beach and got plenty of rest.—________. You looked tired last time I saw you.A. I had hoped so.B. Really ？C. I'm glad you did.D. That sounds a good idea.10.What's the _______ of having a public open space where you can't eat, drink or evensimply hang out for a while?A. senseB. matterC. caseD. opinion11.—We all had a lot of fun at the barbecue yesterday. Pity you weren't there.—I really should have gone with you but I ________ on some remaining problems.A. workedB. was workingC. would workD. would have worked12.Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining company，________as 3M .A. knowingB. knownC. being knownD. to be known13.That was really a splendid evening. It's years________ I enjoyed myself so much.A. whenB. thatC. beforeD. since四、完形填空（本大题共20小题，共30.0分）From my second grade on, there was one event I feared every year: the piano recital(独奏演唱会). A recital 1. I had to practice a boring piece of music and perform before strangers. Each year I 2. ask my father if I could skip the recital “just this once”. And each year he would shake his head, muttering(嘀咕) 3 about build self-confidence and working toward a 4 .So it was with really great 5. that I stood in church one recent Sunday, video camera in hand, and 6. my 68-year-old father sweating in his shirt 7 rising to play the piano in his very first recital.My father had longed to play music since childhood, but his family was poor and couldn’t 8 lessons. He could have gone on regretting it, 9 too many of us do. But though he was rooted in his past, he wasn’t 10 there. When he retired three years ago, he 11his church music director to take him as a student.For a moment after my father sat down at the keyboard, he 12 stared down at his fingers. Has he forgotten the 13 ? I worried, remembering those split seconds___14___ago when my mind would go blank and my fingers would 15 . But then came the beautiful melody(旋律)，from the 16 fingers that once baited(装饵于) my fishing lines. AndI 17 he had been doing what music teachers always stress: 18 the music and pretend the others aren’t there.“I’m 19 of him for starting something new at his age,” I said to my son Jeff.“Yeah, and doing it so 20 ,” Jeff added.With his first recital, my father taught me more about courage and determination than all the words he used those 30-plus years ago.1.A. reflected B. explained C. meant D. proved2. A. would B. could C. might D. should3. A. nothing B. everything C. anything D. something4.A. goal B. stage C. journey D. chance5.A. trouble B. satisfactionC. strengthD. disappointment6.A. kept B. sent C. watched D. felt7.A. through B. from C. against D. before8. A. miss B. afford C. select D. understand9. A. as B. once C. if D. while10. A. educated B. protected C. stuck D. spoilt11.A. allowed B. invited C. inspired D. persuaded12. A. roughly B. simply C. merrily D. curiously13.A. words B. videos C. notes D. lessons14.A. decades B. weeks C. hours D. moments15. A. play B. freeze C. click D. adjust16.A. same B. warm C. different D. dirty17.A. predicted B. realized C. imagined D. insisted18. A. pass over B. turn upC. bring inD. concentrate on19.A. ashamed B. aware C. tired D. proud20.A. casually B. anxiously C. nicely D. frequently答案和解析1.【答案】which【解析】答案：which 考查单词填空．根据句意及句子结构，要填入which，分析句子结构可知这是一个定语从句，先行词是前面整个句子，在从句中作主语，用关系代词which．一个陌生人突然把门闯开，这使我们都惊讶不已．考查单词填空，准确地理解句子、翻译句子，然后根据句意及提示确定所填单词词性，对于动词要注意时态，名词要注意单复数，正确写出单词完成句子，使句意更通顺．2.【答案】As【解析】答案是As．本题考查语境中选用恰当的词或短语；as is known to us all众所周知；其中as是关系代词引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句，可以放在句首、句中或句末，故答案是As众所周知，这个稀有花瓶可以追溯到明朝．本题是要求用所给词的适当形式填空，解题时首先根据句子的结构考虑句中需要的词性；其次，关注所选词的形式的变化：如果是谓语动词关注时态、语态和数的变化；如果是非谓语动词要联系非谓语的基本用法判断非谓语的形式．如果是名词关注单数和复数的选用等．3.【答案】who【解析】答案：who 考查单词填空．根据句意及句子结构，要填入who，分析句子结构可知这是一个定语从句，先行词singer在从句中作主语，因是非限制性定语从句，用关系代词who．那位著名歌手，来自于英国，在中国拥有许多忠实的歌迷．考查单词填空，准确地理解句子、翻译句子，然后根据句意及提示确定所填单词词性，对于动词要注意时态，名词要注意单复数，正确写出单词完成句子，使句意更通顺．4.【答案】which【解析】答案：which 考查单词填空．根据句意及句子结构，要填入which，分析句子结构可知这是一个定语从句，先行词bike在从句中作主语，用关系代词which．他给我买了一个贵重的自行车，它值1000多元．考查单词填空，准确地理解句子、翻译句子，然后根据句意及提示确定所填单词词性，对于动词要注意时态，名词要注意单复数，正确写出单词完成句子，使句意更通顺．5.【答案】where【解析】答案：where 考查单词填空．根据句意及句子结构，要填入where，分析句子结构可知这是一个定语从句，先行词stage在从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where．我们已到了互联网在我们的日常里起着重要的作用的地步．考查单词填空，准确地理解句子、翻译句子，然后根据句意及提示确定所填单词词性，对于动词要注意时态，名词要注意单复数，正确写出单词完成句子，使句意更通顺．6.【答案】when【解析】答案：when 考查单词填空．根据句意及句子结构，要填入when，分析句子结构可知这是一个定语从句，先行词summer holiday在从句中作时间状语，用关系副词when．你还记得我们去北京旅行的那个暑假吗？考查单词填空，准确地理解句子、翻译句子，然后根据句意及提示确定所填单词词性，对于动词要注意时态，名词要注意单复数，正确写出单词完成句子，使句意更通顺．7.【答案】embarrassed【解析】embarrassed。

国家开放大学电大一网一平台《管理英语2》一体化考试机考形考任务5-7题库答案形考任务5 题库一、选择填空：阅读下面的对话或句子，从A、B、 C 三个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的最佳选项。

试题1—What’s your view on our questionnaire?—________________选择一项：A. I’d like to go there.B. With my pleasure.C. First of all . We’d better change our question order.试题2—________________?—Twice a week.选择一项：A. How often do you use our company’s productB. When did you buy our productsC. What did you buy in our company试题3—Would you mind filling the questionnaire for me?—________________选择一项：A. No problem. Just give me your questionnaire.B. Sorry, I can’t go there.C. I really appreciate that.试题4You need to _____ those questionnaire papers for your company.选择一项：A. hand outB. hand inC. hand on试题5Questionnaires are easy to ____.选择一项：A. analyzedB. analyzeC. be analyzed试题6二、阅读理解：阅读下面的短文，根据文章内容从A、B、 C 三个选项中选出一个最佳选项。

Questionnaires can be a simple way to get to know your audience’s opinions. Though it is easy to write a questionnaire, you need a lot of skill and experience to write a good one. Luckily,good design skills can be learned in a short time.Keep your questionnaire simple and visually attractiveKeep your questionnaire short and simple. A short and simple questionnaire is more likely to be completed and returned. It is also important to make your questionnaire as attractive as possible. You should keep the following design elements in mind:Text: Choose a font style that is easy to read, and make sure the font size is large enough for your respondents to read.Paragraphs: Long paragraphs can be daunting for readers, so try to keep your blocks of text to a handful of lines.White space: Ensure that there is space between questions and sections and don’t make margins too small.Keep questions brief and easy to understandBe brief and direct with your questions. Do not use any unnecessary words and phrases. Brief questions that use simple language are easy to read and understand, so the participants won’t find it difficult to fill in the questionnaire.Make sure questions are in the right orderYou should start your questionnaire with general questions and then move to specific ones.Try to avoid jumping back and forth between general and specific questions.Use open-ended questions properlyOpen-ended questions mean respondents can answer freely using their own words. They can provide more detailed information, but they take more time and effort to answer and can be more difficult to analyze. You should not use too many open-ended questions in one questionnaire.In a word, taking the time to develop a well-designed and participant-friendly questionnaire will give you useful data that can help you make the right decisions.1. The questionnaire contains following elements except?( )A. Test.B. Paragraph.C. Address2. In order to keep your questionnaire visually attractive, you should ( )A. Choose different font styles in a questionnaire.B. Write long paragraphs instead of short ones.C. Leave enough space between questions and sections.3. You should start your questionnaire with _______ questions and then move to _______ones. ( )A. general, specificB. specific, generalC. short, long4. What could be the best title for this passage?( )A. Designing an Effective Questionnaire.B. Questionnaire is the best way to collect data from many people.C. Questionnaire benefits our life.5. Which of the following statements is NOT correct?( )A. Questionnaire design skills can be learned in a short time.B. Open-ended questions cannot provide more detailed information, so you’d better notuse too many open-ended questions in one questionnaire.C. It ’s worth taking the time to develop a well-designed and participant-friendly questionnaire.一、选择填空：阅读下面的对话或句子，从A、B、 C 三个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的最佳选项。

高中英语学术论文研究方法练习题40题1.Which of the following topics is most suitable for a high school English academic paper?A.The history of video games.B.The influence of social media on teenagers' language learning.C.The development of artificial intelligence in the medical field.D.The architecture of ancient Rome.答案：B。

解析：选项 A 视频游戏历史与高中英语学术论文关联不大。

选项C 人工智能在医疗领域的发展与英语学科不相关。

选项D 古罗马建筑也与英语学科没有直接关系。

而选项B 社交媒体对青少年语言学习的影响既与英语语言相关，也适合高中学生进行研究。

2.In choosing a topic for an English academic paper, what should be considered first?A.Personal interest.B.Availability of resources.C.Relevance to the curriculum.D.Popularity of the topic.答案：C。

解析：选项 A 个人兴趣虽然重要，但不是首先要考虑的。

选项 B 资源的可获得性在确定选题后再考虑。

选项 D 话题的流行度不是关键因素。

首先应考虑与课程的相关性，这样才能确保论文在学科范围内有意义。

3.Which of the following is NOT a good criterion for choosing anacademic paper topic?A.Being too broad.B.Having enough research materials available.C.Being relevant to current events.D.Being easy to research.答案：A。

一、阅读理解文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。

文章介绍了如何成为一个有组织的人，需要制定计划并列出所有的步骤，确保有备用方案，遵守计划并在制定的时间内完成。

同时，不要试图一次做太多事情，也不要半途而废。

最后，文章强调了组织的重要性。

1. 阅读填空I used to be the messiest person alive. Over the years, through watching others and by trial and error, I have finally found ways to come up withplans, organize them and follow through with them.Make an outline of everything you need to have and do to make your plan happen. Make a list of all of the steps that need to be accomplished and think about what needs to be done.Detail everything thoroughly and read over it so you can start coming up with some mental solutions of how to carry out your plans.Y ou should ensure that if for some reason way one doesn't work, you have way two and way three to lean back on. Therefore, different ways are needed at hand. It's just a matter of being organized. Chances are that there is always more than one way of doing things, and chances are that if one of those ways doesn't work,one of the others will.Committing yourself to finishing at least part ifnot all of your plan at once is also necessary. It will show that you not only have initiative to get things rolling, but that you are interested in the results obtained with making the move to get everything done.If you make a commitment to finish before aspecific time, make sure that you carry that out, and be sure to do everything in the way you said you would, within the time-frame you set for yourself.Don't try to tackle (处理) more things all at atime. All that does is delay your progress, distract youand make you lose your interest, motivation andenergy.Carrying out an effective plan requires being as organized as possible. Y ou will only achieve this by sticking to the order of the plan and not deviating ortrying to do more at a time.Last but not the least, you should never abandon things mid-project. It will only annoy everyonearound you including yourself. Unfinished plans are awaste of time, energy and, in some cases，evenmoney.So,don't be afraid of organization. The older weget,the more necessary it becomes to have the skills to follow through with confidence and to be able tocarry through plans in an organized and manageable way. It pays to be organized, after all.2. 请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。

