Chapter 3 micro-fabrication中文 (2)解析

纺织英语第三版翻译课文翻译12.纱线纺纱是制造纱线最原始的方法。

纺纱过程要求一束短纤维排成一线，将他们拉入一对罗拉中，例如粗纱，继续拉伸并加捻粗纱形成纱线。

细纱工序的产品是一束具有一定强度和挠曲性的加捻纤维集合体。

纱线比其包含的纤维的联合强度要大，因为纤维通过联合作用共同承担外界负荷。

单根纱线可能被放在一起加捻以形成更高强力的纱线。

这些合股线可能被一次又一次的合股以形成更厚重强力更大的粗绳索。

这些粗绳可能被加上S捻，也可能被加上Z捻。

S捻的纱线中的纤维成螺旋状并与字母S中间的斜杠平行。

在Z捻的纱线中，纤维与字母Z中间的斜杠平行。

纱线通常因为太细使得肉眼很难识别其捻向。

然而，当你用左手竖直的拿着一小段纱线，再用右手的拇指和食指夹住纱线的另一头，一边向上拉，一边旋转，这时你就可以测出它的捻向了。

如果你用右手顺时针的旋转它，S捻的纱线会越变越紧，Z 捻的纱线会越变越松。

加捻的方向不会影响纱线的外观。

然而，人们习惯性的生产棉和亚麻纱线时用Z捻，生产羊毛和精纺毛料纱线时用S捻。

这种习俗起源于中世纪的消费者保护法;消费者可以仅仅通过退捻纱线，检查纱线捻向，从而轻易地确定布料是否是真正的羊毛所制。

当纱线被加捻的时候，在捻度的方向上也会相应地形成内应力。

这种力被称为扭转力。

通常，纱线每转一圈，都会增加相同的扭转力，所以每米具有相同转数的纱线就会具有相同的扭转力。

既然扭转力和每米纱线所具有的转数(tpm)近似成正比，因此我们通过数出纱线每米的转数来说明平衡纱线和非平衡纱线的形成原理。

以一对200tpm的S捻向的单纱为例。

用另外的100tpm的S捻将两个单纱加捻到一起。

每根单纱的内部扭转力就达到了300tpm，然而合股线在S捻方向上的扭转力是100tpm。

这时纱线则不平衡，将会形成卷曲。

如果给相同的两根单纱加上Z方向上100tpm的捻度使它们合成一股时，逆时针方向的加捻则会使单根纱线易于解开，使其在S捻向上的内部扭转力降到100。

纺织英语第三版课文中文翻译Lesson Two Cotton Properties and UsesA relatively high level of moisture absorption and good wicking properties help make cotton one of the more comfortable fibers. Because of the hydroxyl groups in the cellulose, cotton has a high attraction for water. As water enters the fiber, cotton swells and its cross section becomes more rounded. The high affinity for moisture and the ability to swell when wet allow cotton to absorb about one-fourth of its weight in water. This means that in hot weather perspiration from the body will be absorbed in cotton fabrics, transported along the yarns to the outer surface of the cloth and evaporated into the air. Thus, the body will be aided in maintaining its temperature.相对较好的吸湿性和良好的芯吸性使棉纤维成为最舒适的纤维之一。

因为纤维素的羟基基团，使得棉花对水有很强的吸引力。

当水进入纤维棉，棉开始膨胀，其截面变得更圆。

这种高度的亲水性和潮湿时溶胀的性能使棉花可吸水达到其重量的1/4左右。

第二课Cotton Properties and Uses棉纤维的特性和用途吸湿性和良好的吸湿排汗性能使棉纤维的一个更舒适的一个比较高的水平。

因为在纤维素的羟基基团，棉花对水有很强的吸引力。

当水进入纤维棉，膨胀，其截面变得更圆。

水分和膨胀时湿让棉花吸收水的重量约四分之一的高亲和力的能力。

这意味着，在炎热的天气里，身体的汗会吸收棉织品，沿运纱布的外表面和蒸发到空气中。

因此，身体会帮助维持其温度。

不幸的是，棉花的亲水性使得它容易受到水渍。

如在咖啡或葡萄汁的水溶性色素会渗入纤维随着水；当水分蒸发，着色剂是困在纤维。

也许主要的缺点，棉织品是他们的倾向，皱纹和去除皱纹的困难。

棉纤维的刚度降低纱线抗起皱能力。

当纤维弯曲的一种新的配置，氢债券持有的纤维素链在一起破裂和分子滑动以减少纤维中的应力。

在新的位置的氢键的改革，所以当破碎力去除纤维保持在新的位置。

这是氢键，有助于保持皱纹的断裂和改革，使棉织品要熨。

棉花是具有良好的耐磨性和尺寸稳定性好，中等强度的纤维。

这是抵抗酸，碱和有机溶剂，通常提供给消费者。

但由于它是一种天然物质，它是受攻击的昆虫，霉菌和真菌。

最突出的是棉花霉烂的倾向，如果允许存在潮湿。

棉花抗太阳光和热，虽然直接暴露于恒定的强烈的阳光会引起黄的最终降解纤维。

变黄时也可能出现在气干燥器干燥棉织品。

颜色的变化是一种化学反应的纤维素和氧或氮氧化物之间在热空气中干燥的结果。

棉花将保留其白度较长时，线干或在电干燥器中干燥。

主要感兴趣的是事实，棉纱时干时湿比。

此属性的宏观和微观结构特征的纤维的结果。

当水被吸收，纤维膨胀，其截面变得更圆。

通常这种大量的外来物质的吸收会导致内部应力较高，导致纤维弱化。

然而，棉花，水的吸收导致的内部应力减少。

因此，减少内部应力来克服，肿胀的纤维变得更强。

同时，在纱线溶胀纤维按对彼此更强烈。

的内部摩擦增强纱线。

此外，所吸收的水作为一个内部润滑剂，赋予纤维较高水平的灵活性。

这说明棉花衣服更容易熨潮湿时。

中文名称：针织物英文名称：knitted fabric中文名称：经编织物英文名称：warp knitted fabric中文名称：纬编织物英文名称：weft knitted fabric中文名称：特里科经编织物英文名称：tricot中文名称：拉舍尔经编织物英文名称：raschel fabric中文名称：圈绒英文名称：Loop velvet中文名称：条绒英文名称：Striped velvet中文名称：丝光绒英文名称：Mercerized velvet中文名称：金光绒英文名称：Clinquant velvet中文名称：无光绒英文名称：Dull velvet中文名称：短毛绒织物英文名称：Short hair velvet中文名称：长毛绒织物英文名称：High pile fabric中文名称：超柔绒英文名称：Super-soft velvet中文名称：超细绒英文名称：Super-fine velvet中文名称：麂皮绒英文名称：Micro-suede fabric中文名称：花点绒英文名称：Speckled velvet中文名称：植绒布英文名称：Flocked cloth中文名称：方格布英文名称：Checked cloth中文名称：反光织物英文名称：Reflective cloth中文名称：网眼布（布的面积比网眼大）英文名称：Mesh中文名称：网眼布：（网眼的面积比布大）英文名称：Net中文名称：平绒英文名称：Velveteen中文名称：丝光布英文名称：Mercerized cloth中文名称：汗布英文名称：Undershirt cloth中文名称：荧光布英文名称：Fluorescent cloth中文名称：经编平布英文名称：Warp knitted plain cloth, tricot中文名称：产业用纺织品英文名称：industrial textile中文名称：双轴向经编织物英文名称：bi-axial warp knitter fabric中文名称：土工格栅英文名称：geogrid中文名称：土工布英文名称：geotextile中文名称：土工膜英文名称：geomembrane中文名称：医疗用织物英文名称：Medical fabric中文名称：拉绒混色针织物英文名称：brushed heather jersey中文名称：复合汗衫布英文名称：fusing jersey fleece中文名称：毛圈毛葛[用丝经织成毛圈] 英文名称：Terry poplin中文名称：毛圈针织物英文名称：terry knitted fabric中文名称：毛圈织物英文名称：Terry pile fabric中文名称：单面毛圈织物英文名称：One-sided terry中文名称：毛巾布（单面)英文名称：t/c terry中文名称：双面毛巾布英文名称：reversible terry中文名称：全棉毛巾布英文名称：terry中文名称：平纹凹凸织物英文名称：jersey pique中文名称：平针组织英文名称：Jersey stitch中文名称：双面毛针织物,双面毛织乔赛英文名称：Wool double jersey中文名称：彩条汗布英文名称：color-stripes single jersey中文名称：增强汗布英文名称：impact jersey中文名称：单面全棉汗布衫英文名称：one-sided jersey knit中文名称：单面针织物,单面乔赛英文名称：Single jersey中文名称：弹力运动衫英文名称：Stretch jersey中文名称：汗布英文名称：single jersey中文名称：经编平针织物,经编乔赛英文名称：Tricot jersey中文名称：经编平针织物,经编乔赛英文名称：Warp-knitted jersey中文名称：法国复式凹凸(单面浮线)组织,法国点纹组织英文名称：French double pique中文名称：复式凹凸(单面浮线)组织,点纹组织英文名称：Double pique中文名称：花式凹凸组织英文名称：Fancy pique design中文名称：花式机凹凸织物英文名称：Fancy woven pique中文名称：简单凹凸组织英文名称：Simple pique中文名称： 1.西装背心斜纹织物[法国制]2.转变双罗纹,双面浮线组织英文名称：Piquette中文名称：6模珠地英文名称： 6 feed pique中文名称：棱条凸纹布英文名称：Corded pique中文名称：棱纹花式绸英文名称：Drap pique中文名称：瑞士复式凹凸(单面浮线)组织,瑞士点纹组织英文名称：Swiss double pique中文名称：松背凹凸组织,松背凹凸织物英文名称：Loose back pique中文名称：双罗纹双面交织集圈组织英文名称：Texipique中文名称：染色棱纹毛哗叽[法国用语]英文名称：Cote pique中文名称：素色凸纹花缎英文名称：Pique damas中文名称：素色仿毛哔叽[法国制]英文名称：Pique anglais中文名称：提花凸纹织物英文名称：Figured pique中文名称：纬棱凸纹布,横向灯心布英文名称：Filling cord pique中文名称：凸花条纹,灯心绒条纹英文名称：Pique stripe中文名称：鸟眼凹凸组织(织物),菱形纹凹凸组织(织物)英文名称：Bird's-eye pique中文名称：平纹凹凸织物英文名称：jersey pique中文名称：猪皮凸纹织物英文名称：Pig skin pique中文名称：凹凸组织,凸纹组织英文名称：Pique weave中文名称：白线凸纹刺绣英文名称：Pique embroidery中文名称：反面加固凹凸织物英文名称：Fast back pique中文名称：灯心绒式凹凸织物英文名称：Corded pique中文名称：单面交织集圈组织英文名称：Single pique中文名称：蜂窝凸纹棉织物英文名称：Waffle pique中文名称：法式菱形凹凸织物英文名称：French diamond pique。

