自考英语二课文译文习题 Unit 10

Unit10Text A Working Women --— East and West 东西方的职业妇女Work，for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under，involves responsibility( n.责任，责任心；职责) for a household，a child or children，and a job outside the home as well （也）．It all adds up to a busy life．对于大多数55岁或55岁以下的美国妇女和中国妇女来说，工作包括家务、照顾一个或几个孩子以及一份家庭以外的工作，所有这些加起来就是忙碌的生活。

How is it going for them —for us?她们现在的情况怎么样?我们中国的情况又怎么样呢?Experts have observed [ vt.&vi.观察] that life forms a different sort of (adv.有几分地a.有几分地) pyramid for women in China than in the United States．专家学者已经注意到，对中美两国妇女来说，生活形成的“金字塔”形状各不相同。

In China，nearly all young mothers are employed(被雇佣) outside the home，with their numbers decreasing [ vt./vi./n.减小，减少] as they approach middle age．在中国，几乎所有年轻的母亲都有职业，但随着年龄步人中年，人数越来越少。

The reasons are clear：the second income of the woman is an absolute(绝对的) necessity(必要性) for a young family with a child or two．原因很清楚：对于有一两个孩子的夫妇来说，妻子的这第二笔收入绝对是必要的。

自考英语(二)课文翻译Unit One What Is a Decision ?何为决策 ?A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.决策是一种选择，来自可以获得的、任择其一的行动步骤。

作决策的意图是要确立和实现机构的目标和目的。

作决策的原因是有问题存在、目标和目的不正确、或者有某种东西妨碍目标或目的的实现。

Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions . Sometimes the consequence s of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious.因此，作决策的过程对管理人员来说至关重要。

10-A. The Campaign for ElectionA 竞选运动Although presidential elections occur every 4 years, many people feel that they do not have a true understanding of how presidential campaigns operate.尽管总统选举每四年举行一次，许多人还是感到他们并没有真正理解总统竞选是如何进行的。

The winner in the November general election is almost certain to be either the Republican or the Democratic nominee. A minor-party or independent candidate, such as George Wallace in 1968, John Anderson in 1980, or Ross Perot in 1992 and 1996, can draw votes away from the major-party nominees but stands almost no chance of defeating them.在11月份大选中的获胜者几乎肯定是共和党提名的人或者是民主党的提名的人。

小党派或独立的候选人，如1968年的乔治·华莱士，1980年的约翰·安德森，1992年和1996年的罗丝·佩罗等，也许会从大党的提名人那里拉走一些选票，但几乎没有可能战胜他们。

A major-party nominee has the critical advantage of support from the party faithful. Earlier in the twentieth century, this support was so firm and steady that the victory of the stronger party's candidate was almost a certainty. Warren G. Harding accepted the 1920 Republican nomination at his Ohio home, stayed there throughout most of the campaign, and won a full victory simply because most of the voters of his time were Republicans. Party loyalty has declined in recent decades, but more than two-thirds of the nation's voters still identify themselves as Democrats or Republicans, and most of them support their party's presidential candidate. Even Democrat George McCiovern, who had the lowest. level of party support among recent nominees, was backed in 1972 by nearly 60 percent of his party's voters.大党提名人具有得到本党的忠实信徒支持这一关键优势。

山东自考本科英语二课本原文及翻译Unit 1 Text AHow Difficult Is English? 英语有多难Like the national push for Asian literacy （n.有文化，有教养，有读写能力）in Australia，there has been foreign languages fervor in China，with English on top of the list.就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，中国也掀起一股外语热，在这股热潮中，英语高居榜首。

English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on radio and TV．不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。

Parents hire private tutors for their school children；adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination.父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。

Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ?英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗?The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes．如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。

大学英语自学教程上册课文翻译第一课 Text A「课文译文」怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者“学习一门语言很容易,即使小孩也能做得到。

”大多数正在学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法。

对他们来说,学习一门语言是非常困难的事情。

他们需要数百小时的学习与练习,即使这样也不能保证每个成年语言学习者都能学好。

语言学习不同于其他学习。

许多人很聪明,在自己的领域很成功,但他们发现很难学好一门语言。

相反,一些人学习语言很成功,但却发现很难在其他领域有所成就。

语言教师常常向语言学习者提出建议:“要用新的语言尽量多阅读”,“每天练习说这种语言”,“与说这种语言的人住在一起”,“不要翻译——尽量用这种新的语言去思考”,“要像孩子学语言一样去学习新语言”,“放松地去学习语言。