a r X i v :h e p -p h /9711228v 1 4 N o v 1997hep-ph/9711228October 1997O (α)QED Corrections to Polarized Elastic µe and Deep Inelastic lN ScatteringDima Bardin a,b,c ,Johannes Bl¨u mlein a ,Penka Christova a,d ,and Lida Kalinovskaya a,caDESY–Zeuthen,Platanenallee 6,D–15735Zeuthen,GermanybINFN,Sezione di Torino,Torino,ItalycJINR,ul.Joliot-Curie 6,RU–141980Dubna,RussiadBishop Konstantin Preslavsky University of Shoumen,9700Shoumen,BulgariaAbstractTwo computer codes relevant for the description of deep inelastic scattering offpolarized targets are discussed.The code µe la deals with radiative corrections to elastic µe scattering,one method applied for muon beam polarimetry.The code HECTOR allows to calculate both the radiative corrections for unpolarized and polarized deep inelastic scattering,including higher order QED corrections.1IntroductionThe exact knowledge of QED,QCD,and electroweak (EW)radiative corrections (RC)to the deep inelastic scattering (DIS)processes is necessary for a precise determination of the nucleon structure functions.The present and forthcoming high statistics measurements of polarized structure functions in the SLAC experiments,by HERMES,and later by COMPASS require the knowledge of the RC to the DIS polarized cross-sections at the percent level.Several codes based on different approaches for the calculation of the RC to DIS experiments,mainly for non-polarized DIS,were developped and thoroughly compared in the past,cf.[1].Later on the radiative corrections for a vast amount of experimentally relevant sets of kinematic variables were calculated [2],including also semi-inclusive situations as the RC’s in the case of tagged photons [3].Furthermore the radiative corrections to elastic µ-e scattering,a process to monitor (polarized)muon beams,were calculated [4].The corresponding codes are :•HECTOR 1.00,(1994-1995)[5],by the Dubna-Zeuthen Group.It calculates QED,QCD and EW corrections for variety of measuremets for unpolarized DIS.•µe la 1.00,(March 1996)[4],calculates O (α)QED correction for polarized µe elastic scattering.•HECTOR1.11,(1996)extends HECTOR1.00including the radiative corrections for polarized DIS[6],and for DIS with tagged photons[3].The beta-version of the code is available from http://www.ifh.de/.2The Programµe laMuon beams may be monitored using the processes ofµdecay andµe scattering in case of atomic targets.Both processes were used by the SMC experiment.Similar techniques will be used by the COMPASS experiment.For the cross section measurement the radiative corrections to these processes have to be known at high precision.For this purpose a renewed calculation of the radiative corrections toσ(µe→µe)was performed[4].The differential cross-section of polarized elasticµe scattering in the Born approximation reads,cf.[7],dσBORNm e Eµ (Y−y)2(1−P e Pµ) ,(1)where y=yµ=1−E′µ/Eµ=E′e/Eµ=y e,Y=(1+mµ/2/Eµ)−1=y max,mµ,m e–muon and electron masses,Eµ,E′µ,E′e the energies of the incoming and outgoing muon,and outgoing electron respectively,in the laboratory frame.Pµand P e denote the longitudinal polarizations of muon beam and electron target.At Born level yµand y e agree.However,both quantities are different under inclusion of radiative corrections due to bremsstrahlung.The correction factors may be rather different depending on which variables(yµor y e)are used.In the SMC analysis the yµ-distribution was used to measure the electron spin-flip asymmetry A expµe.Since previous calculations,[8,9],referred to y e,and only ref.[9]took polarizations into account,a new calculation was performed,including the complete O(α)QED correction for the yµ-distribution,longitudinal polarizations for both leptons,theµ-mass effects,and neglecting m e wherever possible.Furthermore the present calculation allows for cuts on the electron re-coil energy(35GeV),the energy balance(40GeV),and angular cuts for both outgoing leptons (1mrad).The default values are given in parentheses.Up to order O(α3),14Feynman graphs contribute to the cross-section forµ-e scattering, which may be subdivided into12=2×6pieces,which are separately gauge invariantdσQEDdyµ.(2) One may express(2)also asdσQEDdyµ+P e Pµdσpol kk=1−Born cross-section,k=b;2−RC for the muonic current:vertex+bremsstrahlung,k=µµ;3−amm contribution from muonic current,k=amm;4−RC for the electronic current:vertex+bremsstrahlung,k=ee;5−µe interference:two-photon exchange+muon-electron bremsstrahlung interference,k=µe;6−vacuum polarization correction,runningα,k=vp.The FORTRAN code for the scattering cross section(2)µe la was used in a recent analysis of the SMC collaboration.The RC,δA yµ,to the asymmetry A QEDµeshown infigures1and2is defined asδA yµ=A QEDµedσunpol.(4)The results may be summarized as follows.The O(α)QED RC to polarized elasticµe scattering were calculated for thefirst time using the variable yµ.A rather general FORTRAN codeµe la for this process was created allowing for the inclusion of kinematic cuts.Since under the conditions of the SMC experiment the corrections turn out to be small our calculation justifies their neglection. 3Program HECTOR3.1Different approaches to RC for DISThe radiative corrections to deep inelastic scattering are treated using two basic approaches. One possibility consists in generating events on the basis of matrix elements including the RC’s. This approach is suited for detector simulations,but requests a very hughe number of events to obtain the corrections at a high precision.Alternatively,semi-analytic codes allow a fast and very precise evaluation,even including a series of basic cuts andflexible adjustment to specific phase space requirements,which may be caused by the way kinematic variables are experimentally measured,cf.[2,5].Recently,a third approach,the so-called deterministic approach,was followed,cf.[10].It treats the RC’s completely exclusively combining features of fast computing with the possibility to apply any cuts.Some elements of this approach were used inµe la and in the branch of HECTOR1.11,in which DIS with tagged photons is calculated.Concerning the theoretical treatment three approaches are in use to calculate the radiative corrections:1)the model-independent approach(MI);2)the leading-log approximation(LLA); and3)an approach based on the quark-parton model(QPM)in evaluating the radiative correc-tions to the scattering cross-section.In the model-independent approach the QED corrections are only evaluated for the leptonic tensor.Strictly it applies only for neutral current processes.The hadronic tensor can be dealt with in its most general form on the Lorentz-level.Both lepton-hadron corrections as well as pure hadronic corrections are neglected.This is justified in a series of cases in which these corrections turn out to be very small.The leading logarithmic approximation is one of the semi-analytic treatments in which the different collinear singularities of O((αln(Q2/m2l))n)are evaluated and other corrections are neglected.The QPM-approach deals with the full set of diagrams on the quark level.Within this method,any corrections(lepton-hadron interference, EW)can be included.However,it has limited precision too,now due to use of QPM-model itself. Details on the realization of these approaches within the code HECTOR are given in ref.[5,11].3.2O (α)QED Corrections for Polarized Deep Inelastic ScatteringTo introduce basic notation,we show the Born diagramr rr r j r r r r l ∓( k 1,m )l ∓( k 2,m )X ( p ′,M h )p ( p ,M )γ,Z ¨¨¨¨B ¨¨¨¨£¢ ¡£¢ ¡£¢ ¡£¢ ¡£¢ ¡£¢ ¡£¢ ¡£¢ ¡£¢ ¡£¢ ¡z r r r r r r r r r r r r r rr ¨¨¨¨B ¨¨¨¨r r r r j r r r r and the Born cross-section,which is presented as the product of the leptonic and hadronic tensordσBorn =2πα2p.k 1,x =Q 2q 2F 1(x,Q 2)+p µ p ν2p.qF 3(x,Q 2)+ie µνλσq λs σ(p.q )2G 2(x,Q 2)+p µ s ν+ s µ p νp.q1(p.q )2G 4(x,Q 2)+−g µν+q µq νp.qG 5(x,Q 2),(8)wherep µ=p µ−p.qq 2q µ,and s is the four vector of nucleon polarization,which is given by s =λp M (0, n )in the nucleonrest frame.The combined structure functions in eq.(8)F1,2(x,Q2)=Q2e Fγγ1,2(x,Q2)+2|Q e|(v l−p eλl a l)χ(Q2)FγZ1,2(x,Q2)+ v2l+a2l−2p eλl v l a l χ2(Q2)F ZZ1,2(x,Q2),F3(x,Q2)=2|Q e|(p e a l−λl v l)χ(Q2)FγZ3(x,Q2),+ 2p e v l a l−λl v2l+a2l χ2(Q2)F ZZ3(x,Q2),G1,2(x,Q2)=−Q2eλl gγγ1,2(x,Q2)+2|Q e|(p e a l−λl v l)χ(Q2)gγZ1,2(x,Q2),+ 2p e v l a l−λl v2l+a2l χ2(Q2)g ZZ1,2(x,Q2),G3,4,5(x,Q2)=2|Q e|(v l−p eλl a l)χ(Q2)gγZ3,4,5(x,Q2),+ v2l+a2l−2p eλl v l a l χ2(Q2)g ZZ3,4,5(x,Q2),(9) are expressed via the hadronic structure functions,the Z-boson-lepton couplings v l,a l,and the ratio of the propagators for the photon and Z-bosonχ(Q2)=Gµ2M2ZQ2+M2Z.(10)Furthermore we use the parameter p e for which p e=1for a scattered lepton and p e=−1for a scattered antilepton.The hadronic structure functions can be expressed in terms of parton densities accounting for the twist-2contributions only,see[12].Here,a series of relations between the different structure functions are used in leading order QCD.The DIS cross-section on the Born-leveld2σBorndxdy +d2σpol Borndxdy =2πα2S ,S U3(y,Q2)=x 1−(1−y)2 ,(13) and the polarized partdσpol BornQ4λp N f p S5i=1S p gi(x,y)G i(x,Q2).(14)Here,S p gi(x,y)are functions,similar to(13),and may be found in[6].Furthermore we used the abbrevationsf L=1, n L=λp N k 12πSy 1−y−M2xy2π1−yThe O(α)DIS cross-section readsd2σQED,1πδVRd2σBorndx l dy l=d2σunpolQED,1dx l dy l.(16)All partial cross-sections have a form similar to the Born cross-section and are expressed in terms of kinematic functions and combinations of structure functions.In the O(α)approximation the measured cross-section,σrad,is define asd2σraddx l dy l +d2σQED,1dx l dy l+d2σpol radd2σBorn−1.(18)The radiative corrections calculated for leptonic variables grow towards high y and smaller values of x.Thefigures compare the results obtained in LLA,accounting for initial(i)andfinal state (f)radiation,as well as the Compton contribution(c2)with the result of the complete calculation of the leptonic corrections.In most of the phase space the LLA correction provides an excellent description,except of extreme kinematic ranges.A comparison of the radiative corrections for polarized deep inelastic scattering between the codes HECTOR and POLRAD[17]was carried out.It had to be performed under simplified conditions due to the restrictions of POLRAD.Corresponding results may be found in[11,13,14].3.3ConclusionsFor the evaluation of the QED radiative corrections to deep inelastic scattering of polarized targets two codes HECTOR and POLRAD exist.The code HECTOR allows a completely general study of the radiative corrections in the model independent approach in O(α)for neutral current reac-tions including Z-boson exchange.Furthermore,the LLA corrections are available in1st and2nd order,including soft-photon resummation and for charged current reactions.POLRAD contains a branch which may be used for some semi-inclusive DIS processes.The initial state radia-tive corrections(to2nd order in LLA+soft photon exponentiation)to these(and many more processes)can be calculated in detail with the code HECTOR,if the corresponding user-supplied routine USRBRN is used together with this package.This applies both for neutral and charged current processes as well as a large variety of different measurements of kinematic variables. Aside the leptonic corrections,which were studied in detail already,further investigations may concern QED corrections to the hadronic tensor as well as the interference terms. References[1]Proceedings of the Workshop on Physics at HERA,1991Hamburg(DESY,Hamburg,1992),W.Buchm¨u ller and G.Ingelman(eds.).[2]J.Bl¨u mlein,Z.Phys.C65(1995)293.[3]D.Bardin,L.Kalinovskaya and T.Riemann,DESY96–213,Z.Phys.C in print.[4]D.Bardin and L.Kalinovskaya,µe la,version1.00,March1996.The source code is availablefrom http://www.ifh.de/~bardin.[5]A.Arbuzov,D.Bardin,J.Bl¨u mlein,L.Kalinovskaya and T.Riemann,Comput.Phys.Commun.94(1996)128,hep-ph/9510410[6]D.Bardin,J.Bl¨u mlein,P.Christova and L.Kalinovskaya,DESY96–189,hep-ph/9612435,Nucl.Phys.B in print.[7]SMC collaboration,D.Adams et al.,Phys.Lett.B396(1997)338;Phys.Rev.D56(1997)5330,and references therein.[8]A.I.Nikischov,Sov.J.Exp.Theor.Phys.Lett.9(1960)757;P.van Nieuwenhuizen,Nucl.Phys.B28(1971)429;D.Bardin and N.Shumeiko,Nucl.Phys.B127(1977)242.[9]T.V.Kukhto,N.M.Shumeiko and S.I.Timoshin,J.Phys.G13(1987)725.[10]G.Passarino,mun.97(1996)261.[11]D.Bardin,J.Bl¨u mlein,P.Christova,L.Kalinovskaya,and T.Riemann,Acta Phys.PolonicaB28(1997)511.[12]J.Bl¨u mlein and N.Kochelev,Phys.Lett.B381(1996)296;Nucl.Phys.B498(1997)285.[13]D.Bardin,J.Bl¨u mlein,P.Christova and L.Kalinovskaya,Preprint DESY96–198,hep-ph/9609399,in:Proceedings of the Workshop‘Future Physics at HERA’,G.Ingelman,A.De Roeck,R.Klanner(eds.),Vol.1,p.13;hep-ph/9609399.[14]D.Bardin,Contribution to the Proceedings of the International Conference on High EnergyPhysics,Warsaw,August1996.[15]M.Gl¨u ck,E.Reya,M.Stratmann and W.Vogelsang,Phys.Rev.D53(1996)4775.[16]S.Wandzura and F.Wilczek,Phys.Lett.B72(1977)195.[17]I.Akushevich,A.Il’ichev,N.Shumeiko,A.Soroko and A.Tolkachev,hep-ph/9706516.-20-18-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-200.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91elaFigure 1:The QED radiative corrections to asymmetry without experimental cuts.-1-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.200.20.40.60.810.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91elaFigure 2:The QED radiative corrections to asymmetry with experimental cuts.-50-40-30-20-100102030405000.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91HectorFigure 3:A comparison of complete and LLA RC’s in the kinematic regime of HERMES for neutral current longitudinally polarized DIS in leptonic variables.The polarized parton densities [15]are used.The structure function g 2is calculated using the Wandzura–Wilczek relation.c 2stands for the Compton contribution,see [6]for details.-20-100102030405000.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91HectorFigure 4:The same as in fig.3,but for energies in the range of the SMC-experiment.-20-10010203040500.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91HectorFigure 5:The same as in fig.4for x =10−3.-200-150-100-5005010015020000.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91HectorFigure 6:A comparison of complete and LLA RC’s at HERA collider kinematic regime for neutral current deep inelastic scattering offa longitudinally polarized target measuring the kinematic variables at the leptonic vertex.。

Module6 Old and NewⅠ.单项填空1.The____of the Itaipu Dam took 30 000 people seven years.A.constructionB.structureC.destructionD.instruction答案：A construction 建造，建筑物； structure 构造，建筑物； destruction 破坏，毁灭； instruction 讲授，教育。

只有A项符合题意。

2.Being a teacher，she dreamed____turning a deaf-blind creature into a useful human being.A.atB.ofC.onD.from答案：B dream of意为“梦想”，为固定短语。

3.I’ve always longed to visit China，and now my dream has____.A.came trueB.realizedCaaae true D.realizing答案：C come true 实现。

B项语态错误。

4.Finding a job in such a big company has always been____his wild dreams.A.underB.aboveC.overD.beyond答案：D beyond的意思是“（范围，限度）超出”。

例如：beyond compare 无可比拟的；beyond control 无法控制的；beyond description 无法描绘的。

本题句意为“在这样一个大公司找工作一直是他不敢想的”。

5.Operations which left patients____and in need of long periods of recovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable.A.exhaustedB.injuredC.ridiculousD.delighted答案：A exhausted“极度疲劳的，筋疲力尽的”，符合题意。

2019届高三英语上学期周末自测卷四第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1. Where is the conversation taking place?A. In a restaurant.B. In a hotel.C. In a tea house.2. Who’s the man probably?A. A salesman.B. A customer.C. A shopkeeper.3. What does the woman mean?A. She doesn’t know the road.B. She is new here.C. She will guide the road.4. What might the weather report say?A. It’s cold today.B. It’s warm today.C. It’s snowy today.5. Why does Emma come here?A. To attend Professor Austin’s lecture.B. To ask for help.C. To hand in her paper.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话或独白读两遍。

听第6段材料，回答第6、7题6. When does the party start?A. 7:15 p.m.B. 7:30 p.m.C. 7:45 p.m.7. What does the man want to know?A. The parking lot of the restaurant.B. The location of the restaurant.C. The traffic condition.听第7段材料，回答第8、9题8. What is NOT mentioned about the factory?A. There’s no safety insurance for workers.B. There are no emergency exits.C. The floor is dangerous.9. What’s the fate of the factory?A. It will be reinserted.B. It will be shut down immediately.C. It will have to move to another place.听第8段材料，回答第10至12题10. What do the speakers have in common?A. They both travel a lot.B. They both have big feet.C. They both love shopping.11. What does the man ask the woman to buy?A. A pair of black business shoes.B. Two pairs of casual shoes.C. Two pairs of business shoes.12. What does the man focus on about his shoes?A. The price.B. The size.C. The material.听第9段材料，回答第13至16题13. What can we know about the man’s hotel reservation?A. It’s on the 24th, September.B. He only stays for one night.C. The reservation is for him and his wife.14. What room is he asking for?A. A room with twin beds.B. A double bed room.C. A room with a mountain view.15. How much is the room per night?A. $510.B. $550.C. $590.16. What does the man need to provide?A. Credit card information.B. ID card information.C. The driver’s license.听第10段材料，回答第17至20题17. What was built on the small pond which has been filled in ?A. A large shopping mall.B. A new school.C. A modern fountain.18. What did the public library use to be?A. A post office.B. A great park.C. An old school.19. Where is the speaker going tonight?A. A Chinese restaurant.B. An Italian restaurant.C. A Mexican restaurant.20. What is the speaker talking about?A. The great changes of his hometown.B. The great changes of his living place.C. The rapid development in his city.第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分35分）第一节（共10小题；每小题2.5分，满分25分）A篇There is nothing worse than fumbling around in your pocket tr ying to find some small change to pay for a newspaper or a c offee. So it's good to know that new technology is making cas h -bank notes and coins – a thing of the past, turning us into a ca shless society.Today, many of us already use credit and debit cards for financial transactions（交易） so there's no need to carry around hard currency. And n ow it's possible to make contactless payments using tap-and-go cards which are regular bankcards but with a built-in chip and antenna（天线）. The card reader sends out a radio frequency and, when you bring the card close to the reader, the antenna picks up th e signal to make the payment.Paying this way or spending on ' plastic' – an informal name f or a credit card – can put you at risk of fraud. Criminals try to steal cards, or the information on them, to make purchases on line or in shops. However, contactless payment is capped——in the the limit is £30. And, if someone does go on a spendin g spree with your card, your bank covers you against the loss – something that wouldn't happen if your banknotes were stol en. Also, the introduction of chip and pin technology has led t o a drop in fraud and has even been helping businesses by c utting the time people spend at tills in shops.But, if getting your bankcard out seems like too much trouble, there's now a solution using wearable tech——that's clothing and accessories that include computer and ele ctronic technologies. Kenneth Cukier, economist and technolo gy expert, says "this is intended for people who are incrediblylazy who don't want to take their card out of their wallet, or us e their phone, or use their watch. People are going to be maki ng more purchases more of the time – particularly for small-valued goods."And, although our mobile phones are another way of making payments, BBC reporter Kate Russell says that when this is in convenient you can use the fingo—pay system which "reads the unique maps of veins under the surface of your finger." The trick is remembering which finger you registered with. What do you prefer to use when you buy something?Which of the following doesn’t belong to the cashless paymen t?A. Credit cardsB. Tap-and-go payC. spending spreeD. Fingo-payMany measures have been taken to ensure the credit card hol ders’ profits EXCEPT_______?A. Setting a maximum in transactionsB. Using wearable techC. Applying chip and pin technologyD. Making up for loss in a fraudWhat can we learn from Kenneth Cukier’s statement?Contactless payment will promote purchase to some degree. More and more people are too lazy to use bankcard as a way of payment.Wearable tech is safer and thus should replace the credit card s.Only phones and watches can be used as wearable tech to b uy things.B篇People rarely feel their cleanest after a workout, but your own sweat might be the least of your issues. Your gym equipment could also be full of bacteria. Fitness equipment review site Fi got bacteria samples from 27 pieces of equipmen t from three large gym chains. The results will make you want to take a long shower.Free weights have an average of more than 1.1 million colo ny-forming units（菌落形成单位） per square inch, according to . In comparison, the National Sanitation Foundation says you’d find 172 CF U per square inch on a home toilet seat. But treadmills（跑步机） and stationary bikes were even worse offenders, with ab out 7,752 times more bacteria than a home toilet seat. That’s even more than these objects with more bacteria than a toilet.Touching a surface with bacteria won’t necessarily make you sick. Some bacteria aren’t harmful, and others won’t do any h arm in small amounts. But the fact that 70 percent of bacteria from the tested equipment tested were potential ly harmful isn’t very comforting. If you tend to skip wiping dow n your workout machine, take that extra 30 seconds before an d after you use the equipment. Even if you’re not a germapho be（有洁癖的人）, you’ll be doing the rest of us a favor.And since you can’t control what everyone else does, avoid g etting sick by waiting to wipe your sweaty brow until you’ve w ashed your hands. “Your best defense is to be aware of washi ng your hands post workout and before eating or touching you r face,” Kelly Reynolds, microbiologist and associate professo r at the Zuckerman College of Public Health in , tells HuffPost. Oh, and don’t you dare rewear your sweaty clothes without d oing laundry?What does the underlined sentence imply?People need to take a bath after a workout.The gym equipment people use could not be so clean as ima gined.The sweat might be the leading cause of taking a shower.It isn’t a good idea to use fitness equipment to exercise. What method doesn’t the writer use to convince the readers?A.Making comparisionB. Listing examplesC. Giving definitionsD. Referring to the research findings26.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?A. To discuss the unknown causes of illnessB. To provide the ways of keeping fitC. To inform the necessity of cleaning the fitness equipmentD. To show the importance of doing exerciseC篇For people living in some remote villages in , heating houses and fuelling stoves can be a real challenge. The resources re quired, like gas and wood, have to get shipped in and distribut ed to individual households.The good news is that this antiquated system is now on its way out, thanks to an unlikely source: tofu. In , tofu isn't just a sn ack——it's a necessity, with hundreds of small, family-run shops producing tofu in massive quantities every day. No w, thanks to a government-run program, the waste water from all that tofu production is g etting transformed into biogas（沼气）that can be pumped directly to houses.But how does it work? First, let's talk about tofu. Tofu has bee n made the same way for generations. Basically, producers st art by soaking and grinding（磨）soybeans to separate the soy milk from the soy pulp. After the separated parts go through a filtration system（过滤系统）, the protein and oil are separated from the soy milk. A ch emical coagulant（凝结剂） is added to firm everything up. Once formed, you have to fu ready for cutting. Though simple in practice, an enormous a mount of water is required to make tofu - roughly 33 liters for every kilogram.Researchers found that this waste water could be turned into biogas if a certain type of bacteria is added to it. Every day, th e waste water is collected from various shops and treated wit h bacteria. Once transformed, the gas is pumped directly to lo cal homes.Besides creating a green energy source for locals, using all th at waste water has significantly helped the local environment. The hope for Kalisari is to become the first full-blown green village in . There's no reason why similar progra ms couldn’t sweep across the region, dramatically changing t he way people get the energy they need to live out their lives. What does the underlined word mean in paragraph2?old-fashioned B. modern C. popular D. effective What is the right order to produce biogas from Tofu?adding a chemical coagulantseparating the protein and oil from the soy milksoaking and grinding soybeanpouring an enormous amount of water1 32 43 2 1 43 14 22 13 4Which are not the benefits of this new technique?The waste water drained from the raw tofu can be reused. The waterways and the rice fields are free from the danger of contaminating.It can reduce the amount of water which is required to make t ofu.The transformed gas can be pumped directly to local homes. What can we infer from the passage?There is still a long way for Kalisari to become the first bull-blown green village.This new program has the potential to be promoted.The similar program can’t be applied in the different regions The new energy makes little difference to the local people.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。