fabrication英语解释-回复Fabrication, in its broadest sense, refers to the process of making or creating something, usually through the manipulation or combination of materials, components, or ideas. It can be applied to various fields and industries, such as manufacturing, engineering, and even storytelling. In this article, we will explore the concept of fabrication and delve into its different aspects and applications.At its core, fabrication involves transforming raw materials into finished products or creating something entirely new. In the manufacturing industry, this process often entails cutting, shaping, and assembling various components to create a final product. For example, in the automotive industry, fabrication includes the manufacturing of car bodies, engine components, and other mechanical parts. In these cases, fabrication requires expertise in using specialized machinery, precision tools, and technical knowledge to ensure the quality and functionality of the final product.Similarly, fabrication plays a significant role in engineering. Engineers may fabricate prototypes or custom parts to test andvalidate their designs before mass production. This allows them to identify any potential flaws or improvements in their designs, reducing the risks and costs associated with mass production. This process often involves computer-aided design (CAD) software and the use of advanced machinery, such as 3D printers or CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines, to accurately fabricate complex shapes and intricate details.While fabrication is commonly associated with physical manufacturing processes, it also extends to the realm of ideas and storytelling. In literature and the arts, fabrication refers to the creation of fictional narratives or fictionalized accounts of real events. Writers and storytellers often fabricate characters, plotlines, and settings to entertain or convey specific messages to their audiences. This form of fabrication allows for creativity and imagination to shape unique stories that can captivate readers and evoke emotions.In the digital age, fabrication has taken on a new dimension through the emergence of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR). These technologies allow for the fabrication of immersive virtual environments or the overlaying of digitalinformation onto the real world, blurring the lines between what is real and what is fabricated. Artists and developers can now create digital artworks, interactive experiences, and simulations that offer a new level of creativity and engagement.Furthermore, fabrication has also found its way into the field of medicine and healthcare. Medical professionals use fabrication techniques to create customized prosthetics, orthotics, and even human tissues or organs through techniques like 3D bioprinting. This form of fabrication enables personalized and precise medical interventions, offering patients enhanced functionality and quality of life.In conclusion, fabrication encompasses the process of creating or making something, whether it involves manipulating physical materials, designing virtual worlds, or fabricating narratives. It is a versatile concept that applies to various fields, such as manufacturing, engineering, arts, and even healthcare. As technology continues to advance, the possibilities for fabrication are expanding, allowing for unprecedented levels of creativity,customization, and innovation.。

