0 Wildenthal CV '93 copy - University of New Mexico

/bbs/read.php?tid=3163计算机方面EI收录的外文期刊( 有“*”是同时被《EI》收录的期刊)1、738B0006 ISSN 0018-8646 IF：2、560 “*”IBM Journal of Research and Development. 《国际商用机器公司研究与开发杂志》，1957. 4/yr. IBM Corp.Old Orchard Rd, Armonk, NY, 10504.http://elib.cs.sfu.ca/Collections/CMPT/cs-journals/P-IBM/J-IBM-JRD.html 2、738B0008-1 ISSN 0004-5411 IF：1、078 “*”Journal of the Association for Computiong Machinery. 《美国计算机学会志》，4/yr. Association for Computing Machinery, 1515Broadway, 17th FL., New York, NY 10036-5701, USATel: 212 869 7440Fax: 212 944 1318/jacm3、738B0008-2 ISSN 0001-0782 IF：2、238 “*”Communications of the ACM. 《美国计算机学会通讯》，1958. 12/yr.Association for Computing Machinery. 1515 Broadway, 17th FL.,New York, NY 10036-5701, USA.Tel: 212 869 7440/jacm4、738B0012 ISSN 0022-0000 IF：0、661 “*”Journal of Computer and System Sciences. 《计算机与系统科学杂志》，1967. 6/yr. Academic Press Inc., Journal Subseription Fulfillment Dept., 6277 Sea Harbor Drive.Tel: 407 345 4040Fax: 407 363 9661E-mail: *************http://www.apnet.Con5、738B0018 ISSN 0360-0333 IF：0、641 “*”ACM Computing Surveys. 《美国计算机学会计算概观》，1969. 4/yr.Association for Computing Machinery, 1515 Broadway. 17th FL.,New York, NY 10036-5701, USA.Tel: 212 869 7440Fax: 212 944 1318/jacm6、738B0029-2 ISSN 1077-3142 IF：1、298Computer Vision and Image Undwestanding. 《计算机视觉与图像理解》1969. Academic Press Inc., Journal Subscription Fulfillment Dept., 6227 Sca Harbor Drive, Orlando,FL 32887-4900, USA.Tel: 407 345 4040Fax: 407 363 9661E-mail: *************7、738B0031 ISSN 0362-5915 IF：1、20 “*”ACM Transactions on Database System. 《美国计算机学会数据库系统汇刊》，1976. 4/yr. Association for Computing Machinery. 1515 Broadway,17th FL., New York, NY 10036-5701. USA.Tel: 212 869 7440Fax: 212 944 1318/jacm8、738B0033 ISSN 0164-0925 IF：0、950 “*”ACM Transactions on Programming Languages & Systems. 《美国计算机学会程序设计语言与系统汇刊》，1979. 6/yr.Association for Computing Machinery. 1515 Broadway, 17th FL.,New York NY 10036-5701. USA.Fax: 212 944 1318/jacm9、738B0040 ISSN 0730-0301 IF：1、88 “*”ACM Transactions on Graphics. 《美国计算机学会图形学汇刊》，1982. 4/yr. Association for Computing Machinery.1515 Broadway, 17th FL., New York, NY 10036-5701, USA.Fax: 212 944 1318/jacm10、738B0045 ISSN 1046-8188 IF：2、036 “*”ACM Transactions on Information Systems. 《美国计算机学会信息系统汇刊》，1983. 4/yr. Association for Computing Machinery. 1515 Broadway.17th FL. New York. NY 10036-5701 USA.Fax: 212 944 1318/jacm11、738B0046 ISSN 0734-2071 IF：1、238 “*”ACM Transactions on Computer Systems. 《美国计算机学会计算机系统汇刊》，1983. 4/yr. Association for Computing Machinery. 1515 Broadway.17th FL. New York. NY 10036-5701 USA.Fax: 212 944 1318/jacm12、738B0224 ISSN 0098-3500 IF：0、649 “*”ACM Transations on Mathematical Software. 《美国计算机学会数学软件汇刊》，1975. 4/yr. Association for Computing Machinery. 1515 Broadway.17th FL. New York. NY 10036- 5701 USA.Tel: 212 869 7440Fax: 212 944 1318/jacm13、738B0488 ISSN 0743-7315 IF：0、353Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing. 《并行与分布式计算杂志》，1984. 12/yr. Academic Press Inc., Journal SubscriptionFulfillment Dept., 6277Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL32887-4900, USATel: 407 345 4040Fax; 407 363 9661E-mail: *************14、738B0494 ISSN 0743-1066 IF：0、819 “*”Journal of Logic Programming. 《逻辑程序设计杂志》，1984. 12/yr.Elsevier Science Inc., Regional Sales Office, Customer Support Department, Po Box 945, New York, NY 10159-0945, USA.Fax: 212 633 3680E-mail: *******************http://www.elsevier.nl/15、738B0514 ISSN 0738-4602 IF：1、286 “*”AI Magazine. ( Artificial Intelligence ). 《人工智能杂志》，1979. 4/yr.American Association For Artificial Intelligence, 445 Burgess Dr.,Menlo Park, CA94025, USA.Fax: 415 321 445716、738B0547 ISSN 0884-8173 IF：0、398 “*”International Journal of Intelligent Systems. 《国际智能系统杂志》，1986. 12/yr. John Wiley & Sons Inc., Subscription Department,605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, USA.Fax: 212 850 6021E-mail: ******************17、738B0548 ISSN 0178-4617 IF：0、477 “*”Algorithmica: A International Journal in Computer Science. 《算法》，1986. 12/yr. Springer-Verlag New York Inc.,175 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10010, USA.Fax: 212 473 6272E-mail: **********************/journals/45318、723B0578 ISSN 1094-3420 IF：0、833International Journal of High Performance Computing Application. 《高性能计算应用国际杂志》，1987. 4/yr. Sage Publications Inc.,2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.Tel: 805 499 0721Fax: 805 499 0871E-mail: *********************19、738B0663 ISSN 0899-7667 IF：2、727Neural Computation. 《神经计算》，1989. 8/yr. MIT Press Journal Department, 5 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142-1399, USA.Tel: 617 253 2889Fax: 617 577 1545E-mail: ***********************20、738B0703 ISSN 0896-8438 IF：0、886 “*”Journal of Object-Oriented Programming. 《面向对象程序设计杂志》，1988. 9/yr. Sigs Publications Inc., 71 W. 23rd St.,New York, NY 10010-4102, USA.Tel: 212 242 7447Fax: 212 242 7574E-mail: **********************21、738B0705 ISSN 1044-7318 IF：0、359International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. 《国际人与计算机相互作用杂志》，1989. 4/yr. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., Journal Customer Service Dept., 10Industrial Ave., Mahwah, NJ 07430-2262 USA.Tel: 201 236 9500Fax: 201 236 0072E-mail: ******************22、738B0780 ISSN 0028-3045 IF：0、368Networks. 《网络》，1971. 8/yr. John Wiley & Sons Inc,605 Third Ave, New York, NY, 10158-0012.ask.ca/ejournals23、738B0788 ISSN 1054-7460 IF：1、544Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments. 《存在：远程操作设备与虚拟环境》，1992. 6/yr. MIT Press, Journals Department,5 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142-1399, USA.Tel: 617 253 2889Fax: 617 577 1545E-mail: ***********************24、738B0798 ISSN 1049-331X IF：0、889 “*”ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology. 《美国计算机学会软件工程与方法论汇刊》，1992. 4/yr. Association for Computing Machinery, 1515 Broadway, 17th FL., New York, NY 10036-5701, USA.Tel: 212 869 7440Fax: 212 944 1318/jacm25、738B0899 ISSN 1063-293X IF：0、353 “*”Concurrent Engineering Research and Applications. 《并行工程研究与应用》，4/yr. Managing Editor: Biren Prasad, Ph. D.,International Institute of Concurent Engineering, CETEAM JournalDepartment, Po Box, 3882, Tustin, CA 92782, USA.Tel: (714) 389 2662Fax: (714) 389 2662E-mail: ****************/26、738C0017 ISSN 0305-0548 IF：0、031Computers & Operations Research. 《计算机与运筹学研究》，14/yr.Editor: G. Laporte, HEC, Montreal, Canada.E-mail: *********************.ca/wps/find/science/journal/27、738C0019 ISSN 0097-8485 IF：1、632 “*”Computer & Chemistry. 《计算机与化学》，1974. 6/yr.Elsevier Science, Regional Sales Office, Customer Support Department, Po Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Tel: (31) 20 485 3757Fax: (31) 20 485 3432E-mail: nlinfo-f@elsevierhttp://www.elsevier.nl28、738C0022 ISSN 0098-3004 IF：0、424 “*”Computers & Geosciences. 《计算机与地学》，1957. 10/yr. CustomerSupport Department, Po Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Tel: (31) 20 485 3757Fax:(31) 20 485 3432E-mail: ********************http://www.elsevier.nl29、738C0028 ISSN 1367-4803 IF：3、421Bioinformatics. 《生物信息学》，1984. 12/yr.Oxford University Press. Journal SubscriptionsDepartment, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, UK.Fax: (01865) 267 485E-mail: *****************.uk/journalsBarbara Cox, Embl-Ebi, Hinxlon, Cambridge Cb10 1sd, UK./30、738C0030 ISSN 0747-7171 IF：0、525Journal of Symbolic Computation. 《符号与计算杂志》，1985. 12/yr. Harcourt Brace & CO. Ltd.,Foots Cray High Street, Sidcup, Kent DA14 5HP, UKFax: (0181) 309 0807E-mail: ****************.uk31、738C0065 ISSN 0031-3203 IF：1、353 “*”Pattern Recognition. 《图形识别》，1969. 12/yr. Elsevier Science,Regional Sales Office, Customer Support Department,Po Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Tel: (31) 20 485 3757E-mail: *******************http://www.elsevier.nl32、738C0067 ISSN 0010-4485 IF：1、048Computer-Aided Design. 《计算机辅助设计》，1968. 14/yr.Elsevier Science, Regional Sales Office, Customer Support Department, Po Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Tel: (31) 20 485 375733、738C0070 ISSN 0045-7949 IF：0、418 “*”Computers & Structures. 《计算机与结构》，1971. 24/yr.K. J. Bathe, Department of Mechanical Engineering,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA.Tel: 1 617 923 3407Fax: 1 617 923 3408C. H. V. Topping, Department of Mechanics and Chemical Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.Fax: 44 (0) 131 451 3593http://www.elsevier.nl34、738C0073 ISSN 0045-7906 IF：0、105 “*”Computers & Electrical Engineering. 《计算机与电工》，1973. 6/yr.Elsevier Science, Regional Sales Office, Customer Support Department, Po Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Tel: (31) 20 485 3757Fax: (31) 20 485 3432E-mail: ********************http://www.elsevier.nl35、738C0074 ISSN 0045-7930 IF：0、679 “*”Computers & Fluids. 《计算机与流体》，1973. 8/yr.Elsevier Science, Regional Sales Office, Customer Support Department, Po Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Tel: (31) 20 485 3757Fax: (31) 20 485 3432E-mail: ********************http://www.elsevier.nl36、738C0081 ISSN 0898-1221 IF：0、383 “*”Computers & Mathematics with Applications. 《计算机与数学及其应用》1974. 24/yr. Elsevier Science, Regional Sales Office,Customer Support Department, Po Box 211,1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Tel: (31) 20 485 3757Fax: (31) 20 485 3432E-mail: ********************http://www.elsevier.nl37、738C0093 ISSN 0306-4379 IF：3、018 “*”Information System. 《信息系统》，1975. 8/yr. Elsevier Science,Regional Sales Office, Customer Support Department, Po Box 211,1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Fax: (31) 20 485 3432E-mail: ********************http://www.elsevier.nl38、738C0153 ISSN 0950-7051 IF：0、275 “*”Knowledge-Based Systems. 《知识库系统》，1987. 4/yr.Elsevier Science Bv, Po Box 211, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1000 Ae.http://www.elsevier.nl/inca/publications/store/5/2/5/4/4/8/39、738C0164 ISSN 0269-8889 IF：0、707 “*”Knowledge Engineering Review. 《知识工程评价》，1986. 4/yr.118. 00/GBP Cambridge University Press,The Edinburgh Building, Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK.Fax: (0223) 315 052E-mail: journals *********************40、738C0177 ISSN 0954-0091 IF：0、964Connection Science. 《连接科学》，1989. 4/yr Carfax Publishing Ltd.,Po Box 25, Abingdon, Oxford Shire, OX14 3UE, UK.Fax: (01235) 401 550E-mail: ***************.uk41、738C0181 ISSN 0954-898X IF：1、333Network: Computation in Neural Systems. 《网络：神经系统计算》，1990. 4/yr. Iop Publishing Ltd, Dirac House,Temple Back, Bristol, England, Bs1 6be./EJ/journal/0954-898X42、738C0192 ISSN 1045-926X IF：0、431Journal of Visual Languages and Computing. 《视觉语言与计算杂志》，1990. 6/yr. Harcourt Brace & Co. Ltd.,Foots Cray High Street, Sidcup, Kent DA14 5HP, UK.Fax: (0181) 309 0807E-mail: ****************.uk43、738C0199 ISSN 1049-8907 IF：0、487Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation. 《显像与计算机动画片制作杂志》，1990. 4/yr. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Journal Administration,1 Oldlands Way, Bognor Regis, West Sussex PO22 9SA, UK.E-mail: ********************.uk44、738E0032 ISSN 0943-4962 《多媒体系统》，IF：1、290Multimedia Systems. (Text in English). 1993. 6/yr.Spring-Verlag, Heidelberger Platz 3, D-14197 Berlin, Germany.Fax: (030) 827 87 448E-mail: *************************http://www.springer.de45、738GL069 ISSN 0217-5959 IF：0、031ASIA-PACIFIC Journal of Operational Research. 《亚太操作研究杂志》2/yr. Editors: Assoc. Prof. G. Y. Zhao Department of Mathematics,National University of Singapore, Singapore..sg/ORSS/apjor.html46、738KA001 ISSN 0332-7353 IF：0、500Modeling Identification and Control. 《建模、识别与控制》，1980. 4/yr.Mic, Div Eng Cybernetics, Trondheim, Norway, 7034.47、738LB002 ISSN 0010-4655 IF：1、082Computer Physics Communications. 《计算机物理学通讯》，1969. 15/yr.Elsevier Science Bv, Po Box 211, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1000 Ae /inca/publications/store/5/0/5/7/1/0/48、738LB003 ISSN 0004-3702 IF：1、683Artificial Intelligence. 《人工智能》，1970. 18/yr.Elsevier Science B. V., Trade Relations Department,Po Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Fax: 31 20 6854171E-mail: ********************http://www.elsevier.nl49、738LB004 ISSN 0304-3975 IF：0、468 “*”Theoretical Computer Science. 《理论计算机科学》，1975. 40/yr.Elsevier Science B. V., Trade Relations Department,Po Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Tel: 31 20 5153210Fax: 31 20 6854171E-mail: ********************http://www.elsevier.nl50、738LB017 ISSN 0924-9907 IF：0、780 “*”Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision. 《数学成像与显示杂志》1991. 6/yr. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Journals Department,Distribution Centre, Po Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.Tel: 31 78 6392392Fax: 31 78 6546474E-mail: *****************51、738LB061 ISSN 0166-5316 IF：0、629 “*”Performance Evaluation. 《性能评价》，1981. 16/yr. Elsevier ScienceB. V., Trade Relations Department,Po Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Tel: 31 20 5153210Fax: 31 20 6854171E-mail: ********************;www.elsevier.nl52、738LB073 ISSN 0167-9236 IF：0、781 “*”Decision Support Systems. 《决策支持系统》，11/yr.Editor-in-Chief: A. Whinston, MSIS Department,CBA 5-202, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712-1175, USA./wps/find53、738LB076 ISSN 0167-8396 IF：0、929 “*”Computer-Aided Geometric Design. 《计算机辅助几何设计》，1984.9/yr. Elsevier Science B. V., Trade Relations Department,Po Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Tel: 31 20 5153210E-mail: ********************http://www.elsevier.nl54、738LB087 ISSN 0885-6125 IF：1、476 “*”Machine Learning. 《机器学习》，1986. 12/yr.Kluwer Academic Publishers, Journals Department, Distribution Centre, Po Box 322, 3300 AH Dorderecht, The Netherlands.Tel: 31 78 6392392E-mail: *****************55、738LB088 ISSN 0920-5691 IF：1、600 “*”International Journal of Computer Vision. 《国际计算机视觉杂志》，1987. 15/yr. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Journals Department,Distribution Centre, Po Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.Fax: 31 78 6546474E-mail: *****************56、738LB092 ISSN 0921-8542 IF：0、130 “*”Journal of Supercomputing. 《高超速计算机杂志》，1987. 4/yr.Kluwer Academic Publishers, Journals Department, Distribution Centre, Po Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.Tel: 31 78 6392392Fax: 31 78 6546474E-mail: *****************57、738LB100 ISSN 0924-669X IF：0、493 “*”Applied Intelligence. 《应用智能》，1991. 6/yr. 900. 00/NLG KluwerAcademic Publishers, Journals Department, Distribution Centre,Po Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.Tel: 31 78 6546471E-mail: *****************58、738LB122 ISSN 0262-8856 IF：0、893Image and Vision Computing. 《图像与视觉计算》，1983. 14/yr.Elsevier Science B. V., Trade Relations Department,Po Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Tel: 31 20 5153210E-mail: ********************/inca/publications/store/5/2/5/4/4/3/index.htthttp://www.elsevier.nl59、738LB128 ISSN 1384-5810 IF：1、407Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. 《数据挖掘与知识发现》，1997.4/yr. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Journals Department, Distribution Centre, Po Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.Fax: 31 78 6546474E-mail: *****************60、738LE051 ISSN 0010-485X IF：0、667 “*”Computing. (Text in English). 《计算》，8/yr. Springer-VerlagWien, Sachsenplatz 4-6, Postfach 89, A-1201 Wien, Austria.Fax: (0043/1) 3 30 24 2661、738 ISSN 0004-5411 IF：1、078Journal of the ACM. 《美国计算机学会志》，4/yr.Assoc Computing Machinery, 1515 Broadway, New York, NY, 10036./jacm/62、738 ISSN 0018-9162 IF：1、062Computer. 《IEEE计算机杂志》，12/yr.IEEE Computer Soc, 10662 Los Vaqueros Circle,Po Box 3014, Los Alamitos, CA, 90720-1314.二、《EI》收录的外文期刊：1、738B0029-1 ISSN 1049-9652CVGIP：Graphical Models and Image Processing. 《计算机视觉、图示与图像处理：制图模型与图像处理》，1969. 6/yr. Academic Press, Inc.,Journal Subscription Fulfillment Dept., 6277 Sea Harbor Drive,Orlando, FL 32887-4900, USA.Fax: 407-363-96612、738B0029-2 ISSN 1077-3169Graphical Models and Image Processing. 《制图模型与图像处理》，1969.6/yr. Academic Press Inc., USA.Editors-in-Chief: Norman I. Badler and Rama Chellappa.E-mail: ***************/newjour/g/mag02304.html(as CVGIP: Graphical Models and Image Processing. 1049-9652)3、738B0052 ISSN 0011-6963Datamation. 《数据处理》，1955. 24/yr.275 Washington St., Newton, MA 02158, USA.Fax: 303-398-7691.4、738B0067 ISSN 0010-4566Computer Design. 《计算机设计》，1962. 12/yr. Computer Design,Circulation Department, Box 3466, Tulsa, OK 74101, USA.5、738B0079 ISSN 0018-8670IBM Systems Journal. 《国际商用机器公司系统杂志》，1962. 4/yr.International Busimess Machines Corp., USA. Editor: Cene Hofinagle.E-mail: *******************.com/newjour/i/msg02405.html6、738B0100 ISSN 0037-5497Simulation. 《仿真》，1963. 12/yr. Society for Computer Simulation,Box 17900, San Diego, CA 92117, USA.Editor:Vice-President, SCS Publications, Robert Judd, PhD, Ohio University.E-mail: *****************//pubs/siminfo.html7、738B0223 ISSN 0882-1666Systems and Computers in Japan. 《日本系统与计算机》，1970. 14/yr. 1229. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., P. O. Box 836,Bound Brook, NJ 08805, USA.Fax: 03-3556-9763.E-mail: ****************.ne.jp/jpages/0882-16668、738B0288 ISSN 0360-5280Byte. 《字节》，1975. 12/yr. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., P. O. 1221Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020, USA.9、738B0100 ISSN 0037-5497Simulation. 1963. 12/yr. Society for Computer Simulation, Box 17900, San Diego, CA 92117, USA. Editor: Vice-President, SCS Publications, Robert Judd, PhD, Ohio University.E-mail: *****************//pubs/siminfo.html10、738B0291 ISSN 0146-5422Online. 《联机》，6/yr. Online Inc.462 Danbury Road, Wilton, CT 06897-2126, USA.11、738B0292 ISSN 0363-6399Data Communications. 《数据通信》，1972. 12/yr.McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., P. O.1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020, USA.12、738B0309 ISSN 0162-4105Database. 《数据库》，1978. 6/yr. 1970. Bonanza Drive,Suite 219, P. O. Box 70, Park City, UT 84060, USA.13、738B0318 ISSN 0164-1212Journal of Systems & Software. 《系统与软件杂志》，Elsevier ScienceInc.,655 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10010, USA.Fax: 212-633-376414、738B0325 ISSN 0702-0481International Journal of Mini and Microcomputers. 《国际小型与微计算机杂志》，1979. 3/yr. Editor-in- Chief: Dr. B. Furht,Dep. Of Computer Sci. & Eng. Florida AltanticUniversity, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.15、738B0337 ISSN 0820-0750Microcomputer Applications. 《微机应用》，1982. 3/yr.ISMM, P. O. Box 2481, Anaheim, CA 92814, USA.16、738B0346 ISSN 0277-0865Computer Security Journal. 《计算机安全杂志》，1981. 2/yr. Computer Security Institute, 600 Harrisan St., San Francisco, CA 94107, USA.E-mail: ***********/17、738B0360 ISSN 1044-789XDr. Dobb’s Journal. 《多布氏杂志》，1976. 12/yr. M & T Publishing,Inc., 501 Galveston Dr., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA.18、738B0405 ISSN 0737-8939PC World. 《个人计算机世界》，1982. 12/yr. PCW Communications, Inc., 501 Second St., 600, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA.19、738B0407 ISSN 0271-4159Computer Graphics World. 《计算机图学界》，1978. 12/yr.PennWell Publishing Co., 1421 South Sheridan,P. O. Box 1260, Tulsa, OK 74101, USA./home/home.cfm20、738B0485 ISSN 0740-6797Transactions of the Society for Computer Simulation. 《计算机仿真学会汇刊》，1984. 4/yr. Society for Computer Simulation.Box 17900, San Diego, CA 92117, USA./pubs/transinfo.htm/21、738B0513 ISSN 0278-9647Computer Technology Review; The Systems Integration Sourcebook.《计算机技术评论》，1981. 16/yr. West World Pioductions, Inc.924 Westwood Blvd., 650, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.22、738B0536 ISSN 0742-3136UNIX Review. 《UNIX评论》，1983. 12/yr. 1 Miller FreemanPublication Co., 600 Harrison St., San Francisco, CA 94107, USA.23、738B0556 ISSN 0883-9514Applied Artificial Intelligence. 《应用人工智能》，1986. 4/yr. Taylor &Francis / Hemisphere,1900 Frost Rd., Suite 101, Bristol, PA 19007, USA.24、738B0557 ISSN 0885-7474Journal of Scientific Computing. 《科学计算杂志》，1986. 4/yr.Plenum Publishing Corp., 233 Spring St.,New York, NY 10013-1578, USA.Fax: 212-807-104725、738B0584 ISSN 1094-3420International Journal of High Performance Computing Application.《高性能计算应用国际杂志》，1987. 4/yr. 96pp. 12k.282.00/USD Sage Publications Inc., USA.26、738B0589 ISSN 0894-9077International Journal of Expert Systems. 《国际专家系统杂志》，1987.4/yr. JAI Press, Inc., 55 Old Post Rd.,No. 2, P. O. Box 1678, Greenwich, CT 06836, USA.Fax: 203-661-079227、738B0604 ISSN 0895-6340Computing Systems. 《计算系统》，1988. 4/yr. University of CaliforniaPress,Periodical Dept., 2120 Berkeley Way,Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.Fax: 415-643-7127.Edit: Usenix Association & EUUG.28、738B0658 ISSN 1045-389XJournal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. 《智能材料系统与结构杂志》，1990 4/yr. 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Thompson,Degree 2 Innovations Ltd. University Gate, Park Row, Bristol BS1 5UB. UK.E-mail: **************************http://www.elsevier.nl/inca/publications/store/5/2/5/4/4/9/53、738C0106 ISSN 0140-3664Computer Communications. 《计算机通讯》，1978. 12/yr.Editor: J. B. Thompson, Troubador Publishing Ltd.,12 Manor Walk, Coventry Road, Market Harborough,Leicester LE16 9PB, UK.E-mail: ************************http://www.elsevier.nl/locate/comcom54、738C0109 ISSN 0965-9978Advances in Engineering Software. 《工程软件进展》，1978. 8/yr.Editors: R. A. Adey, Wessex Institute of Technology,Ashurst Lodge, Ashurst, Southampton SO40 7AA,UK.Fax: 44-1703-292-853E-mail: *******************N. Kamiya, Department of Informatics & Natural Sciences, School ofInformatics and Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-01, Japan.A. K. 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热带作物学报2024, 45(4): 837 846Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops基因沉默番木瓜环斑病毒复制酶基因（PRSV-Nib）获得抗病毒病番木瓜的研究吴清铧1,2，贾瑞宗2*，郭静远2，杨牧之2，胡玉娟2，郝志刚2，赵辉2**，郭安平2** 1. 海南大学热带作物学院，海南海口 570228；2. 海南省南繁生物安全与分子育种重点实验室/中国热带农业科学院三亚研究院/中国热带农业科学院热带生物技术研究所，海南三亚 572024摘要：番木瓜是重要的热带经济水果。