2023年高考英语新热点时文阅读-科学技术01（河北省示范性高中2022-2023学年高三9月调研考试英语试题）Housing ranks high among the numerous challenges that still need to be overcome before humans can colonize(征服) Mars. The brave pioneers that make the six-month voyage to the Red Planet will need a place to live in as soon as they land. While the best solution would be to have the structures ready before they get there, it has so far been a challenge given that most construction robots have never made it out of the laboratory. Now, there may be a bit of hope thanks to Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s newly revealed Digital Construction Platform (DCP).The DCP comprises a double arm system that is fitted on a tracked vehicle. As the larger arm moves, the smaller, precision motor robotic arm builds the structure by shooting out the necessary construction material, ranging from insulation foam(绝缘泡沫) to concrete. The team of researchers led by Ph. D．Steven Keating say that unlike other 3-D printers that are limited to building objects that fit within their overall enclosure, DCP’s free moving systems can be used to construct structures of any size.The team recently demonstrated the DCP’s building skills on an empty field in Mountain View, CA．The robot began by creating a mold with expanding foam that hardens when dry. It then constructed the building, layer by layer, using sensors to raise itself higher as it progressed. The final product was a sturdy “home” that had 50-foot diameter walls and a 12-foot high roof with room for essentials like electricity wires and water pipes to be inserted inside. Even more impressive? It took a mere 14 hours to “print”!The researchers’ next plan is to make the DCP smart enough to analyze the environment where the structure is going to be built and determine the material densities best suited for the area. However, that’s noteven the best part. Future DCP models are going to be solar-powered, autonomous, and, most importantly, capable of sourcing construction components from its surroundings. This means the robot can be sent to remote, disaster-stricken areas, and perhaps even to Mars, to build shelters using whatever material is available.1．What do we learn from the first paragraph?A．Housing pioneers on Mars is a reality.B．Colonizing Mars is out of the question.C．Building structures on Mars is in the testing phases.D．Finding a liveable place on Mars is a top priority.2．How does the DCP differ from other 3-D printers?A．It consumes less time.B．It comes in more different sizes.C．It is more environmentally friendly.D．It can build more diverse structures.3．What is the third paragraph mainly about?A．The successful case of the DCP.B．The working principle of the DCP.C．The instructions of using the DCP.D．The limitation of the DCP’s function.4．What might be the biggest highlight of future DCP ?A．Being powered by solar.B．Building shelters anywhere.C．Collecting building materials on site.D．Analyzing building material densities.02（2022·河南·洛宁县第一高级中学高三开学考试）Climate science has been rapidly advancing in recent years, but the foundations were laid hundreds of years ago.In the 1820s, French scientist Joseph Fourier theorized that Earth must have some way of keeping heat and that the atmosphere may play some role. In 1850, American scientist Eunice Newton Foote put thermometers(温度计)in glass bottles and experimented with placing them in sunlight. Inside the bottles, Foote compared dry air, wet air, N2, O2 and CO, and found that the bottle containing humid air warmed upmore and stayed hotter longer than the bottle containing dry air,and that it was followed by the bottle containing CO2. In 1859, Irish scientist John Tyndall began measuring how much heat different gases in the atmosphere absorb. And in 1896, Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius concluded that more CO2in the atmosphere would cause the planet to heat up: These findings planted some of the earliest seeds of climate science.The first critical breakthrough happened in 1967 when Syukuro Manabe and Richard Wetherald connected energy absorbed by the atmosphere to the air movement vertically over Earth.They built a model which first included all the main physical processes related to climate changes. The predictions and the explanations based on their model still hold true in the real world almost half a century later.The model was improved in the 1980s by Klaus Hasselmann who connected short-term weather patterns with long-term climate changes. Hasselmann found that even random weather data could yield insight into broader patterns.“ The greatest uncertainty in the model remains what human beings will do. Figuring it out is 1,000 times harder than understanding the physics behind climate changes,” Manabe said.“ There are many things we can do to prevent climate change. The whole question is whether people will realize that something which will happen in20 or 30 years is something you have to respond to now.”So, it’s up to us to solve the problem that these pioneers helped the world understand.5．What does the word “humid” underlined in paragraph 2 mean?A．Cool.B．Cold.C．Dry.D．Wet.6．What is Klaus Hasselmann’s contribution to climate science?A．He found that CO2 causes global warming.B．He invented a unique measuring instrument.C．He improved Manabe and Wetherald’s model.D．He built a reliable model on climate change.7．What is paragraph 5 mainly about?A．The biggest problem with the climate model.B．The necessity for human beings to take action now.C．The challenge of understanding climate change.D．Measures to be taken to prevent climate change.8．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A．Negative Effects of the Global WarmingB．Historic Breakthroughs in Climate ScienceC．Main Causes Leading to Climate ChangeD．Difficulties of Preventing Climate Change03（2022·河北邯郸·高三开学考试）To effectively interact with humans in crowded social settings, such as malls, hospitals, and other public spaces, robots should be able to actively participate in both group and one-to-one interactions. Most existing robots, however, have been found to perform much better when communicating with individual users than with groups of conversing humans. Hooman Hedayati and Daniel Szafir, two researchers at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, have recently developed a new data-driven technique that could improve how robots communicate with groups of humans.One of the reasons why many robots occasionally misbehave while participating in a group conversation is that their actions heavily rely on data collected by their sensors. Sensors, however, are prone (易于遭受) to errors, and can sometimes be disturbed by sudden movements and obstacles in the robot’s surroundings.“If the robot’s camera is masked by an obstacle for a second, the robot might not see that person, and as a result, it ignores the user,” Hedayati explained. “Based on my experience, users find these misbehaviors disturbing. The key goal of our recent project was to help robots detect and predict the position of an undetected person within the conversational group.”The technique developed by Hedayati and Szafir was trained on a series of existing datasets. By analyzing the positions of other speakers in a group, it can accurately predict the position of an undetected user.In the future, the new approach could help to enhance the conversational abilities of both existing and newly developed robots. This might in turn make them easier to serve in large public spaces, including malls, hospitals, and other public places. “The next step for us will be to improve the gaze behavior of robots in a conversational group. People find robots with a better gaze behavior more intelligent. We want to improve the gaze behavior of robots and make the human-robot conversational group more enjoyable for humans.” Hedayati said.9．What is the technique developed by Hedayati and Szafir based on?A．Data.B．Cameras.C．Existing robots.D．Social settings.10．What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 2?A．The working procedure of robots.B．The ability of robots to communicate.C．The experience of the researchers.D．The shortcomings of existing robots.11．What will happen if a robot’s camera is blocked?A．It will stop working.B．It will break down.C．It will abuse its user.D．It will misbehave.12．What do we know about the new data-driven technique?A．It is considered a failure.B．It has been used in malls.C．It gets satisfactory result.D．It only works with new robots.04（2021·浙江湖州·高三阶段练习）Researchers say they have used brain waves of a paralyzed man who cannot speak to produce words from his thoughts onto a computer. A team led by Dr. Edward Chang at the University of California, San Francisco, carried out the experiment.“Most of us take for granted how easily we communicate through speech,” Chang told The Associated Press. “It’s exciting to think we’re at the very beginning of a new chapter, a new field to ease the difficulties of patients who lost that ability.” The researchers admit that such communication methods for paralysis victims will require years of additional research. But, they say the new study marks an important step forward.Today, paralysis victims who cannot speak or write have very limited ways of communicating. For example, a victim can use a pointer attached to a hat that lets him move his head to touch words or letters on a screen. Other devices can pick up a person’s eye movements. But such methods are slow and a very limited replacement for speech.Using brain signals to work around disabilities is currently a hot field of study. Chang’s team built their experiment on earlier work. The process uses brain waves that normally control the voice system. The researchers implanted electrodes on the surface of the man’s brain, over the area that controls speech. A computer observed the patterns when he attempted to say common words such as “water” or “good.” Overtime, the computer became able to differentiate between 50 words that could form more than 1,000 sentences. Repeatedly given questions such as “How are you today?” or “Are you thirsty,” the device enabled the man to answer “I am very good” or “No, I am not thirsty.” The words were not voiced, but were turned into text on the computer.In an opinion article published with the study, Harvard brain doctors Leigh Hochberg and Sydney Cash called the work a “pioneering study.” The two doctors said the technology might one day help people with injuries, strokes or diseases like Lou Gehrig’s. People with such diseases have brains that “prepare messages for delivery, but those messages are trapped,” they wrote.13．How is the new method different from the current ones?A．It involves a patient’s brain waves.B．It can pick up a patient’s eye movements.C．It is a very limited replacement for speech.D．It can help a patient regain his speech ability.14．What does the underlined word “differentiate” in paragraph 4 mean?A．Organize.B．Learn.C．Distinguish.D．Speak.15．What was Leigh Hochberg and Sydney Cash’s attitude towards the study?A．Positive.B．Negative.C．Doubtful.D．Critical.16．Which of the following is the best title for the text?A．Researchers Found Good Methods to Help Paralyzed PatientsB．Device Uses Brain Waves of Paralyzed Man to Help Him CommunicateC．Years of Additional Work Needed to Improve the Communication MethodsD．Device Uses Brain Waves of Paralyzed Man to Cure His Speaking Disability05（2022·安徽·高三开学考试）When people think of farming today, they usually picture a tractor (拖拉机) rather than horses in the farmland. That’s because tractors that relied on engines revolutionized farming in the late 1800s. Now a new type of tractor can do the same in the 21st century.Agriculture has been changing dramatically in the last few decades. The push for innovation is fed by the need to produce larger amounts of food for a growing world population. Autonomous tractors may be the key to solving this challenge. They can be used to carry out labor-intensive farming while allowing farmersto do other work. A big plus is that it can increase crop output while reducing costs because the autonomous machines can work in all weather conditions without any rest.Part of push for automation is a shortage of farm workers due to people’s desire to have higher paying jobs with better work conditions. Farm owners are competing against companies like Amazon and restaurants that are raising wages to attract workers. “With labor shortages and the increase in the hourly wages that have to be paid in order to be competitive, all of a sudden automation seems like a more reasonable decision,” said David Swartz, a professor at Penn State University.Many believe the time is ripe for an autonomous revolution because robotics is already in use in agriculture. One company that is working to bring autonomous tractors into main stream farming is Blue and White Robotics, an Israeli agricultural technology company, whose mission is to make a fully autonomous farm. The company released an autonomous tractor kit in February 2021 that can be fixed on any existing tractor. The kit includes camera detection, speed controls, as well as an anti-crash system. Blue and White’s kit is being used by West Coast growers in the US. It may soon come to a farm near you.17．What contributes to the agricultural revolution according to Paragraph 2?A．The urge to feed more people.B．The extreme weather conditions.C．The need to reduce farming cost.D．The desire for automatic farming.18．What is Swartz’s attitude to automation?A．Critical.B．Negative.C．Supportive.D．Indifferent.19．What can be inferred about Blue and White’s kit?A．It has been widely used.B．It can be made in many firms.C．It can improve safety of tractors.D．It will detect the way of farming.20．What may be a suitable title for the text?A．Automation Is Transforming Agriculture B．Big Companies Are Making A Difference C．Driverless Tractors Are Worth Investing D．Traditional Farming Is Falling out of Date参考答案：1．C2．D3．A4．C【导语】本文是一篇说明文。

