跨文化交际 第二章

Learning objectives:
Chapter Outline
Communication and Intercultural Communication
Communication
Characteristics of Communication
Culture and Communication
(2) Physiological Noise
illnesses and disabilities
(3) Psychological Noise
forces with the sender or receiver that interfere with understanding: egotism; hostility; preoccupation; fear; etc.
encoding decoding
Sender
Channel (message)
Receiver
Is this an effective model of communication?
Interactive Model of Communication
decoding
message / channel
(1)External Noise
Sounds that distract communicators: voices in the next room; annoying ring of someone’s cell phone in a meeting; etc. Other types of external noise that don’t involve sound: an overcrowded room or a smelly cigar
大学英语 跨文化交际
Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication
An idiom
Our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this planet . ——John F .Kennedy
g. Feedback （反馈）
The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called feedback.
h. Noise （干扰）
Noise is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise ，physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise. Noise is inevitable.

Picture Analysis
What are the components of communication reflected in the following picture?
Mode of Communication
Linear Model of Communication
noise
In western cultures, communication is studied as the means of transmitting ideas. Western cultures emphasize the instrumental function of communication; that is, effectiveness is evaluated in terms of success in the manipulation of others to achieve one’s personal goal.
(4) Semantic Noise
caused by using different languages; the use of jargon; different understanding of the message delivered; etc.
i. context
A context is the setting or situation within which communication takes place , including physical context, social context and interpersonal context. 语境：语境指交际发生的环境，包括自然 语境，社会语境和人际语境。
Text A:
Comm百度文库nication
▲Pre-reading Task:
Form groups of three or four and work together to write a letter to a penpal friend. Analyze the following elements involved in the process: 1. What meaning do you want to express? 2. In what way would you like to deliver or organize your idea? 3. By which channel are you going to send your message? 4. Is there anything that might interfere with the process? 5. How do you think the letter will be interpreted by people from different cultures?
Intercultural Communication Defined Forms of Intercultural Communication
Hunter’s personal experience
Lead-in Case: She Has Three Hands
Read the case and answer the following questions: Suppose you are the Chinese doctor, if you are communicating with the Canadian physiotherapist, will his words irritate you? How would you respond to the situation? What caused their communication conflicts? What do you think of the different communication styles of the two doctors?
1. The definition of communication
Western Perspective of communication Eastern perspective of communication
Western Perspective of communication
2. Components of communication
a . Sender/Source （信息源） A sender/source is the person who transmits a message. b. Message （信息） A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver. c. Encoding （编码） Encoding refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. d. Channel /Medium （渠道） Channel/Medium is the method used to deliver a message
Intercultural Communication
Communication Defined Components of Communication
Dynamic Systemic Symbolic Irreversible Transactional Self-reflective Contextual
conclusion
So, what are the components of communication ? nine: sender/source, message, encoding, medium, receiver, decoding, feedback, noise, and context.
Eastern perspective of communication
Definitions of communication from many Asian countries stress harmony, which is most notable in cultures with a Confucian tradition. Eastern cultures’ understanding would define communication as a process where all parties are searching to develop and maintain a social relationship.
She Has Three Hands
This case can reflect the different communication styles between Chinese and Canadians. In western cultures, communication is the means of transmitting ideas. Western people usually communicate directly with each other. That is why the Canadian in this case says what is in his mind directly in front of the Chinese woman without hiding anything. While Chinese culture stresses harmony and emphasizes the relationships between the communicators. Chinese people view communication as a process where all parties are searching to develop and maintain a social relationship. So the Chinese woman in this case tries not to argue with the Canadian face to face to keep the “harmonious relationship” between them.
.
e. Receiver （信息接收者）
A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message.
f. Decoding （解码）
Decoding is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.