”然而,成功的语言学习者是怎样做的呢语言学习研究表明,成功的语言学习者在许多方面都有相似之处。

首先,成功的语言学习者独立学习。

他们不依赖书本和老师,而且能找到自己学习语言的方法。

他们不是等待老师来解释,而是自己尽力去找到语言的句式和规则。

他们寻找线索并由自己得出结论,从而做出正确的猜测。

如果猜错,他们就再猜一遍。

他们都努力从错误中学习。

成功的语言学习是一种主动的学习。

因此,成功的语言学习者不是坐等时机而是主动寻找机会来使用语言。

他们找到(说)这种语言的人进行练习,出错时请这些人纠正。

他们不失时机地进行交流,不怕重复所听到的话,也不怕说出离奇的话,他们不在乎出错,并乐于反复尝试。

当交流困难时,他们可以接受不确切或不完整的信息。

对他们来说,更重要的是学习用这种语言思考,而不是知道每个词的意思。

最后,成功的语言学习者学习目的明确。

他们想学习一门语言是因为他们对这门语言以及说这种语言的人感兴趣。

他们有必要学习这门语言去和那些人交流并向他们学习。

他们发现经常练习使用这种语言很容易,因为他们想利用这种语言来学习。

你是什么样的语言学习者如果你是一位成功的语言学习者,那么你大概一直在独立地,主动地,目的明确地学习。

1决策者应该能够对将来作出最好的推测。

Decision makers should be able to （make a best guess at） what the future will be.2有人认为经理们所作的一切均与决策有关。

Some people believe almost everything a manager does （involves） decision.3没有正确的选择就没有正确的决定。

If there is no proper choice， there is no proper decision.4不同的人对同样的问题有不同的看法，所以解决的办法也不同。

Different people have different ideas about the same problem； their solutions to the problem are，（therefore），also different.5决策者往往是公司业务发展的关键。

Decision makers often play the key role in the development of the business of a company. 6他由朋友陪同去听音乐会。

He was accompanied by his friend to the concert.7.他已说服她改变决定。

He has argued her our of her decision.8在某种程度上，他的成功是由于幸运。

His success is in part due to luck.9按照他的建议，手续已经大大简化。

According to his suggestion,the procedure has been greatly simplified.10电台预报明天天气会变冷。

The radio predicted that it will get colder tomorrow.11运动的定义是位置或地方的改变。

Unit 10 Ode to Public TransportOde to Public Transport补充重要单词trans-words：transmit / transform / transplant / transport / transfer / transittransmit v. 传送，传染，传播（热，光，声音等）a disease that can be transmitted to humansInsects can transmit disease.Irons transmit heat. 铁能导热。

Water transmits sound better than air. 水比空气能更好旳传声。

transmission n. 传送，传染，传播the transmission of diseases 疾病旳传播transform v. 使变化性质，使改观transform sth/sb (from sth) (into sth)She transformed the room by painting it.The climate has transformed the area from a desert into a swamp.(沼泽)Caterpillars can be transformed into butterflies. 毛毛虫可以变为蝴蝶。

transformation n. 变化，改观His character seems to have undergone a complete transformation since his marriage. transplant v./n 移植transplant sth from sb/sth to sb/sthtransplant a kidney （肾）from one twin to the othertransport v./n. 运送，搬运transport wheat from a farm to a mill (磨坊)public transport 公共交通transportation n. 交通，运送various means of transportation 多种交通方式注意：transport和transportation都可以表达运送这个抽象概念。