光电英语词汇(M2)光电英语词汇(M2)光电英语词汇(M2)microfluorometer 测微荧光计microfluoroscope 显微萤光镜microfocus x-ray tube 显微测焦x射线管microgaph 显微照相，缩微照相microgeometeric 微观几何的micrograph 显微像micrography 显微照相术，缩微照相术microgroove recording 密纹录声microguide 微型导光管microhardness 微硬度microhardness tester 显微硬度试验器microhologam 显微全像图microholography 微型全息照相术microimage 微像microimpurity 微量杂质microindicator 测微指示器microinterferometer 微型干涉仪microlamp 微型灯microlens 微型透镜microlite 微晶，细晶石microlithography (1)缩微平版(2)印刷术(3)显微光刻microlock 微波锁定microlux 微勒micromachining 精密加工micromanipulator 微型操纵器，微型机械手micromechanics 微型机械micromechanism 微型机构micrometeing 测微法micrometer 测微计，千公尺micrometer caliper 千分测径规micrometer collar (1)千公尺套圈(2)微米轴环micrometer depth agage 深度千分尺micrometer dial 千分刻度盘，微米刻度盘micrometer eyepiece 测微目镜micrometer gage 测微规micrometer head 千分卡头micrometer measuring rod 测微量杆micrometer microscope 测微显微镜micrometer ocular 测微目镜micrometer scale 测微计尺micrometer screw 测微螺旋micrometer stand 千分尺支架micrometer with dial gage 指示测微计micrometer with vernier 游标测微计micrometer(μm) 测微计micrometric reader 测微读数器micrometric screw 测微螺杆，微动螺丝micrometry 测微法micromicofarad 微微法拉microminaturization 微型化，超小型化micromodule 微型组件micromotoscope 显微电影摄影装置micromovement 微位移micron (1)微米(2)百万分之一(3)微子micron power 微粉磨料micron (μ)微米microoptic clinometer 显微光学测角器microoptic theodolite 光学测微经纬仪microphenomenon 微观现像microphone 传声器，送话器microphonic noise 颤噪音microphotodensitometer 显微光学密度计microphotofabrication 显微相制作microphotograph 显微相microphotographic apparatus 显恤照相装置microphotography 显微照相术microphotometer 显微光度计，测微光度计microphotometer comparator 显微光计比较器microphotometers 测微光度计microphotometry 测微光度术microphtograph 显微照相micropits 微阱microplasma 微等离子体microplasma emission 敢等离子体辐射micropoistioning device 微定位装置micropolarimeter 测微偏振计micropolariscope 测微偏振镜micropositioner 微定位器micropot 微型电势计，微型电位计microprism 微棱镜microprobe 微探针microprobe scane 微探针扫描microprocessor 微处理器microprocessor-controlled automatic positioningequipment 微处理器控制自动定位设备microprogramming 微程序设计microprojector 显微投影机micropulse 微脉冲micropulser 微脉冲发生器micropyrometer 测微高温计microradiograph 显微x射线照相microradiography 显微x射线照相术microradiometer 微辐射计microray 微波光线microreciprocal degree 微倒度microresonator 微共振腔microroughness 微观粗糙度microscanning 微扫描microscope 显微镜microscope analysis 显微分析microscope column 显微镜立柱microscope eyepiece 显微镜目镜microscope for research 科研用显微镜microscope for workshop 车间用显微镜microscope imbedding media 显微镜埋置用材料microscope immerison liquids 显微镜浸液microscope immersion fluid 显微镜浸液microscope in dark field 暗视场显微镜microscope objective 显微物镜microscope objective interferometer 显微物镜干涉仪microscope objectives lenses 显微镜对物镜microscope photometers 显微镜光度计microscope stage 显微镜台microscope system 显微系统microscope type measurement instruments 显微镜式量测设备microscope, compound microscope 显微镜，复合显微镜microscope-micrometer 显微测微计microscopic (1)微观的(2)显微镜的microscopic field 显微场microscopic holography 显微全息照相术microscopic iage 显微镜像microscopist 显微镜工作者microscoppic analysis 显微分析microscopy 显微术，显微学microscratch 微痕microsecond 微秒microshell target 微壳靶microspectrograph 显微摄谱仪microspectrography 显微分光摄谱术microspectrophotometer 显微分光光度计microspectroscope 显微分光镜microspectroscopy 显微分光术microstereology 显微透视术microstructure 微观结构，显微组织microsystem 微型系械microtechnic 精密技术microtelescope 显微望远镜microtome (1)切片机(2)检镜用刀microvolt 微伏microwatt 微瓦microwave 微波microwave amplification by the stimulated emission of rdiation (maser)(1)微波激射(2)微波激射器microwave amplifier 微波放大器microwave double resonance 微波双共振microwave frequency modulated light 微波频率调制光microwave holography 微波全息术microwave interferometer 微波干涉仪microwave lens 微波透镜microwave mapping 微波测绘microwave method 微波法microwave optics 微波光学microwave oscillator 微波振子microwave photomixing 微波光电混频microwave phototube 微波电管microwave pulse 微波脉冲microwave solid state maser 固体微波激射器microwave spectroscopic analysis 微波波谱分析microwave spectroscopy 微波谱学microwave spectrum 微波谱学microwave technology 微波技术microwave tube 微波管microwave-image 微波图像microwave-modulated light 微波调制法microwave-modulated optical doppler radar 微波调制多普勒光电达microwaveguide 微波导microwelding 微型焊接micrphoto 显微照片micrprogram 微程序micrurgy 配镜微控mid shot (1)中景(2)中摄mid-course guidance 中程制导mid-frequency 中心频率mid-ir 中红外mid-plane 中平面，中线平面mid-position 中间位置middle infrared band 中红外区，中红外波段middle infrared gear 中红外设备middle infrared wavelength 中红外波长middle ultraviolet 中紫外middle ultraviolet band 中紫外区，中紫外波段midget condenser 小型电容器midlatitude 中纬度midpoint 中点mie scattering 米氏散射mie's scattering laser radar 米氏散射激光雷达mie-debye scatterng theory 米-德拜散射理论mifocused image 散焦像migration 徒动，迁移migration impurity 迁移杂质mikrokator 扭簧式比较仪mil 密耳mile 英里milibar 毫巴military communication satellite 军用通信卫星military finfrared equipment 军用射击制仪器military fire-kcontrol insturment military optical instrument 军用红外装置military telescope 军用光学仪器milk glass 军用望远镜mill 乳白玻璃miller's rule 密勒-波文原理miller-bowen principle (1)碾磨，碾磨机(2)铣，铣刀，铣床(3)滚轧机milli 毫milli- 毫milliammeter 毫安计milliampere (ma)毫安计millibar 毫巴millidiopter 微折光度milligram (mg)毫克millijoule 毫焦耳millilambert 毫朗白millilitre 毫升millimcro 毫微millimcron 毫微米millimcrosecond light source 毫微秒光源millimeter 公厘，毫米millimeter-wave image 毫米波图像millimeter-wave imagingunit 毫米波成像器millimeter-wave maser 毫米波微波激光器millimeter-wavelaser 毫米波激光器millimetre (mm)毫米milling 铣milling machine 铣床million 兆，百万milliphot 毫辐透millipore 微孔millirad 毫拉德millisecond (ms)毫秒millisecond laser pulse 毫秒激光脉冲millivolt (mv)毫伏millivoltmeter 毫伏计milliwatt (mw)毫瓦min-laser 小型激光器minature camera 小型照相机minature solide-state laer 小型固体激光器minaturized atmospheric pressure nitrogen laser 小型大气压氮激光器mine surveying 矿山勘测mineral 矿物mineral binder bond 无机黏结剂miners's copass 矿工罗盘仪mini disc (md)players 迷你音碟机mini discs : mds 迷你音碟片mini discs: mds 迷你音碟片miniature lamps 微型手术灯miniature light sources 小型光源minicam 小型照相机minicomputre 小型计算机minification (1)缩小(2)缩小率minimeter (1)指针测微器(2)千分比较仪(3)空气负压仪minimization 最小化minimum 最小，最低minimum angle of deviation 最小偏向角minimum angle of resolution 最小分辨角minimum detectable power (mdp)最小可测功率minimum deviation grating 最小偏向光栅minimum focus 最小焦距minimum perceptible 最小可观察体minimum perceptible brightness difference 最小视觉亮度差minimum pulse time 最小脉冲时间minimum pumping power 最低抽运功，最小泵浦功率minimum resolution 最小分辨率minimum separable 最小间距minimum speparation 最小间畣minimum spot size 最小点径minimum threshold power 最小阈值功率minimum visible 最小可见的mining microscope 矿山显微镜minipad 小垫片minium 红铅，红丹，铅丹minmal sequence 最小序列minminaturization 小型化minor (1)较小的，次要的(2)子式minor axis 短轴minor of determinant 子行列式minority carrier 少数载体minority-carrier 少数载流子minus 负号minus lens 负透镜minute 分mios 金一绝一氧一半导体mipack fiuorescence 碰撞激发荧火mirage 海市蜃楼，蜃景mired (microreciprocal degree)微倒度mired-shift value 倒微度位移值mirofilm camaera 缩微胶片照相机mirror (1)镜(2)反射镜mirror assembly 反射镜装置mirror blank, mirror substrate 面镜基底mirror camera 镜式照相机mirror cell and support system 反射镜和支架系统mirror coating 反射镜镀层mirror condenser 反射式聚光镜mirror elements 镜元mirror extensometer 镜神伸长计mirror galvanometer 光测检流计mirror galvanometer oscillograph 镜测检流计示波图mirror housing 反射镜外罩mirror image 镜像mirror lens 反射镜透镜mirror lock lever 反光镜锁紧杆mirror microscope 镜式显微镜mirror peak 镜巅值mirror plane 镜平面mirror ramp 反射镜斜面mirror reflection 镜面反射mirror reflector 镜式反射器mirror scanning mechanism 镜扫描装置mirror spacing 镜间距mirror stereoscope 反光立体镜mirror support 反射镜支架mirror symmetry 镜面对称性mirror system 镜系统mirror telescope 镜式望远镜mirror testing 面镜测验mirror transition 镜像转换mirror wavebeam guide 镜式光导管mirror wheel (1)镜轮(2)镜鼓mirror-image measurement 镜像测量mirrorless 无反射镜mirrorlike beavior 镜状特性misadjustment 误调misalignment (1)失准直，失调准(2)不重合misarrangement 不正确配置misatched transmission line 失配发送线miscalculation 误算miscibiltity 可混性，溶混性miscoding 错编码misconnection 误接misis 金一绝一半一绝一半导体miskfocusing 散焦像mismatch condition 不匹配条件mismatching (1)失配(2)失谐(3)不重合misnomer 误称，用字错误misorientation 取向错误misplacement 错位misrefgistration 配准不良，错误配准missed-signal probability 失信号率missile tracking system 导弹跟踪系统missile-guidancae