番木瓜环斑病毒（Papaya ringspot virus, PRSV）是番木瓜的重要病毒病，经常导致严重的产量损失和质量恶化。

自从1998年第一例转基因番木瓜问世以来，使得基于“致病菌衍生的抗病性（pathogen-derived resistance, PDR）”的抗病育种策略获得成功广泛应用。

然而依赖于序列同源性的抗病性与病毒突变导致多样性增加之间的矛盾成为番木瓜育种科学家的新挑战。

本研究拟采用RNAi策略针对复制酶（nuclear inclusion b. Nib）获得广谱抗PRSV番木瓜新种质。

通过团队已建立的胚性愈伤诱导-农杆菌介导转化-再生苗诱导的番木瓜遗传转化体系，共获得经过抗性筛选的再生苗52株，通过特异性PCR进行筛选共计获得24株转基因阳性植株。

通过对T0代田间自然发病试验中，转基因番木瓜株系抗病性明显高于非转基因对照，其中NibB5-2田间抗病性最优。

通过hi TAIL-PCR方法确定NibB5-2插入位点位于第2号染色体supercontig_30的1976766的位置。

T1代接种试验中，无病毒积累且无发病症状，初步确认具有良好的病毒抗性，为番木瓜抗病育种提供新思路。

关键词：番木瓜；番木瓜环斑病毒；Nib基因；RNA介导的病毒抗性中图分类号：S436.67 文献标志码：AGene Silencing of Papaya ringspot virus Replicase Gene (PRSV-Nib) to Obtain Virus Resistant PapayaWU Qinghua1,2, JIA Ruizong2*, GUO Jingyuan2, YANG Muzhi2, HU Yujuan2, HAO Zhigang2, ZHAO Hui2**, GUO Anping2**1. College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China;2. Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitor-ing and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions / Sanya Research Institutey, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agri-cultural Sciences / Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan 572024, ChinaAbstract: Papaya is an economically important tropical fruit. Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is an important virus dis-ease of papaya, often causing significant yield losses and quality deterioration. Since the introduction of the first trans-genic papaya in 1998, PDR-based breeding strategies for disease resistance have been successfully applied. The contra-diction between disease resistance based on sequence homology and increased virus genetic diversity became a new challenge for papaya breeding. In this study, we propose to use RNAi strategies aim at nuclear inclusion b gene (Nib) to obtain broad-spectrum resistance to PRSV papaya. With optimized embryo callus generation-Agrobatium meidated transformation-shoot regeneration, 52 shoots were obtained after resistance screening and a total of 24 transgenic posi-tive shoots were obtained by specific PCR screening for the T0 generation. In the T0 generation field natural disease test, 收稿日期 2022-12-16；修回日期 2023-02-15基金项目 海南省重大科技计划项目（No. ZDKJ202002）；海南省重点研发计划项目（No. ZDYF2022XDNY257）；崖州湾科技城菁英人才项目（No. SCKJ-JYRC-2022-67）。

Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology B 7 (2017) 406-414doi: 10.17265/2161-6264/2017.06.005Genetic Structure of Tetraploid Italian and Westerwolds Ryegrasses (Lolium spp.) as Revealed by Enzyme and ISSR PolymorphismMaria Krzakowa1 and Agnieszka Sutkowska21. Department of Genetics, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, Poznań 61-614, Poland2. Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Science, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Łobzowska 24, Kraków 31-140, PolandAbstract: The genetic variation of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and westerwolds ryegrass (L. westerwoldicum Breakw.) was investigated in eight tetraploid cultivars originated from Poland. The 337 individual seedlings, cultivated in uniform greenhouse conditions, were tested with horizontal gel electrophoresis according to five enzyme systems: diaforase (DIA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutamate oxalacetate transaminase (GOT), peroxidise (PX) and phosphogluco isomerise (PGI), which were used to array allelic diversity at five polymorphic loci. The estimation of genetic diversity in 64 plants of the same cultivars was studied using inter simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) as molecular marker. The genetic variation described by ISSR suggests that the polymorphism detected appears to be poorly informative at the taxonomic level. For statistical analysis, unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) based dendrograms and minimum spanning trees were constructed using Nei’s distance and Jaccard’s similarity coefficient.Key words: Lolium spp., tetraploid cultivars, genetic structure, enzyme electrophoresis, inter simple sequence repeats markers.1. IntroductionItalian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is a fodder grass. This species, known for its good taste (due to high sugar content), is also valued as fodder in the form of hay and silage, so it is grown intensivelyin Asia, America, Europe and New Zealand.In recent years, scientists have searched for markersto describe its genetic variation with the use of many techniques, such as enzyme electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. In genetic research on populations of L. multiflorum, mostly randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers have been used so far [1-4]. In this study, inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers have been chosen instead, as this method has most of the benefits of SSR and AFLP, and it proves to be aCorresponding author: Maria Krzakowa, professor, research fields: genetic variability of natural and cultivated plant populations (bryophytes, forest trees and grasses). good method for genetic diversity detection in other monocot crops, e.g., rice [5-7], rye [8], triticale [9, 10] and barley [11], as well as grasses of the genus Bromus [12]. ISSR segregates mostly as dominant marker following simple Mendelian inheritance and also enables distinction between homozygotes and heterozygotes.Westerwolds ryegrass (L. westerwoldicum, syn. L. multiflorum ssp. westerwoldicum) is also an annual fodder grass, originating from the Westerwolde region in the Netherlands. This species is highly valued by breeders, so its local cultivars have been developed in many countries, including Poland. The variation of its Polish cultivars has been described in respect of morphological and chemical characters [13], but no genetic studies have been done.In spite of intensive application of molecular methods, enzymatic studies of Lolium species, including L. multiflorum are still relevant [14]. Theyare used both in considerations of difference betweenGenetic Structure of Tetraploid Italian and Westerwolds Ryegrasses (Lolium spp.)as Revealed by Enzyme and ISSR Polymorphism407species [15] and in tracing of the mechanisms of their inheritance [16].As the genetic variation of L. westerwoldicum has not been investigated till now, this study was aimed to find some markers for comparison of the two species in question.2. Materials and Methods2.1 Plant MaterialsSeedlings of three Polish cultivars of L. westerwoldicum, i.e., Kaja (KA), Koga (KO), Telga (TE), and five cultivars of L. multiflorum, i.e., Atos (A), Gaza (GA), Gisel (G), Turtetra (TU) and cultivar 604 (604),were grown from seeds in the same greenhouse conditions. The seeds were procured from breeding companies: Małopolska Plant Breeding HBP Ltd. (Kraków), Bartrążek Plant Breeding Ltd. (Olsztyn) and Danko Plant Breeding Ltd. (Szelejewo).2.2 Electrophoretic Separation of EnzymesIndividual plants, at least 30 of each cultivar: KA (N = 58), KO (N = 30), TE (N = 30), A (N = 60), GA (N = 30), G (N = 31), TU (N = 66) and 604 (N = 32), were studied in respect of five enzymatic systems: diaphorase (DIA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), peroxidase (PX) and phosphogluco isomerase (PGI). Two leaves from individual plants were homogenised in double-distilled water for DIA, SOD, GOT and PX. Plants prepared for the PGI enzyme system were homogenized in 0.12 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.5. Electrophoresis was conducted in 11% starch gel (Sigma) prepared on the basis of lithium-boric buffer system, pH 8.1. Band patterns were visualised by a method previously used [14]. Electrophoretically detected phenotypes were used to calculate the genetic parameters: observed heterozygosity (H o), expected heterozygosity (H e), inbreeding coefficient (F) and polymorphic index (P g). The genetic distances between cultivar populations were calculated on the basis of allele frequency according to Nei [17] and illustrated by minimum spanning trees and dendrograms.2.3 Molecular AnalysisDNA was isolated from 64 plants (eight plants of each cultivar) by using Genomic Mini AX plant kit (A&A Biotechnology) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. In polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Fermentas reagents were used. Amplifications were conducted in 25 µL of reaction volume containing 100 ng of DNA, and polymerase buffer was composed of 1.5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM NTP, 0.25 mM of primer and 1.4 units of Taq polymerase. The sequences of primers were taken from Stepanskyet al. [18]. PCR amplification was performed by 2720 thermal cycler (Applied Biosystems). Amplification products were separated in 1.5% agarose gel with ethidium bromide. The gels were visualised using the ImageMaster® VDS (Pharmacia Biotech) and Liscap Capture ver. 1.0 software. For analysis of band patterns, GelScan ver. 1.43 (Kucharczyk TE) software was used. Each plant subjected to ISSR analysis was regarded as an operational taxonomic unit (OTU). The 302 ISSR bands for 64 OTUs were encoded as a binary data matrix (with “1” indicating the presence and “0” the absence). The data were used to calculate the matrix of Jaccard’s similarity coefficients and to generate a dendrogram by unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA), using NTSYS ver. 2.11a software [19].3. Results and Discussion3.1 DIA (E.C.1.6.4.3)All the populations were polymorphic in respect of three alleles of a single locus. The minimum spanning tree based on frequencies of alleles (allozymes, Fig. 1) indicates high similarity of cultivars TU, GA and KO, and of A and TE. Particularly noteworthy is cultivar KA, which is the most distant genetically from the others. P g values ranged from 0.22 to 0.65 (see Table1 for DIA and other enzyme systems).Genetic Structure of Tetraploid Italian and Westerwolds Ryegrasses (Lolium spp.)as Revealed by Enzyme and ISSR Polymorphism408Fig. 1 The minimum spanning trees of genetic distances constructed for the four enzyme systems (A—DIA, B—GOT, C—SOD, D—PX) on the basis of gene frequency in eight cultivars.0.0061 0.0066 0.0078 0.05870.06670.02220.02700.0036 0.00450.00550.6580.11160.02240.02810.00650.01910.02040.00880.1179Genetic Structure of Tetraploid Italian and Westerwolds Ryegrasses (Lolium spp.)as Revealed by Enzyme and ISSR Polymorphism409Table 1 Genetic parameters for the eight L. multiflorum cultivars.Locus CultivarsH e H o F P gDIAD 604 0.5547 1.0000 -0.8028 0.2188 DIAD A 0.4922 0.8750 -0.7778 0.2188 DIAD G 0.5000 0.7500 -0.5000 0.4063 DIAD GA 0.4922 0.8750 -0.7778 0.2188 DIAD KA 0.3750 0.5000 -0.3333 0.5000 DIAD KO 0.4922 0.8750 -0.7778 0.2188 DIAD TE 0.4922 0.3750 0.2381 0.6563 DIAD TU 0.4922 0.7500 -0.7778 0.2188 GOT G 604 0.2188 0.2500 -0.1429 0.3750GOT G A 0.1172 0.1250 -0.0667 0.2188GOT G G 0.2188 0.2500 -0.1429 0.3750GOT G GA 0.2188 0.2500 -0.1429 0.3750GOT G KA 0.2188 0.2500 -0.1429 0.3750GOT G KO 0.1172 0.1250 -0.0667 0.2188GOT G TE 0.3047 0.3750 -0.2308 0.4688GOT G TU 0.1172 0.1250 -0.0667 0.2188SOD S 604 0.2188 0.2500 -0.1429 0.3750SOD S A 0.4297 0.6250 -0.4545 0.4688SODS G 0.3750 0.2500 0.3333 0.5313 SOD S GA 0.2188 0.2500 -0.1429 0.3750SOD S KA 0.2188 0.2500 -0.1429 0.3750SOD S KO 0.3750 0.5000 -0.3333 0.5000SOD S TE 0.5000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.0000SOD S TU 0.3047 0.3700 -0.2308 0.4688PX X 604 0.4766 0.6250 -0.3115 0.6563PX X A 0.5313 0.7500 -0.4118 0.6250PX X G 0.6641 1.0000 -0.5059 0.6563PX X GA 0.5703 0.6250 -0.0959 0.6563PX X KA 0.5547 0.6250 -0.1268 0.6563PX X KO 0.4688 0.5000 -0.0667 0.5938PX X TE 0.5547 0.8750 -0.5775 0.4063PX X TU 0.4297 0.3750 -0.1263 0.5938PGI P 604 0.7656 1.0000 -0.3061 0.7500PGI P A 0.8359 1.0000 -0.1963 0.8125PGI P G 0.8125 0.8750 -0.0769 0.7813PGI P GA 0.7813 0.8750 -0.1200 0.8438PGI P KA 0.7578 0.8750 -0.1546 0.7813PGI P KO 0.8203 1.0000 -0.2190 0.7813PGI P TE 0.7578 0.8750 -0.1546 0.6875PGI P TU 0.7969 1.0000 -0.2549 0.81253.2 SOD (E.C.2.6.12.1)The minimum spanning tree based on frequencies of two alleles of a single locus (Fig. 2) showed that cultivar G is the most distinct, characterized by the highest P g= 0.53. Three cultivars (KA, 604 and GA) do not differ in polymorphic index P g= 0.37. 3.3 GOT (E.C.2.6.1.1)As shown in the minimum spanning tree based on frequencies of three alleles of a single locus (Fig. 3), cultivars GA, 604 and G are the most similar to one another and distant genetically from the other populations. A similar group is composed of cultivarsGenetic Structure of Tetraploid Italian and Westerwolds Ryegrasses (Lolium spp.)as Revealed by Enzyme and ISSR Polymorphism410TU, A and KO, which do not differ in polymorphic index P g= 0.22. Overall, the polymorphism of populations was relatively low, as P g values ranged from 0.22 to 0.47 for cultivar TE.3.4 PX (E.C.1.11.1.7)The minimum spanning tree based on frequencies of two alleles of a single locus (Fig. 1D) showed the distinctness of cultivar G. The similarity of cultivars TU and KO is noticeable, like in the previous enzymatic systems. P g values varied from 0.40 to 0.66.Lolium plants contain PXs of anodal migration [20]. Less frequently, peroxidises of cathodal migration are detected in grasses [21]. Taking into account that PXs are contained mainly in cell walls, such a location results in their activity at early stages of defence reactions of the plant to pathogen attacks. Besides, PXs have proven to provide useful markers for analysing intra-specific differentiation, as well as differences between species [21, 22]. In this study, PXs were used to detect differences between cultivars, which were not detected in the other four enzymatic systems. Only in respect of PXs for the three cultivars of L. westerwoldicum (KA, KO and TE), close genetic similarity was found (Fig. 1D). 3.5 PGI (E.C. 5.3.1.9)All the tetraploid cultivars used in this study show a high polymorphism of four alleles of one locus. Generally, the PGI dimer is a highly polymorphic enzyme system and although it is the most expensive to work with, it should be recommended for broader investigations, especially in Lolium species [22]. Estimation of genetic diversity was shown in Table 1. The populations differ in heterozygosity level. P g values ranged from 0.69 to 0.84. Genetic differences among cultivars are illustrated by a dendrogram (Fig.2). Cultivar G is the most distant from others, which forms two subgroups. One of them is composed of two cultivars of L. westerwoldicum (KA and KO), while cultivars of L. multiflorum (604 and A) are accompanied by L. westerwoldicum TE. Examples of histograms generated for L. multiflorum GA and L. westerwoldicum (TE) were shown in Fig. 3.ISSR-PCR was conducted with seven primers, but for analysis of the results, only those with the most readable band patterns (ISSR 01, ISSR 04, ISSR 05, ISSR 06 and ISSR 07) were used. The primers generated 2-12 products of various lengths, depending on the individual and primer. The total number of products of various lengths was as follows:52forFig. 2 PGI dendrogram constructed on the basis of gene frequency.0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00Genetic Structure of Tetraploid Italian and Westerwolds Ryegrasses (Lolium spp.)as Revealed by Enzyme and ISSR Polymorphism411 Fig. 3 Histograms of the PGI phenotypes generated for L. multiflorum (GA) and L. westerwoldicum (TE).ISSR 01, 50 for ISSR 02, 55 for ISSR 04, 38 for ISSR 06 and 52 for ISSR 07. Electrophoretic separation of PCR products was shown in Fig. 4. The studied cultivars are clearly polymorphic at the DNA level. In the analysed material, no specific products (markers) were found for individual cultivars. The dendrogram (Fig. 5) generated for 64 individuals suggests that three groups of samples can be distinguished. The first group is created by KA and G, the second by cultivar 604 with TU and the third one is initiated by GA, TE, A and KO. The most marginal populations are occupied by KA and KO. It is noteworthy that two cultivars of L. westerwoldicum, KO and TE are included to the same group.Genetic Structure of Tetraploid Italian and Westerwolds Ryegrasses (Lolium spp.)as Revealed by Enzyme and ISSR Polymorphism412Fig. 4 Electrophoretic patterns of PCR—amplified ISSRs on 1.5% agarose gels. M —100 pz markers, starter ISSR 04 (ATG)6; 1-6: cultivar KA; 9-16: cultivar G.Fig. 5Dendrogram from cluster analysis (UPGMA) based on Jaccard’s genetic distances constructed for 64 OTUs.Genetic Structure of Tetraploid Italian and Westerwolds Ryegrasses (Lolium spp.)as Revealed by Enzyme and ISSR Polymorphism4134. ConclusionsAll the compared Polish cultivars of L. multiflorum show genetic polymorphism. Out of the five studied enzyme systems, the most polymorphic ones were PGI and PX. This is interesting because both enzymes are involved in processes of plant resistance, so the knowledge of their genetic variation can be of practical importance. Broadening of research on those enzymes may provide new information on variation of the species.In this study, ISSR-PCR proved to be useful for analysing associations between Lolium cultivars, although no markers specific to any cultivar were identified. In total, 401 plants were analysed simultaneously with the use of biochemical and molecular markers.AcknowledgmentsSkillful technical assistance of Mrs. Barbara Malchrowicz is fully appreciated.References[1]Vieira, E. A., Castro, C. M., Oliveira, A. C., Corvahlo, F.I., Zimmer, P. D., and Martins, L. L. 2004. “GeneticStructure of Annual Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)Populations Estimated by RAPD.” Sci. Agric.(Piracicaba, Brazil) 61 (4): 407-13.[2]Inue, M., Gao, Z. S., Hirata, M., Fujimori, M., and Cai, H.W. 2004. “Construction of a Higher-Density LinkageMap of Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)Using Restriction Fragment Length, Amplified FragmentLength Polymorphism and Thelomeric Repeat AssociatedSequence Markers.” Genome 47 (1): 57-65.[3]Hirata, M., Cai, H., Inoue, M., Yuyama, N., Miura, Y.,Komatsu, T., Takamizo, T., and Fujimori, M. 2006.“Development of Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Markers and of an SSR-Based Linkage Map in ItalianRyegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.).” Theor. Appl.Genet. 113 (2): 270-9.[4]Inue, M., and Cai, H. W. 2004. “Sequence Analysis andConversion of Genomic RFLP Markers to STS and SSRMarkers in Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.).”Breed Sci. 54: 245-51.[5]Quian, W., Ge, S., and Hong, D. Y. 2001. “GeneticVariation within and among Populations of a Wild RiceOryza granulata from China Detected by RAPD andISSR Markers.” Theret. Appl. Genet. 102 (2-3): 440-9.[6]Joshi, S. P., Gupta, V. S., Aggawal, R. K., Raujekar, R.K., and Baar, D. S. 2000. “Genetic Diversity andPhylogenetic Relationship as Revealed by Inter SimpleSequence Repeat (ISSR) Polymorphism in the GenusOryza.” Theor. Appl. Genet. 100 (8): 1311-20.[7]Girma, G., Tesfaye, K., and Bekele, E. 2010. “InterSimple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) Analysis of Wild andCultivated Rice Species from Ethiopia.” African Journalof Biotechnology 9 (32): 5048-59.[8]Matos, M., Pinto-Carmide, O., and Benito, C. 2001.“Phylogenetic Relationship among Portuguese Rye Basedon Isozyme, RAPD and ISSR Markers.” Hereditas 134:229-36.[9]Grądzielska, A., Gruszecka, D., and Paczos-Grzęda, E.2010. “Evolution of Hybrids between Triticale andAegilops crassa Applying RAPD and ISSR Methods.”Folia Pomer. Univ. Technol. Stetin. 276: 19-30.[10]Kramek, A., and Paczo-Grzęda, E. 2010. “Estimation ofGenetic Diversity of the Polish Winter Triticale CultivarsUsing the ISSR Markers.” Zeszyty Problemowe PostepówNauk Roniczych 555: 249-58. (in Polish)[11]Tanyolac, B. 2003. “Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR)and RAPD Variation among Wild Barley (Hordeumvulgare Subsp. spontaneum) Populations from WestTurkey.” Genet. Res. Crop Evol. 50 (6): 611-4.[12]Sutkowska, A., and Mitka, J. 2005. “MolecularPCR-ISSR Analysis in Bromus Subgenus Festucaria—Preliminary Results.” In Biology of Grasses,edited by Frey, L., 207-16.[13]Kozłowski, S., and Goliński, P. 1994. “QuantitativeEvaluation of Polish Lolium westerwoldicum Cultivars.”Genet. Pol. 35: 233-9. (in Polish)[14]Krzakowa, M. 2011. “Genetic Diversity of ItalianRyegrass Diploid Cultivars, Revealed by Electrophoretically Detected Genotypes in Phosphoglucose Isomerise (PGI).” Journal ofAgricultural Science and Technology 1: 778-82.[15]Bennett, S. J., Hayward, M. D., and Marshall, D. F. 2002.“Electroforetic Variation as a Measure of SpeciesDifferentiation between Four Species of the GenusLolium.” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 49 (1):59-66.[16]Warnke, S. E., Baker, R. E., Brilman, L. A.,Young III, W.C., and Cook, R. L. 2002. “Inheritance of SuperoxideDismutase (SOD-1) in Perennial × Annual RyegrassCross and Its Allelic Distribution among Cultivars.”Theor. Appl .Genet. 105 (8): 1146-50.[17]Nei, M. 1972. “Genetic Distance between Populations.”Amer. Natur. 106 (949): 283-92.Genetic Structure of Tetraploid Italian and Westerwolds Ryegrasses (Lolium spp.)as Revealed by Enzyme and ISSR Polymorphism414[18]Stepansky, A., Kowalski, I., and Perl-Treves, R. 1999.“Inter-Specific Classification of Melons (Cucumis meloL.) in View of Their Phenotypic and Molecular Variation.”Plant Syst. Evol. 271: 313-32.[19]Rohlf, F. J. 2002. NTSYSpc: Numerical Taxonomy andMultivariate Analysis Version 2.11a. Setauket, N.Y.: Exeter Publishing Ltd., 171.[20]Krzakowa, M., and Mikulski, W. 1996. “Peroxidase asMarker in Pure Lines of Perennial Ryegrass (Loliumperenne L.).” In Proceedings of the 20th Meeting of EUCARPIA Fodder Crops and Amenity Grasses Section“Ecological Aspects of Breeding Folder Crops and Amenity Grasses”, edited by Staszewski, Z., Młyniec, W.,and Osiński, R. Radzików, Poland: Plant Breeding andAcclimatization Institute, 320-4.[21]Krzakowa, M., and Dunajski, M. 2007. “GeneticDifferences and Hybridization between Calamagrostisarundimacea and C. villosa (Poaceae) in Anemo-Orographic (A-O) System in KarkonoszeMountains.” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 35 (1):23-8.[22]Krzakowa, M. 2011. “Phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI) as aMarker of Intra-Specific Differences in Grasses(Poaceae).” In Essays on Agriculture and Environment,edited by Maleviti, E., and Stathopoulos, C.AthensInstitute for Education and Research, 29-33.。