Unit 10 Scientific Attitudes Text A Science had its beginning when man started asking questions about his env ironment. He wondered where the sun went at night and why the sky was blue. He questioned why the wind blew and the leaves fell. He sought answers to these and other questions. Not all his answers were correct, but at least he did want to know.Curiosity and ImaginationScience began to develop rapidly when man laid aside his wrong beliefs and began to seek true explanations. Y oung children are curious about how things work. The child wants to take apart a watch to see what makes it work.Benjamin Franklin wondered about lightning. He combined his curiosity with imagination and carried out his well-known experiment to show that lightning and an electric spark are the sam e thing. Curiosity and imagination are important qualities which help stimulate the discovery of new facts and advance science.Belief in Cause and EffectScientifically minded people believe in a “cause-and-effect’’relationship. They feel there is a perfectly explanation for everything. For example, there is a good reason why some leaves turn red and others yellow in the fall. Changes such as these, which are easily observed, are called phenomena. Some common phenomena, however, are not completely understood. Still others cannot be explained at all at this time. In cases where the explanation is unknown the scientific point of view is that there is a reason if it can only be discovered.Being Open-MindedOpen-mindedness is also ex tremely important to a scientific attitude. This means the ability to face the facts as they are regardless of what one has previously thought. It includes an ability to accept new and sometimes even disagreeable ideas. The worker in science must face facts whether they are pleasant or unpleasant. He must expect many failures and be willing to try again. Thomas Edison failed thousands of times before he succeeded in producing the first electric lamp.The solutions to real problems cannot be seen in advance. Scientists must be able to change their thinking and to adapt their theories to new facts as they are discovered. The mind cannot be made up once and for all. New knowledge may make a change in thinking necessary. This is another way of saying that man’s understanding is always less than perfect. What is accepted as true often is relatively, and not absolutely, true. A scientific truth offers an explanation that is acceptable only in the light of what is known at a particular time.Respect for the view s of othersAnother part of a scientific attitude is respect for the views of others. This is easy when these views are like one’s own. The difficulty comes up when their ideas are different. V iews which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept.New ideas are frequently very slow to be accepted. Scientists such as Galileo, Louis Pasteur, and Edward jenner were laughed at because they held theories that were not accepted. Respect for new ideas is important for continued progress in all fields of knowledge.Opinions Based on EvidenceSometimes evidence is not complete. It may take time for new facts to become available. When they are available, a person may have to change his mind. New findings may also require a “wait-and-see’’ attitude. For example, there is an experiment on the sprouting of seeds which has been running for more than 50 years. The purpose is to determine how long a time seeds can be buriedin the ground and still grow when proper conditions for growth exist. (596 words) (12) (30) Text BSolving problems ScientificallyThere are scientific ways in which man solves problems. Once his curiosity has been aroused, he uses certain methods and procedures to obtain new knowledge and greater understanding. Although the methods are not always the same, there are usually certain elements in the procedures that are similar.Recognizing the problem Problems must first of all be recognized. The right answers can be obtained only if the right questions are asked. A thoroughly understood problem is well started toward solution. Problems arise in a variety of ways. Sometimes they grow out of a chance observation. They may result from reading, from laboratory experiments, or simply from thinking. They also may result from new developments or from new or different human needs. T oday, for example, problems are arising from new discoveries in the fields of nuclear physics, biological engineering and microelectronics. The development of industry has also brought about large numbers. Of problems which have to be solved.Collecting Information Next, the scientist tries to learn as much as possible about it. Often this means going to the library and studying books whi ch contain accounts of man’s experience and knowledge of the problem. This is called searching the literatureThe scientist may find that others have already solved all or a part of the problem. Occasionally he finds answers to closely related questions, which give clues for solving the new one. In his search the scientist accumulates much background information. With these new ideas and facts he builds a firm foundation for solving the problem.. Organizing the Information After the scientist has finished this part of his work he will probably take the many facts which he has collected and organize them into some kind of system. This may be a logical classification or it may be a mathematical analysis. Usually the analysis will show unanswered questions. Sometimes it will suggest areas that are in need of further study. Perhaps one of the most important results of such an analysis is that it indicates certain truths, which generally are called inferences.Making a Hypothesis In making an inference the scientist has built up a hypothesis. A hypothesis is only a “best’’guess. It must next be tested.If it is correct, then certain things should follow. This means if a particular ex periment is carried out, certain observations ought to be possible or it should out, certain observations ought to be possible or it should be possible to make certain predictions.Should the observations or predictions turn out to be as expected, the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis. If, however, observations cannot be made or the predictions are unreliable, then the hypothesis will probably be given up or at least modified.The Experiment The hypothesis must check with the facts. Scientific facts are usually established by work in the laboratory. Ex periments have to be made under carefully controlled conditions. Thorough and accurate records must be kept.In making certain kinds of experiments in science v ariables are used. A variable is something which has different values under different conditions. In one type of laboratory test all the variables but one are controlled. This method of testing is called controlled experimentation. (535 words) (7) (27)。