laser radar 导弹制导激光器雷达missile-mounted telescope 导弹载望远镜mist (1)雾(2)油雾mist zone 雾区mistake 错误，误差mistuning 失谐miter (1)斜角缝，斜接面(2)45度接合miter gear 等径伞齿轮miter square 斜角尺mitochodria 线粒体mixed astigmatsism 混合像散mixed circuit 混波电路mixed crystal 混合晶体mixed excimer 混合激元mixed light lamp 混合光源灯mixed reflection 混合反射mixed reflection mixer 混合反射mixed transmission 混合透射mixed-ion laser 混合离子激光器mixer (1)混合器(2)混频管mixer crystal 混频晶体mixing 混频mixture 混合物mixture of colors 色混合mlti-microchannel plate 多微通道板mnos 金氮半导体mobile dip 可动凹陷mobile ir thermography 移动式红外热像仪mobile optical communication system (vehicles) 光行动通讯系统mobile optical communication system(vehicles) 光行动通讯系统mobile otpcial tracking unit (motu)随动光学跟踪装置mobility (1)迁移率(2)变动率modal dispersion 模态色散modal matrix 模态阵modality 模态mode (1)样式，方定(2)模，波型(3)振荡模，传输模mode 1 (and mode2) 模态一（及模式二）mode amplitude 模振幅mode beating 模拍频mode competition 模竞争，波型竞争mode configuration 模式结构mode confinement 模限制mode control 模控制mode conversion 模转换mode coupled laser 模耦合激光器mode coupling 模耦合，波型耦合mode cross section 模截面mode degeneracy 模简并mode density 模密度mode distortion 模态畸变mode envelope (1)波模包迹(2)模式轮廓mode excitation 模激发mode filling factor 模态充填因素mode filter 滤模器mode frequencey 振荡模式频率mode group 模系mode hopping 模跳跃mode interference noise 模态干涉噪音mode locked 锁模mode locking 锁模，波模锁定mode matching 模匹配mode matching lens 模匹配透镜mode mixing 模混合mode number 模数mode of bivration 振动方式mode of decay (1)衷变方式(2)衷变型mode of laser 激光模mode of optical cavity 光学共振腔模mode of resonance 共振模mode pattern 模图样，波型图样mode perturbation 模式微扰mode pulling effect 模牵引效应mode pushing 波模推离mode scrambler 模态码器mode selecting etalon 选模标准具mode selecting technique 选模技术mode selection 模选择mode selection by fabry-perot etalon 法布里-珀罗标准具选模mode selection by pinhole 小孔选模mode selection by short-cavity 裋腔选模mode selective etalon 选模标准具mode selective resonator 选模性共振腔mode selectivity 模选择性mode selector 模选择器mode sequence 波型序mode slink 模壑mode spectrum 模频谱mode stop 波型光阑mode structure 模结构mode suppression 模抑制mode suppression technique 模抑制技术mode sweeping 模态拂掠mode switching 波型转换往关mode volume 模体积mode-discriminating interferometer 模-鉴别干涉仪mode-loced train 锁模列mode-locked copper vapor laser 锁模铜蒸气激光器mode-locked dual polarization operation 锁模双偏振运转mode-locked dye laser 锁模染料激光器mode-locked laer 锁模激光器mode-locked laser 锁定模雷射mode-locked laser pulse 锁模激光脉冲mode-locked neodymiumdoped glass laser 锁模钕玻璃激光器mode-locked state 锁模态mode-locking by amplitude modulation 调幅锁模mode-locking by frequency modulation 调频锁模mode-locking frequency doubler 锁模倍频器mode-locking laser 锁模激光器mode-locking technique 锁模技术mode-looking effect 锁模效应model (1)模型(2)样品modelling (1)模型化(2)成形，仿形modelocker 锁模器modem 调制器modem (modulator-demodulator)调制与解调器modern optics 现代光学modernization 现代化modification 变态，修改modified chemical vapor deposition (mcvd)变化化学汽相积沈modified involute gear 渐开线修正齿轮modular 模数的modulated cw lidar 调制连续波激光雷达modulated flux 调制光通量modulated grating hologram 已调光栅全像图modulated light beam 调制光束modulated light wave 调制光波modulated spectrum 调制频谱，调制光谱modulated wave 调制波modulated zone plate 已调区平板modulated zone plate (mpz)调制波带板modulated-grating hologram 调制光栅全息图modulating amplifier 调制放大器modulating camera 调制照相机modulating crystal 调制晶体modulating disk 调制盘modulating wave 调制波modulation 调制modulation bandwidth 调制带宽度modulation degree 调变度modulation envelope 调制波包络线modulation factor 调制因数modulation nosie 调制噪声modulation reticle 调制盘modulation transfer function (mtf)analysis/measurement equipmentmtf 分析/量modulation transfer function (mtf)调制转移函数modulation transfer function (mtf)analysis/measurement equipmentmtf 分析/量测装置modulation trnasfer function (mtf)调制传递函数modulation width 调制宽度modulator 调制器modulator crstal 调制晶体module (1)模，模数，模量(2)组件，模件(3)舱室modulus 模数，模量modulus of complex number 复数模量modulus of elasticity 弹性模量moelcular beam modulation 分子束调制mohs hardness 莫赫硬度moire effect 莫阿效应moire fringe 莫阿干涉条纹moire grids 莫阿栅moire hologrpahy 莫阿全息术moire method pattern measurement equipment 云纹图形量测设备moire microwave holographpy 莫阿微波全息术moire pattern 莫阿干涉条纹图样moire technique 莫阿技术moire topography 云纹地形图术moirs topography 莫阿拓捕图学，莫阿地形测量学moist 潮湿的moisture resistant 抗湿moisture-proof 防湿moisture-proofing storages 防湿保存箱mol 摩尔，克分子molar 克分子的mold (1)型(2)造型moldavite 暗绿玻璃molded blank 压型柸料molded lens 模造透镜molding (1)造型，制型，翻砂(2)嵌条molecular 分子的molecular beam epitaxial reactorsmbe 设备molecular beam epitaxy (mbe)分子束磊晶法；分子子束外延molecular beam stark effect 分子束斯塔克效应molecular bond 分子键molecular crystal 分子晶体molecular diffsuion 分子扩散molecular dimer 分子二聚物molecular dispersion 分子色散molecular electro-optics 分子电子光学molecular energy level 分子能级molecular gas laser 分子气体激光器molecular hydrogen laser 氢分子激光器molecular laser 分子激光器molecular measuring machine 分子量测机molecular orbital method 分子轨道法molecular reflection 分子反射molecular refraction 分子折射molecular sieve 分子筛molecular spectroscopy 分子光谱学molecular spectrum 分子光谱molecular vibration 分子振动molecular weight 分子量molecular xenon laser 氙分子激光器molecularity 分子性molecule 分子moll mircrophotometer 摩耳测微光度计mollier diagram 莫里而图molten glass 熔化玻璃molten-salt growth 熔盐生长法molybdate 钼酸盐molybdenum (mo)钼molybdenum boat 钼舟molybdenum oxide 氧化相molybdenum single crtstal 钼单晶moment (1)力矩(2)瞬时moment amatrix 矩量矩阵moment arm 矩臂moment of dipole 偶极矩moment of inertai 转动惯量momentum 动量momentum conservation 动量守恒momentum of electromagnetic radiation 电磁轴射动量monad 单轴monazite 独居石monchrome television 黑白电视mondromy 单值monitor 监控器monitoring 监控，监视，监测monitoring laser 监控激光器monlithic tuner 单片调谐器mono-objective binocular microscope 单物镜双目显微镜monoaxial 单轴的monobromonaphthalene imersion system 一溴化奈浸液系统monocel 单电池monocentric eyepiece 单心目镜monocentric ocular 单心目镜monochroic 单色的monochromasia (1)单色的(2)全色盲，单色视症monochromatic 单色的monochromatic aberration 单色像差monochromatic approximation 单色近似monochromatic burner 单色灯monochromatic emission 单色辐射monochromatic field 单色场monochromatic filter 单色滤波器monochromatic illuminator 单色照明器monochromatic light 单色光monochromatic objective 单色物镜monochromatic pinhole method 单色针孔法monochromatic pinhole technique 单色针孔技术monochromatic radiation 单色辐射monochromatic spectrum 单色光谱monochromatic wave 单色波monochromaticity 单色性monochromatization 单色化monochromator 单色仪monochromator in visible and ultra violet 可见光区与紫外区单色仪monochromators 单色器monochrome (1)单色的，黑白的(2)黑白影片，黑白照片monochrome camera 黑白电视摄像机monochrome display 黑白显示，单色显示monochrome television 黑白电视monocle 单片眼镜monoclinic 单斜的monoclinic crystal 单斜晶体monoclinic crystal system 单斜晶系monoclinic photoconductive detector 单片光导探测器monoclinic symmetry 单斜对称monocrystal 单晶体monocrystalline ingot 单晶锭块monocrystalline wire 单晶丝monocular 单目的，单筒的monocular diplopia 单目双像monocular fieldglass 单筒望远镜monocular microscope 单筒显微镜monocular vison 单眼视觉monodirectional 单向monodisperisty 单色散性monodmin degree 单畴度monoenergetic (1)单能的(2)单色的monoergic 单能的monofocal 单聚焦的monoformer 光电单函数发生器monogenetic (1)单性的(2)单色的monogramming 字并合monohedral 单面的monohedron 单面体monolayer 单层monolithic (1)整体的(2)单片的monolithic crystal 单块晶体monolithic ic 单石积体电路monolithic infrared detector 单块红外探测器monolithic memory 单片存储器monolithic photoconductive detector 单块光电导探测器monolithic silicon mosaic 单片硅镶嵌monomer 单体monomer exchange diffusion 单体交换换析monomode fubre 单模纤维monopack 单包monophase 单相的monopolar 单极的monopole spectrometer 单极分光计monopulse 单脉冲monoscoep tube 单像管monoscope 单像管monoscope cathode-ray tube 单筒阴极射线管monoscope character generator 单像管字符产生器monostable 单稳态的，单稳定的monostable display 单态显示monostable flip-flop 单稳态触发器monostable multivibrator 单稳态多谐振荡器monostatic heterodyne system 单静态外差系统monotone 单调monotonically decreasing function 单调下降函数monotony 单一性，单调monovalent 单价monovalent ion 单价离子monoxide 一氧化物montage (1)装配(2)剪辑moon 月球moon-beased laser communication system 月球-地球激光通信系统moon-shaped lens 月形透镜mooney rhomb 蒙内菱形镜moonlight 月光mopopulse optical radar 单脉冲光雷达moring-magnet instrument 动磁式仪表morphology 形态学，形貌学morphotropy 变形性morse taper 莫氏维度mortar (1)研钵(2)胶泥mos photodiode 