copper centers(Cu A and Cu B)and two hemes—low-spin heme a and high-spin heme a3.Despite many years of research,the individual absolute absorption spectra of the two hemes in the Soret band(420–460nm)have not yet been resolved because they overlap strongly. There is but a single classical work of Vanneste[1]reporting the absolute individual spectra of the reduced hemes a and a3.We revisited the problem with new approaches as summarized below.(1)Calcium binding to mitochondrial COX induces a small red shift of the absorption spectrum of heme a.Treating the calcium-induced difference spectrum as thefirst derivative(differential)of the ab-sorption spectrum of the reduced heme a,it is possible to reconstruct the line shape of the parent absolute spectrum of a2+by integration. The Soret band absolute spectrum of the reduced heme a obtained in this way differs strongly form that in ref.[1].It is fairly symmetric and can be easily approximated by two10nm Gaussians with widely split maxima at442and451nm.In contrast to Vanneste,no evidence for the~428nm shoulder is observed for heme a2+.(2)The overall Soret band of the reduced COX reveals at least5 more Gaussians that are not affected by Ca2+.Two of them at436 and443nm can be attributed to electronic B0transitions in heme a3, and two more can represent their vibronic satellites.(3)A theoretical dipole–dipole interaction model was developed [2]for calculation of absorption and CD spectra.The model allows to optimize parameters of the B x,y electronic transitions in the hemes a and a3to obtain bestfit to the experimental spectra.The optimized parameters agree with the characteristics of the reconstructed spectra of hemes a and a3.References[1]W.H.Vanneste,The stoichiometry and absorption spectra ofcomponents a and a-3in cytochrome c oxidase,Biochemistry,5 (1966)838–48.[2]A.V.Dyuba,A.M.Arutyunyan,T.V.Vygodina,N.V.Azarkina,A.V.Kalinovich,Y.A.Sharonov,and A.A.Konstantinov,Circular dichroism of cytochrome c oxidase,Metallomics,3(2011),417–432.doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.05.171S9.P8Flavodiiron enzymes as oxygen and/or nitric oxide reductases Vera Gonçalves a,b,João B.Vicente b,c,Liliana Pinto a,Célia V.Romão a, Carlos Frazão a,Paolo Sarti d,e,f,Alessandro Giuffrèf,Miguel Teixeira a a Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier,Universidade Nova de Lisboa,Av.da República,2781–901Oeiras,Portugalb Metabolism and Genetics Group,Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences(iMed.UL),Faculty of Pharmacy,University of Lisbon,Av.Prof.Gama Pinto,1649–003Lisboa,Portugalc Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon,Av.Prof.Gama Pinto,1649-003Lisboa,Portugald Department of Biochemical Sciences,Sapienza University of Rome,Piazzale Aldo Moro5,I-00185Rome,Italye Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti—Istituto Pasteur,Italyf Institute of Biology,Molecular Medicine and Nanobiotechnology,National Research Council of Italy(CNR),ItalyE-mail:**************.ptThe Flavodiiron proteins(FDPs)are present in all life domains, from unicellular microbes to higher eukaryotes.FDPs reduce oxygen to water and/or nitrous oxide to nitrous oxide,actively contributing to combat the toxicity of O2or NO.The catalytic ability of FDPs is comparable to that of bonafide heme–copper/iron O2/NO transmem-brane reductases.FDPs are multi-modular water soluble enzymes, exhibiting a two-domain catalytic core,whose the minimal functional unit is a‘head-to-tail’homodimer,each monomer being built by a beta-lactamase domain harbouring a diiron catalytic site,and a short-chainflavodoxin,binding FMN[1–3].Despite extensive data collected on FDPs,the molecular determi-nants defining their substrate selectivity remain unclear.To clarify this issue,two FDPs with known and opposite substrate preferences were analysed and compared:the O2-reducing FDP from the eukaryote Entamoeba histolytica(EhFdp1)and the NO reductase FlRd from Escherichia coli.While the metal ligands are strictly conserved in these two enzymes,differences near the active site were observed.Single and double mutants of the EhFdp1were produced by replacing the residues in these positions with their equivalent in the E.coli FlRd.The biochemical and biophysical features of the EhFdp1WT and mutants were studied by potentiometric-coupled spectroscopic methods(UV–visible and EPR spectroscopies).The O2/NO reactivity was analysed by amperometric methods and stopped-flow absorption spectroscopy.The reactivity of the mutants towards O2was negatively affected, while their reactivity with NO was enhanced.These observations suggest that the residues mutated have a role in defining the substrate selectivity and reaction mechanism.References[1]C.Frazao,G.Silva,C.M.Gomes,P.Matias,R.Coelho,L.Sieker,S.Macedo,M.Y.Liu,S.Oliveira,M.Teixeira,A.V.Xavier,C.Rodrigues-Pousada,M.A.Carrondo,J.Le Gall,Structure of a dioxygen reduction enzyme from Desulfovibrio gigas,Nature Structural Biology,7(2000)1041–1045.[2]J.B.Vicente,M.A.Carrondo,M.Teixeira,C.Frazão,FlavodiironProteins:Nitric Oxide and/or Oxygen Reductases,in:Encyclopedia of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry,(2011).[3]V.L.Gonçalves,J.B.Vicente,L.M.Saraiva,M.Teixeira,FlavodiironProteins and their role in cyanobacteria,in: C.Obinger,G.A.Peschek(Eds.)Bioenergetic Processes of Cyanobacteria,Springer Verlag,(2011),pp.631–656.doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.05.172S9.P9CydX is a subunit of Escherichia coli cytochrome bd terminal oxidase and essential for assembly and stability of the di-heme active siteJo Hoeser a,Gerfried Gehmann a,Robert B.Gennis b,Thorsten Friedrich ca Institut für Biochemie/Uni Freiburg,Germanyb Department of Biochemistry,University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USAc Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat Freiburg,GermanyE-mail:*****************.uni-freiburg.deThe cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase is part of many prokaryotic respiratory chains.It catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol to ubiqui-none while reducing molecular oxygen to water.The reaction is coupled to the vectorial transfer of1H+/e−across the membrane, contributing to the proton motive force essential for energy consum-ing processes.The presence of this terminal oxidase is known to be related to the virulence of several human pathogens,making it a very attractive drug target.The three heme groups of the oxidase are presumably located in subunit CydA.Heme b558is involved in ubiquinol oxidation,while the reduction of molecular oxygen is catalyzed by a di-nuclear heme center containing hemes b595and d [1].A severe change in Escherichia coli phenotype was noticed when a 111nt gene,denoted as cydX and located at the5′end of the cyd operon,was deleted.This small gene codes for a single transmem-brane helix obviously needed for the activity of the oxidase[2].WeAbstracts e98overproduced the terminal oxidase with and without the cydX gene product.The resulting enzyme was purified by chromatographic steps and the cofactors were spectroscopically characterized.We demon-strated that CydX tightly binds to the CydAB complex and is co-purified.The identity of CydX was determined by mass spectrometry. Additionally,the di-heme active site was only detectable in the variant containing CydX.Thus,CydX is the third subunit of the E.coli bd oxidase and is essential for the assembly and stability of the di-heme site[3].References[1]V.B.Borisov,R.B.Gennis,J.Hemp,M.I.Verkhovsky,The cytochromebd respiratory oxygen reductases,Biochim.Biophys.Acta.1807 (2011)1398–1413./10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.06.016.[2]C.E.VanOrsdel,S.Bhatt,R.J.Allen,E.P.Brenner,J.J.Hobson,A.Jamil,et al.,The Escherichia coli CydX protein is a member of the CydAB cytochrome bd oxidase complex and is required for cytochrome bd oxidase activity,J.Bacteriol.195(2013)3640–3650./10.1128/JB.00324-13.[3]J.Hoeser,S.Hong,G.Gehmann,R.B.Gennis,T.Friedrich,SubunitCydX of Escherichia coli cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase is essential for assembly and stability of the di-heme active site,FEBS Lett.(2014)./10.1016/j.febslet.2014.03.036.doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.05.173S9.P10Characterization of the two cbb3-type cytochrome c oxidase isoforms from Pseudomonas stutzeri ZoBellMartin Kohlstaedt a,Hao Xie a,Sabine Buschmann a,Anja Resemann b, Julian nger c,Hartmut Michel ca MPI of Biophysics,Germanyb Bruker Daltonik GmbH,Germanyc Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysics,Department of Molecular Membrane Biology,GermanyE-mail:*****************************.deCytochrome c oxidases(CcOs)are the terminal enzymes of the respiratory chain and are members of the heme-copper oxidase superfamily(HCO).CcOs catalyze the reduction of molecular O2to water and couple this exergonic reaction with transmembrane proton pared to family A and B CcOs,the cbb3-type CcOs which represent the C-family,feature a distinctly different subunit composition,a reduced proton pumping stoichiometry and higher catalytic activity at low oxygen concentrations[1][2].The genome of Pseudomonas stutzeri ZoBell contains two independent cbb3-operons, encoding Cbb3-1(CcoNOP)and Cbb3-2(CcoNOQP).We generated variants with a focus on ccoQ whose function is unknown.The purified variants and the wildtype Cbb3were analyzed using UV–vis spec-troscopy,BN-and SDS-PAGE,O2reductase activity(ORA)and immunoblotting with an antibody specific for CcoQ.We found that the deletion of ccoQ has an influence on a b-type heme in the binuclear center,and that both the stability and the ORA are decreased without ccoQ compared to the WT.The O2affinity(OA)of Cbb3was spec-trophotometrically determined with oxygenated leghemoglobin as an O2delivery system.The determined Km values for the recombinant Cbb3-1are similar to previously published data[2].The Km value of rec.Cbb3-2is about2-fold higher than the value of rec.Cbb3-1.In addition,the OA and ORA of different variants introduced into the O2-cavity of rec.Cbb3-1show significant differences compared to the WT. In the structure of Cbb3,an additional transmembraneαhelix was detected but so far not assigned to any protein[3].We sequenced and identified the polypeptide chain using a customized MALDI-Tandem-MS-based setup and found a putative protein.The amino acid sequence of this proteinfits the electron density of the unknown helix and we are currently investigating the functional relevance of this protein.References[1]RS.Pitcher,NJ.Watmough The bacterial cytochrome cbb3oxidaseBiochim Biophys Acta,1655(2004),pp.388–399[2]O.Preisig,R.Zufferey,L.Thöny-Meyer,C.A.Appleby,H.HenneckeA high-affinity cbb3-type cytochrome oxidase terminates thesymbiosis-specific respiratory chain of Bradyrhizobium japonicum J.Bacteriol,178(1996),pp.1532–1538[3]S.Buschmann,E.Warkentin,H.Xie,nger,U.Ermler,H.MichelThe structure of cbb3cytochrome oxidase provides insights into proton pumping Science,329(2010),pp.327–330.doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.05.174S9.P11Expression of terminal oxidases under nutrient-limited conditions in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1Sébastien Le Laz a,Arlette Kpebe b,Marielle Bauzan c,Sabrina Lignon d, Marc Rousset a,Myriam Brugna aa BIP,CNRS,Marseille,Franceb BIP,CNRS/AMU,Francec CNRS,Aix-Marseille Université,Unitéde fermentation,FR3479,IMM, Franced CNRS,Aix-Marseille Université,Plate-forme Protéomique,FR3479,IMM, MaP IBiSA,FranceE-mail:***************.frShewanella species are facultative anaerobic bacteria renowned for their remarkable respiratory versatility that allows them to use,in addition to O2,a broad spectrum of compounds as electron acceptors. In the aerobic respiratory chain,terminal oxidases catalyze the last electron transfer step by reducing molecular oxygen to water.The genome of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1encodes for three terminal oxidases:a bd-type quinol oxidase and two heme-copper oxidases, a A-type cytochrome c oxidase(Cox)and a cbb3-type oxidase.In a previous study,we investigate the role of these terminal oxidases under aerobic and microaerobic conditions in rich medium using a biochemical approach[1].Our results revealed the particularity of the aerobic respiratory pathway in S.oneidensis since the cbb3-type oxidase was the predominant oxidase under aerobic conditions while the bd-type and the cbb3-type oxidases were involved in respira-tion at low-O2tensions.Against all expectation,the low-affinity Cox oxidase had no physiological significance in our experimental conditions.Do these data reflect a functional loss of Cox resulting from evolutionary mechanisms as suggested by Zhou et al.[2]?Is Cox expressed under specific conditions like the aa3oxidase in Pseudo-monas aeruginosa,maximally expressed under starvation conditions [3]?To address these questions,we investigated the expression pattern of the terminal oxidases under nutrient-limited conditions and different dissolved O2tensions by measuring oxidase activities coupled to mass-spectrometry analysis.In addition to the notable modulation of the expression of the bd-type and cbb3-type oxidases in the different tested conditions,we detected Cox oxidase under carbon-starvation conditions.This constitutes thefirst report of a condition under which the A-type oxidase is expressed in S.oneidensis. We suggest that Cox may be crucial for energy conservation in carbon-limited environments and we propose that Cox may be a component of a general protective response against oxidative stress allowing S.oneidensis to thrive under highly aerobic habitats.Abstracts e99。