第1课Text A批判性阅读批判性阅读适合于那种作者提出一个观点或试图陈述一个说法的纪实类写作。

批判性阅读是积极阅读。

它不仅仅包括理解作者说了些什么，还包括质疑和评价作者的话，并对此形成自己的观点。

成为一名批判性阅读者需要做到以下几点。

考虑写作背景。

你所读的可能是与你有不同文化背景的人所写的，或者是与你有不同时代背景的人多年以前所写的。

无论哪种情况，你都必须注意并考虑你的价值观和态度与作者所代表的价值观和态度有何不同。

质疑作者的论点。

不要轻信作品的表面意思。

在接受作者观点前，首先要确定作者作出的每一个论点都有足够的论据支持。

找出能支持该论点的事实、实例、和数据。

另外，注意作者是否参考了权威著作。

与同主题文章进行比较。

查看该作者的文章与其他作者关于同一主题的文章是否有一致性。

如果存在不一致性，对不一致的地方背后的论据支持要进行仔细甄别。

分析作者提出的假设。

假设是作者认为具有正确性的前提，基于这些前提作者才能提出论点。

很多时候作者的假设并没有直接说明，这就意味着你必须通过仔细阅读来发现这些假设。

一旦发现某一假设，你必须判断这一假设是否合理。

鉴别文章出处。

鉴别时要确保文章出处真实可信。

例如，如果文章是关于物理学里程碑式的成就，那么爱因斯坦的论述就是可靠的出处。

此外还要确保出处具有相关性。

如果文章主题是诗歌，那么爱因斯坦的论述就不是相关出处。

最后，如果作者写的是某个主题当前的情形，那就要确保出处来源也是当前最新的。

例如，如果作者讨论的是物理学知识的现状，那么爱因斯坦在二十世纪早期进行的研究可能就不适合作出处了。

甄别作者可能带有的偏见。

有关美国政治的书面论述可能因作者是共和党人或民主党人迥然而异。

作者所写的内容很可能反映其带有偏见的立场。

阅读时要考虑到这种偏见存在的可能性。

也就是说，要对文章内容“半信半疑”。

成为一名批判性阅读者，你的思路会不断拓宽，观点会更加合理。

第1课Text B自信的语言语言能影响我们的大脑。

Unit100de to Public Transport课后习题参考答案Text AI.1.A 2.B 3.D 4.D 5.CII.Section A1.economic2.arrangement3.dependent4.valuable5.exception6.easeSection Bl.necessities 2.strengthen 3.lessening4.limited5.proclaimedmutesSection C1.for2.on3.to4.up5.to6.inIII.1.limited2.running out of 3.refers to 4.low 5.require6.anotherpared to8.personal9.positive10.economic Ⅳ.Section A1.basking in the warm sunshine.2.accounts for35%of the company's income.3.attributes her success to hard work4.up to500guests.5.end up in prisonSection B公共交通是比自己开车更理想的选择吗？这取决于个人的偏好或者个人所处的环境。

有些人更喜欢自己开车，但是这并不意味着对于许多人来说，公共交通不是更合适的方式。

综合考虑，公共交通可能比较便宜，不用为支付汽车贷款或者保险费而担心，不需要支付保养或者燃料费用。

从环保的角度来看，好多人一起外出旅游的话，乘坐公共交通更有效。

V.235146Ⅵ.公共交通在中国已经成为人们迫切的需要了。

在像北京、上海这样的大都市里，拥挤的道路上，车辆越来越多了。

越来越多的汽车就意味着消耗越来越多的能量，造成越来越严重的空气污染。

在某种程度上，公共交通可以缓解车辆增多带来的越来越大的压力。

作为有责任心的公民，你能针对促进公共交通的发展，呼吁绿色出行，为当地或者中央政府想出一些合理可行的建议吗？Text BI.Section A1.Y2.N3.N4.N5.Y6.YSection B1.ends up seeing2.behave as politely and respectfully as they can3.conduct our best selves4.takes a lot of guts5.by just paying the fare.6.efforts in sustaining and keepingII.Section A1.maintenance2.Considerable3.economical4.accumulation5.warmth6.assuranceSection B1.push2.disadvantage3.incidents4.intentions5.sustained6.aggravatedSection C1.up2.in3.to4.for5.on6.inIII.Section A1.by checking how they conduct themselves in the workplace2.though the government has made the assurance to expand employment3.consider other people before you take action4.they never quarrel in public5.very confident that everything would go as plannedSection B提到个人理财，我们都在寻找各种方式来省更多的钱。