金属氧化物半导体光电二极管mosaic (1)镶嵌(2)感光镶嵌幕mosaic block 镶嵌块mosaic structure 镶嵌结构mosaic surface 镶嵌面mosaicker 镶嵌仪mositure 潮湿，湿气mositure absorption 水分吸收moss-burstein effect 莫斯-布尔斯坦效应mossbuer spectrometer 穆斯堡尔光谱计mother glass 母玻璃motion 运动，移动motion picture 电影motion picture camera 电影摄影机motion picture cartoon 动图片，卡通片motion picture equipment 电影设备motion picture film 电影胶片motion picture holography 电影全息术motion picture printer 影片印片机motion picture projector 电影放映机motion-blurred image 运动模糊像motometer 转数计motor 电动机，马达motor-generator 电动发电机组motorized copying camera 电动复制照相机mott scattering 莫脱散射mottle 斑点，斑纹mould (1)塑模(2)造型，铸型moulded glass 模压玻璃moulded lens 模压透镜moulded lens blank 模压透镜毛柸moulding die 压模moulding press 模压机mounting cement 装配胶mounting cup 球支承座mounting flange 安装用法兰mountion (1)装置(2)安装(3)底座mountion plate 安装板，安装平台mouthpiece (1)口罩(2)送话器口movement 运动，运作movie 电影movie camera 电影摄影机moving light spot 动光点moving picture 电影moving reflector 活动反射器moving wave 行波moving-coil galvanometer 动圈式检流计moving-iron instrument 动铁式仪表moviola 声画同步器mu-metal 高导磁合金muff 套筒，轴衬套muffled glass 遮光玻璃mulitiple-cavity 多通道mulitphoton molecular dissociation 多光子分子离散mullite 富铝红柱石multi colour lasers 多色雷射multi elliptical-cryindrical cavity 多椭圆筒共振器multi-coated lens 多层镀膜透镜multi-electrode 多电极的multi-function products (mfps)多功能复合事务机multi-lateral 多侧multi-photocatode image converter 多光电阴极变像管multi-photon microscopy 多光子显微技术multi-plate frication clutch 多片摩擦离合器multi-roll bearing 滚针轴承multi-speed drive 多级变速传multi-spike optical filter 多脉冲滤光器multi-strand filament 多股灯丝multialkali photocathode 多硷光阴机multiangualr 多角multiband spectral camera 多谱段照相机multibeam holography 多光束全息术multibeam interferometer 多光束干涉仪multibeam resonator 多光束共振器multichannel 多通道multichannel analyzer 多通道分析器multichannel image dissector 多通道析像管multichannel laser system 多路激光器系统multichannel optical code disk 多信道光学编码盘multichannel scaler 多通道定标器multichannel smiultaneosu spectrophotometer 多通道同时分光光度计multichannel spectrometer 多道分光计multichip 夕片multicolor 多色multicolor hologram 多色全息照片multicolor holography 多色全息术multicolor laser 多色激光器multicolor light beam 多色光束multicolor three-demensional image 多色三维图像multicolor wavefront 多色波前multicolored filter 多色滤光器multicomponent 多元multicomponent glass 多元玻璃multicomponent glass optical fiber 多元玻璃光学纤维multidimensional 多维multidimensional convolution 多维卷积multidisciplinary 多学科的multidither coat system 多颤振器相干光学适应系统multidomained 多界的multidoped material 多掺杂材料multielement detector 多元探测器multielement lens 多元透镜multielement optical system 多元光学系统multifibre 多股纤维束multifilament lamp 多灯丝白炽灯multiflash 多次闪光器multifocal 多焦点的multifocal lens 多焦点透镜multifocal spectacles 多焦点眼镜multifocus viewfinder 多聚焦取景器multifrequency operation 多频率进行multifunctional 多功能的multigrid 多栅的multihead amplifier 多头放大器multijunction 多结multilarer blockiing filter 多层截止滤光片multilayer 多层multilayer dielectric coating 多层介质膜multilayer dielectric film 多层介质膜multilayer dielectric reflector 多层介质膜反射器multilayer film 多层膜multilayer filter 多层膜滤光片multilayer glass 多层玻璃multilayer mirror 多层反射镜multilayer mirrors 多层面镜multilayer overcoated aluminum 多层保护涂层铝膜multilevel laser 多能级激光器multilevel system 多能级系统multiline 多谱线multilobed beadm 多瓣光束multilongitudianl-mode laser 多纵模激光multimedium 多媒质multimeter 多量程仪表，万用表multimode 多模，多渡型multimode cavity 多模共振腔multimode cavity oscillation 多模腔振荡multimode fiber transmission 多模光学纤维传输multimode laser 多模激光器multimode laser emission 多模激光发射multimode optical fibre 多模光学纤维multimode oscillation 多模振荡multimode step-index fibre 多模阶梯折射率光学纤维multinomial 多项式multiorbit flight 多轨道飞行multipactor effect 次级电子倍增效应multipass 多通multipass fabry-perot spectroscopy 多通法布里-珀罗光谱学multipass interferometry 多通干涉法multipass laser 多通激光器multipass telescopic amplifier 多通望远镜式放大器multipdynode electron multiplier 多打拿极电子倍增器，多倍增极电子倍增器multiphase 多相multiphnono relaxation 多声弛声multiphonon 多声子multiphonon absorption 多声子吸收multiphoton 多光子multiphoton -effect 多光子效应multiphoton absorptpion 多光子吸收multiphoton excitation 多光子激发multiphoton ionization 多光子电离multiphoton transition 多光子跃迁multiphotonic spectroscopy 多光子光谱学multiple 多重的，复式的multiple beta gauge 多腔multiple channel 多通道比色计multiple channel colorimeter 多通道折像管multiple dielectric layer 多层衍射multiple diffraction 多重发射multiple emission 多次曝光multiple exposure 多次曝光全息图multiple fibre 复式纤维multiple film 多层膜multiple finder 万能取景器multiple grating 复式光栅multiple image lenses 多影像透镜multiple imaging system 重成像系统multiple integral image 多重积分像multiple key 花键multiple level 多能级multiple light courcess 多光源multiple mirror resonator 多镜面共振器multiple nosepiece 复式换镜旋转盘multiple order spectrum 多级光谱multiple photogrammetric camera 多镜头航空测量照相机multiple probemeasurement 多探针测量multiple pulse 多脉冲multiple quantum 多量子multiple quantum transition 多量子跃迁multiple recording 多重记录，多通道记录multiple reflection 多次反射multiple scannaing 重复扫描multiple scattering 多次散射multiple serial camera 多镜头连续照相机multiple spark camera 多火花照相机multiple spline 花键multiple surface coating 多层镀膜法multiple thread screw 多头螺杆multiple thread worm 多头蜗杆multiple trace drum camera 多道转鼓照相机multiple-beam fringe 多光束干涉条纹multiple-beam interference 多光束干涉multiple-beam interferometer 多光束干涉仪multiple-beam interferometry 多光束干涉测量法multiple-beam radiation 多射束辐射multiple-channel image dissecotr tube 多涂层纤维multiple-coated fibre 多层介质膜multiple-exposure hologram 多次曝光干涉测量法multiple-feed system 复馈系统multiple-layer diskshutter 多层转盘式快门multiple-lens aerial camera 多镜头航空摄影机multiple-lens block 多镜头组件multiple-lens camera 多镜头摄影机multiple-passing grating 多通光栅multiple-passing prism monochromator 多通棱镜单色仪multiple-photon-pumped 多光子抽运的multiple-pinhole camera 多针孔照相机multiple-tube laser 多管激光器multiple-valence electrons 多个价电子multiple-wave interference 多重波干涉multiple-wavelenght monochromator 多波段单色仪multiplet 多重线multiplex (1)多部的(2)多路传输multiplex coding 多路传输编码multiplex gain 多重增益multiplexed filter 多路传输滤波器multiplexed optical scanner 多路传输光学扫描器multiplexer (1)多路调制器(2)倍增器multiplexing (1)多路传输(2)倍增multiplexing hologram 多重全息图multiplexing several dfb laser 多重分布反馈激光器multiplicand 被乘数multiplication (1)放大，倍增(2)乘法multiplicity 多重性multiplier (1)乘数(2)培增器(3)扩程器multiplier phototube 光电倍增管multiplier-detector 倍增管探测器multiply ionized gass 多离子化气体multiply periodic 多周期的multiply-reflected image 多次反射像multiply-scattered wave 多次散射波multiplying factor 放大系数，倍增系数multiplying lensless fourier hologram 多重无透镜傅里叶全息图multiplying power 倍率multipoint recorder 多点记录器multipolar 多极的multipole 多极multipostion deflector 多位偏转器multipropellant 多圆推推剂multipruose ir emitter 多用途红外线发射源multiqurpose television camera 多用途电视摄像机multirange (1)多量程的，多标度的(2)多段multireflection tehcnique 多次反射技术multireflector 多重反射器multiroation 多变旋光multiscaler 万能定标器multislist monochromator 多缝单色仪multislit system 多缝系统multisource 多光源multispectral band camera 多谱段照相机multispectral image descriptor system 多光谱图像绘制系统multispectral photography 多光谱图像multispectral scanning system 多谱段扫描系统multispectral sensor 多光谱传动multistable 多稳态的multistage 多级multistage amplifier 多级放大器multistage electro-optic amplitude modulator 多级电光振幅调制器multistage image tube 多级显像管multistage radiative transition 多级辐射跃迁multistage rocket 多级火箭multitarget 多靶multitrack recording 多迹记录；多音轨录音multivibrator 多谐振荡器multivoltemeter 多量程伏特计，多量程电压表multixposure 多次曝光mumerism 变构现像munsell chroma 孟塞尔色品munsell color scale 孟塞尔色标munsell color standard 孟塞尔彩色标准munsell color system 孟塞尔彩色制munsell value 孟塞尔色度值muonμ介子muon hodoscopeμ介子描亦仪muon telescopeμ介子望远镜muscovite 白云器mushroom cam 蕈状凸轮muta-rotation 变异旋光mutation-induced by laser 激光诱变光的mutual coherence 互相干性mutual coherence function 互相干函数mutual conductance 互导mutual inductance 互感mutual intensity 相互强度mutually quenched injection laser 相互犴灭注入式激光器mutually synchronized systems 相互同步系统mydriasis 瞳孔放大mydriatic (1)瞳孔放大的(2)扩瞳药mylar 聚酯树醴myopia 近视者myopic 近视眼的myopic eye 近视眼myopic lens 近视眼镜myopy 近视myosis 瞳孔缩小myotics 睫肌收缩剂myria- 万myriabit memory 万位存储器myriameter wave 万米波myyope 近视者光电英语词汇(M2) 相关内容:。