Quarkyonic Matter and the PhaseDiagram of QCDLarry McLerranAugust 7,2008Physics Department and Riken Brookhaven Research Center,Building 510ABrookhaven National Laboratory,Upton,NY-11973,USAAbstractQuarkyonic matter is a new phase of QCD at finite temperature and density which is distinct from the confined and de-confined phases.Its existence is unambiguously argued in the large numbers of colors limit,N c →∞,of QCD.Hints of its existence for QCD,N c =3,are shown in lattice Monte-Carlo data and in heavy ion experiments.1Quarkyonic Matter and the Large N c limit of QCDThe large N c limit of QCD has provided numerous insights into the structure of strongly interacting matter,both in vacuum,[1],and at finite temperature.[2]The large N c approximation allows a correct reproduction of both qualitative and semi-quantitative features of QCD.If the number of fermions is held finite as N c →∞,then QCD in this limit is confining in vacuum.The spectrum of the confined world consists of non-interacting confined mesons and glueballs.At finite temperature,there is a first order phase transition between a confined world of glueballs and mesons and an unconfined world of gluons.The energy density,pressure and entropy are parametrically of order one in the confined world since the confined states are colorless,but in the de-confined world are of order N 2c ,corresponding to the N 2c gluon degrees of freedom.The latent heatof the phase transition is of order N2c .As one approaches the phase transition from lower temperature,the tran-sition is hinted at by the existence of a Hagedorn spectrum of particles,whose density accumulates as one approaches the phase transition temperature.This accumulation resolves the paradoxical situation that at large N c ,hadrons do not interact,which seems to contradict the existence of a de-confining phase transition.If there is an accumulation of states at the Hagedorn temperature,then the the high density of states very near to the transition temperature can1a r X i v :0808.1057v 1 [h e p -p h ] 7 A u g 2008compensate for weak interaction strength,resulting in a strongly interacting gas of hadrons.The results of lattice computations for QCD(N c=3)are in qualitative accord with the results at large N c.[3]There is a rapid change at at a well defined temperature,although not a strict discontinuity when afinite number of quarkflavors are included.The presence of quarks makes the order parameter for confinement not so well defined,since the order parameter is e−βF q where inverse temperature isβand the change in the free energy of the system,F q, is that due to the addition of a quark.In a theory with no light quarks,one can still probe the system with a heavy quark source,which corresponds to the order parameter.In such a theory,e−βF q=0in the confined phase because the quarks have infinite mass.In the de-confined phase,the order parameter isfinite.When light quarks are included,these light quarks can form bound states with the heavy quark probes,and so the free energy need never be infinite. The presence of light quarks therefore does not allow for an order parameter for confinement,In QCD,since there is no order parameter associated with confinement,there need be no strict phase transition,and there appears not to be for realistic quark masses.There is nevertheless a quite rapid transition at a temperature of about200MeV,where the energy density changes by of order N2c,in accord with large N c arguments.The popular wisdom for QCD atfinite temperature and density is that there is a line of cross overs,perhaps converting to afirst order phase transition at high density and low temperature,that separates the confined and de-confined world.Typically plots are made as a function of temperature T and baryon chemical potential,µ.Such a hypothetical diagram is shown in Figure1.At very high temperature and density,there may be phase transitions associated with color superconductivity,which affect transport properties of quark-gluon matter,but are not so important for bulk properties such as pressure and energy density.[4]Unfortunately,the conventional wisdom about the phase diagram has never been explicitly verified.It is quite difficult to disentangle the assumptions built into various model computations from the hard predictions of QCD.[5]Lattice Monte-Carlo computations are extremely difficult at high baryon density.[3] In this talk,I will review the recent results concerning the phase diagram atfinite T andµin the limit of a large number of colors.[6]In this limit,it is possible to extract model independent results.The surprise result of these considerations is that in addition to the confined and de-confined phases of QCD, there is a third phase.It turns out that the pressure and energy density of this phase behave like a gas of quarks at very high baryon density,but nevertheless is confined.Confinement is important for properties of the matter near the Fermi surface,where excitations are required to be bound into color singlets Rob Pisarski and I named this phase the quarkyonic phase,since it has properties of both high density baryonic matter and de-confined quark matter.To understand how such a new phase of matter might come about,we need to understand that dynamical quarks do not modify the potential between heavy test quarks at large N c.We shallfirst consider the case that N c→∞but that2Figure 1:The conventional wisdom about the QCD phase transition at finite temperature and density.the number of quark flavors is held fixed.We will later turn to the case where N F /N c is held fixed.This limit with finite number of flavors is easiest to consider since there is a confined and a de-confined phase.For finite N F /N c ,there is no distinction between a confined and de-confined phase,although there might perhaps be a remnant of these phases associated with a cross over.In Figure 2,the gluon loop and quark loop modifications of the potential are shown.At finite temperature,the first diagram Debye screens the potential at large distances.This can short out the linear potential when the temperaute is high enough.The second diagram corresponds to a quark loop and is suppressed by 1/N c at large N c .When expressed in terms of the t’Hooft coupling,the temperature T and the quark chemical pottential µQ ,it is of order αT 2F (µQ /T )/N c Note that the baryon chemical potential is µB =N c µQ .Typically,the baryon chemical potential is of order the baryon mass M B ∼N c ΛQCD .The high density limit is µQ >>ΛQCD .In order for the quark loops to be important,the quark chemical potential must be of order µQ ∼√N c ΛQCD which approaches infinity in the large N c limitThis argument shows that the presence of baryons at finite density does not affect the values of the confinement-deconfinement transition temperature.How can there be any non-trivial physics due to finite baryon number density?It turns out that at large N c there is another order parameter,which is the baryon number density.Remember that the baryon number density isρB ∼e (µB −M B )/T(1)3Figure 2:Diagrams which modify the potential at high energy density .Since both µB and M B are of order N c ,ρB ∼e −κN c so long as µB ≤M B .Here κis a constant of order 1.Therefore there is a finite region in the µB −T plane where the baryon number density is zero.This is the confined-baryonless world.At high temperature,in the de-confined world,the quarks are the correct degrees of freedom in which to measure baryon number and the baryon number is finite.As one increases the baryon number density at temperatures below the confinement temperature,there is a phase which is confined,but the baryon number chemical potential is large enough that the baryon number density is finite.The bottom line of these arguments is that there are two order parameters corresponding to confinement and to baryon number.This in principle allows four possible phases.The phase where there is de-cofninement and zero baryon number density is apparently not realized in nature,but the other three may be.We can compute the dependence of the pressure and energy density on N c for the quarkyonic phase.To do this,assume the quark chemical potential is large compared to ΛQCD .The pressure and energy density are computable in this limit and are of order N c .It is remarkable that the bulk properties of quarkyonic matter may be computed using perturbation theory at very high density.This is despite that such matter is confined.This is not unprecedented,since computations of scattering processes at short distances may be done in perturbation theory,even though the processes take place in the confined vac-uum.The perturbation expansion works for bulk thermodynamic quantities because the major contribution arises from quarks deep inside the Fermi sea,where short distance interactions dominate.Pairing processes near the Fermi surface are sensitive to long distance affects,and presumably pairs which form near the Fermi surface must be confined.The fact that the energy density and pressure are proportional to N c may also be seen in a Skyrmyonic description of baryons for two flavors.Such a description follows from the large N c limit.[7]The action for Skyrmions is S = d 4x f 2πtr V µV †µ+κtr [V µ,V ν]2 (2)In this equation,V µis a derivative of a n SU (2)group element,and both f πand κare constants of order N c .We see that the action is therefore of order N c ,so that bulk quantities such as pressure and energy density computed in this theory should also be of order N cThese arguments show that the confined-baryonless phase has bulk proper-ties of order 1in N c ,the de-coniined phase of order N 2c and the quarkyonic4phase is of order N c The phase diagram for QCD in the large N c limit is shownin Fig.3.Figure3:The phase diagram for large N c QCD.The change in the bulk properties of the system whenµB crosses the confinement-quarkyonic transition is of order N c.We can also estimate the width of the transition region.Recall that in the large N c limit baryons are very strongly interacting.When the number density of baryons becomes of order1/Λ3QCDor when the Fermi momentum is k F∼ΛQCD,,one will no doubt have madea transition to quarkyonc matter.This density is controlled by the Fermi mo-mentum.For baryons with large masses of order N c,we see that the baryonchemical potential is of order,µB∼M B+k2F /2M B.This means that in a widthof order1/N c inµB or of order1/N2c inµQ,the transition is achieved.In the large N c limit,this width shrinks to zero.2Finite N F/N cThefinite ratio of N F/N c in the large N c limit implies that there is no distinction between the confined and de-confined worlds atfinite temperature and density. The baryon number density remains a valid order parameter.The transition is driven because of the huge degeneracy of the lowest mass baryon states.There are of order e N c G(N F/N c)such states,where G is a function determined by Young-Tableau which counts such states.The baryon density isρB∼e N c G(N F/N c)e−M B/T+µB/T(3) This has a transition whenµB=M B−T N c G(N c/N F)In this case the world is divided into that of mesons without baryons,and a world withfinite baryon number density.53Phenomenology and SpeculationIt is tempting to speculate on the nature of the phase transition in QCD for N c =3and realistic numbers of flavors.It is difficult a priori to know whether phase transitions remain or whether they become cross overs.I have little to say about this.It is clear that the diagram drawn in Fig.3becomes smoothed due to finite N c and N F effects.This means that the transition line at small µB and finite T has some small decrease as µB increases.When µB ∼√N c ΛQCD ,the line of finite temperature transitions will have either disappeared or have dipped near T =0.If it dips down,it probably is a weak transition because the effect of de-confinement is to liberate gluons and at low T and high µ,and there the ratio of gluons to quarks is very small.Most likely,the finite temperature line of transitions ends in a second order point,if it was ever a first order transition.Presumably,there is still a tricritical region as in the large N c limit.If the transition becomes a cross over,then perhaps a critical point slides along the line of quarkyonic-confined transition.The large N c considerations must be further developed in order to say any-thing about the chiral transition.Chiral symmetry breaking should be a Fermi surface effect in the quarkyonic phase.[8]Whether or not it is restored in the quarkyonic phase,or only approximately restored is not resolved.A hypothetical phase diagram for QCD is shown in Fig.4.Figure 4:A hypothetical phase diagram for QCD.Perhaps the strongest hints for the existence of a quarkyonic phase come from the ratios of integrated yields of particles produced in heavy ion experiments.[9].This is supposed to give information about the decoupling temperature and chemical potential of matter produced in heavy ion collisions.Since the energy density jumps by of order N c N F Λ4QCD across the quarkyonic transition,and since in large N c ,particle cross sections do not change their N c dependence[10],one might expect that the freeze out occurs at the quarkyonic phase transition.In Figure 5,the supposed decoupling temperature and baryon chemical po-tential are computed for various energies of experiments.Note that the line goes to zero temperature at about the nucleon mass.This is easy to interpret6in terms of the quarkyonic phase transition,but difficult to understand if the line corresponded to the confinement transition.Figure5:The decoupling temperature and density of matter produced in heavy ion collisions.Also shown on the plot are results of computations from the bag model and from lattice gauge theory which show the weak dependence on baryon chemical potential of the confinement transition line.There is some lattice data which argues in favor of the existence of the quarkyonic phase.In the computations of Fodor et.al.,micro-canonical tech-niques were used on lattices of very small size.[11]They found the phase diagram shown in Figure6.4ConclusionsQuarkyonic matter forces us to revise our conception of the phase diagram of QCD.There are of course many unanswered questions:How does the chiral transition interplay with the quarkyonic transition?How is quarkyonic mat-ter related to Skyrmionic crystals?[7]What is the nature of the Fermi surface of quarkyonic matter?How is the liquid gas phase transition related to the quarkyonic phase transitions?These are of course many more.7Figure6:The phase diagram found by Fodor and colleagues.5AcknowledgementsI thank Arkady Vainshtein and Misha Voloshin for inviting me to Continuous Advances in QCD,where this talk was presented.Their gracious hospitality is greatly appreciated.I thank Rob Pisarski and Yoshimasa Hidaka with whom many of these idea were developed.I thank my colleagues at Rob Pisarski and Yoshimasa Hidaka for their clever insights,and with whom these ideas were de-veloped.I also thank Kenji Fukushima for his intuitive insights concerning such matter,and Kzysztof Redlich for his many insights concerning the properties of matter atfinite baryon number density.My research is supported under DOE Contract No.DE-AC02-98CH10886.References[1]G.’t Hooft,Nucl.Phys.B72,461(1984);B75,461(1974)[2]C.B.Thorn,Phys.Lett.B99458(1981)[3]For a review see F.Karsch,Prog.Theor.Phys.Suppl.168,237(2007).[4]M.G.Alford,K.Rajagopal and F.Wilczek,Phys.Lett.B422247(1998);R.Rapp,T.Shafer,E.Shuryak and M.Velkovsky,Phys.Rev.Lett.81,53 (1998)[5]K.Fukushima,Phys.Rev.D77,114028(2008).[6]L.McLerran and R.Pisarski,Nucl.Phys.A796,83(2007);Y.Hidaka,L.McLerran and R.Pisarski,Nucl.Phys.A808117(2008).[7]M.Kutschera,C.J.Pethick and D.G.Ravenhall,Phys.Rev.Lett.53,10411984;I.R.Klebanov,Nucl.Phys.B262,1331985;A.S.Goldhaber8and N.S.Manton,Phys.Lett.B198,2311987;N.S.Manton,Comm.Math.Phys.111,4691987;A.D.Jackson,A.Wirzba and N.S.Manton, Nucl.Phys.B495,4991989;H.Forkel,A.D.Jackson,M.Rho,C.Weiss,A.Wirzba and H.Bang,Nucl.Phys.B504,8181989;M.Kugler andS.Shtrikman,Phys.Lett.B208,4911988;Phys.Rev.D40,34211989;R.A.Battye and P.M.Sutcliffe,Phys.Rev.Lett.79,3631997Rev.Mod.Phys.14,292002Nucl.Phys.B705,3842005Phys.Rev.C73,0552052006 [8]L.Ya.Glozman and R.F.Wagenbrunn,Phys.Rev.D77,054927(2008),arXiv:0709.3080arXiv0805.4799;L.Ya.Glozman,arXiv:0803.1636[9]A.Adronic,P.Braun-Munzinger,K.Redlich and J.Stachel,Phys.Lett.B571,36(2003);P.Braun-Munzinger,D,Magestro,K.Redlich and J.Stachel,Phys.Lett.B518,41(2001);J.Cleymans and K.Redlich,Phys.Rev.Lett.52,84(1998);J.Cleymans and K.Redlich,Phys.Rev.C60 054908(1999);F.Beccatini,J.Cleymans,A.Keranen,E.Suhonen and 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2024年教师资格（初级中学）-英语知识与教学能力（高中）考试历年真题摘选附带答案第1卷一.全考点押密题库(共100题)1.(单项选择题)(每题2.00 分)His___________in alcohol mined his whole life.A. indulgenceB. habitC. engagementD. addiction2.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)Mr. Woods, I am here just in case anything out of the ordinary__________.A. happensB. happenC. would happenD. will happen3.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following activities is the most suitable for group work?______.A. guessing gameB. story tellingC. information-gapD. drama performance4.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following activities can be used to get the main idea of a passage?A. Reading the passage in detail.B. Reading to sequence the events.C. Reading to fill in the charts.D. Reading the first and last sentences of the passage and the paragraphs.5.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) To our surprise, the stranger______to be an old friend of my mother’s.A. turned outB. turned upC. set outD. setup6.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) new buildings will be built in my hometown.A. A great deals ofB. A lots ofC. A plenty ofD. A great number of7.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) 请阅读Passage2,完成下列小题.Passage 2We had been wanting to expand our children‘s horizons by taking them to a place that was unlike anything wed been exposed to during our travels in Europe and the United States. In thinking about what was possible from Geneva,where we are based, we decided on a trip to Istanbul a two-hour plane ride from Zurich.We envisioned the trip as a prelude to more exotic ones, perhaps to New Delhi or Bangkok later this year, but thought our 11- and 13-year-old needed a first step away from manicured boulevards and pristine monuments.What we didn’t foresee was the reaction of friends, who warned that we were putting our children “in danger",referring vaguely, and most incorrectly, to disease, terrorism or just the unknown. To help us get acquainted with the peculiarities of Istanbul and to give our children a chance to choose what they were particularly interested in seeing, we bought anexcellent guidebook and read it thoroughly before leaving. Friendly warnings didn’t change our planning:although we might have more prudently checked with the U.S. Department’s list of troublespots. We didn’t see a lot of children among the foreign visitors during our six-day stay in Istanbul, but we found the tourist areas quite safe, veryinteresting and varied enough even to suit our son, whose oft-repeated request is that we not see “every single” church and museum in a given city.Vaccinations werent needed for the city, but we were concerned about adapting to the water for a short stay. So we used bottled water for drinking and brushing our teeth, a precaution that may seem excessive, but we all stayed healthy.Taking the advice of a friend, we booked a hotel a 20-minute walk from most of Istanbul’s major tourist sites. This not only got us some morning exercise, strolling over the Karakoy Bridge, but took us past a colorful assortment of fishermen, vendors and shoe shiners. From a teenager and preteens view. Istanbul street life is fascinating since almost everything can be bought outdoors. They were at a good age to spend time wandering the labyrinth of the Spice Bazaar, where shops display mounds of pungent herbs in sacks. Doing this with younger children would be harder simply because the streets are so packed with people; it would be easy to get lost.For →our two←, whose buying experience consisted of department stores and shopping mall boutiques, it was amazing to discover that you could bargain over price and perhaps end up with two of something for the price of one. They also learned to figure out the relative value of the Turkish lira, not a small matter with its many zeros.Being exposed to Islam was an important part of our trip. Visiting the mosques, especially the enormous Blue Mosque, was our first glimpse into how this major religion is practiced. Our children’s curiosity already had been piqued by the five daily calls to prayer over loudspeakers in every comer of the city, and the scarves covering the heads of many women. Navigating meals can be troublesome with children, but a kebab, bought on the street or in restaurants, was unfailingly popular. Since we had decided this trip was not for gourmets, kebabs spared us th e agony of trying to find a restaurant each day that would suit the adults’ desire to try something new amid children’s insistence that the food be served immediately. Gradually, we branched out to try some other Turkish specialties. Although our son had studied Islam briefly, it is impossible to be prepared for every awkward question that might come up, such as during our visits to the Topkapi Sarayi, the Ottoman Sultans9 palace, no guides were available so it was do-it-yourself, using our guidebook, which cheated us of a lot of interesting history and anecdotes that a professional guide could provide. Next time, we resolved to make such arrangements in advance.On this trip, we wandered through the magnificent complex, with its imperial treasures, its courtyards and its harem. The last required a bit of explanation that we would have happily left to a learned third party.Whom does“our two”in PARAGRAPH 5 refer to? ______ .A. the coupleB. the kidsC. the gourmetsD. local-style markets8.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following statements is NOT a way of presenting new vocabulary?____.A. definingB. using real objectsC. writing a passage by using new wordsD. giving explanations9.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Exceptional children are different in some significant ways from others of the same age, for the same age, for these children to develop to their full adult potential; their education must be adapted to those differences.Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society5s understanding the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.“All men are created equal.” We’ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this countrys founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children—the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not —to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.From its passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children______.A. is now enjoying legal supportB. disagrees with the tradition of the countryC. was clearly stated by the country’s foundersD. will exert great influence over court decisions10.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)What stage can the following grammar activity be used at?The teacher asked students to arrange the words of sentences into different columns marked subject, predicate, object, object complement, adverbial and so on.A. Presentation.B. Practice.C. Production.D. Preparation.11.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)According to Britain linguist F. Palmer, there are no real synonyms. Though"cast" and"throw" are considered synonyms, they are different in__________.A. styleB. collocationC. emotive meaningD. regions where they are used12.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)What advantage do the new generation Latino writers have over LatinAmericanwriters according to the passage?A. The former are able to write in two different languages.B. The former can translate their works into different languages.C. The former are able to express ideas from a bi-cultural perspective.D. The former can travel freely across the border between two countries.13.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) It is not so much the language______the cultural background that makes the book difficult to understanD.A. asB. butC. likeD. nor14.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)Which inference in the brackets of the following sentences is apresupposition?A. Ede caught a trout. (Edecaught a fish.)B. Don' t sit on Carol' s bed. (Carol has a bed.)C. This blimp is over the house. (The house is under the blimp.)D. Coffee would keep me awake all night. (I don' t want coffee.)15.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) There are many different ways of presenting grammar in the classroom. Among them, three are most frequently used and discusseD. Which one does not belong to them?______.A. deductive methodB. inductive methodC. guided discovery methodD. productive method16.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) When a teacher teaches young learners English pronunciation, he should______.A. listen as much as possibleB. input regardless of students5 abilityC. tolerate small errors in continuous speechD. read more English materials17.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following activities is the best for training detailed reading?A. drawing a diagram to show the text structureB. giving the text an appropriate titleC. transforming information from the text to a diagramD. finding out all the unfamiliar words18.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following teacher‘s instruction could serve the purpose of eliciting ideas?A. Shall we move on?B. Read after me, everyoneC. What can you see in this picture?D. What does the world "quickly" mean?19.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?A. The quality of writing is of primary importance.B. Common humanity is central to news reporting.C. Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.D. Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.20.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)What is the best title for this passage?A. Creativity. and InsightsB. Insights and Problem SolvingC. Where Do Insight Moments Come?D. Where Do Creativity Moments Come?21.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) —Where did you find the wallet?—It was at the stadium______I played football.A. thatB. whereC. whichD. there22.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Water problems in the future will become more intense and more complex. Our increasing population will tremendously increase urban wastes, primarily sewage. On the other hand, increasing demands for water will decrease substantially the amount of water available for diluting wastes. Rapidly expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical processes will produce large volumes of liquid wastes, and many of these will contain chemicals which are poisonous. To feed our rapidly expanding population, agriculture will have to be intensifieD. This will involve even increasing quantities of agriculture chemicals. From this, it is apparent that drastic steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem.There are two ways by which this pollution problem can be lesseneD. The first relates to the treatment of wastes to decrease their pollution hazarD. This involves the processing of solid wastes prior to disposal and the treatment of liquid wastes, or effluents, to permit the reuse of the water or best reduce pollution upon final disposal.A second approach is to develop an economic use for all or a part of the wastes. Farm manure is spread in fields as a nutrient or organic supplement. Effluents from sewage disposal plants are used in some areas both for irrigation and for the nutrients containeD. Effluents from other processing plants may also be used as a supplemental source of water. Many industries,such as meat and poultry processing plants, are currently converting former waste production into marketable byproducts. Other industries have potential economic uses for their waste products.The phrase “prior to”（ParA. 2） probably means______.A. afterB. duringC. beforeD. beyond23.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) 请阅读passage2，完成下列小题。