热带作物学报2024, 45(3): 622 631Chinese Journal of Tropical CropsCsSSK1基因调控暹罗炭疽菌胁迫应答和致病性的功能分析鲁婧文，关小灵，李潇，张宇，缪卫国，林春花*海南大学热带农林学院/热带农林生物灾害绿色防控教育部重点实验室，海南海口 570228摘要：暹罗炭疽菌（Colletotrichum siamense）是热带、亚热带地区许多农林作物炭疽病的主要病原菌。

SSK1是双组分系统中的应答调节蛋白，已有研究显示病原真菌中的SSK1与病原菌的形态建成、胁迫反应、耐药性和致病力有关，但在不同菌中其功能存在差异。

为了解暹罗炭疽菌中同源基因CsSSK1的功能，本研究利用同源重组法构建了CsSSK1基因缺失突变体ΔCsSSK1和回补菌株ΔCsSSK1(CsSSK1)，对其进行表型观察。

结果显示：与野生型菌株相比，形态发育上，缺失突变体ΔCsSSK1的菌丝生长速率略有降低，分生孢子较短且产孢量低，孢子萌发率也降低；胁迫应答上，ΔCsSSK1显著提高了炭疽菌对NaCl、山梨醇、蔗糖、葡萄糖、刚果红胁迫的敏感性，提高了对氟康唑和戊唑醇的敏感性，但降低了对咯菌腈的敏感性；致病功能方面，CsSSK1基因缺失明显降低了致病力。

研究结果表明CsSSK1基因参与调控暹罗炭疽菌的形态建成，应答盐胁迫、渗透胁迫、刚果红胁迫反应，参与药剂敏感性调控，影响暹罗炭疽菌的致病能力。

本研究结果为深入了解暹罗炭疽菌CsSSK1基因功能，解析病原真菌应答胁迫反应的分子机理奠定基础。

关键词：暹罗炭疽菌；CsSSK1基因；功能分析；药剂敏感性；致病性中图分类号：S763.7 文献标识码：AFunctional Analysis of CsSSK1 Gene in Response to Stress Response and Virulence in Colletotrichum siamenseLU Jingwen, GUAN Xiaoling, LI Xiao, ZHANG Yu, MIAO Weiguo, LIN Chunhua*College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan 570228, ChinaAbstract: Colletotrichum siamense is the main pathogen of anthracnose in many crops in tropical and subtropical re-gions.SSK1 is a response regulator protein of the two-component system. Studies have shown that SSK1 in pathogenic fungi is related to the morphogenesis, stress response, drug resistance and pathogenicity of pathogens, but SSK1 homo-logues have distinct functions in different fungi. In order to understand the function of CsSSK1 in C. siamense, the CsSSK1 gene deletion mutant ΔCsSSK1 and the complement strain ΔCsSSK1 (CsSSK1) were constructed and pheno-typically observed. The results showed that the deletion mutant ΔCsSSK1 showed slightly retarded mycelial growth, shorter conidia, lower sporulation and conidial germination rate. ΔCsSSK1 significantly increased the sensitivity of C. siamense to NaCl, sorbitol, sucrose, glucose and Congo red, and the sensitivity to fluconazole and tebuconazole, but decreased the sensitivity to fludioxonil. The pathogenicity of ΔCsSSK1 was significantly reduced. The results showed that CsSSK1 gene was involved in the regulation of C. siamense morphogenesis, response to salt stress, osmotic stress, Congo red stress and fungicide stress, affecting the pathogenicity of C. siamense. The results would lay a foundation for further understanding the function of CsSSK1 gene in C. siamense and analyzing the molecular mechanism of patho-genic fungi response to stress.Keywords: Colletotrichum siamense; CsSSK1 gene; functional analysis; fungicide sensitivity; virulenceDOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.03.020收稿日期2022-11-30；修回日期2022-12-28基金项目海南省自然科学基金项目（No. 320RC477）；国家自然科学基金项目（No. 32160613）；现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金项目（No. CARS-33-BC1）。