Chapter 3Terminology and knowledge3.1Integrated semiconductor companiesCompanies that design and fabricate integrated circuitsFablessWith no fabrication/processing facilityFoundriesCompanies that specialize in processing wafers to produce silicon devicesWafer fabFabrication facility where wafers are processed to produce silicon devicesIntegrated circuitsSystem of transistors manufactured on silicon wafersCPUCentral processor unit that is an active part of computer containing the datapath and controlDRAMDynamic random access memoryFlat-panel displaysDisplay panels with flat screensMEMSMicro-electro-mechanical-systemDNA chipsSilicon chips used for DNA screeningDry oxidationGrowth of SiO2 using oxygen gasWet oxidationGrowth of SiO2 using water vaporHorizontal furnaceHorizontally oriented oxidation furnaceVertical furnaceVertically oriented oxidation furnacePhotolithography/Optical lithographyProcess in which the resist is optically patterned and selectively removed from designated areas on a waferWafer stepperEquipment used in lithography processPhotoresistUltraviolet-light sensitive materialPhotomaskQuartz photo-plate containing a copy of pattern to be transferred to Si or SiO2 surfaceNegative resistPhotoresist that becomes polymerized and resistant to a developer when exposed to an UV lightPositive resistPhotoresist whose stabilizer breaks down when exposed to an UV light, leading to the preferential removal of exposed regions in a developerStripRemoval of photoresistAsherSystem that removes the resist on a wafer by oxidizing it in oxygen plasma or UV ozone systemLithography fieldSmall area exposed to an UV light during the exposure through a photomask and an optical reduction systemStepperAnother name for lithography equipmentStep-and-repeat actionThe process of exposing different parts of a wafer until the whole wafer has been exposedPhase-shift photomaskPhotomask that produces 180 degree phase difference in neighboring clear features so that their diffraction fringes cancel each otherOptical Proximity Correction (OPC)Printing a slightly different shape on the photomask to correct distortions resulting from an exposure processOverlayAlignment between 2 separate lithography stepsExtreme UV lithography (EUVL)Lithography that uses 13nm wavelength and is expected to result in much higher resolutionSoft-x-ray lithographyOld name of EUVLElectron-beam lithography (EBL)Lithography using a focused stream of electronsElectron projection lithography (EPL)EBL that exposes a complex pattern simultaneously using a mask and a reduction electron lens systemWet etchingRemoval of SiO2 using hydrofluoric acidIsotropicWithout preference in directionDry etching (also known as plasma etching or reactive-ion etching (RIE)) Removal of SiO2 using plasma and reactive ionsAnisotropicWith preference in directionSelectivityThe extent in which an etching process distinguishes between different materials End-point detectorDetector that monitors the emission of characteristic light from the etching products so as to signal when etching should endPlasma process induced damage / Wafer charging damageDamage to devices on wafers due to the use of plasmaAntenna EffectSensitivity of the damage to the size of the conductorIon implantationMethod of doping in which ions of impurity are accelerated and shot into thesemiconductor surfaceGas-source dopingMethod of doping in which a gas reacts with silicon and liberates phosphorus so that phosphorous diffuses into the silicon substrateSolid-source diffusionMethod of doping in which the dopants from the thin film coated on the siliconsurface diffuse into siliconAnnealHeating of wafers for dopant activation and damage removalDopant activationMaking dopants behave as donors and acceptors by heating the wafersImplantation doseTotal number of implanted ions/cm2Depth/ RangeThe location of peak concentration below the surface of siliconStraddleSpread of dopant concentration profile3.2 DiffusionThe movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentrationJunction depthThickness of diffusion layerDiffusivityConstant that describes how quickly a given impurity diffuses in silicon for a given furnace temperaturePredepositionPortion of diffusion process step with the source presentDrive-inPortion of diffusion process step without the sourceFurnace annealingHeating of wafers in a furnace for dopant activation and damage removalRapid thermal annealing (RTA)Annealing process in which a wafer is rapidly heated to high temperature and cooled quickly down to the room temperatureRapid thermal oxidationOxidation process in which a wafer is heated to the designated temperature quickly, oxidized, and then cooled rapidly down to the room temperatureRapid thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD)Chemical vapor deposition process in which a wafer is heated to the designated temperature quickly, the material is deposited on the wafer, and the wafer is cooled rapidly down to the room temperatureLaser annealingAnnealing process in which a silicon wafer is heated with a pulsed laser Transient enhanced diffusion (TED)Diffusion phenomena in which diffusion rate is increased by crystal damage due to ion implantationInterconnectMetal connection between devices in integrated circuitsInter-metal dielectricsMaterials used for electrical isolation between metal layersCrystallineMolecular structure with nearly perfect periodicityPolycrystallineMolecular structure composed of densely packed crystallites or grains of single-crystalsAmorphousStructure with no atomic or molecular orderingGrain boundaryInterface between crystal grainsThin-film transistors (TFT)Transistors made of amorphous or polycrystalline silicon, widely used in flat-panel displaysSputtering targetThe source material for sputteringReactive sputteringSputtering accompanied by chemical reaction of sputtered ions. For example, Ti sputtered in nitrogen gas forms TiN film on the Si waferPhysical vapor deposition (PVD)Another name for sputteringStep coverage problemThe inability of sputtering to deposit uniform films in small holes or vertical features on waferHigh-temperature oxide (HTO)Very conformal oxide formed by a CVD process at a high temperatureLow-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD)CVD process at low pressure, which yields good thickness uniformity and low gas consumptionPlasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD)CVD using plasma; low deposition temperaturesIn-situ dopingDoping process in which dopant species are introduced during the CVD deposition of polycrystalline siliconSpin-onProcess in which liquid materials are spun onto the waferEpitaxySpecial type of thin-film deposition technology that produces a crystalline layer on silicon surfaces that is an extension of the underlying semiconductor crystal arrangementMetallizationInterconnection of individual devices by metal linesVia/ PlugElectrical connection between adjacent metal layersElectromigrationMigration of metal along the crystal-grain boundaries in a quasi-random manner, causing voids to occur in metal interconnectsDamascene processProcess used to form copper interconnect linesChemical-mechanical polishing (CMP)Process in which a polishing pad and slurry are used to polish away material and leave a very flat surfaceBack-end processMetallization; last step of IC fabricationFront-end processesOxidation, diffusionPlanarizationProcess to obtain a flat surface to improve lithography and etchingMulti-chip modulesMultiple chips put into one packageSolder bumpsElectrical connection between chip and packageFlip-chip bondingMelting pre-formed solder bumps on IC pads to make all connectionssimultaneouslyBurn-inSubjecting IC packages to higher than normal voltage and temperatures; identify potential failuresQualificationRoutine used to verify the quality of manufacturing and reliabilityOperation life testPart of qualification process; to find out if the devices last over one thousandoperating hours3.3 (a) Lithography fieldA small area having the best optical resolution (The beam intensity is uniformwithin a lithography field.)(b) M isalignmentLayer to layer mismatch (Each new mask level should be aligned to one of theprevious levels)(c) SelectivityThe ratio of etching rate of the film to be etched to that of the substrate filmbelow(d) End-point detectionDetecting the exposed substrate film after the removal of the desired film.(e) Step coverageThe ratio of film thickness deposited on the flat surface to that deposited on thenon-flat surface.(f) ElectromigrationThe movement of atoms in a metal film due to momentum transfer from theelectrons carrying the current.3.4 (a) Wet. Otherwise, it would take too long to grow the thick oxide.(b) Dry because it provides better control of the gate (channel) length and verticalwall profile.(c) Arsenic because- it is a donor ion (group V),- it reduces R p and ∆R p, and- it reduces diffusivity.(d) PECVD(e) Sputtering, dry etching, plasmas containing chlorine.(f)Oxidation3.5 Wet oxidation is faster than dry oxidation because the solid solubility of H 2O steaminto SiO 2 is higher than that of O 2 gas into SiO 2. This creates a very sharpconcentration profile that causes H 2O to diffuse towards the SiO 2-Si interface muchmore effectively than O 2 under the same conditions.3.6 (a) hr hrum um um um um 239.6/0117.02.0*165.02.0*2.02=+=τSolving the given equation for t ox and using quadratic formula,um t B A A T ox 256.02)(42=+++-=τ. (b) Linear approximation: )(τ+≈t AB T ox => 0.655um (156% error). Quadratic approximation: => 0.320um (25% error). )(2τ+≈t B T oxIn this case , neither linear nor quadratic approximations would bevalid.ox T A ≈Deposition3.7 Poly Silicon:SiH 4 → Si(s) + 2H 2Silicon Nitride:3SiH 2Cl 2 + 4NH 3 → Si 3N 4 + 6HCl + 6H 2LTO:SiH 4 + O 2 → SiO 2 + 2HCl + 2H 2HTO:SiH 2Cl 2 + 2H 2O → SiO 2 + 2HCl + 2H 2Diffusion3.8 (a) )(Dt Dt x x Dt x j j j ∆+=∆+⇒=())()(222Dt x Dt Dt x x x x j j j j j ∆+=∆+=∆+∆+())(2Dt x x x j j j ∆=∆+∆Since ,j j x x ∆>>j j j j x Dt x Dt x x 2)()(2∆≈∆⇒∆≈∆. (b) For boron,D (500K) = 10.5⨯Exp[-3.69/(8.614⨯10-5⨯773)]cm2/sec = 9.0⨯10-24 cm 2/sec, and500 years = 1.58⨯1010 sec.Hence,m cm x j μ9131042.11042.1--⨯=⨯=∆.Our assumption (j j x x ∆>>) in part (a) is correct.3.9 (a) Junction depth is distance from surface where the dopant concentration equalsthe substrate concentration.31510-===cm N N N junction d sub (Required junction dopant concentration) From Eq. (3.6.1),31540102--==cm e DtN N Dt x junction j π UsingeV E and cm N cm D e D D a kT E a 7.3,10sec,/5.10,215020/0====--,cm X j 41097.1-⨯=.(b) X j has the form2/1ln 2⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=Dt k Dt X j . Taking the derivative,j j j X Dt X Dt k Dt k Dt dDt dX 12ln 21ln 12/12/1-=⎪⎪⎭⎪⎪⎬⎫⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=. 14491039.91098.11102---⨯=⨯-⨯⨯=cm 101.98dDt dX -4j ()()240637370.310996.3360010.5.10cm eDt --⨯==∆ Hence, .01075.3.35≈⨯=∆∂∂=∆-cm Dt Dt X X j jVisualization3.10 (a) (b) 1.0μm resist Silicon substrate 1.0μm oxide 1.0μm oxide Silicon substrate(c) (d) 1.0μm oxide 1.0μm resist Silicon substrateSilicon substrate 1.0μm oxide3.11Contact 2 MaskContact 1 MaskChanging the polarity of the contact 1 mask results in the same cross section as problem 3.10 (d). The same cross-section is obtained by using a negative resist and the reversed mask of contact 1, which is opaque in the inside of contact 1 area.。