Unit 1 Part 15 Vocabulary and StructureDirections: For each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one to complete each sentence.1.The company may be reluctant to ________ too far from the basic terms of this agreement, but there are a number of things that are negotiable.A.deviateB.disconnectC.detachD.distract2.As manager of our computer department, I ________ your employee, John Doe, for the prompt and polite service he provided to us last week.mentB.celebrateC.claimmend3.Let us be exact in what we say so as to ________ any possibility of misunderstanding.A.replyB.alleviateC.precludeD.proclaim4.She has remained loyal to him throughout his ________.A.shortcomingB.misfortuneC.circuitD.tragedy5.The company has been developing in a big way and is gaining ________ internationally.A.prestigeB.dedicationC.humanityD.persecution6.The glamorous actress always went shopping with many ________ crowding round her.A.participantsB.managersC.statesmenD.attendants7.When he is confronted with a ________, he usually makes an arbitrary decision by throwinga coin.A. paradoxB.prejudiceC.dilemmaD.conflictCorrect answer: C8. During the construction of high buildings, cranes (起重机) are used to ________ building materials to the upper floors.A.tossB.increaseC.hoistD.enhanceCorrect answer: C9.Students and teachers should have ________ attitudes toward each other.A.respectfulB.respectedC.respectiveD.respectable10.My usual feeling of respect, ________ with a little fear, had been replaced by the warmest concern.A.migratedB.matchedC.mingledD.melted11.The purpose of many such small-scale adaptations is to ________ the enterprise forward.A.proposeB.doomC.tossD.propelCorrect answer: D12. The pill cannot cure a common cold, but it can ________ the symptoms (症状).A.aggravateB.alleviateC.medicateD.bypassCorrect answer: B13.I did not switch on the light in case it should ________ her.A.glareB.shineC.faintD.dazzle14.The crime was ________ by evidence of child abuse and the fact that the victim was very young.A.increasedB.strengthenedC.reinforcedD.aggravatedCorrect answer: D15.Good television programs should ________ to different types of interest and taste among the public.A.matchB.caterC.adoptD.clingwren was well off and able to ________ painting as his favorite pastime.A.submit toB.take intoC.participate inD.indulge in17.She ________ my suggestion that everyone should make a donation to the handicapped soldier.A.poured scorn onB.took pains withC.preclude vision fromD.cast light upon18.The top managers are full of ________ toward the sales volume of mobile phones next year.A.optimismB.endeavorC.attitudeD.deliberation19.If the ________ guest is unable to pay, then the receptionist may refuse to accommodate that person.A.prospectiveB.perspectiveC.permissiveD.prominent20.As a small boy, Thomas Edison was slow ________ learning to read and write.A.onB.withC.aboutD.inCorrect answer: D21.This ________ accident can serve as a reminder to our future generations.A.weakB.tragicC.patrioticD.suspicious22.Fortunately, there is a more ________ attitude towards other religions in most parts of the world today.A.impatientB.tolerantC.crudeD.inevitable23.They got themselves in a mess by losing millions on loans to foreign countries and ________ borrowers at home.A.prospectiveB.consistentC.dubiousD.glamorous24.You must insist that students give a truthful answer ________ with the reality of their world.A.proficientB.insistentC.consistentD.sufficient25.His ________ to help the poor people earn him great prestige.A.dilemmasB.iconsC.endeavorsD.accommodation26.Due to the ________ domestic market, the business has to adjust its import and export policies.A.diligentB.tediousC.suspiciousD.slack27.He realized that it was difficult to ________ on this infertile land any longer.A.inhibitB.inhabitC.gatherD.retreatCorrect answer: B28. A national ________ is someone who, by the mere mention of his name, will remind people of his country.A.iconB.cowboyC.pedestrianD.senator29.Members of society tend to cooperate ________ the goals they share.A.in reward ofB.in pursuit ofC.in view ofD.in light of30.One expert in psychology believes that people like jobs mainly because they need other people — to chat with, to ________ with, and to build relationships with.31.There is a standard method ________ officers are selected for promotion.A.thatB.whereC.in thatD.wherebyCorrect answer: DUnit 2 Part 15 Vocabulary and StructureDirections: For each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one to complete each sentence.1.I suggest we put the scheme into effect, for it is quite ________.A.vulnerableB.probableC.practicableD.sustainable2.That part of the city has long been ________ for its street violence.A.responsibleB.illegalC.historicalD.notoriousCorrect answer: D3.Under the guidance of their teacher, the pupils are building a model boat ________ by steam.A.hauledB.towedC.tossedD.propelled4.Rumors are everywhere, spreading fear, damaging reputations, and turning calm situations into ________ ones.A.vulnerableB.turbulentC.suspiciousD.tragic5.The police were alerted that the escaped criminal might be in the ________.A.vainB.proximityC.jailD.court6.There is supposed to be a safety ________ which makes it impossible for trains to derail.A.mechanismB.machineC.mechanicsD.machinery7.Some researchers feel that certain people have nervous systems particularly ________to hot, dry winds. They are what we call weather-sensitive people.A.subjectiveB.liableC.inferiorD.vulnerable8.In spite of the ________ economic forecasts, manufacturing output has risen slightly.A.bleakB.feebleC.obscureD.shadowy9.The winners of the football championship ran off the field carrying the silver cup ________.A.imperativelyB.tremendouslyC.turbulentlyD.triumphantlyCorrect answer: D10.Here he was stressing ________ his original principle that his unit should be used strategically.A.regrettablyB.forciblyC.graciouslyD.gravely11.All the people in the stadium cheered up when they saw hundreds of colorful balloons ________ slowly into the sky.A.elevatingB.lingeringC.ascendingD.escalating12.Professor Hawking is ________ as one of the world's greatest living physicists.A.clarifiedB.acknowledgedC.dignifiedD.illustrateditary orders are ________ and cannot be disobeyed.A.alternativeB.defectiveC.imperativeD.conservative14.The ball ________ two or three times before rolling down the slope.A.bouncedB.hoppedC.swayedD.escorted15.________that the demand for power continues to rise at the current rate, it will notbe long before traditional sources become inadequate.A.ConcerningB.AssumingC.RegardingD.predicting16.Inquiries ________ the condition of patients may be made personally or by telephone.A.givingB.regardingC.followingD.consideringCorrect answer: B17.You can't let your eyes ________ across the lines of a book and come up with an understanding of what you have read.A.runeC.glideD.encounter18.The assumptions ________ this argument are strong, as was indeed recognized in Ricardo's discussion.A.appraisingB.proposingC.hoveringD.underlying19.Please analyze it ________ the principles discussed.A.in the event ofB.in case ofC.in preparation forD.in the light of20.________ several hypotheses have been made for the changing of the climate in the area, no conclusive evidence supports any of them.A.AlthoughB.AsC.IfD.Despite21.The author was ________ by the audience's lack of interest.A.dreadedB.encouragedC.dismayedD.impressed22.Proper lightening is necessary for good eyesight, ________ human night vision can be temporarily damaged by extreme flashes of light.A.whereasB.moreoverC.furthermoreD.somehowCorrect answer: A23. She felt ________, as if what he had done to her had somehow paralyzed not only herlimbs but her senses too.A.gaspedB.stunnedC.strappedD.oustedCorrect answer: B24.The excuse was too ________ for the teacher to believe.A.subtleB.detailedC.feebleD.slender25.Each member of the alliance agrees to take such action as it ________ necessary, including the use of armed force.A.suggestsB.deemsC.requiresD.appraise26.I could see that my wife was ________ on having that fur coat, whether I approved of it or not.A.eagerB.dependentC.focusedD.intent27.Technological developments ________ new skills in many industries, leaving those workers with outdated skills out of work.A.intendB.necessitateC.requestD.deviateCorrect answer: BUnit 3 Part 15 Vocabulary and StructureDirections: For each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one to complete each sentence.1.News media worked overtime to ________ the country as open and "ready" for all nuclear discussions.A.thrillB.transcendC.portrayD.spotCorrect answer: C2.We provided information to site administrators about typical functions of ________library programs.A.samplingB.carefreeC.descriptiveD.exemplary3.Gemini ( 双子座 ) is an airy, intellectual sign, and your ever-active mind tends to ________ from one thought to another with dizzying speed.A.dartB.damnC.dareD.deal4. A soft evening breeze brought a ________ smell from the company sink.A.formalB.funnyC.foulD.fool5.We just go on in our habitual ways until we are stopped short by one of the many illnesses that ________ our civilization today.A.occurB.effectC.afflictD.exist6.At the time, I could not stand my________ schedule and I would always be envious of my friends who enjoyed the luxury of sleeping in.A.rigorousB.boredC.energeticD.powerful7.Just thinking about all the ________ I received about my dramatic weight loss, and the proud way my husband looked when we went out in public, made me feel that what I had done was worthwhile.A.criticismsB.skepticismplimentsD.achievementsCorrect answer: C8. The situation could quickly develop into a ________ disaster if the world does not startpaying attention to the plight of these people.A.anonymousB.humanitarianC.rigorousD.conspicuousCorrect answer: B9.Then you do believe in God, but you guess that I do not, and you fear that the admission of your true belief would ________ your chance of employment.A.jeopardizeB.contriveC.transformD.mountCorrect answer: A10.Mrs. Cummins, very ________ in her duties, watched the whole process with a sensitive eye.A.hopefulB.conscientiousC.modestD.fascinating11.All I wanted was a ________ log cabin in Maine, somewhere deep in the woods, toenjoy the night under the stars.A.enormousB.stimulatingC.cozyD.overwhelming12.Look, we're about to ________ the last and final stage of our academic careers together.A.live onB.believe inC.embark onD.save up13.The land is affected by a ________ and the cattle are dying fast for lack of drinking water.A.floodB.droughtC.premiereD.misery14.So will I have to by replacement in order to make use of the software I have at the________ moment?A.upgradeB.contriveC.divertD.renew Correctanswer: A15.Josh Smith says perhaps the most important thing they should learn is to ________ themselves.A.share inB.live throughC.relate toD.believe in16.To promote particular organizational values, and encourage high levels of informal communication, the managers can attempt to lead ________ example.A.withB.toC.forD.by17.One reason that I may be the last person in Manhattan without a cell phone is that I________ the excitement of coming home and finding a call light flashing.A.thrillB.cherishC.abandonD.depriveCorrect answer: B18.When you get the right role, you want to stay focused; you want to ________ yourselfas much as you can.A.exposeB.exploreC.immerseD.strive19.This allows the engineers to ________ every possible situation in order to test the system.A.simulateB.stimulateC.signifyD.smuggle20.I don't know if many people could pull that dress off, but she looked ________ in it.A.fragileB.terrificC.skepticalD.manifest21.Her ________ was rarely wrong where such things were concerned, but there was always the off chance.A.institutionB.tuitionC.instructionD.intuitionCorrect answer: D22.Rinny had ________ himself as a skilled craftsman at his father's gunmaking shop.A.contrivedB.establishedC.divertedD.cherished23.________ the pretext of showing Paul how to do it, Alan flew the kite himself.A.InB.OnC.WithD.Under24.I went to a school where we had to speak French all the time, but outside school hours I________ to English.A.revertedB.rectifiedC.removedD.reversed25. A woman teacher can know you from the inside; you cannot hide from her so easily, or________ her attention.A.turnndC.divertD.shootCorrect answer: CUnit 4 Part 15 Vocabulary and StructureDirections: For each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one to complete each sentence.1.Being a professional promoting company with global vision, our reliable and ________ promotion strategy and original client proof plan will ensure our cooperators and clients to success.A.renewableB.honorableC.credibleD.respectableCorrect answer: C2.The ________ point of view attempts to present ideas and facts that both supporters and opponents can agree.A.nuclearB.neutralC.mainD.central3.The space shuttle Atlantis crew is scheduled to make their final landing around 6 a.m.A.ceremonyB.occasionC.occurrenceD.anniversaryCorrect answer: D4.Because of the efforts of people who care about the environment, some internationallaws have changed to protect ________ species and to preserve large areas of land.A.frustratedB.threatenedC.endangeredD.inspired5.This page contains all the ________ planning documents that we use to direct our business.A.corporateB.affairC.exoticD.finite6.If you joke on the local traditions or some respect of the local customs, you will surely________ the people.A.teaseB.irritateC.protectD.attract7.It is a group in which the contributions of individuals are seen as ________.plexprehensiveplementarypensating8.He was a good public speaker and organizer and ________ with extraordinary energy.A.bribedB.supportedC.awardedD.endowedCorrect answer: D9.What's the point? She thought, drinking the ________ tea that the nurse held out to her.A.tastedB.fragrantC.favorableD.smelly10.Payment of the community charge is ________, which is why it is more accurately characterized as a tax than a charge.A.optionalpulsoryC.satisfactoryD.illicit11.NBA officials thought it would put them in perfect shape to further ________ professional basketball.A.globalizeB.expandC.extendD.enlarge12.After a week or two of ________ refusal, Alfred Cook made his debut performance late on Sunday January 15th.A.sensationalB.sensitiveC.selfishD.stubborn13.It was all too easy, when one was young, to ________ the future in the excitement of the present.A.disregardB.neglectC.memorizeD.believe14.Rural land is cheap where there are negatives such as difficult climate, ruined ________ from activities like mining, environmental problems such as drought or pollution.A.statisticsB.aestheticsC.customsD.sports15.We wished to pay for welfare in a way that was less ________ on the poor without beingmassively destructive to the higher income groups.A.tolerantB.troublesomeC.burdensomeD.oppressiveCorrect answer: C16.It will be noted that the improved visibility of this warning light does not completely________ the increased tendency to make an error during the night.A.limitB.controlC.replaceD.offset Correctanswer: D17.One aspect of the novel that may ________ the modern-day reader is that many ofthese mysteries remain unsolved.A.perplexB.disturbC.reverseD.prohibit18.It is difficult to ________ of such thinking taking place without the growth and development of intellectual ability.A.considerB.conceiveC.makeD.control19.The trace that the rider will leave on the snow will be a ________ pattern.titudeB.longitudeC.sharpD.zigzag20.I was shocked to find a front-page story that was more ________ in its nature than it was informative.A.sensationalB.sentimentalC.sensitiveD.sensibleCorrect answer: A21.Many patients whose lives have been ________ and threatened by heart failure will probably agree that the benefits are worth the risks.A.limitedB.abolishedC.constrainedD.expiredCorrect answer: C22.In an effort to eliminate ________ fog from airports, weathermen use giant fans, and chemicals dropped from planes or shot upwards from strange machines on the ground.A.densepressedC.concentratedD.closed23.The world of the ________ is to do with success, status, respect, money, desires of all kinds, and fears, that lead to unhappiness.monB.normalC.abnormalD.mundane24.As the car disappeared from sight, he let out a ________ of frustration in agony.A.groanB.signalplaintD.warning25.Just as women now demand for themselves greater freedom to express different________ of themselves, so too do some men, although not nearly so many of them.A.clustersB.facetsC.spheresD.angles26.One of the features of auto-immune diseases is that they ________ within individuals and sometimes within an individual's family.A.packB.padC.clusterD.squeeze27.It was very quiet and the noises from the wood became ________, as if the wood itselfhad suddenly moved down nearer the track.A.susceptibleB.plausibleC.accessibleD.distinguishableCorrect answer: Dpetition for limited resources is an inevitable feature of life so long as reproduction occurs in the context of ________ supplies.A.finiteB.essentialC.infiniteD.insular29.Only a few years ago, public opinion was ________ opposed.A.roughlyB.decidedlyC.appropriatelyD.properly30.In studying children's pictures, a wide variety of ________, personal, and cultural factors needs to be taken into account.A.conspicuousB.exclusiveC.cognitiveD.rigorous31.News soon ________ that he had resigned in a small neighbourhood.A.got aroundB.got throughC.went aboutD.went out32.He was so dedicated to the job that one winter, rather than ________ with a cold, he kept on working.33.They wanted to ________ the reservation ( 保留地 ), which meant a lot of driving.A.show outB.show upC.show me aroundD.show off34.I just stay away from them and I have to ________ because I'm afraid they're going to do something to me.A.watch me offB.watch my backC.look my backD. take me backCorrect answer: B35.You ________ and absorb information from many sources while still being faithful to nature.A.open your mindB.take your mindC.close your mindD.turn your mindCorrect answer: A36.The bread ________ is hard and green, though the same price as a week ago.A.in saleB.off saleC.upon saleD.on saleCorrect answer: D37.If the product does absorb moisture or ________ water, discard it.A.becomes full withB.becomes saturated withC.is saturated inD.is filled inCorrect answer: B38.There are some things which no one would wish to know for their own sake, some subjects which have no possibility of ________ general significance.A.being endowed withB.endowing withC.being granted withD.granting withCorrect answer: A39.When we walked round my garden, she gave me a lot of good advice, evidently ________ the poverty of my crops.A.amused atB.curious ofC.amazed atD.admirable aboutCorrect answer: C40.Babies have very immature immune systems and rely upon breast milk to ________this deficiency as it contains protective factors.A.make up toB.make up forC.make out forD.make forCorrect answer: BUnit 5 Part 15 Vocabulary and StructureDirections: For each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one to complete each sentence.1.If a policy does not ________ with a society's values, the likelihood of success diminishes.bineB.cohereC.coincideD.confirm2.Even though you've treated us rudely, we'll play ________ with you, give you a chance tobuy something you need.A.gameB.trueC.ballD.fair3.Now, please open your mouth and ________ the number with me from five.A.take downB.let downC.put downD.count down4.An economic recovery may be ________ hand, but it would be quite fragile at least inthe coming months as there are many uncertainties lying ahead.A.offB.atC.beyondD.in5. We are sorry to inform you that the shipment is not ________ the standard stipulated (规定) in the contract.A.intoB.up toC.accordingD.instead of6.She became the first woman to enter the school but withdrew after a few days ________ stress.A.because ofB.in spite ofC.instead ofD.in honor of7.Having been born to privilege in old Hollywood, she was ________ a family tradition by acting.A. going onB. moving onC. putting onD. carrying onCorrect answer: D8.The poor girl couldn't ________ from her tears any more when her mother showed up.A.refrainB.withdrawC.holdD.withhold9.Once you get to know your mistakes, you should ________ them as soon as possible.A.refrainB.reclaimC.reckonD.rectify10.The vast majority of people in any given culture will ________ to the established standards of that culture.A.confineB.conformC.confrontD.confirm11.It is fortunate for the old couple that their son's career goals and their wishes for him ________.plyB.conformC.coincideD.collaborate12.The elbows on your coat have worn thin, so I must ________ them.A.repairB.patchC.mendD.pitch13.The Brownings have not turned ________ yet and I doubt whether they will come.A.toB.outC.upD.in14.Recently my grandmother sadly ________, leaving me her whole collection of The ArtistMagazine.A. passed awayB. stayed awayC. got awayD. came awayCorrect answer: A15.We want to ________ the law to protect children from punishment that is harsh and inappropriate in a decent society.A.repairB.amendC.renewD.handleCorrect answer: B16.Of course, most immigrants did not get rich overnight, but the ________ of them were eventually able to improve upon their former standard of living.A.maximumB.majorityC.optimumD.minority17.Jack is so ________ to his appearance that he never has his clothes pressed.A.nervousB.adverseC.indifferentD.undutiful18.The company failed to ________ its reputation for its illegal business activity.A.keep up withB.close toC.catch up toD.live up to19.He was very much interested in the work of charities, and made a regular ________ to them.A.hospitalityB.dedicationC.fellowshipD.contribution20.Among young people, women seem to be more ________ to the illness than men.A.likelyB.possibleC.pronemonCorrect answer: C21.Team members now ________ their break times and are better able to manage the workload and the increasing challenges of the day.A.put forward toB.put up withC.look forward toD.look up at22.Because of privacy regulations, teachers can't ________ a child's phone number.A.give outB.leave outC.speak outD.put out23.Most mothers, if forced to leave home for a few days, would ________ their children tothe pet dog for safekeeping rather than hand them to their lawful father.A.encourageB.entrustC.trustD.utilize24.The dealer is trying to give ________ free samples or give people a taste.A.inB.outC.upD.away25.Surgeons worry that during a delay, the cancer might begin to spread and thus waitingcan be hard ________ patients.A.inB.toC.uponD.on26.There is always a moment in time when we can make a decision whether or not to________ our anger.A.ventB.openC.relieveD.relax27.This chapter cannot claim to clear up the confusing ________ of approaches but it will offer some guidance.A. varietyB.arrayC.rayD.chain Correctanswer: B28.On the physical level, massage aids the elimination of ________ wastes (often the causeof muscle aches and pains) by stimulating blood circulation.A.excessiveB.poisonousC.toxicD.deadly29.Recently a number of voluntary initiatives have sought to ________ a sense ofbelonging to the community on the part of young people.A.makeB.formC.takeD.foster30.In the late afternoon, slow to go home, he ________ on an elderly doctor friend and playedtennis.A.dropped inB.moved awayC.dropped forD.moved forward31.Somehow she rose over her excitement, though, and concentrated all she could on the task________.A.off handB.with handC.at handD.before handCorrect answer: C专业资料学习资料教育培训考试建筑装潢资料。