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Coventry UniversityHarvard ReferenceStyle GuideThis Guide shows you how to write in-text citations and aList of References in the CU Harvard Reference StyleFor more information and the latest version of this Guide:/cawThis Guide is updated annually. Version 3.0.1 Sept2009.© Deane, M. (2006) Coventry University Harvard Reference Style Guide.Unpublished booklet. Coventry:Coventry University.Produced in collaboration with Ray Summers (Illustrations),Lisa Ganobcsik-Williams (editorial assistance), and Catalina Neculai,Erik Borg (Editors), with input from the Coventry University Harvard Reference Style Working Party.Table of contentsForeword to the Coventry University Harvard Reference Style Guide (3)Introduction (4)I Can’t Find an Example of My Source! (4)Part One: In-text citations (8)I. In-text Citations: Frequently Asked Questions (8)1. What should I do if I can’t find the date on a web site? (8)2. How should I cite an author’s name? (8)3. What should I do if I cannot find the author of a source? (8)4. Where in the sentence should I put in-text citations? (9)5. Can I cite lots of sources in the same sentence? (9)6. How do I cite a single source with multiple authors using ‘et al.’? (9)7. Does the full stop go before or after in-text citations? (9)8. When should I use italics? (9)9. When should I give page numbers? (10)10. When should I omit page numbers? (10)II. In-text Citations: Numerical Data (10)III. In-text Citations: Printed Written Sources (10)1. A whole book (10)2. A chapter or essay by a particular author in an edited collection of essays (11)3. Multiple authors (11)4. A corporate author (11)5. A journal article (11)6. Personal communication (11)7. A book in the Bible or the Koran (11)8. A Government Bill (11)9. Hansard official report of a Parliamentary debate (12)IV. In-text Citations: Electronic Written Sources (12)1. Electronic texts (12)2. A website (12)3. An online discussion forum/mailing list (JISCMAIL or Listserv) (12)4. A blog (12)V. In-text Citations: Electronic Visual or Audio Sources (12)1. A video film or a sound recording accessed electronically (DVD, CD, streamlined) (13)2. A broadcast or a podcast (13)3. A programme video recording (from TV) (13)4. A recorded radio broadcast (13)VI. In-text-Citations: Printed or Exhibited Visual Sources (13)1. An image or an art figure in a book, magazine or catalogue (14)2. An advertisement (14)3. An exhibition stand or an item in an exhibition (14)4. A map (14)VII. In-text Citations: Spoken Sources (15)1. A Lecture (15)2. An interview you have conducted (15)VIII. In-text Citations: Secondary Sources (15)Part Two: The List of References (16)I. List of References: Frequently Asked Questions (16)1. What should I do if I list more than one source by the same author? (16)2. How do I find the date in a book? (16)3. How should I reference a first, second, etc. or revised edition? (17)4. How do I find the place of publication in a book? (17)5. Where should I put an editor or the editors? (17)6. What do I do if I have both an editor and an author? (17)7. Where should I put a translator? (17)8. What should I do if I cannot find an author in a printed source? (17)9. How should I reference a book written in a foreign language? (17)II. List of References: Numerical Data (18)III. List of References: Printed Written Sources (18)1. A whole book (18)2. A book produced by an organisation (a corporate author) (18)3. A book with multiple authors (18)4. A chapter or essay by a particular author in an edited collection of essays (18)5. A printed journal article (18)6. A report (19)7. An unpublished booklet or departmental handbook (19)8. A leaflet (19)9. A newspaper article (19)10. A conference paper within conference proceedings (19)11. Conference proceedings (19)12. A thesis or dissertation (20)13. A UK patent (20)14. An international patent (20)15. A standard (20)16. A Statutory Instrument (20)17. A technical paper (20)18. A personal communication or letter (20)19. An encyclopaedia entry (21)20. A dictionary (21)21. The Bible or other sacred text (21)22. A House of Commons / Lords Report (21)23. A Government Bill (21)24. An Act of Parliament (21)25. A Government Green or White Paper (22)26. Hansard official report of a Parliamentary debate (22)27. An official report of a Parliamentary debate in a Standing Committee (22)28. A music score (22)IV. List of References: Electronic Written Sources (22)1. An electronic journal article (22)2. A web site (or other online media) (23)3. An electronic book (23)4. Electronic Newspaper Article (23)5. Electronic lecture notes or transcript (24)6. Personal communication: an email (24)7. Online discussion forum/mailing list (JISCMAIL or Listserv) (24)8. A report accessed electronically (24)9. A thesis or a dissertation online (24)10. A blog (25)11. Computer Software (25)V. List of References: Electronic Visual and Audio Sources (25)1. An image, a video film or a sound recording accessed electronically (DVD, CD, streamlined) (25)2. A broadcast or a podcast (25)3. A programme video recording (from TV) (26)4. A Lecture: audio recording (26)5. An advertisement in a magazine or newspaper accessed (26)electronically (26)6. An artwork or image in a magazine accessed electronically (26)VI. List of References: Printed or Exhibited Visual Sources (27)1. An image or an art figure in a magazine (27)2. A work of art, photograph, illustration or item in an exhibition or exhibition stand (27)3. An exhibition catalogue or an art book (27)4. An advertisement in a printed magazine or newspaper (27)5. A map (28)6. An Ordnance Survey map (28)7. An exhibition stand (28)VII. List of References: Spoken Sources (28)1. A Lecture: students’ written notes (28)2. An interview you have conducted (28)3. An interview in an edited book or collection (28)VIII. List of References: Secondary Sources (29)1. A secondary reference in a book (29)2. A secondary reference in a journal (29)List of FiguresFigure 1. The two elements in a sample paper (5)Figure 2. In-text citations (6)Figure 3. The List of References (7)Figure 4. In-text citation of numerical data (10)Figure 5. In-text citation of an image accessed electronically (13)Figure 6. In-text citation of a printed image (14)Foreword to the Coventry University HarvardReference Style GuideThe Coventry University Harvard Reference Style is a customisation of an author-date or Harvard referencing system. Our version, created by the Centre for Academic Writing, provides a stable instrument with which to refer to sources in academic writing. By providing a common version, Coventry University’s academic community will have a shared system that will allow readers to exchange new ideas and access the sources that form the basis for these ideas in a simple and consistent manner.Explicit indication of the sources of information and ideas is one of the characteristics of academic writing in Britain and in many other countries, but not all. Explicit referencing of sources distinguishes academic writing from other types of writing, including newspapers, novels, and much workplace writing. Academic writers show where they got the information or ideas for their texts through referencing systems, such as Coventry University’s Harvard Reference Style (CU Harvard). They do this for a number of reasons:•To respect intellectual property;•To strengthen arguments by indicating the source of ideas;•To demonstrate knowledge of the field in which you are writing;•To establish your own voice in your academic writing;•To meet marking criteria;•To avoid accusations of plagiarism.By using the CU Harvard Reference Style, you will join an academic conversation maintained through our written texts.The CU Harvard Reference Style Guide is organised into two parts. Part One deals with in-text citations, the indication in your text that you are referring to a source. Part Two deals with the List of References, which is where you provide all the information a reader needs to find the source. Any written assignment that refers to sources must contain both in-text references as they occur in the body of the text and an alphabetic list of the sources you have used at the end. Each part of the guide has a group of ‘Frequently Asked Questions’, followed by source types: printed or electronic, written, spoken/audio, and visual. The Guide is accompanied by a Glossary that defines the most useful terms used in referencing.A brief word about referencing software tools:Software tools can simplify the process of accurately referring to sources and including appropriate references in your List of References. Coventry University supports RefWorks, a referencing software programme that allows a writer to enter the information needed for a full reference only once, and then simply and easily add citations to that source. The programme will format and alphabetise the list of references in CU Harvard Reference Style. Microsoft Word 2007 includes a referencing facility that will format references in APA style, another author-date style. References formatted this way will need a limited amount of manual change to conform to CU Harvard Reference Style. At an even simpler level, the “sort” function in Microsoft Word can be used to alphabetise the List of References after it has been manually entered.IntroductionWhenever you borrow information, ideas, images, or numerical data from other sources you must document the source in two ways:• Provide an in-text citation of the source in the main body of your writing: give the author’s surname or the corporate author, the year of publication, and page number if you quote or paraphrase, or if you summarise information on a specific page of thesource.•Enter the source in the List of References at the end of your document: give all the publication or internet details in the correct format (see the Contents Page of thisGuide for details).It is important that there is a link between these two elements, as illustrated in Figure 1, which shows that the author and date given in your in-text citation must correspond to the author and date given at the start of your List of References entry.I Can’t Find an Example of My Source!The purpose of this Guide is to help you become a confident and independent writer and researcher, so do not be afraid to use your own judgement if you encounter an unusual source. In this Guide a balance has been struck between listing every possible type of source and keeping the guidelines concise and reader friendly. Therefore, on rare occasions you may need to cite and reference an unusual type of source that is not included in this Guide (a jam jar label for instance). Do not panic if you cannot find precise guidelines in such a case, but consider these tips:In-text citations are easy because you just give the author or corporate author and the date (plus page numbers if relevant). See the Introduction to Part One of this Guidefor a list of all the pieces of information you should include in an in-text citation inwhich order, and adapt these principles if necessary.•The List of References entry is also simple when you know how! See the Introduction to Part Two of this Guide for a list of all the pieces of information youshould include in a List of References entry, in which order, and adapt theseprinciples if necessary.• Follow the ARC of Successful Citing and Referencing:How do I integrate research sources into my writing?For guidance on how to quote, paraphrase, and summarise, see the Coventry University Harvard Reference Style website and Glossary at: /caw.The relationship between in-text citations and the List of ReferencesAn in-text citation gives formal recognition of a source you have used. To ‘cite’ means to refer to a source in the main body of your academic paper. An ‘academic paper’ is the scholarly term for an essay, assignment or other document. The List of References provides sufficient information for readers to locate each source you have cited. To ‘reference’ means to enter full details of a source in this list that goes on a separate page at the end of your academic paper.The List of References is organised alphabetically according to the surname of the author or corporate author. Every line after the first should be indented so that author stands out. There is a line of space between each entry.Figure 1 shows a sample page from an academic paper with the List of References page superimposed. This figure shows that these two elements are linked, and that they each start with the same author or corporate author and date. A source should only appear once in the List of References even if there are many in-text citations for that source in your paper.Figure 1. The two elements in a sample paperAn example of in-text citationsFigure 2 shows in-text citations in the main body of an academic paper. This sample paper is about Queen Elizabeth I, who ruled England during the second half of the sixteenth century. You must give in-text citations each time you borrow ideas, information, images, or numerical data from a source in order to display intellectual honesty about the sources you have used.Figure 2. In-text citationsThis writer has undertaken independent research and learnt how to cite and reference with skill. By marshalling evidence from other sources, you can advance your own original argument in a convincing way to become a scholarly and authoritative writer. Make sure you credit the intellectual property of other scholars.An example of the List of ReferencesFigure 3 shows a sample List of References. It demonstrates that sources are referenced differently depending on the type, and there is a special format for books, journal articles, online journal articles, web sites, etc. See the Contents Page of this Guide for a list of different types.The List of References is organised alphabetically according to the surname of the author or corporate author. Every line after the first should be indented so that author stands out. There is a line of space between each entry.Make just one list and do not divide the entries into separate categories. There is no full stop at the end of each entry. Put the List of References on a separate page at the end of your paper, but, if you include an Appendix, this goes after the List of References.Figure 3. The List of ReferencesPart One: In-text citationsThis section of the Guide explains how to write in-text citations. The basic principle is to give the surname of the author or the corporate author and the year of publication in brackets (author date), plus the page number if you quote or paraphrase, or if you summarise information on a specific page of the source.•Example of citing a quote or paraphrase: Higgins argues that land fill sites are ‘not cost efficient’ (2005: 68).• Example of summarising an entire book or article: A recent study reveals new information about child health (Wikes 2006).• Example of summarising a point made on two consecutive pages of a book or article: The book provides examples of how the eating habits of parents directlyinfluence children (Wikes 2006: 19-20).I. In-text Citations: Frequently Asked Questions1. What should I do if I can’t find the date on a web site?For the purpose of accuracy, if you can’t find the date, it is best to write ‘n.d.’, which means ‘no date’. Example:Students are gaining increasingly high grades (National Student Forum n.d.).2. How should I cite an author’s name?You have two options, and you may vary the practice throughout your academic paper. Option 1If you mention the author’s name in your own writing, just give the date (and page number if you quote, paraphrase, or summarise specific information) in your in-text citation. Example: Shah (2005: 66) maintains that in recent years Coventry has become Britain’s most important industrial city.Option 2If you do not mention the author’s name in your writing, give the author’s surname and date (and the page number if you quote, paraphrase, or summarise specific information) in your in-text citation. Example:Wavelets are an effective means of disease detection (Qureshi 2006: 95).3. What should I do if I cannot find the author of a source?If the source is anonymous, you can write ‘Anon.’ instead of the author. Example:At the turn of the twentieth century, research in biology was influenced by scientific positivism (Anon. 1900).4. Where in the sentence should I put in-text citations?You can either place in-text citations near the start of your sentences, or near the end. Be aware that writers in different disciplines follow different practices in this regard.5. Can I cite lots of sources in the same sentence?Readers need to know exactly who made each point you have borrowed as you advance your own argument, so only cite more than one author in the same sentence if they make similar points or use similar methods or evidence. Example:Shaw (2001: 15) argues that therapists are losing their skills. Similarly, Higgins (2004: 72) maintains that there has been a decrease in skills development.If you cannot avoid citing more than one source because various authors all argue the same point, put the sources in alphabetical order and separate each one with a comma. Example: Health informatics will radically change the nature of the National Health Service by the year 2010 (Brown 2002: 3, Lee 2006: 44 and Padda 2005: 14).6. How do I cite a single source with multiple authors using ‘et al.’? For up to three authors, give all the authors’ surnames in your in-text citation. Example: Cox, Patel, and Pavliotis (2004) discuss Britain’s future adoption of the euro.However, if there are more than three authors use ‘et al.’ which is short for ‘et alii’ meaning‘and others’ in Latin. Note that there is a full stop after ‘al.’ because it is an abbreviation (a shortened form of the original word). Remember that although only one surname is given, you are referring to multiple authors, so the next verb in your sentence must agree in the plural rather than the singular. Example:Fletcher et al. (2006: 88) suggest that in this century global climate change has caused billions of dollars worth of damage.7. Does the full stop go before or after in-text citations?Even when quoting, do not use a full stop until AFTER your in-text citation in brackets because the in-text citation is part of your sentence. Example:Anderson posits that vitamin E has ‘life-changing effects’ (2006: 8).8. When should I use italics?•Put the title of a print publication in italics (do not use bold or underline). The titles of all the main documents must be italicised, such as titles of books, titles ofjournals, titles of websites etc. so that readers can see at a glance which physicalsources you have cited. Example: Dickens wrote many novels, but Hard Times(Jones 2004: 16) is the most interesting from a philosophical perspective.•Put all foreign words in italics, including et al.•Do not use italics for the title of journal articles or book chapters. Instead use single quotation marks. The title of any sub-document or sub-section of a maindocument, such as the article or chapter that sits within a publication, must sit withinsingle quotation marks. Example: Peterson’s recent article on oncology entitled‘Meningioma Detection’ (2006) makes a real contribution to cancer research.•Do not use italics when quoting. Instead, use either double or single quotation marks, and whichever you choose, be consistent throughout your document.Example: Although there are many approaches to disaster planning, the Smartsonmodel ensures both ‘effectiveness and efficiency’ (Smartson 2004: 65).9. When should I give page numbers?Give a page number in your in-text citation when you QUOTE or PARAPHRASE a source because this enables readers to locate the exact passage you have cited for their own use, or to check that you have quoted or re-phrased the source accurately. Also give page numbers when you SUMMARISE a point that appears on a specific page or pages of a source. Example of a quote: Crude oil price rises have been ‘alarming’ (Brown 2006: 5).10. When should I omit page numbers?If you are summarising what an author has argued in a book or article, you do not need to give page numbers. Example: McArthurs has undertaken new research into alternative therapies (McArthurs 2006).II. In-text Citations: Numerical DataEvery time you borrow a date, statistic or other numerical data from a source, give an in-text citation. Example: The number of heart attacks has risen dramatically in recent years and there has been an increase of 10% since 1992 (Department of Health 2005: 65).If you present numerical data visually, label it as a figure or table and include a List of Figures or Tables in your Contents Page. If the figure is from a paginated source, you must give the page number in your in-text citation. In your own writing, explain who compiled the data because the in-text citation only tells readers your source. Give the figure a title and an in-text citation with the author or corporate author and date of the source in brackets. Discuss the significance of the data in full.Example of how to cite a Figure in your paper:Figure 4. In-text citation of numerical dataIII. In-text Citations: Printed Written Sources1. A whole bookGive the author’s surname and the year of publication in brackets. Example:Applied research has boosted pedagogical practice (Anderson 2006).2. A chapter or essay by a particular author in an edited collection of essaysIf your source is just one chapter within a collection of essays by various different authors, give an in-text citation for the author of the chapter you want to cite, and the date of the edited book. Example:Recent developments in the field of pedagogical research have revolutionised teaching practice (Taylor 2006: 47).3. Multiple authorsFor up to three authors, give all the authors’ surnames in your in-text citation. Example: Cox, Patel, and Pavliotis (2004) discuss Britain’s future adoption of the euro.However, if there are more than three authors use ‘et al.’ which is short for ‘et alii’meaning‘and others’ in Latin. Note that there is a full stop after ‘al.’ because it is an abbreviation (a shortened form of the original word). Remember that although only one surname is given, you are referring to multiple authors, so the next verb in your sentence must agree in the plural rather than the singular. Example:Fletcher et al. (2006: 88) suggest that in this century global climate change has caused billions of dollars worth of damage.4. A corporate authorSometimes sources are produced by an organisation, not individuals. This is known as a corporate author. Give an in-text citation as usual but cite the organisation as the author. Example:It is essential to plan for emergencies (Disaster Agency 2006).5. A journal articleGive the surname of the author of the article and the year the journal was published in brackets. Example:Evidence-based practice has many positive effects (Smithson 2006).6. Personal communicationGive the surname of the person you are citing and the date in brackets. In your own writing give the full name of the person you are citing. Example:In a personal communication, Androulla Athanasiou explained that she is ‘completely against’ recent moves to erect a new football stadium in Coventry (Athanasiou 2006).7. A book in the Bible or the KoranWithin brackets give the title of the chapter in place of the author, then give the chapter number (for the Bible), add a colon, then give the verse number. Example:David was a mighty warrior (2 Kings 10:3).As the chapter, ‘The Star’ shows, the cosmic universe has a powerful symbolism for Arabic people. (The Star: 1)8. A Government BillIn your own writing within brackets write ‘HC Bill’ or ‘HL Bill’ and in new brackets give the Parliamentary Session, then give the Bill serial number in square brackets. Note that every time a Bill passes through Parliament, it is re-numbered. Give an in-text citation within brackets with ‘HC’ for House of Commons or ‘HL’ for House of Lords then the date and page number if appropriate. Example:It was revealed today in the House of Commons (HC Bill (2000-1) [30]) that housing tax is likely to be revised (HC 2001: 56).9. Hansard official report of a Parliamentary debateIn your own writing within brackets write ‘HC Deb.’ or ‘HL Deb.’ and in new brackets give the Parliamentary Session, then outside these brackets give the volume number, add a comma, then write ‘col.’ for the column number, and state the column number. Give an in-text citation within brackets with ‘HC’ for House of Commons or ‘HL’ for House of Lords then the date and page number if appropriate. Example:Pattern hounded the Prime Minister (HC Deb. (2000-1) 203, col. 346) over international debt (HC 2001: 42).IV. In-text Citations: Electronic Written SourcesFollow the same practice as when you cite printed sources by giving the author and date, but no page number is required for online sources.1. Electronic textsFor any source accessed online including an electronic journal article, electronic book, electronic lecture notes, etc. give the author’s surname or the corporate author and the date in brackets. Example:White noise has been under-researched (Wallace 2006).2. A websiteGive the corporate author and the date in brackets. DO NOT give the full web address (called the URL) in your in-text citation because this goes in the List of References. Example:There are many software packages for detecting plagiarism (Referencing 2006).If you cannot find the date, for the purpose of accuracy, it is best to write ‘n.d.’, which means ‘no date’. Students are gaining increasingly high grades (National Student Forum n.d.).Note: If the website has both a copyright and a ‘last updated’ date, then give the ‘last updated’ date in brackets!3. An online discussion forum/mailing list (JISCMAIL or Listserv) Give the surname of the author of the email you wish to cite and the date of the email in brackets. Example:Neurological rehabilitation has been under-funded for years (Lango 2005).4. A blogGive the surname of the author of the blog and the date it was written. Example:Chaos theory has impacted seriously on literature as well as science (Richards 2006). V. In-text Citations: Electronic Visual or Audio SourcesEvery time you borrow a picture, painting, photograph, diagram, or other image from a source, give an in-text citation. Label it as a figure and include a List of Figures in your Contents Page. If the figure is originally from a printed source you can give the page number in your in-text citation. In your own writing, explain who the artist is, because the in-text citation only tells readers your source. Give the figure a title and an in-text citation with the author or corporate author and date of the source in brackets. Discuss the significance of the figure in full.Example of how to cite a Figure when the source is accessed online:Figure 5. In-text citation of an image accessed electronically1. A video film or a sound recording accessed electronically (DVD, CD, streamlined)Give the director’s or the producer’s surname as the author, or the corporate author if no other information is available, then the date in brackets. Example:Dance is an effective form of therapy (Anderson 2006).2. A broadcast or a podcastGive the title of the broadcast in italics and the date in brackets. Example:Contemporary politicians are more image-conscious than ever (Have I Got News for You 2005).3. A programme video recording (from TV)Give the title of the programme in italics and the date in brackets. Example:Farmers are required to diversify in order to survive (Farming Today 2005).4. A recorded radio broadcastGive the title of the programme as the author in italics and the date in brackets. Example: Political life has changed since the election of New Labour (Radio4 News 2005).VI. In-text-Citations: Printed or Exhibited Visual Sources。