纺织英语第三版1~19课课后单词总结# 泛读Lesson One Cotton Growing棉纤维的性能和用途cotton [ 'kɒtn ]棉fiber [ 'faibə ]纤维stem [ stem ]起源于textile [ 'tekˌstail ]纺织yarn [jɑ:n] 纱线wool [ wul ]羊毛linen [ 'linən ]亚麻（布）spin（spun，spun）[ spin ]纺纱；纺丝flax [ flæks ]亚麻（纤维）staple [ 'steipl ]短纤维gin [ dʒin ]轧花机sprout [ spraut发芽blossom [ 'blɒsəm ]花pod [ pɒd ]豆荚picking [ 'pikiŋ ]采摘convolution [ ˌkɒnvə∫n]扭曲spun yarn 短纤维纱线lumen ['lu:men]腔cuticle [ˈkju:tɪkl]表皮primary wall [ 'praiˌmeri, 'praiməri ] 初生胞壁secondary wall 次生胞壁第二课Lesson Two Cotton Properties and Uses棉的性能和使用Wicking ['wɪkɪŋ]芯吸water-borne stains 水基污染Hydroxyl groups [haɪ'drɒksɪl] [ɡru:ps]羟基colorant [ˈkʌlərənt]颜料，染料Cellulose [ˈseljuləʊs]纤维素hydrogen bond [ˈhaɪdrədʒən] [bɒnd氢键Fabric [ˈfæbrɪk]织物stress 应力Hydrophilic [ˌhaɪdrə'fɪlɪk]亲水的iron [ˈaɪən]熨烫Hydrophobic [ˌhaɪdrə'fəʊbɪk]疏水的moderately [ˈmɒdərətli]中等的Susceptible [səˈseptəbl]敏感的polyester [ˌpɒlɪ'estə(r)]涤纶Organic solvent 有机溶剂homey 家庭般的Mold 霉菌mainstay [ˈmeɪnsteɪ]主要力量Fungus 真菌no-iron 免烫Prominent 突出的，显著地pillowcase枕套Mildew 发霉crisp 挺爽Degradation 降解smother 窒息Gas dryer 煤气烘干机stuff 闷热的，窒息的Impart 给予interstice 空隙Flexibility 挠性canvas gear 帆布用具Apparel 服装supplant 取代，替代Home furnishings 家居装饰cord 绳索Recreational 休闲的twine 细绳Pliable 柔顺的lash 捆绑Garment 服装bale 大包Shrink-resistant finish 防缩整理Blending 混纺# 泛Lesson Three Properties of the Naturally Colored Cottons 天然彩棉的性质disposal [ di'spəuzl ]处理，排放drainage [ 'dreinidʒ ]污水mercerize ['mɜ:səraɪz]丝光处理pesticide [ 'pestiˌsaid ]杀虫剂weed killer [wi:d]除草剂deposit [ di'pɒzit ]存留，囤积organic fertilizer [ɔ:ˈgænɪk] [ˈfɜ:təlaɪzə(r)]有机肥environmentally friendly 环境友好地breed 育种，品种color intensity [ in'tensəti ]颜色强度plantation [ plæn'tei∫n ]农场lignin [ 'lignin ]木质素pectin [ 'pektin ]果胶hydrophobic [ ˌhaidrə'fəubik]疏水的deteriorate [dɪˈtɪəriəreɪt]损害hue [hju:]色彩# 泛Lesson Four Wool 羊毛antiquity [ æn'tikwəti ]古代felt [ felt ]毡，制毡prehistoric 史前的weave [wi:v]机织，织造；做名woolen goods 粗纺毛织物scouring [ skaur ]洗毛merino sheep [məˈri:nəʊ]美利奴羊worsted fabric [ˈwʊstɪd]精纺毛织物wavy [ 'weivi ]卷曲的inoculate [ i'nɒkjəˌleit ]给接种，给注射rangeland [ 'reindʒˌlænd ]放牧场fleece [fli:s]套毛clip wool [ klip ]套毛pulled wool [ pul ]皮板毛depilatory [dɪˈpɪlətri]脱毛剂preliminary grading [ˈgreɪdɪŋ]预分等，初级分等mill [mɪl]纺织厂decompose [ˌdi:kəmˈpəʊz]分解mineral acid [ˈmɪnərəl]无机酸Lesson Five Structure and Properties of Wool羊毛的结构和性能microscopic 显微镜的commmendable值得赞扬的scale 鳞片regain恢复magnification 放大倍数crushing挤压horny角状的durable crease耐久皱褶cuticle角质层Pleat皱褶打褶cortex角质皮质cross- linkage交键cortical cell角质细胞皮质细胞poiymer高聚物medulla毛髓loft蓬松的高雅的authoraty权威机构上级机关moisture regain回潮率pigment颜料染料covering power覆盖系数micron微米desportion水分释放kemp死毛hygroscopic吸湿的elliptical椭圆形的finish织物的整理oval卵形的椭圆形的interfacial界面的felting毡化silky像蚕丝一样的yellowish-white稍微发黄的白色# 精Lesson Six Silk 丝sericulture ['serɪˌkʌltʃə]养蚕业，蚕丝业AD 公元silkworm [ˈsɪlkwɜ:m]蚕reeling ['ri:lɪŋ]缫丝，络丝cocoon [kəˈku:n]蚕茧prestige [pre'sti:ʒ]声望；名声luxury [ˈlʌkʃəri]华贵的queen of fiber 纤维皇后denier [ˈdeniə(r)]旦尼尔specific gravity 相对密度moth [mɒθ] 蛾metal salts [ˈmetl]金属盐；无机盐sputter [ˈspʌtə(r)]噼啪爆响cellulosic fiber [seljʊ'ləʊsɪk] 纤维素纤维solubility [ˌsɒljʊ'bɪlətɪ] 溶解性ammonia [əˈməʊniə] 氨水concentration [ˌkɒnsnˈtreɪʃn] 浓度fibroin ['faɪbrəʊɪn]丝心蛋白keratin [ˈkerətɪn]角蛋白scroop [skru:p]丝鸣# 精Lesson seven Flax亚麻bast fiber [bæst]韧皮纤维woody [ˈwʊdi]木质的phloem [ˈfləʊem]韧皮stalk [stɔ:k]茎stem [stem]茎，针杆temperate [ˈtempərət]温和的intact [ɪnˈtækt]未经触动的rip [rɪp]剥boll [bəʊl]植物的铃rot 腐烂retting ['retɪŋ]沤麻dew retting [dju:]露水沤麻pool retting 池塘沤麻sheaves [ʃi:vz] sheaf的复数形式捆，束stagnant [ˈstægnənt]不流动的，污浊的bacteria[bækˈtɪəriə] bacterium的复数形式细菌tank retting 池浸沤麻sodium hydroxide 氢氧化钠sodium carbonate [ˈsəʊdiəm [ˈkɑ:bəneɪt]碳酸钠dilute sulfuric acid 稀硫酸fluted roller 沟槽罗拉scutch [skɒtʃ]打麻hackle ['hækl]梳麻comb [kəʊm] 梳理（精梳）tow [təʊ] 短纤维，短麻，落纤line [laɪn]长纤维，长麻sliver [ˈslɪvə(r)] 条子，棉条，毛条，纤维条carding ['kɑ:dɪŋ]梳理（粗梳）choice fiber 上等纤维sheen [ʃi:n] 光彩，光泽resin finish [ˈrezɪn]树脂整理easy care [ʃi:n]免烫，洗可穿serviceability [sɜ:vɪsə'bɪlɪtɪ]耐用性能wicking property 芯吸效应discoloration [disˌkʌləˈreiʃən]脱色beetling finish ['bi:tlɪŋ]捶布整理laundry aids [ˈlɔ:ndri] 洗涤剂aging 老化durable-press 耐久压烫，耐久定形，免烫整理，DP整理# 泛Lesson Eight Other Bast Fibers其他韧皮纤维jute [dʒu:t]黄麻burlap [ˈbɜ:læp]粗麻布hessian [ 'he∫n ]打包麻布grayish color [ˈgreɪɪʃ]泛灰的颜色fibrous [ˈfaɪbrəs]纤维状的gummy [ 'gʌmi ]黏稠的beige [ beiʒ ]米色microorganism [ˌmaɪkrəʊ'ɔ:gənɪzəm]微生物bagging ['bægɪŋ]打包布，马岱布carpet backing [ˈkɑ:pɪt]地毯底布，地毯背衬taping [teɪpɪŋ] 贴边linoleum [lɪˈnəʊliəm]漆布olefine ['əʊləfɪn]烯烃labor-intensive [ˈleibəinˈtensiv]劳动密集型ramie ['ræmɪ] 苎麻nettle [ˈnetl]荨麻family [ˈfæməli]（植物的）科，类perennial [pəˈreniəl]多年生的shrub [ʃrʌb] 灌木necessitate 需要degum [nəˈsesɪteɪt]脱胶pectin [ˈpektɪn]果胶neutralize [ˈnju:trəlaɪz]中和crystallinity [,kristə'linəti]结晶度accessibility [əkˌsesə'bɪlətɪ]可及杜nonfibrous [nɒn'ferəs]非纤维状的hemp [hemp]大麻deplete [dɪˈpli:t]耗尽nutrient [ˈnju:triənt]营养的，营养品stripping 搏麻drawing [ˈdrɔ:ɪŋ]牵伸cordage ['kɔ:dɪdʒ]绳索sacking [ˈsækɪŋ]麻第九课Lesson Nine Rayon 人造丝Rayon黏胶，人造纤维Degree of polymerization聚合度Degree of crystallinity结晶度Infrared spectrum红外光谱Native cellulose天然纤维Regenerated cellulose再生纤维素Mechanism机理Morphologically形态方面的Contaminant污染物Pulp浆粕Molecular orientation分子取向Viscose黏胶Mode方式Amorphous area非结晶区Dyeability染色性能Striation条纹Delustered消光的Bilobal双叶形的High wet-modulus高湿模量Off round偏离圆形Cuprammonium rayon铜氨人造丝Surgical外科用Wipe擦试用品Limp松软Textured yarn变形纱Acrylic腈纶Reactant反应物Starch淀粉Softener柔软剂Hypochlorite次氯酸盐Peroxide bleach过氧化物漂白剂Dyestuff 染料第十课Lesson Ten Polyester Fibers聚酯纤维DuPont 杜邦公司polyamide 聚酰胺纤维ICI（Imperial Chemical Industries Limited）英国帝国化学工业公司Dacron 大可纶drawing process 牵伸过程heat stabilization 热定型static electric charge 静电accentuate 强调，突出heat-set 热定形pilling 起球protective clothing 防护服fire hose 消防水管tire cord 轮胎帘子布per-capita 人均implant 移植allergenic 过敏的drip-dried 滴水晾干11课Lesson Eleven Fiber Identification纤维鉴定Qualitative identification 定性鉴别staining 沾污，沾色Tentativeiy 试验性地refractive index 折射率Verify 证实index of birefringence 双折射率Unravel 拆散X-ray diffraction machine X光衍射仪Forceps 镊子infrared spectrophotometer 红外分光光度计Residue 残渣chromatograph 色谱仪Fluffy 毛茸茸的polarizing microscope 偏振光显微镜Photomicrograph 显微镜照片12课Lesson Twelve Yarns 纱Align 排成一排Roving 粗纱Assembly 集合体Plied yarn 合股线Cable 粗绳索Hawser 缆Forefinger 食指Medieval 中世纪的Untwist 退捻Curl 卷曲Kink 扭结Weaver 织布工人，织造工作者Middle age 中世纪Yarn number 纱线细度Yarn count 纱线支数，纱线线密度Nomenclature 名称术语Hank 纱绞Spun-silk 绢丝Yarn size 纱线支数，纱线细度Tex 特克斯Lesson Thirteen Relationship between Yarn Structure and Fabric Performance 纱线结构和性能间的关系crimp 英[krɪmp] 卷曲scatter 英['skætə(r)] 消散Overtwist英['əʊvətwɪst]强捻ridge 英[rɪdʒ]凸棱concomitant英[kən'kɒmɪt(ə)nt]伴随的bulk 英[bʌlk]蓬松的tweed 英[twiːd]粗花呢jacket 英['dʒækɪt]夹克bulky 英['bʌlkɪ] 粗大的，肥壮的blouse 英['blaʊz] 女衬衫，罩衫barrier英['bærɪə]阻挡层sultry 英['sʌltrɪ] 闷热的clammy英['klæmɪ黏糊糊的hairiness ['hɛrɪnɪs] 毛羽shed soil 英[ʃed sɒɪl阻挡尘土snag 英[snæg] 钩丝unsightly 英[ʌn'saɪtlɪ]不雅观的texture 英['tekstʃ质地slick英[slɪk] 滑溜溜的fuzzy 英['fʌzɪ] 毛茸茸的pajamas 英[pə'dʒɑːməz] 睡衣Acetate fiber 英['æsɪteɪt 'faɪbɚ]醋酯纤维satin 英['sætɪn]经面缎纹highlight 英['haɪlaɪt重点突出lining英['laɪnɪŋ]衣服衬里disrobe 英[dɪs'rəʊb]脱衣diffuse英[dɪ'fjuːz] 扩散，漫射第十四课Lesson Fourteen Staple Fiber Spinning(1)短纤维纺纱opening 开松cleaning 除杂carton 纸板箱opener 开棉机，开松机blender 混棉机，混合机intermittent system 间歇式纺纱系统spike 置凸钉apron 皮圈，皮板输送带lattice 输送帘子hopper 料斗，棉箱conveyor belt 传送带picking unit 清棉装置picker 清棉机forced air 高压气流picker lap 清棉棉卷card unit 梳理机构ring-spun yarn 环锭纱tuft 簇，团carding frame 梳棉机，梳理机drawing frame 并条机wire card 钢丝梳棉机granular card 无盖板梳棉机，微粒梳棉机card clothing 针布wire flat 盖板tease 梳理cylinder 锡林，滚筒doff 落卷，落筒can 条筒combed yarn 精梳机carded 粗梳机breaker-drawing 头道并条15课Lesson Fifteen Staple Fiber Spinning(2) Roller 罗拉roving frame 粗纱机Lapper 成网机，成网机构attenuate 使变细Comber 精梳机bobbin筒管Finisher-drawing 末道并条spinning frame 细纱机Assemblage 集合体ring spinning 环锭纺纱Draft 牵伸spindle 锭子Traveler 钢丝圈single 单纱Ring 钢领，环状，环形物# 泛Lesson Sixteen Textured Yarn膨松纱slippery [ˈslɪpəri]滑溜溜的（但没有弹性）full 丰满的handle [ˈhændl]手感linear density [ˈlɪniə(r)] [ˈdensəti]线密度extensibility [ɪksˌtensə'bɪlɪtɪ]伸展性bending stiffness ['bendɪŋ] [stɪfnəs]弯曲刚度disposition [ˌdɪspəˈzɪʃn]布置thermosetting ['θɜ:məʊˌsetɪŋ]热定型kont-free 无结complement [ˈkɒmplɪment]补充cover factor 覆盖系数offset [ˈɒfset]抵消stretch yarn 弹力丝，弹力纱false twist [fɔ:ls] [twɪst]假捻bulked yarn [bʌlk]膨体纱carpet [ˈkɑ:pɪt] 地毯，毛毯hosiery [ˈhəʊziəri]针织品，袜类stuffer-box 填塞箱air-jet 气流Lesson Seventeen Open-end Spinning自由端纺纱open-end spinning自由端纺纱，转杯纺纱warping ['wɔ:pɪŋ]整经synonym [ˈsɪnənɪm] 同义词fiber migration纤维迁移break spinning 自由端纺纱，转杯纺纱technique 差异染色技术rotor spinning 转杯纺纱spinning 涡流纺纱sieve 筛网wash-and-wear 洗可穿rotor 纺纱杯# 泛Lesson Eighteen Some specially Formed Yarns特殊成纱friction spinning [ˈfrɪkʃn [ˈspɪnɪŋ]摩擦纺纱DREF spinning 德雷夫纺纱法，尘笼纺body 身骨self-twisted yarn 自捻纱selfil yarn 加长丝自捻纱twistless yarn 无捻纱core-spun yarn 包芯纱spandex ['spændeks氨纶，斯潘德克斯弹性纤维coverspun 包绕纺纱bicomponent ['bɪkəmp'əʊnənt]双组分supple [ˈsʌpl]柔软的# 泛Lesson Nineteen Stretch Yarns and Fabrics弹力丝和织物terminology [ˌtɜ:mɪˈnɒlədʒi]术语，专用名词elastomeric [ɪˌlæstə'merɪk]弹性的braid [breɪd]编织foundation garment [ˈgɑ:mənt]全帮，内衣surgical supplies [ˈsɜ:dʒɪkl] [səp'laɪz]外科手术用织物knife-edge 刀口back twisting 反向加捻cross-linking resin 交联树脂kinky ['kɪŋkɪ]纽结的springy [ˈsprɪŋi]有弹性的cellulose eater [ˈseljuləʊs] [ˈi:tə(r)]纤维素酯cellulose ether [ˈi:θə(r)]纤维素醚thermoplastic [ˌθɜ:məʊˈplæstɪk]热塑性的knotting ['nɒtɪŋ]打结，编结piece-goods stretch 匹布加弹slipcover ['slɪpˌkʌvə]家具套，沙发套therapeutic [ˌθerəˈpju:tɪk]治疗的support hose [səˈpɔ:t həuz]管状弹性绷带。