2024年教师资格（中学）-英语学科知识与教学能力（初中）考试历年真题摘选附带答案第1卷一.全考点押密题库(共100题)1.(单项选择题)(每题2.00 分) Language is a tool of communication. The symbol “Highway Closed” on a highway serves→ ←.A. an expressive functionB. an informative functionC. a performative functionD. a persuasive function2.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) I’ve loved my mother's desk since I was just tall enough to see above the top of it as mother sat writing letters. Standing by her chair, looking at the ink bottle, pens, and white paper, I decided that the act of writing must be the most wonderful thing in the world.Years later, during her final illness, mother kept different things for my sister and brother.“But the desk.” she’d said again, “It's for Elizabeth.”I never saw her angry, never saw her cry. I knew she loved me; she showed it in action. But as a young girl, I wanted heart-to-heart talks between mother and daughter.They never happened. And a gulf opened between us. I was “too emotional”. But she lived on the surface”.As years passed I had my own family. I loved my mother and thanked her for our happy family.I wrote to her in careful words and asked her to let me know in any way she chose that she did forgive me.I posted the letter and waited for her answer.None came.My hope turned to disappointment, then little interest and, finally, peace—it seemed that nothing happene I couldn’t be sure that the letter had even got to mother.I only knew that I had written it, and I could stop trying to make her into someone she was not.Now the present of her desk told, as she'd never been able to, that she was pleased thatwriting was my chosen work. I cleaned the desk carefully and found some papers inside—a photo of my father and a one—page letter, folded and refolded many times.Give me an answer, my letter asks, in any way you choose. Mother, you always choose the actthat speaks louder than words. The underlined word “gulf” in the passage means→ ←.A. deep understanding between the old and the youngB. different ideas between the mother and the daughterC. free talks between mother and daughterD. part of the sea going far in land3.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) 40 years ago the idea of disabled people doing sport was never heard of. But when the annual games for the disabled were started at Stoke-Mandeville, Englandin 1948 by Sir Ludwig Guttmann, the situation began to change.Sir Ludwig Guttmann, who had been driven to England in 1939 from Nazi Germany, had been askedby the British government to set up an injuries center at Stoke Mandeville Hospital near London. His ideas about treating injuries included sport for the disabled.In the first games just two teams of injured soldiers took part. The next year, 1949, five teams took part. From those beginnings, things have developed fast Teams now come from abroadto Stoke Mandeville every year. In 1960 the first Olympics for the Disabled were held in Rome, in the same place as the normal Olympic Games. Now, every four years the Olympic Gamesfor the Disabled are held, if possible, in the same place as the normal Olympic Games, althoughthey are organized separately. In other years Games for the Disabled are still held at Stoke Mandeville. In the 1984 wheelchair Olympic Games, 1064 wheelchair athletes from about 40 countries took part. Unfortunately, they were held at Stoke Mandeville and not in Los Angeles, along with the other Olympics.The Games have been a great success in promoting international friendship and understanding,and in proving that being disabled does not mean you can’t enjoy sport. One small sourceof disappointment for those who organize and take part in the games, however, has been the unwillingness of the International Olympic Committee to include disabled events at Olympic Games for the able-bodied. Perhaps a few more years are still needed to convince those fortunate enough not to be disabled that their disabled fellow athletes should not be excluded. The first games for the disabled were held→ ←after Sir Ludwig Guttmann arrived in England.A. 40 yearsB. 21 yearsC. 10 yearsD. 9 years4.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) I’ve loved my mother's desk since I was just tall enough tosee above the top of it as mother sat writing letters. Standing by her chair, looking atthe ink bottle, pens, and white paper, I decided that the act of writing must be the most wonderful thing in the world.Years later, during her final illness, mother kept different things for my sister and brother.“But the desk.” she’d said again, “It's for Elizabeth.”I never saw her angry, never saw her cry. I knew she loved me; she showed it in action. Butas a young girl, I wanted heart-to-heart talks between mother and daughter.They never happened. And a gulf opened between us. I was “too emotional”. But she livedon the surface”.As years passed I had my own family. I loved my mother and thanked her for our happy family.Iwrote to her in careful words and asked her to let me know in any way she chose that she did forgive me.I posted the letter and waited for her answer.None came.My hope turned to disappointment, then little interest and, finally, peace—it seemed that nothing happene I couldn’t be sure that the letter had even got to mother.I only knew thatI had written it, and I could stop trying to make her into someone she was not.Now the present of her desk told, as she'd never been able to, that she was pleased that writing was my chosen work. I cleaned the desk carefully and found some papers inside—a photo of my father and a one—page letter, folded and refolded many times.Give me an answer, my letter asks, in any way you choose. Mother, you always choose the act that speaks louder than words. The passage shows that→ ←.A. mother was cold on the surface but kind in her heart to her daughterB. mother was too serious about everything her daughter had doneC. mother eared much about her daughter in wordsD. mother wrote to her daughter in careful words5.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) In which of the following situations is the teacher playing the role of observer?→ ←A. Giving feedback and dealing with errors.B. Organizing students to do activities by giving instructions.C. Walking around to see how each student performs in group work.D. Offering help to those who need it both in ideas and language.6.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) One evening, while Marcos Ugarte was doing his homework and his father, Eduardo, prepared lesson plans, they heard someone yelling outside. Eduardo, 47, and Marcos, 15, stepped onto the porch of their home in Troutdale, Oregon, and saw a commotion four doors d own, outside the home of their neighbors, the Ma family. “I didn’t think anything was wrong.” Eduardo recalls. “I told Marcos we should give them some privacy.” He headed back inside, but Marcos’s eye was caught by a glow from the Ma house."Dad, the house is on fire!” Marcos cried.Clad only in shorts, the barefoot teen sprinted toward the Ma’s home with his dad. Grandmother Yim Ma, mother Suzanne Ma, and son Nathan Ma were gathered on the front lawn yelling for help. When the Ugartes got there，they saw father Alex Ma stumbling down the stairs, coughing, his face black with soot."Is anyone else in the house?” Eduardo asked."My son!” Alex managed to say, pointing to the second floor Eduardo started up the stairs, but thick, black smoke, swirling ash, and intense heat forced him to his knees. He crawled upstairs and down the hall where Alex said he would find Cody, eight, who had locked himselfin a bedroom.As the fire raged across the hall, Eduardo banged on the bedroom door and tried to turn the doorknob. Cody didn’t respond Eduardo made his way back downstairs.Meanwhile, Marcos saw Yim and Suzanne pulling an aluminum ladder out of the garage. “Cody was standing at the window, screaming for help,"says Marcos, "I knew I had to do something.” He grabbed the ladder, positioned it near the window, and climbed toward the boy.When Marcos reached the window, he pushed the screen into the room and coaxed Cody out. “It’s OK.” Marcos told him. “I‘ve got you.”Holding Cody with one arm. Marcos descended the ladder.When firefighters arrived, plumes of black smoke were billowing from the back of the house as flames engulfed the second floor. Emergency personnel took Cody to a nearby hospital,where he was treated for smoke inhalation and released. No one else was injured. The causeof the blaze is still under investigation."You just don’t see a teenager have that kind of→ composure←," says Mark Maunder, GreshamFire Department battalion chief.The Ma family relocated. The day after the fire, Alex visited Marcos. “Than k you for savingmy son.” Alex said. “You are his hero forever.”What does the underlined word “composure” in the last but one PARAGRAPH mean?→ ←.A. sympathyB. braveryC. calmnessD. warm-heartedness7.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Resources can be said to be scarce in both an absolute and relative sense: the surface of the Earth is finite, imposing absolute scarcity; but the scarcity that concerns economists is the relative scarcity of resources in different uses. Materials used for one purpose cannot at the same time be used for other purposes, if the quantity of an input is limited, the increased use of it in one manufacturing process must cause it to become less available for other uses.The cost of a product in terms of money may not measure its true cost to society. The truecost of, say, the construction of a supersonic jet is the value of the schools and refrigerators that will never be built as a result. Every act of production uses up someof society's available resources; it means the foregoing of an opportunity to produce something else. In deciding how to use resources most effectively to satisfy the wants ofthe community, this opportunity cost must ultimately be taken into account.In a market economy the price of a good and the quantity supplied depend on the cost of makingit, and that cost, ultimately, is the cost of not making other goods. The market mechanism enforces this relationship. The cost of, say, a pair of shoes is the price of the leather,the labor, the fuel, and other elements used up in producing them. But the price of thesein- puts, in turn, depends on what they can produce elsewhere-if the leather can be usedto produce handbags that are valued highly by consumers, the prices of leather will be bidup correspondingly. W hat does this passage mainly discuss?→ ←A. The scarcity of manufactured goods.B. The value of scarce materials.C. The manufacturing of scarce goods.D. The cost of producing shoes.8.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Writing exercises like copying, fill-in, completions and transformation are mainly the type of exercises used in→ ←.A. controlled writingB. guided writingC. flee writingD. expressive writing9.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following consonants doesn't fall under the same category according to the voicing?________A. [m]B. [b]C. [d]D. [p]10.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following is most suitable for the cultivation of linguistic competence?→ ←A. sentence-makingB. cue-card dialogueC. simulated dialogueD. learning syntax11.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following sets of phonetic features characterizes the English phoneme [u:]?→ ←A. [high, back, rounded]B. [high, back, unfounded]C. [low, back, rounded]D. [low, front unfounded]12.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) 40 years ago the idea of disabled people doing sport was never heard of. But when the annual games for the disabled were started at Stoke-Mandeville, England in 1948 by Sir Ludwig Guttmann, the situation began to change.Sir Ludwig Guttmann, who had been driven to England in 1939 from Nazi Germany, had been asked by the British government to set up an injuries center at Stoke Mandeville Hospital near London. His ideas about treating injuries included sport for the disabled.In the first games just two teams of injured soldiers took part. The next year, 1949, five teams took part. From those beginnings, things have developed fast Teams now come from abroad to Stoke Mandeville every year. In 1960 the first Olympics for the Disabled were held in Rome, in the same place as the normal Olympic Games. Now, every four years the Olympic Games for the Disabled are held, if possible, in the same place as the normal Olympic Games, although they are organized separately. In other years Games for the Disabled are still held at Stoke Mandeville. In the 1984 wheelchair Olympic Games, 1064 wheelchair athletes from about 40 countries took part. Unfortunately, they were held at Stoke Mandeville and not in Los Angeles, along with the other Olympics.The Games have been a great success in promoting international friendship and understanding, and in proving that being disabled does not mean you can’t enjoy sport. One small source of disappointment for those who organize and take part in the games, however, has been the unwillingness of the International Olympic Committee to include disabled events at Olympic Games for the able-bodied. Perhaps a few more years are still needed to convince those fortunate enough not to be disabled that their disabled fellow athletes should not be excluded. Besides Stoke Mandeville, surely the games for the disabled were once held in→ ←.A. New YorkB. LondonC. RomeD. Los Angeles13.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) —I’m going to study engineering in Peking University tomorrow.—→ ←.A. All the best in your studyB. All the best with your studyC. All the best in your businessD. All the best in your new job14.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) The doctor→ ←a medicine for my headache.A. subscribedB. describedC. prescribedD. inscribed15.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) When a lady customer intends to buy a coat with white stripes,what is she supposed to place an emphasis on if she says to the shop assistant?________A. I'd like a Red coat with .white stripesB. I'd Like a red coat with white stripes.C. I'd like a red coat with White StripesD. I'd like a red Coat with white stripes16.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) What purpose does NOT post-listening activities serve?→ ←A. Helping students relate the text with their personal experience.B. Offering students the opportunities of extending other language skills.C. Practicing students’ ability of matching the pre-listing predictions with contents ofthe text.D. Give the answer directly to students and not to explain.17.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following activities can be adopted at thepre-reading stage?→ ←.A. rearranging the materialsB. brainstorming the topicC. writing a summary of the textD. draft framework18.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Throughout the history of the arts, the nature of creativityhas remained constant to artists. No matter what objects they select, artists are to bringforth new forces and forms that cause change to find poetry where no one has ever seen or experienced it before.Landscape(风景)is another unchanging element of art. It can be found from ancient times through the 17th-century Dutch painters to the 19th-century romanticists and impressionists.In the 1970s, Alfred Leslie, one of the new American realists, continued this practice. Leslie sought out the same place where Thomas Cole, a romanticist, had produced paintings of thesame scene a century and a half before. Unlike Cole who insists on a feeling of lonelinessand the idea of finding peace in nature, Leslie paints what he actually sees. In his paintings,there is no particular change in emotion, and he includes ordinary things like the highwayin the hack: ground. He also takes advantage of the latest developments of color photographyto help both the eye and the memory when he improves his painting back in his workroom. Besides, all art begs the age-old question: What is real? Each generation of artists has shown their understanding of reality in one form or another. The impressionists saw realityin brief emotional effects, the realists in everyday subjects and in forest scenes, and theCro-Magnon cave people in their naturalistic drawings of the animals in the ancient forests.To sum up, understanding reality is a necessary struggle for artists of all periods.Over thousands of years the function of the arts has remained relatively constant. Past or present, Eastern or Western, the arts are a basic part of our immediate experience. Manyand different are the faces of art, and together they express the basic need and hope of human beings. Which of the following is the ma in topic of the passage?→ ←A. History of the arts.B. Basic questions of the arts.C. New developments in the arts.D. Use of modem technology in the arts.19.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) By the end of last year, nearly a million cars→ ←in that auto factory.A. had producedB. had been producedC. would be producedD. were produced20.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) → ←the temperature might drop, coal was prepared for warming.A. To considerB. ConsideredC. ConsideringD. To be considered21.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) → ←a moment and I will go to your rescue.A. Go onB. Hold onC. Move toD. Carry on22.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) The study of language development over a period of time is generally called→ ←linguistics.A. appliedB. synchronicC. comparativeD. diachronic23.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following is a slip of tongue?→ ←A. Seeing is believing.B. Where there is smoke, there is fire.C. Where there is life, there is hope.D. Where there is a way, there is a will.24.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following statements is NOT a way of presenting new vocabulary?_A. Defining.B. Using real objects.C. Writing a passage by using new words.D. Giving explanations.25.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) For a while, my neighborhood was taken ever by an army of joggers(慢跑者). They were there all the time: early morning, noon, and evening. There were little old ladies in gray sweats, young couples in Adidas shoes, middle-aged men with red faces. "Come on!" My friend Alex encouraged me to join him as he jogged by my house every evening. "You'll feel great."Well, I had nothing against feeling great and if Alex could jog every day, anyone could. So I took up jogging seriously and gave it a good two months of my life, and not a day more. Based on my experience, jogging is the most overvalued form of exercise around, and judging from the number of the people who left our neighborhood jogging army. I’m not alone in my opinion.First of all, jogging is very hard on the body. Your legs and feet a real pounding(追击)ruining down a road for two or three miles. I developed foot, leg, and back problems. Then I readabout a nationally famous jogger who died of a heart attack while jogging, and I had something else to worry about Jogging doesn't kill hundreds of people, but if you have any physical weaknesses, jogging will surely bring them out, as they did with me.Secondly, I got no enjoyment out of jogging. Putting one foot in front of the other for forty-five minutes isn't my idea of fun. Jogging is also a lonely pastime. Some joggers say, "I love being out there with just my thoughts." Well, my thoughts began to bore me, and most of them were on how much my legs hurt.And how could I enjoy something that brought me pain? And that wasn't just the first week, it was practically every day for two months. I never got past the pain level, and pain isn't fun. What a cruel way to do it! So many other exercises, including walking, lead to almost the same results painlessly, so why jog?I don't jog any more, and I don't think I ever will. I’m walking two miles three times a week at a fast pace, and that feels good. I bicycle to work when the weather is good. I'm getting exercise, and I'm enjoying it at the same time. I could never say the same for jogging, and I've found a lot of better ways to stay in shape. What was the writer's attitude towards jogging in the beginning?→ ←A. He felt it was worth a try.B. He was very fond of it.C. He was strongly against it.D. He thought it must be painful.26.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) If a teacher attempts to implement the top-down model to teach listening, he is likely to present_____.A. new words after playing the tapeB. new words before playing the tapeC. background information after playing the tapeD. background information before playing the tape27.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Trees should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and, fortunately, the number of such reasons is small. Pruning involves the cutting away of overgrown and unwanted branches, and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way.First, pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size. The object may be to get a tree of the right height, and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape. Secondly, pruning may be done to make the tree healthier. You may cut diseased or dead wood, or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus cause wounds. The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the centre and so preventing the free movement of air.One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for disease, but it is a wound that will heal. Often there is a race between the healing and the disease as to whether the tree will live or die, so that there is a period when the tree is at risk. It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce which has been pruned smooth and clean, for healing will be slowed down by roughness. You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hurts and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose. Pruning is usually without interference from the leaves and also it is very unlikely that the cuts you make will bleed If this does happen, it is, of course, impossible to paint them properly. Pruning should b e done to→ ←.A. make the tree grow tallerB. improve the shape of the treeC. get rid of the small branchesD. make the small branches thicker28.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following statements about Audio-lingual Methodis wrong?→ ←A. The method involves giving the learner stimuli in the form of prompts.B. The method involves praising the correct response or publishing incorrect response untilthe right one is given.C. Mother tongue is accepted in the classroom just 8s the target language.D. Emphasis is laid upon using oral language in the classroom; some reading and writing mightbe done as homework.29.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) I’ve loved my mother's desk since I was just tall enough tosee above the top of it as mother sat writing letters. Standing by her chair, looking atthe ink bottle, pens, and white paper, I decided that the act of writing must be the most wonderful thing in the world.Years later, during her final illness, mother kept different things for my sister and brother.“But the desk.” she’d said again, “It's for Elizabeth.”I never saw her angry, never saw her cry. I knew she loved me; she showed it in action. Butas a young girl, I wanted heart-to-heart talks between mother and daughter.They never happened. And a gulf o pened between us. I was “too emotional”. But she livedon the surface”.As years passed I had my own family. I loved my mother and thanked her for our happy family.Iwrote to her in careful words and asked her to let me know in any way she chose that shedid forgive me.I posted the letter and waited for her answer.None came.My hope turned to disappointment, then little interest and, finally, peace—it seemed that nothing happene I couldn’t be sure that the letter had even got to mother.I only knew thatI had written it, and I could stop trying to make her into someone she was not.Now the present of her desk told, as she'd never been able to, that she was pleased that writing was my chosen work. I cleaned the desk carefully and found some papers inside—aphoto of my father and a one—page letter, folded and refolded many times.Give me an answer, my letter asks, in any way you choose. Mother, you always choose the actthat speaks louder than words. What did mother do with her daughter's letter asking forgiveness?A. She had never received the letter.B. For years, she often talked about the letter.C. She didn't forgive her daughter at all in all her life.D. She read the letter again and again till she die.30.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) It was not→ ←she took off her dark glasses→ ←I realized she was a famous actress.A. when; thatB. until; thatC. until; whenD. when; then31.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environments-mostly for entertainment purposes is fair and respectful?Zoo officials say they are concerned about animals. However, most zoos remain "collections" of interesting "things" rather than protective habitats. Zoos teach people that it is acceptable to keep animals bored， lonely, and far from their natural homes.Zoos claim to educate people and save endangered species， but visitors leave zoos without having learned anything meaningful about the animals natural behavior, intelligence, or beauty. Zoos keep animals in small spaces or cages, and most signs only mention the species name, diet, and natural range. The animals normal behavior is seldom noticed because zoos don’t usually take care of the animals natural needs.The animals are kept together in small spaces, with no privacy and little opportunity for mental and physical exercise. This results in unusual and self-destructive behavior called zoochosis. A world-wide study of zoos found that zoochosis is common among animals kept in small spaces or cages. Another study showed that elephants spend 22 percent of their time making repeated head movements or biting cage bars, and bears spend 30 percent of their time walking back and forth, a sign of unhappiness and pain.Furthermore, most animals in zoos are not endangered. Captive breeding of endangered big cats, Asian elephants, and other species has not resulted in their being sent back to the wild. Zoos talk a lot about their captive breeding programs because they do not want people to worry about a species dying out. In fact, baby animals also attract a lot of paying customers. Havent we seen enough competitions to name baby animals?Actually, we will save endangered species only if we save their habitats and put an end to the reasons people kill them. Instead of supporting zoos, we should support groups that work to protect animals natural habitats.The author tries to persuade readers to accept his argument mainly by→←.A. pointing out the faults in what zoos doB. using evidence he has collected at zoosC. questioning the way animals are protectedD. discussing the advantages of natural habitats32.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) When Thomas Butler stepped off a plane in April 2002 on his return to the United States from a trip to Tanzania, he set in motion a chain of events that now threatens to destroy his life. A microbiologist at Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Butler was bringing back samples of the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis for his research. Yet on re-entering the country, he is alleged to have passed right by US customs inspectors without notifying them that he was carrying this potentially deadly cargo. That move and its consequences have led the federal government to prosecute Butler for a range of offences. If convicted on all counts, he could be fined millions of dollars and spend the rest of his life in jail.The US scientific community has leapt to butlers defense, arguing that his prosecution is over- zealous, alarming and unnecessary. The presidents of the National Academy of Sciences。