常⽤酿酒酵母菌株基因型Commonly used strainsinformation include:used lab strainsidentity between common lab strainsS288CGenotype:MATαSUC2 gal2 mal mel flo1 flo8-1 hap1 ho bio1 bio6Notes: Strain used in the systematic sequencing project, the sequence stored in SGD. S288C does not form pseudohyphae. In addition, since it has a mutated copy of HAP1, it is not a good strain for mitochondrial studies. It has an allelic variant of MIP1 which increases petite frequency. S288C strains are gal2- and they do not use galactose anaerobically.The S288C genome was recently resequenced at the Sanger Institute.References:Mortimer and Johnston (1986) Genetics 113:35-43.BY4743Genotype:MAT a/αhis3Δ1/his3Δ1 leu2Δ0/leu2Δ0 LYS2/lys2Δ0 met15Δ0/MET15 ura3Δ0/ura3Δ0Notes: Strain used in the systematic deletion project, generated from a cross between BY4741 and BY4742, which are derived from S288C. As S288c, these strains have an allelic variant of MIP1 which increases petite frequency. See Brachmann et al. reference for details.References:Brachmann et al. (1998) Yeast 14:115-32.FY4Genotype:MAT aNotes: Derived from S288C.References:Winston et al. (1995) Yeast 11:53-55.FY1679Genotype:MAT a/αura3-52/ura3-52 trp1Δ63/TRP1 leu2Δ1/LEU2 his3Δ200/HIS3 GAL2/GALNotes: Isogenic to S288C; used in the systematic sequencing project, the sequence stored in SGD.References:Winston et al. (1995) Yeast 11:53-55.AB972Genotype:MATα X2180-1B trp10 [rho 0]Notes: Isogenic to S288C; used in the systematic sequencing project, the sequence stored in SGD. AB972 is an ethidium bromide-induced rho- derivative of the strain X2180-1B-trp1.References:Olson MV et al. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:7826-7830.A364AGenotype:MAT a ade1 ade2 ura1 his7 lys2 tyr1 gal1 SUC mal cup BIONotes: Used in the systematic sequencing project, the sequence stored in SGD.References:Hartwell (1967) J. Bacteriol. 93:1662-1670.XJ24-24aGenotype:MAT a ho HMa HMα ade6 arg4-17 trp1-1 tyr7-1 MAL2Notes: Derived from, but not isogenic to, S288CReferences:Strathern et al. (1979) Cell 18:309-319DC5Genotype:MAT a leu2-3,112 his3-11,15 can1-11Notes: Isogenic to S288C; used in the systematic sequencing project, the sequence stored in SGD.References:Broach et al. (1979) Gene 8:121-133X2180-1AGenotype:MAT a SUC2 mal mel gal2 CUP1Notes:S288c spontaneously diploidized to give rise to X2180. The haploid segregants X2180-1a and X2180-1b were obtained from sporulated X2180YNN216Genotype:MAT a/αura3-52/ura3-52 lys2-801amber/lys2-801amber ade2-101ochre/ade2-101ochreNotes: Congenic to S288C (see Sikorski and Hieter). Used to derive YSS and CY strains (see Sobel and Wolin). References:Sikorski RS and Hieter P (1989) Genetics 122:19-27.YPH499Genotype:MAT a ura3-52 lys2-801_amber ade2-101_ochre trp1-Δ63 his3-Δ200 leu2-Δ1Notes: Contains nonrevertible (deletion) auxotrophic mutations that can be used for selection of vectors. Notethat trp1-Δ63, unlike trp1-Δ1, does not delete adjacent GAL3 UAS sequence and retains homology to TRP1 selectable marker.gal2-, does not use galactose anaerobically. Derived from the diploid strain YNN216 (Johnston and Davis 1984; original source: M. Carlson, Columbia University), which is congenic with S288C.References:Sikorski RS and Hieter P (1989) Genetics 122:19-27.YPH500Genotype:MATαura3-52 lys2-801_amber ade2-101_ochre trp1-Δ63 his3-Δ200 leu2-Δ1Notes:MATα strain isogenic to YPH499 except at mating type locus. Derived from the diploid strain YNN216 (Johnston and Davis 1984; original source: M. Carlson, Columbia University), which is congenic with S288C. References:Sikorski RS and Hieter P (1989) Genetics 122:19-27.YPH501Genotype:MAT a/MATαura3-52/ura3-52 lys2-801_amber/lys2-801_amber ade2-101_ochre/ade2-101_ochretrp1-Δ63/trp1-Δ63 his3-Δ200/his3-Δ200 leu2-Δ1/leu2-Δ1Notes:a/α diploid isogenic to YPH499 and YPH500. Derived from the diploid strain YNN216 (Johnston and Davis 1984; original source: M. Carlson, Columbia University), which is congenic with S288C.References:Sikorski RS and Hieter P (1989) Genetics 122:19-27.Sigma 1278BNotes: Used in pseudohyphal growth studies. Detailed notes about the sigma strains have been kindly provided by Cora Styles.Sigma1278B background contain a nonsense mutation in RIM15, a G-to-T transversion at position 1216 that converts a Gly codon to an opal stop codon. This rim15 mutation interacts epistatically with mutations in certain other genes to affect colony morphology.Annotation of the Sigma1278b genome and information about the systematic deletion collection can be found here. SK1 Genotype:MAT a/α HO gal2 cup S can1R BIONotes: Commonly used for studying sporulation or meiosis. Canavanine-resistant derivative.The SK1 genome was sequenced at the Sanger Institute.References:Kane SM and Roth J. (1974) Bacteriol. 118: 8-14CEN.PK (aka CEN.PK2)Genotype:MAT a/α ura3-52/ura3-52 trp1-289/trp1-289 leu2-3_112/leu2-3_112 his3 Δ1/his3 Δ1 MAL2-8C/MAL2-8CSUC2/SUC2Notes: CEN.PK possesses a mutation in CYR1 (A5627T corresponding to a K1876M substitution near the end of the catalytic domain in adenylate cyclase which eliminates glucose- and acidification-induced cAMP signalling and delaysReferences:van Dijken et al. (2000) Enzyme Microb Technol 26:706-714W303Genotype:MAT a/MATα {leu2-3,112 trp1-1 can1-100 ura3-1 ade2-1 his3-11,15} [phi+]Notes: W303 also contains a bud4 mutation that causes haploids to bud with a mixture of axial and bipolar budding patterns. In addition, the original W303 strain contains the rad5-535 allele. As S288c, W303 has an allelic variantof MIP1 which increases petite frequency.The W303 genome was sequenced at the Sanger Institute.References: W303 constructed by Rodney Rothstein (see detailed notes from RR and Stephan Bartsch).bud4 info: Voth et al. (2005) Eukaryotic Cell, 4:1018-28.rad5-535 info: Fan et al. (1996) Genetics 142:749W303-1AGenotype:MAT a {leu2-3,112 trp1-1 can1-100 ura3-1 ade2-1 his3-11,15}Notes: W303-1A possesses a ybp1-1 mutation (I7L, F328V, K343E, N571D) which abolishes Ybp1p function, increasing sensitivity to oxidative stress.References: W303 constructed by Rodney Rothstein (see detailed notes from RR and Stephan Bartsch).ybp1-1 info: Veal et al. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278:30896-904.W303-1BGenotype:MATα {leu2-3,112 trp1-1 can1-100 ura3-1 ade2-1 his3-11,15}References: W303 constructed by Rodney Rothstein (see detailed notes from RR and Stephan Bartsch).W303-K6001Genotype:MAT a; {ade2-1, trp1-1, can1-100, leu2-3,112, his3-11,15, GAL, psi+, ho::HO::CDC6 (at HO), cdc6::hisG,ura3::URA3 GAL-ubiR-CDC6 (at URA3)}References: K6001 was developed by Bobola et al in Kim Nasmyth's lab (PMID: 8625408), and has become a common model in yeast aging research (PMID: 15489200). Its genome has been sequenced by Timmermann et al (PMID: 20729566) D273-10BGenotype:MATαmalNotes: Normal cytochrome content and respiration; low frequency of rho-. This strain and its auxotrophic derivatives were used in numerious laboratories for mitochondrial and related studies and for mutant screens. Good respirer that's relatively resistant to glucose repression.References:Sherman, F. (1963) Genetics 48:375-385.FL100Genotype:MAT aReferences:Lacroute, F. (1968) J. Bacteriol. 95:824-832.Sources: ATCC: 28383SEY6210/SEY6211Genotype:MAT a/MATαleu2-3,112/leu2-3,112 ura3-52/ura3-52 his3-Δ200/his3-Δ200 trp1-Δ901/trp1-Δ901ade2/ADE2 suc2-Δ9/suc2-Δ9 GAL/GAL LYS2/lys2-801Notes: SEY6210/SEY6211, also known as SEY6210.5, was constructed by Scott Emr and has been used in studies of autophagy, protein sorting etc. It is the product of crossing with strains from 5 different labs (Gerry Fink, Ron Davis, David Botstein, Fred Sherman, Randy Schekman). It has several selectable markers, good growth properties and good sporulation.References:Robinson et al. (1988) Mol Cell Biol 8(11):4936-48SEY6210Genotype:MATαleu2-3,112 ura3-52 his3-Δ200 trp1-Δ901 suc2-Δ9 lys2-801; GALNotes: SEY6210 is a MATalpha haploid constructed by Scott Emr and has been used in studies of autophagy, protein sorting etc. It is the product of crossing with strains from 5 different labs (Gerry Fink, Ron Davis, David Botstein, Fred Sherman, Randy Schekman). It has several selectable markers and good growth properties.References:Robinson et al. (1988) Mol Cell Biol 8(11):4936-48SEY6211Genotype:MAT a leu2-3,112 ura3-52 his3-Δ200 trp1-Δ901 ade2-101 suc2-Δ9; GALNotes: SEY6211 is a MATa haploid constructed by Scott Emr and has been used in studies of autophagy, protein sorting etc. It is the product of crossing with strains from 5 different labs (Gerry Fink, Ron Davis, David Botstein, Fred Sherman, Randy Schekman). It has several selectable markers and good growth properties.References:Robinson et al. (1988) Mol Cell Biol 8(11):4936-48JK9-3dThere are a, alpha and a/alpha diploids of JK9-3d with the following genotypes:Genotypes: JK9-3da MAT a leu2-3,112 ura3-52 rme1 trp1 his4JK9-3dα has the same genotype as JK9-3da with the exception of the MAT locusJK9-3da/α is homozygous for all markers except mating typeNotes: JK9-3d was constructed by Jeanette Kunz while in Mike Hall's lab. She made the original strain while Joe Heitman isolated isogenic strains of opposite mating type and derived the a/alpha isogenic diploid by mating type switching. It has in its background S288c, a strain from the Oshima lab, and a strain from the Herskowitz lab. It was chosen because of its robust growth and sporulation, as well as good growth on galactose (GAL+) (so that genes under control of the galactose promoter could be induced). It may also have a SUP mutation that allows translation through premature STOP codons and therefore produces functional alleles with many point mutations.88(5):1948-52RM11-1aGenotype:MAT a leu2Δ ura3Δ ho::KanNotes: RM11-1a is a haploid derivative of Bb32(3), a natural isolate collected by Robert Mortimer from a California vineyard, as in Mortimer et al., 1994. It has high spore viability (80–90%) and has been extensively characterized phenotypically under a wide range of conditions. It has a significantly longer life span than typical lab yeast strains and accumulates age-associated abnormalities at a lower rate. It displays approximately 0.5–1% sequence divergence relative to S288c. More information is available at the Broad Institute website.References:Brem et al. (2002) Science 296(5568):752-5Y55Genotype:MAT a /MAT alpha HO/HONotes: Y55 is a prototrophic, homothallic diploid strain that was originally isolated by Dennis Winge. Many auxotrophic mutant derivatives have been created by John McCusker by using ethidium bromide treatment to eliminate。