第二课棉纤维的性能及其应用内容提要：本文从吸水性、强度、耐用性等方面来描述棉纤维。

并在课文的最后，介绍了棉纤维的应用。

棉纤维的性能棉纤维的性能和应用课文翻译：吸湿性和良好的吸湿排汗性能使棉纤维的成为一种更舒适的纤维。

棉纤维具有较高的吸水性能，是由于其纤维素的亲水的羟基基团。

当水进入棉纤维内部，纤维发生溶胀，其截面变得更圆。

受潮后的亲水性能和溶胀使棉花可以吸收其重量约四分之一的水。

这意味着，在炎热的天气里，身体的汗会被棉织品吸收，并沿棉纱传送到织物的外表面并蒸发到空气中。

因此，（棉纤维的这种性质）可帮助身体维持其温度。

不幸的是，棉花的亲水性使得它容易受到水渍。

如在咖啡或葡萄汁的水溶性色素会随着水渗入纤维；当水分蒸发，着色剂被困在纤维内部。

棉织品是他们容易起皱并很难除皱，也许是它们的主要缺点。

棉纤维的刚度可以降低织物的抗起皱能力。

当纤维弯曲到一种新的形态，纤维素大分子内发生一些氢键断裂和分子滑动以减少纤维内部应力。

在新的位置氢键重组，所以当外力去除后，纤维保持了这一形状。

氢键的断裂和重组保持了皱纹，因而若要消除皱纹，需要熨烫。

棉纤维具有中等强度，是具有良好的耐磨性和尺寸稳定性，能够抵抗日常的酸，碱和有机溶剂。

但由于它是一种天然物质，容易受昆虫，霉菌和真菌的攻击。

最突出的是棉花在潮湿的环境下有霉烂的倾向。

棉花抗太阳光和热，但是直接长期暴露于强烈的阳光下棉纤维会泛黄，并最终降解。

煤气烘燥也可使棉织品变黄。

颜色的变化是纤维素和氧或氮氧化物之间的化学反应，尤其在热空气中。

为使棉花保留其白度较长时间，需用滴水晾干或在电干燥器中干燥。

另一感兴趣的事实是，棉纱湿强度大于干强度。

这是由于纤维内部宏观和微观结构。

当水被吸收，纤维溶胀，其截面变得更圆。

通常这种大量的外来物质的吸收会导致内部应力较高，导致纤维弱化。

然而，棉纤维吸水导致内部应力减少。

在内部应力减小的情况下，肿胀的纤维变得更强。

同时，在纱线溶胀纤维之间挤得更紧，增强了纱线内部纤维摩擦力。

Micro-fabricated bandpass filter using intertwined spiral inductor and interdigital capacitorZ.Chuluunbaatar,K.K.Adhikari,Cong Wang andNam-Young KimA bandpassfilter(BPF)with a central frequency of2.31GHz for futureworldwide interoperability for microwave access(WiMax)appli-cations using integrated passive device technology is presented.Torealise the BPF,an interdigital capacitor is integrated between thetwo divisions of a square-shaped spiral inductor.To achieve acompact size,the capacitor is fully embedded inside the inductor.Additionally,the coils of the inductor are intertwined to utiliseenhanced mutual inductance for minimising the loss of signal trans-mission.The strong electromagnetic coupling between the sourceand load through the interdigital capacitor results in excellent bandpassskirt selectivity with a measured return loss of26.1dB.Moreover,itprovides an improved stopband response due to the presence of a trans-mission zero at5.94GHz.Introduction:With the rapid development of worldwide interoperability for microwave access(WiMax)systems,the demand for compact band-passfilters(BPFs)with high performance and high integration is increas-ing quickly.To fulfil this demand,integrated passive device(IPD) processes have been widely utilised to implement BPFs[1,2]with various design approaches,because they provide the advantages of mass production of devices with more reliable performance than other passive technologies.The BPF previously realised with a suspended spiral inductor on an anodised aluminium oxide has a compact size and a high-quality factor inductor[1].However,its insertion and return losses require improvement.In[2],two coupled spiral inductors are integrated on an Al2O3substrate to obtain a compact BPF,which also suffers from high insertion loss.Therefore,the design of a BPF with a more compact size and excellent skirt selectivity is desirable.In this Letter,we present a BPF based on a combination of a square-shaped spiral inductor and an interdigital capacitor(IDC)with the objec-tives of miniaturised size and high selectivity.To verify the proposed concept,a protocol BPF with a simulated central frequency of 2.31GHz has been fabricated on GaAs substrate.The measured inser-tion and return losses of0.8and26.1dB,respectively,at the central fre-quency,show that the fabricatedfilter exhibits excellent passband selectivity.Additionally,a transmission zero(TZ)located at5.94GHz in the stopband region of thefilter suppresses the signal by more than 34dB to generate a wide stopband response.Analysis of proposed BPF:The structure of the proposed BPF consists of an IDC,which is integrated between the two divisions of a single square-shaped spiral inductor,as depicted in the schematic layout in Fig.1a.For this BPF,the resonance frequency can be expressed asf o=12pLC√(1)where L and C are the total inductance and capacitance,respectively,at f o.Neglecting the resistive loss and the capacitive effect of the rounded corners of the spiral inductor,the inductance of the square-shaped spiral inductor can be expressed as[3]L=6.025×10−7(OD+ID)n53ln4OD+ID OD−ID(2) where n is the number of turns,and OD and ID are the outer and inner diameters of the spiral inductor,respectively.Additionally,OD=ID+ 2nW2+2(n−1)S,where S is the gap between the inductor lines of width W2.To increase the net inductance,corresponding coils of the spiral inductor are intertwined to utilise the enhanced mutual inductive effect using an air-bridge structure.Additionally,it minimises the loss of transmission of signal along the inductor.The net capacitance of the IDC can be expressed as[4]C=1o1+1s2K1−k2√K(k)+1o ta⎡⎣⎤⎦(N−1)L(3)where N is the number of cells,L is the length of the coupled portion of the capacitor electrodes,ε0(=8.854×10−12F/m)is the free space permittivity,εs is the permittivity of the GaAs substrate,k=a/b and K (k)is the elliptic integral of thefirst kind.Fig.2illustrates the equivalent circuit of the BPF in terms of R,which accounts for the resistive loss of the spiral inductor of inductance(L)with substrate-related parameters C OX,C SUB and R SUB.C s is the feedthrough capacitance.C o represents the total capacitance of the IDC with leakage conductance(G).C p rep-resents the capacitive effect due to the directflux from the signal elec-trode to the ground electrode of theIDC.1515451515ab cFig.1Proposed BPFa Layout of BPF with simplified equivalent circuit in terms of R,L,G and Cb Enlarged scanning electron microscopy image of air-bridge structurec Enlarged focused ion beam image of IDC.All dimensions are in micrometresCsR/2R/2L/2L/2P1RSUBCSUBsubstrate relatedinterdigital capacitorRSUBCSUBCPCPCOXCP2GCoxFig.2Detailed equivalent circuit of proposed BPF based on equivalent circuit of spiral inductor and IDCSimulated and measured results:To verify the application of the pro-posed BPF design,afilter with a central frequency of2.31GHz was designed and fabricated on a conventional6-inch,200μm-thick GaAs substrate with dielectric constantεr=12.85and loss tangent=0.006 following the standard IPD fabrication process[5].Full-wave electro-magnetic simulation was carried out using the Advanced Design System software,and the optimised dimensions illustrated in Fig.1a are:a=15μm,b=30μm,L=105μm,W1=35μm,W2=S=15μm and ID=455μm.Figs.1b and c are the magnified image of the air-bridge structure and the IDC of the fabricatedfilter,respectively.The IDC was realised with k=0.5and K=1.685.Fig.3compares the simu-lated and measured results.The central frequency of the fabricatedfilter tested and characterised using an Agilent8510C vector network ana-lyser is2.27GHz,which is downshifted by40MHz with respect toELECTRONICS LETTERS28th August2014Vol.50No.18pp.1296–1297the simulation result.The frequency shifting may be attributed to the dielectric loss of the substrate,dispersion loss at the bends of the inductor and to the accuracy of the physical dimensions.The insertion and return losses of the passband were measured to be 0.8and 26.1dB,respect-ively.The insertion and return losses of the stopband were better than 1.2and 10dB,respectively,from 4.4to 7.4GHz.Additionally,a TZ was found at 5.94GHz,with a return loss of 34.7dB.The 3dB fractional bandwidth of the passband was measured to be 67.8%.The transmission line parameters of the simpli fied equivalent circuit shown in Fig.1were estimated from the measured S -parameters according to [6]at 2.27GHz and are:R =5Ω/mm,L =3.69nH/mm,G =0.002S/mm and C =1.635pF/mm.Therefore,the net values of the equivalent circuit parameters for the proposed BPF with a propagation distance of 0.9mm are:R 0.9mm =5Ω,L 0.9mm =3.69nH,G 0.9mm =0.002S/m and C 0.9mm =1.635pF.–5–10–15–20–25–30–35–4012f oTZ345frequency, GHzS -p a r a m e t e r s , d B 67S 11 simulated S 11 measured S 21 measuredS 21 simulated 891011121314Fig.3Comparison of simulated and measured results of BPFTable 1indicates that the proposed BPF has the noticeable advantages of a more compact size and better selectivity with smaller insertion loss and larger return loss compared with other BPFs.In addition,the lower number of the metal layers reduces the fabrication complexity and the cost of the device.Table 1:Comparison of proposed BPF with reported BPFsa Centre frequency bInsertion loss cReturn lossConclusion:On the basis of integration of the spiral inductor and the IDC using the IPD process,this Letter has demonstrated a compactBPF for evolving WiMax applications.The effective size of the filter has been reduced to 0.63mm 2by the use of an internally embedded capacitor.Owing to strong electromagnetic coupling,the filter exhibits sharp passband skirt selectivity with small insertion and large return losses and wide stopband response.Additionally,it has a simple structure and lower fabrication cost due to the reduced number of metal layers.Acknowledgments:This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)grant funded by the Korea gov-ernment (MSIP)no.2013-067321and by a grant supported from the Korean government (MEST)no.2012R1A1A2004366.This work was also supported by a Research Grant of Kwangwoon University in 2014.©The Institution of Engineering and Technology 20142June 2014doi:10.1049/el.2014.2040One or more of the Figures in this Letter are available in colour online.Z.Chuluunbaatar,K.K.Adhikari,Cong Wang and Nam-Young Kim (RFIC Centre,Kwangwoon University,Seoul,Republic of Korea )E-mail:******************References1Yook,J.M.,Kim,K.M.,and Kwon,Y.S.:‘Suspended spiral inductor and band-pass filter on thick anodized aluminium oxide ’,IEEE pon.Lett.,2009,19,(10),pp.620–6222Chia,S.W.,Chiu,H.C.,and Lin,Y.F.:‘Microwave band-pass filter and passive devices using copper metal process on Al 2O 3substrate ’,Microw.J.,2008,19,(10),pp.620–6223Bryan,H.E.:‘Printed inductors and capacitors ’,Tele-Tech Electron.Ind.,1955,14,(12),p.684Keat,G.O.,and Craig,A.G.:‘A resonant printed-circuit sensor for remote query monitoring of 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