专业英语四级（阅读）模拟试卷111(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2.SECTION AIn this section there are several passages followed by ten multiple-choice questions. For each question, there are four suggested answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.The idea to remodel your bathroom can come as an idea to augment your house value or simply to make it into the haven you have always wanted. Whichever reason is yours, to make everything you do to implement your bathroom-remodeling ideas fully realizable, you should look to these inexpensive and easy-to-install ideas. When you remodel a bathroom, you can change aspects from lighting to fixtures. In the bathroom you want to have adequate lighting. Some ideas would be changing harsh lighting with staged lighting, or even lights at the vanity and near the bathtub. Changing lighting won’t break your budget, as a lot of fixtures can be inexpensive. You can also save money by doing it yourself. Yet, know when to hire outside help, such as a local remodeling contractor. You can check yellow pages, and online to find one near you. All you need to do is Google “local city remodeling”and see what comes up. When remodeling a bathroom you should always listen to the advice of your contractor on what type would be best suited for your project. You are paying a remodeling contractor to do the work, he/she should have the best knowledge of what will look the best with the decor and usage of such things as shower heads, faucets, lighting and other fixtures. Chances are he/she may also be able to get better quality and pricing on all fixtures especially if he/she is well established. Not to mention the contractor will also know what types will really increase the value of your home. Buy more tiles than you believe you will need in order to line the floor, if not the walls. It will be far more costly and time-consuming to locate tiles that even come close to a replica of yours if you search for them years after buying the initial batch. For the duration of your homeownership, you’ll probably require spare tiles if single ones are damaged. Also, excess tiles may be transformed into accent items for your bathroom, such as decorations by the light switches, bathroom tissue dispensers, mirrors, and even towel racks. Once a-gain, the local remodeling contractors are experienced and will attend to these pre-planning items for you. To gain more space in the bathroom replace your big vanity with a small pedestal sink. You can add more shelves in other parts of the room. A pedestal sink will take up less space and make your bathroom look bigger than before. Avoid filling up expanded space with items you will not use. Do you really need that many different shampoos? You should only need a small amount of space for these products like the top of the toilet or built in shelves. With the knowledge of various remodeling bathroom ideas from luxury developer Pendleton Homes out of Mclean Virginia you can re-exam your own ideas and learn how to create your own remodel bathroom ideas. Pendleton Homes has great advice to help you with remodel bathroom ideas, theseideas also include pictures in which you may want to mix up a couple to make it look as if you were the one who had the great remodel bathroom idea. Just learning a little might even make your new bathroom the envy of many and your sanctuary of pleasure. As you consider remodel bathroom ideas, make sure that the lighting is appropriate. If you’re thinking about upgrading your bathroom, something as simple as installing new steel fixtures, such as showerheads and faucets, can breathe new life into your old restroom. Start by finding a reliable agent, who will be able to assist you in completing the project.1．The author suggests that harsh lighting in the bathroom should be changed into ______.A．lights that are used for performanceB．lights whose brightness is adjustableC．lights that give off soft lightD．lights that are less expensive正确答案：B解析：本题考查对staged一词的理解的。

九年级英语科研数据单选题50题1. In a scientific research project, the _____ is to find out the truth about a certain phenomenon.A. aimB. planC. methodD. result答案：A。

解析：本题考查名词词义辨析。

A选项“aim”表示目的、目标，在科研项目中，找出某种现象的真相是目的，符合语境；B选项“plan”是计划，侧重于规划安排，而非最终要达成的目的；C选项“method”是方法，是用来实现目的的手段，而不是目的本身；D选项“result”是结果，是研究之后得到的，不是研究的目的。

2. A good scientific research should start with a clear _____.A. questionB. answerC. dataD. theory答案：A。

解析：好的科研应该从一个清晰的问题开始。

A选项“question”问题，科研往往是基于对某个问题的探索；B选项“answer”答案，是在研究之后得到的，不是开始就有的；C选项“data”数据，是在研究过程中收集的，不是起始点；D选项“theory”理论，虽然理论可能会引导研究，但通常是先有问题再去验证理论等，起始是问题。

3. The main _____ of this research is to improve the efficiency of the new energy.A. objectiveB. objectC. observeD. obstacle答案：A。

解析：本题考查名词辨析。

A选项“objective”表示目标、目的，与句子中要提高新能源效率这个研究目的相符合；B选项“object”物体、对象，与研究目的无关；C选项“observe”是动词，观察，这里需要名词，词性不符；D选项“obstacle”障碍，与句子表达的目的意思相反。

Section Ain usemayor decided to(condense)his speech in order to leave enough time for his audience to raise questions.2. It was reported that there was a vehicle missing every 20 seconds in the the trends continue,experts predict annual vehicle thefts could(exceed)two million.3. Researchers put patients through a set of psychological tests to determine the negative consequences of sleep(deficit).4. Too much(exposure)to dirty air can cause people to suffer from allergies and diseases that will eventually affect people's health.5. Moving forward even in the face of great difficulties has become my most important(asset)in my life since it has helped me accomplish something remarkable.6. The lawyer proclaimed they couldn't jump to conclusions because acceptable conclusions must besupported by(adequate)facts and evidence.7. To help the employees be more communicative,the company is offering workshops for those who may be professionally(competent)but socially awkward.8. Most parents,in fact,aren't very helpful with the problems that their sons and daughters have in(adjusting)to their college life.9. You can count how many students passed an exam,but psychological and emotional feelings cannot be(precisely)measured.10. in short,participation in sports is extremely(beneficial)for college students not only physically but also emotionally and socially.in use1. Since we have invited all the other neighbors to our 25th wedding anniversary party,we(feel obliged to)invite the Browns too.2. Most of the time,no one will care about natural disasters,and they won't(be serious about)avoiding disasters till one has really struck.3. When you(run into)a friend that you haven't seen for a long time and have a good chat with him,you may feel very happy and delighted.4. It is very important to(distinguish between)facts and opinions in order to have a better understanding of what a reading passage is talking about.5. Though he was very excited about being elected as president of the student association,many extra responsibilities have been(thrust upon)him ever since then.6. The doctor,having no knowledge that I(was allergic to)this particular drug,prescribed the medicine.7. It's understandable that,without any support,a 16-year-old can easily(get lost)in a committee of people in their forties.8. It is hoped that some new high-tech companies will(be attracted to)this small,old town to encourage loans for building houses and factories.9. It doesn't(make sense)to buy that expensive coat when these cheaper ones are just as good.10. A few years later,Franklin got married,started his own printing shop,and was(looked upon as)a successful young businessman.Unit 2Section Ain use1. In our class,most discussions and activities take place in assigned small groups provide a supportive and safe environment that(promotes)learning.2. It is the development strategy of the company to(accelerate)its overseas expansion in order to takea slice of the world market.3. Nearly six million people go to see the Mona Lisa every year,attracted by the(mystery)of her you're not looking at her,she seems to be smiling;when you look at her,she stops.4. To live with a family whose native language is English is the ideal way to further improve one's English and to gain(insight)into its culture.5. There is a real need to(boost)academic achievement in schools and help with the development of a student's overall character.6. Einstein said his scientific discoveries grew from his imagination rather than from(analysis),reason and language.7. Being a single parent,there is no way for her to(calculate)the time and energy she has devoted to her children for the past 10 years.8. It is essential that you start by listening because one of the main(barriers)teenagers and their parents face in forming positive relationships is that neither listens to the other.9. We all know the dangers of an earthquake:the(destruction)to buildings,the troubles can be caused by falling trees,and the terror occurs when the earth actually opens up.10. Not until recently have we realized that the increasing world population may lead to a potential gloomy(prospect)for humanity:starvation.in use1. Because women often restrict their diet in an effort to control weight,they may not consume enough iron-rich food and(are liable to)experience an iron deficiency.2. Some reform advocates ignore the impact of class size on student achievement,and they are(in favor of)what they call as a priority:teacher effectiveness.3. Because of easy access to the Internet,the new breakthrough to create something truly creative(is bound to)happen anytime now.4. Indeed,if teachers want to(speculate about)how far students might get in life,a better measurement than grades might be how hard the students try.5. Nature has(1)(invested)these animals(2)(with)a capacity for not showing fear.6. During the weeks of discussion,delegationsfrom groups who are interested in the resolution may call on representatives to(stand up for)their point of view.7. Plato was a superb writer,and his works are part of the world's great of his existing work is(in the form of)dialogs and letters.8. Young people should enter into a broad flexible training program,through which they can learn a lot and be(prepared for)their future careers.9. The young man is very happy and proud to be(in the company of)the old professor because he always feels great when talking with him.10. One day they passed more than 20 villages(in succession),and some of these are said to have stretched for six miles or more.Unit 3Section Ain use1. Ernest Hemingway's keen insight into hissociety,ardent love for people and perceptive abilities helped him to form his own(peculiar)characteristic of writing.2. The project is on the point of collapse,and unless something very(radical)is done to repair the damage there will be no hope for the project.3. It's not unusual for teenagers to go through a(n)(phase)when they feel ashamed of their parents,afraid that they might not live up to their friends'standards.4. It is(sensible)for every family to make earthquake emergency plans and know how to leave the area during the chaos following an earthquake.5. Economists are interested in all the factors that can help to(predict)the extent to which a price change will affect supply and demand in the market.6. Starting Monday,all foods(labeled)"organic"must be up to the strict national standards that the government decided to put into effect now.7. There is more to a woman than her looks,so I(resent)the fact that after a woman grows old and loses her looks people stop paying attention to her.8. Apart from technological development,the 20th century(witnessed)an enormous worldwide political,economic and cultural transformation.9. Unlike the practice in China,if you're at a hotel restaurant in the United States,expect a 15-20 percent service charge or add the(equivalent)amount yourself.10. The change in smoking habits(parallels)a change in the incidence of lung more people smoke,the more chances of occurrence for lung cancer.in use1. As the result of her divorce,she was obviously(saddled with)the double burden of playing the role of both mother and father.2. Do not be intimidated by people who think they are smarter than you,and don't(back off)when facing competition;inner confidence is important.3. As our sweet childhood(gives way to)adolescence's temptation of love,we begin to learn,as adults,that most pleasures do not last forever.4. In the economic recession,employers(resorted to)the reduction of costs,most particularly in wages,in order to survive in the competitive world markets.5. People from abroad can take part in the intensified language program because schools have to(make allowances for)students whose English is not their first language.6. Talking about negotiations,once an agreement is made,the Chinese sometimes(wonder at)the slow pace in which Westerners implement the decision.7. Earthquakes occur without warning;however,it is claimed that some animals can feel earthquakes(prior to)occurrences because of their highly sensitive organs.8. An allowance can be(based upon/based on)yourchild's age,your own financial resources,the expenses it will cover and the goals you and your child wish to accomplish.Unit 4Section Ain use1. When the police caught up with him, had to(confess)that he'd broken the speed limit.2. Whenever my boss makes a decision that I don't agree with,I tell him what I really think,though it's(tempting)to make him happy by telling him his ideas are always right.3. As can be probably perceived,a manned trip to Mars may soon(commence)since scientists have achieved the manned moon mission.4. A number of countries are(coordinating)their efforts to send out food to the area worst affected by the flood.5. State governments and the colleges themselveshave(granted)financial help to students with special abilities and those with financial needs.6. The committee agreed that his papers(deserved)a wider circulation because of their essential and fundamental interest to a larger audience.7. The anger and frustration(displayed)by the local people who do not understand what is happening to them will be a terrible and dangerous force.8. Americans defend the right to obtain a gun,and they have(consequently)been willing to turn a blind eye to the harm that people owning guns have caused.9. As the finance ministry rejected the deal for its"lack of clarity",it(lodged)a complaint with the European Commission that this deal was against the law.10. Dogs cannot distinguish the color of traffic lights,so the master must make the decision of when it is safe to(proceed)across the road.in use1. She authorized her partner to carry out thedaily responsibilities(on her behalf)when she was on her business trip.2. On hearing the latest news about your mother's ill health,I(took the liberty of)canceling your reservation at the Sheraton.3. There was an obvious indication that the police who have to enforce the new law were not(immune to)the general discontent.4. When she heard of her failure in the experiment,her eyes(were filled with)tears;whether it was of shame,frustration,or grief was difficult to tell.5. Rose knows that continuous letters from John,together with countless roses,are aimed at making her(fall in love with)him.6. (Expelled from)public school for drinking and smoking and then failing in show business as a singer,she joined her father's business 10 years ago.7. Since the great scandals in banking,many people in the country have(been pessimistic about)theprospects of economic recovery within a few years.8. The parents were quite happy to(go along with)our suggestion because it had taken their most important concerns into consideration.Unit 5Section Ain use1. The"discipline"message asks people to save,while they enjoy yourself message asks people to spend;therefore,they(contradict)each other.2. It is a(n)(paradox)that in some odd way world peace appears to depend on our spending millions of pounds on weapons that can kill us all.3. It is far more effective for parents to allow for the child's(perspective)and let him make his own choice rather than make a decision for him.4. When you are writing any directions for people,you've got to be direct and(explicit)to make everything rightly understood.5. The new teaching program was(suspended)last semester because the teachers in the department protested its demand for more intense work.6. He is a very considerate and generous person,and he is also one of those who can often(derive)pleasure from helping others.7. Many children are addicted to computers,so they often(defy)their parents and play the computer games for hours every day.8. My roommate is always very optimistic,and that's why he still(retains)his good humor after all the setbacks.9. There is a widely held suspicion that the politician,though retired,still has great power and is(manipulating)events behind the scenes.10. The organization has been working with local authorities as well as regional government and officials to(tackle)the problem of climate change.in use1. People who work in offices are(referredto)as"white-collar workers"for the simple reason that they traditionally wear a white shirt with a collar anda tie to go to work.2. When the police arrived,he had already destroyed the evidence that was(at odds with)his earlier statement made a few hours ago.3. In order to persuade his daughter to(put off)the marriage,the father quoted statistics showing mixed-race couples had higher divorce rates than same-race couples.4. The mother made the decision to give cough medicine and Aspirin to her sick child without(consulting with)the child's doctor.5. Both professional experts and school teachers say that children tend to(do their utmost)when they see their parents making similar efforts.6. As she entered the most dynamic period of her career,Kylie(took stock of)her success and tried to analyze the strong impact of her college education.7. The chief executive George Grey is confidentthat current growth levels can be maintained since all the group's development projects stay(on track).8. It is very important for students to understand and(take in)new ,they should examine and judge information carefully and then make the right decisions.新视野大学英语第三版book 2 unit 1翻译英译中：English is known as a world language,regu larly used by many nations whose English is not their first other languages,English ha s changed history of the English language can be divided into three main periods:Old E nglish,Middle English and Modern English lan guage started with the invasion of Britain b y three Germanic tribes during the 5th centu ry AD,and they contributed greatly to the fo rmation of the English the medieval and ea rly modern periods,the influence of English s pread throughout the British Isles,and from t he early 17th century its influence began tobe felt throughout the processes of Europ ean exploration and colonization for several centuries led to significant change in ,Ameri can English is particularly influential,due to the popularity of American cinema,television, music,trade and technology,including the Intern et.人们普遍认为英语是一种世界语言，经常被许多不以英语为第一语言的国家使用。