比利时大学网址：（也许还有一些遗漏）在请大家补充，谢谢！佛拉芒地区：鲁文大学http://www.kuleuven.be/admissions/根特大学http://www.ugent.be/en/teaching/studying安特卫普大学http://www.ua.ac.be/main.aspx?c=.ENGLISH&n=25473布鲁塞尔自由大学http://www.vub.ac.be/english/infofor/prospectivestudents/howenroll.html 哈塞尔特大学http://www.uhasselt.be/english/algemeen/天主教布鲁塞尔大学http://www.kubrussel.ac.be/english/index.htm瓦隆地区：新鲁文大学http://www.uclouvain.be/en-14041.html法语布鲁塞尔自由大学http://www.ulb.ac.be/enseignements/inscriptions/index.html烈日大学http://www.ulg.ac.be/cms/c_13765/introduction-to-courses那幕尔大学http://www.fundp.ac.be/universite/international/蒙斯大学http://www.umh.ac.be/圣路易大学学院http://www.fusl.ac.be/圣路易，那幕尔，蒙斯会在不久的将来和新鲁文大学合并比利时境内的BUSINESS SCHOOLVlerick，由根特大学和鲁文大学合办/en/home.htmlSolvay，由SOLVAY集团和法语布鲁塞尔自由大学合办/烈日大学的高商http://www.hec.ulg.ac.be/安特卫普管理学院http://www.uams.be/United Business Institutes/IAG，新鲁文管理学院http://www.uclouvain.be/en-lsm.html还有一些学校提供给大家：vesalius College，只提供英文授课的本科学习/Hogeschool-University Brussels，EHSAL, VLEKHO, HONIM和KUB结合的产物http://www.hubrussel.be/GROEP Thttp://www.groept.be/www/?set-lang=enCollege+hogeschool网站自己GOOGLE一下吧CollegesThe following colleges, which issue professional bachelor and master degrees, are recognised by the Flemish government (ordered alphabetically by location):Hogere Zeevaartschool, AntwerpHogeschool Antwerpen, AntwerpKarel de Grote-Hogeschool - Katholieke Hogeschool Antwerpen, AntwerpLessius Hogeschool, AntwerpPlantijn-Hogeschool van de Provincie Antwerpen, AntwerpKatholieke Hogeschool Brugge-Oostende, Bruges-OstendHogeschool-Universiteit Brussel, BrusselsErasmushogeschool Brussel, BrusselsHogeschool Sint-Lukas Brussel, BrusselsHogeschool voor Wetenschap en Kunst, BrusselsKatholieke Hogeschool Kempen, GeelArteveldehogeschool, GhentHogeschool Gent, GhentKatholieke Hogeschool Sint-Lieven, GhentKatholieke Hogeschool Limburg, HasseltProvinciale Hogeschool Limburg, HasseltXIOS Hogeschool Limburg, HasseltHogeschool West-Vlaanderen, Kortrijk-Bruges-OstendKatholieke Hogeschool Zuid-West-Vlaanderen, KortrijkGroep T-Leuven Hogeschool, LeuvenKatholieke Hogeschool Leuven, LeuvenKatholieke Hogeschool Mechelen, MechelenThese colleges co-operate with the universities issuing doctoral degrees in so-called "associations."Registered Institutes of Higher EducationFinally, the Flemish government has recognised a number of "registered" institutes of higher education, which mostly issue specialised degrees or provide education mainly in a foreign language (ordered alphabetically by location):Flanders Business Schools, AntwerpInstituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde, AntwerpCollege of Europe, BrugesFaculteit voor Protestantse Godgeleerdheid Brussel, BrusselsVesalius College, BrusselsEvangelische Theologische Faculteit, HeverleeVlerick Leuven Gent Management School,Leuven-GhentContinental Theological Seminary, Sint-Pieters-LeeuwInstitutes of Higher Education in the French CommunityThe French Community distinghuishes between universities, colleges (Hautes Ecoles), arts colleges, and institutes of architecture. A list of all recognised institutes is maintained in the Annuaire de l'enseignement supérieur.其他没在上边提到的大学Universite Internationale Isles, BrusselsFaculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, GemblouxFaculté Polytechnique de Mons, Mons瓦隆地区CollegesHaute Ecole Francisco Ferrer de la Ville de BruxellesHaute Ecole GalileeHaute Ecole de la Communaute Francaise Paul-Henri SpaakHaute Ecole Lucia de BrouckereHaute ecole "groupe I.C.H.E.C. - I.S.C. Saint-Louis - I.S.F.S.C."Haute Ecole de BruxellesHaute ecole libre de bruxelles ilya prigogine - H.E.L.B.Haute Ecole Leonard de VinciHaute Ecole E.P.H.E.CHaute Ecole de la Ville de LiegeHaute Ecole Mosane D'enseignement Superieur - HemesHaute Ecole I.S.E.L.L.Haute Ecole CharlemagneHaute École de la Province de LiègeHaute Ecole d'Enseignement Superieur de Namur - I.E.S.N.Haute Ecole de la Province de NamurHaute Ecole Albert JacquardHaute Ecole Namuroise Catholique - H.E.N.A.C.Haute Ecole Provinciale de Charleroi - Universite du TravailHaute Ecole Catholique Charleroi - EuropeHaute Ecole de la Communaute Francaise du Luxembourg SchumanHaute Ecole Provinciale Mons - Borinage - CentreHaute Ecole Roi BaudouinHaute Ecole de la Communaute Francaise du HainautHaute Ecole Libre du Hainaut Occidental - H.E.L.H.O.Haute Ecole Provinciale du Hainaut Occidental - H.E.P.H.O.Haute Ecole Blaise Pascal - H.E.B.P.site webArts CollegesInstitut National Superieur des Arts du Spectacle et Techniques de DiffusionAcademie Royale des Beaux-Arts de BruxellesEcole Nationale Superieure des Arts Visuels de la CambreConservatoire Royal de Musique de BruxellesInstitut Saint-LucInstitut Superieur Libre des Arts Plastiques Ecole de Recherche Graphique - E.R.G.Ecole Superieure des Arts du CirqueEtablissement Communal d'Enseignement Superieur Artistique "le 75"Institut des Arts de DiffusionEcole Superieure des Arts de la Ville de LiegeConservatoire Royal de Musique de LiegeEcole Superieure des Arts Saint-LucInstitut Superieur de Musique Et de Pedagogie - I.M.E.P.Conservatoire Royal de Musique de MonsEcole Superieure des Arts Plastiques Et Visuels de la Communaute Francaise - Carre des Arts Academie des Beaux-Arts de la Ville de TournaiEcole Superieure des Arts Institut Saint-LucInstitutes of ArchitectureInstitut Supérieur d'Architecture Intercommunal - I.S.A.I.Institut Supérieur d'Architecture de la Communaute Francaise I.S.A. - La CambreInstitut Supérieur d'Architecture Saint-Luc BruxellesInstitut Supérieur d'Architecture Saint-Luc WallonieInstitutes Recognised by All CommunitiesThe academy of the Belgian Army is recognised as equivalent to university by both the Flemish and the French Community:Royal Military Academy, BrusselsIsles Internationale Universite (European Union) School of Doctoral Studies。