三年真题研读04(任务型阅读)一、真题解析2019The Cost of ThinkingDespite their many differences, all human beings share several defining characteristics. such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.The first unique human characteristic is that humans have extraordinarily large brains compared with other animals. It seems obvious that evolution should select for larger brains. Mammals(哺乳动物)weighing sixty kilograms have an average brain size of 200 cm2. Modern man has a brain averaging 1200-1400 cm2. We are so fond of our high intelligence that we assume that when it comes to brain power, more must be better. Unfortunately, that is not the case.The fact is that a huge brain is a huge drain—consumption of energy—on the body. I’s not easy to carry around, especially when boxed inside a massive skull(倾骨). It’s even harder to provides energy. In modern man, the brain accounts for about 2-3%of total body weight but it consumes 25% of the body’s energy when the body is at rest. By comparison, the brains of apes(类人猿)require only 8%of rest-time energy. Early humans pad for their large brains in two ways. Firstly, they spent more time in search food. Secondly, their muscles grew smaller and weaker. It’s hardly an obvious conclusion that this is a good way to sur vive. A chimpanzee(黑猩猩)can’t win an argument with a modern man, but it can tear the man apart like a rag doll.Another unique human characteristic is that we walk upright. Standing up, it’s easier to find food or enemies. In addition, their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes, like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands.Yet walking upright has its disadvantage. The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on all fours and has a relatively small head. Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge, especially when the bones had to support an extra-large skull. Humankind paid for its broad vision and skillful hands backaches and painful necks.We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages. It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth. But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they remained weak and marginal creature. Thus humans who lived a million years ago, despite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals.【解题策略】先看表格了解文章的基本框架：第一部分(Introduction)对应于文章的第一段；第二部分(The (72) ▲of large human brains)对应于文章的第二、三两段；第三部分(The (74) ▲ofwalking upright)对应于文章第四、五两段。

2010年6月阅读Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 51 to 56 are based on the following passage.Only two countries in the advanced world provide no guarantee for paid leave from work to care for a newborn child. Last spring one of the two, Australia, gave up the dubious distinction by establishing paid family leave starting in 2011. I wasn't surprised when this didn't make the news here in the United States—we're now the only wealthy country without such a policy.The United States does have one explicit family policy, the Family and Medical Leave Act, passed in 1993. It entitles workers to as much as 12 weeks' unpaid leave for care of a newborn or dealing with a family medical problem. Despite the modesty of the benefit, the Chamber of Commerce and other business groups fought it bitterly, describing it as "government-run personnel management" and a "dangerous precedent". In fact, every step of the way, as (usually) Democratic leaders have triedto introduce work-family balance measures into the law, business groups have been strongly opposed.As Yale law professor Anne Alstott argues, justifying parental support depends on defining the family as a social good that, in some sense, society must pay for. In her book No Exit: What Parents Owe Their Children and What Society Owes Parents, she argues that parents are burdened in many ways in their lives: there is "no exit" when it comes to children. "Society expects—and needs—parents to provide their children with continuity of care, meaning the intensive, intimate care that human beings need to develop their intellectual, emotional and moral capabilities. And society expects—and needs—parents to persist in their roles for 18 years, or longer if needed."While most parents do this out of love, there are public penalties for not providing care. What parents do, in other words, is of deep concern to the state, for the obvious reason that caring for children is not only morally urgent but essential for the future of society. The state recognizes this in the large body of family laws that govern children' welfare, yet parents receive little help in meeting the life-changing obligations society imposes. To classify parenting as a personal choice for which there is no collective responsibility is not merely to ignore the social benefits of good parenting; really, it is to steal those benefits because they accrue (不断积累) to the whole of society as today's children become tomorrow'sproductive citizenry (公民). In fact, by some estimates, the value of parental investments in children, investments of time and money (including lost wages), is equal to 20-30% of gross domestic product. If these investments generate huge social benefits—as they clearly do—the benefits of providing more social support for the family should be that much clearer.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

2021-2022学年山东省潍坊市昌乐市及第中学高二（上）期末英语试卷一、选词填空-句子（本大题共5小题，共5.0分）1.The judge decides whether the suspect should be kept in jail or r ______（释放）.2.Investigations have indicated that the virus was most likely to o ______（起源）from theseeds.3.In response to our requirements ，he turned up the v ______（音量）.4. A young man believed he could r ______（修复）the old house and make it habitable.5.Is the use of windbreaks an effective method of jungle c ______（保护）？二、阅读理解（本大题共15小题，共37.5分）AFamous Modern Chinese Buildings The Beijing International AirportThe first place most visitors see when they arrive in China is the Beijing International Airport.The airport was constructed in the 1950s.It has an indoor garden,a children's playground,and over 70 food businesses in Terminal 3 alone.The Shanghai World Financial CentreCompleted in 2008，SWFC took over 10 years to complete due to financial shortages and the construction delays.Since its completion,it has won countless architectural awards.Tourists are welcome at SWFC's viewing platform,which is the world's highest closed viewing platform.The Water CubeIt was constructed for use during the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics.Now visitors can express surprise at the architecture of the building.They can enjoy the indoor atmosphere as well. Among the offerings of the Water Cube are a restaurant,a bar,a shopping area,and Water World,a family water park.The Bird's NestIt was designed mainly for the 2008 Summer Olympics.It can hold up to 80，000people.Nowadays,it also functions as a tourist attraction.Its main income is from tourism.Itdraws more than 20，000 tourists every day.The National Centre for the Performing ArtsIt was completed in 2007.The building is surrounded by a man-made lake,requiring guests to enter via an underground hallway.It is home to an opera hall,a music hall,and a theatre.6.Why was the construction of Shanghai World Financial Centre delayed？______A. It needed more construction workers.B. It was short of money.C. It added an extra viewing platform.D. It faced too much terrible weather.7.How does the Bird's Nest operate daily______A. By renting the winter theme park.B. By increasing its opening time.C. By charging tourists for admission fees.D. By giving some live concerts.8.What can you do in the National Centre for the Performing Arts？______A. Enjoy sports events.B. Eating.C. Attend science lectures.D. Watch different performances.BTravelling can be expensive.But there are some ways to save money when you are travelling.Try some of the advice below on your next vacation and your wallet will thank you. Look for city tourism cards.With the card,you can pay less at restaurants and shops.You don't have to wait for a long time at busy attractions.You might even get free tickets to top tourist attractions.City tourism cards can save your money and time without question.Don't get the best room.How long will you stay in your room Will you just be sleeping there？Do you really need a bigger room with a good view？Find a hotel outside a city.You can save some money by choosing a hotel away from big tourist attractions,for you are always doing the same - go to the attractions and then return to your hotel to sleep.Book a room with a kitchen.Although some people might not like to cook while on vacation,I don't mind making breakfast in my room.We always eat at a nice restaurant on our last night of the vacation.I'd rather eat breakfast and lunch at the hotel and then spend much money on a delicious supper.9.With ______ ，you can pay less at restaurants and shops.A. ID cardsB. bank cardsC. phone cardsD. tourism cards10.To save some money,the writer advises tourists to ______ .A. get the best roomB. live near big tourist attractionsC. live away from big tourist attractionsD. take a map with them when travelling11.Why does the writer prefer to make breakfast and lunch in the hotel______A. Because he likes cooking in the hotel.B. Because they are healthier and more delicious.C. Because there are not any restaurants in the neighbourhood.D. Because he'd rather spend much money on a delicious supper.12.What does the passage mainly talk about？______A. How to get a tourism card.B. How to find a hotel outside a city.C. How to save money when you are travelling.D. How to book a room on the Internet.CPiñatex is made from pineapple leaves that are left over after the fruit is harvested.It is an innovative way of using a product that would otherwise be thrown away,which reduces the amount of organic waste going to landfill and thus the methane emissions（沼气排放）that would result.Tough and durable,it is commonly used as an eco-friendly material for vegan leather by fashion designers.Piñatex was developed by Dr.Carmen Hijosa,a Spanish leather goods expert who grew horrified at the environmental impact of leather production while working in the Philippines in the 1990s.Nor did she approve of the petroleum-based alternatives that are commonly used.At the same time,Hijosa noticed how some traditional Filipino garments（服装）were made from pineapple fibers,which kickstarted her research into how such a resource could be transformed into something more widely usable.The fabric is made by extracting（提取）fibers from the pineapple leaves after harvest.They are washed and dried in the sun,then undergo a purification process that results in a soft fiber.This is mixed with corn-based polylactic acid（PLA）and turned into a non-woven product called"Piñafelt"，which is the base for Piñatex products.Around 480 leaves from 16 pineapple plants go into the creation of a single square meter of Piñatex,which weighs and costs less than a comparable amount of leather.Because the fabric is natural,it is breathable,as well as flexible；it can easily be printed on and sewed.It's produced in a roll,which means less waste than when an irregularly-shaped animal hide is used.But best of all,it can replace animal leather.Piñatex is a multi-use material that is suitable for footwear,bags,clothing,pet leashes,and more.It has already been adopted by 1，000 shoe companies,fashion labels,and hotel chains around the world,including Hugo Boss,H&M，and the Hilton Hotel Bankside.The number of partnerships is likely to grow as more designers and consumers discover its benefits.13.What can we infer about Dr.Carmen Hijosa？______A. She resists Spanish leather production.B. She disapproves of any leather alternatives.C. She is devoted to designing Piñatex garments.D. She has got inspiration from a Filipino tradition.14.What is the main idea of paragraph 3？______A. Advantages of Piñatex.B. Ways to treat Piñafelt.C. Purification of Piñatex.D. Process of making Piñafelt.15.How does the writer think about the future of Piñatex______A. Ambiguous.B. Promising.C. Doubtful.D. Negative.16.Which of the following could be the best title for the text？______A. Piñatex,From Rubbish to TreasureB. Piñatex,New Use of Vegan LeatherC. Piñatex,New Hope of the EarthD. Piñatex,Innovation to Rid RubbishDBlind people have long desired for brightness,but scientists don't have the technology.To bring that one step closer to reality,Zhiyong Fan,a materials scientist of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,developed a new artificial eye recently.The device,which is about as sensitive to light and has sharper vision and a faster reaction time than a real eyeball,may outperform human eyes.The human eye owes its wide field of view and clear eyesight to the retina（视网膜）- an areaat the back of the eyeball covered in light-detecting cells.The design for a new artificial eye is based on the structure of the human eye and uses a friendly light-sensitive material.At the back of the eyeball,an artificial retina is lined with nanoscale light sensors（纳米级光感器）.Those sensors measure light that passes through the lens（晶状体）at the front of the eye.Wires attached to the back of the retina send signals from those sensors to the processor,similar to the way nerve networks connect the eyeball to the brain."In the future,we can use this to replace damaged human eyes," says the lead designer.In theory,this artificial eye could see more clearly than the human eye,because the artificial retina contains about 460 million light sensors per square centimeter while a real retina has about 10 million light-detecting cells per square centimeter.Besides,the artificial eyeball records changes in lighting faster than human eyes can - within about 30 to 40 milliseconds,rather than 40 to 150 milliseconds.Although its 100-degree field of view isn't as broad as the 150 degrees a human eye can take in,the device can see as well as the human eye in poor light.Hongrui Jiang,an electrical engineer at the University of Wisconsin,though,thinks engineers need a much more practical and efficient way to produce vast series of tiny wires on the back of the artificial eyeball to give it superhuman sight,which is super hard to achieve.17.Why does Zhiyong Fan develop the artificial eye______A. To replace people's real eyeballs.B. To gain a sharper vision.C. To help the blind regain their eyesight.D. To help normal eyes perform better.18.What is paragraph 2 mainly about？______A. The design of the artificial eye.B. The structure of the human eye.C. The advantages of the artificial eye.D. The material used for the artificial eye.19.What can we learn about the artificial eye and the human eye______A. They have the same structure.B. The artificial eye may see more clearly.C. The human eye sees better in weak light.D. The artificial eye takes in a broader view.20.Which word best describes Hongrui Jiang's attitude to the artificial eye？______A. Doubtful.B. Favorable.C. Objective.D. Optimistic.三、阅读七选五（本大题共5小题，共12.5分）Society tells us that you can't teach an old dog new tricks.But it doesn't have to be that way.A new study published in Human Development points out that using a childlike approach to learning can help people of any age take on and rise to new challenges. (1)Venture（冒险）outside your comfort zone.As adults,we tend to use similar skills day in and day out：we take jobs in fields we're already good at,drive the same routes to the same places,and fall into routines we're comfortable with. (2) Switching to something more challenging may have more cognitive benefits.(3) A fear of making mistakes is another reason why adults are slow to learn new things；if we try but fail,we can face criticism,lose money,or get fired.That's why it's important to build up a support network of people at work and at home - who allow you to make mistakes and learn from them.Make a serious commitment and don't give up. (4) If you can afford it,spending money on a new pursuit - for example,booking a trip to Rome to practice your Italian - might also make it harder to throw in the towel.Learn more than one thing at once.We tend to zero in on one hobby or one skill.But dividing that time and energy into three or four areas will stretch your brain in all different directions. (5) Add singing lessons,and next year you try something else.You can add things gradually based on what you can handle.A.Turn to your friends and family.B.The following strategies will do the trick.C.Surround yourself with encouraging people.D.Telling friends about your new goal can help keep you motivated.E.But all this familiarity limits the parts of the brain we're using regularly.F.That doesn't mean you should start all the new challenges all at once,though.G.So feeling comfortable can reduce stress and make you happier and more productive.21. A. A B. B C. C D. D E.E F.F G. G22. A. A B. B C. C D. D E.E F.F G. G23. A. A B. B C. C D. D E.E F.F G. G24. A. A B. B C. C D. D E.E F.F G. G25. A. A B. B C. C D. D E.E F.F G. G四、完形填空（本大题共15小题，共15.0分）Ekaterina is a famous skater.She(26) the activity of skating at the age of 4.Since then,she has been devoted to the career that drives her life and(27) beauty and romance into lives of millions of others.When she was 11，she found a(28) partner,Sergei Grinkov,15 years old then,with whom she could perform that activity in the most expressive and the most elegant way.They were the most winning pair skaters on the ice in every way：The tiny fragile Ekaterina,in the(29) of her tall,strong,handsome partner,was lovingly launched into the (30) and tenderly caught,and beautifully skated around the ice.Gradually,the two of them(31) together into a dream couple and the most beautiful kind of loving relationship.When she was 19，she married him.They had a daughter,a charming girl they both loved and protected.And then,(32) in 1995，during a routine practice session,her mate,her love,her partner,Sergei Grinkov,stopped,fell and died of a heart attack at 28. Ekaterina's world seemed to end.It was her mum who lit her(33) to start remaking her life by saying "Little Dasha,having lost a father,needs at least a healthy mother." This reminded her to ask a friend to send her(34) which had been left in the corner for a long ter she said in her book,"(35) is the only thing that can help people recover." In February 1996，Ekaterina skated a moving tribute（悼念）to Sergei,which she(36) to the music of Mahler's Symphony No.5，the couple's favorite.She was(37) at the beginning,because it had been a long time since she had skated alone.And she was afraid of the(38) the piece would recall.But that night,she did it.She filled up the (39) with her courage.No one who saw Ekaterina that night would forget her performance,just as she would neverforget Sergei.But everyone was already learning,as she had already learned,that the(40) "goodbye" was the beginning of her new life.26. A. started B. learned C. marked D. watched27. A. drags B. brings C. pulls D. attracts28. A. quiet B. brave C. lovely D. perfect29. A. palms B. memory C. arms D. dream30. A. earth B. sky C. air D. space31. A. broke B. talked C. grew D. studied32. A. naturally B. suddenly C. immediately D. obviously33. A. determination B. imagination C. curiosity D. career34. A. gifts B. pictures C. books D. skates35. A. Benefit B. Work C. Medicine D. Ambition36. A. sang B. applied C. adjusted D. performed37. A. nervous B. relieved C. happy D. disappointed38. A. words B. ideas C. emotions D. moves39. A. ice B. match C. chance D. gap40. A. crazy B. sad C. long D. favorite五、语法填空（本大题共1小题，共10.0分）41.One morning,I happened (1) （read）the advertisement about the expedition to the SouthPole with Sir Ernest Shackleton,which I (2) （dream）of,so I applied to joinit.However,Shackleton thought I was too young to be (3) （qualify）and turned me down.So I secretly went aboard his ship,the Endurance.Three days later,I was found,but Shackleton had no choice but to assign me to be a steward.The journey was (4) （extreme）difficult.With us (5) （approach）Antarctica inNovember,1915，Endurance was stuck in the ice.What's worse,the ship got (6) （crush）by the ice and sank.Shackleton gave the order that we should abandon the ship and throw most of our (7) （belong）except some essential supplies.We had been managing to survive until the spring of 1916 came,when the ice (8) （it）began to melt.Then we arrived at Elephant Island.After that,Shackleton set off for South Georgia Island to find help.During this time,we had no food and could only catch some seals or penguinsto eat,so we were all (9) low spirits.Frank,the kindest man there,kept our spirits up.It was their genuine concern,their perseverance and their resolve (10) filled us with hope.(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)六、书面表达（本大题共2小题，共40.0分）42.假定你是红星中学高二学生李华。