Prospects of Reciprocating Engines and Fuels

发动机英文翻译（Engine English translation）The engineThe mechanism that converts internal energy into kinetic energy is called the engine, and the engine is mainly in the form of cylinders and pistons as the internal combustion engine of the converter. Depending on the fuel and the type of ignition, it can be divided into a gasoline engine or diesel engine, or an engine with hydrogen, natural gas, and oil and gas as fuel, and its combustion form is less different from that of gasoline engines. According to the work cycle and piston stroke characteristics, it can be divided into two stroke and four stroke engines.EngineTo be able to translate into kinetic energy of the body known as the engine, car engine is the main form of the cylinder and piston of internal combustion engine as a conversion mechanism. According to the fuel and ignition forms can be divided into different gasoline engine or a diesel engine, or hydrogen, natural gas, petroleum gas as fuel to the engine, the gasoline engine combustion form and smaller differences. According to the working cycle and piston stroke characteristics, and can be divided into two stroke and four stroke engine,A four-stroke engine cylinder, piston, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, distribution agencies (valve, camshaft, etc.), the spark plug (gasoline engine), nozzle in cylinder (diesel engine, as well as with direct injection technology of gasoline engine in cylinder), oil pump and oil circulation, water pump and watercycle, and a series of sensors and ECU many parts.Four stroke engine main cylinder, piston, piston connecting rod, crankshaft, valve (valve, CAM shaft), a spark plug (gasoline engine), in-cylinder fuel injector, oil pump and oil circulation, water pump and water circulation, another series of sensors and ECU and many other components.The construction and working principle of internal combustion engineThe structure and working principle of internal combustion engineThe working chamber of reciprocating piston type internal combustion engine is called cylinder, and the inner surface of the cylinder is cylindrical. The piston of reciprocating motion in the cylinder is hinged by the piston pin and the connecting rod, and the other end of the connecting rod is connected to the crankshaft, which forms the crank connecting rod mechanism. Therefore, when the piston is reciprocating in the cylinder, the connecting rod pushes the crankshaft to rotate, or vice versa. At the same time, the volume of the working chamber is constantly changing from the smallest to the largest, then the largest to the smallest, and so on. The top of the cylinder is closed with a cylinder cover. The intake and exhaust doors are mounted on the head of the cylinder head, and the intake and exhaust valve is mounted upside down to the top of the cylinder. Through the opening and closing of the inlet and exhaust doors, the air cylinder can be filled up and out of the cylinder.The opening and closing of the exhaust door is controlled by camshaft. The camshaft is driven by the crankshaft through the toothed belt or gear or chain. The inlet, exhaust valve and camshaft and other components form the gas distribution mechanism. This structure is usually described as a gas distribution mechanism with a roof valve. The modern internal combustion engine adopts the roof valve distribution mechanism without exception. The parts that make up the cylinder are called the cylinder block, and the part of the supporting crankshaft is called the crankcase, and the cylinder body and the crankcase are called the body.Reciprocating piston internal combustion engine working chamber called the cylinder, the inner surface of the cylinder. In the cylinder for reciprocating motion of the piston through the piston pin and one end of the connecting rod is hinged, the other end of the connecting rod is connected with the crankshaft, form the crank connecting bar mechanism. Therefore, when the piston in the cylinder for reciprocating motion, the connecting rod drives the crankshaft to rotate, or the opposite. At the same time, a working chamber volume is also constantly from the smallest to the largest, again by the maximum to minimum, so the cycle. The top end of the cylinder by cylinder lid closure. The cover of the cylinder is provided with the inlet valve and exhaust valve, intake, exhaust valve head down tail up upside down in the cylinder top. Through the inlet, exhaust valve opening and closing to within the cylinder to cylinder exhaust gas and. Inlet, exhaust valve opening and closing is controlled by a camshaft. Cam shaft by the crankshaft via a toothed belt or a gear or chain drive. Inlet, exhaust valve and the cam shaft and other parts composed of gas distribution mechanism. Oftencalled the structural form of the gas distribution mechanism for overhead valve mechanism. Modern car engines are invariably uses overhead valve mechanism. To form the cylinder parts called cylinder body, supporting the crankshaft parts called the crankcase, cylinder block and crankcase casting body known as the body.The working principle ofThe working principle of a four-stroke gasoline engineThe four-stroke reciprocating piston internal combustion engine completes the four processes of intake, compression, work and exhaust during the four piston trips, namely, only one process is carried out in one piston stroke. As a result,The piston stroke can be named after four processes.1. Air intake strokeThe piston moves from the top to the bottom of the crankshaft. The exhaust valve closes and the intake valve opens. During the movement of the piston, the cylinder volume gradually increases and a certain vacuum degree is formed in the cylinder. The mixture of air and gasoline is inhaled through the intake valve and further mixed into a combustible mixture in the cylinder.2. The compression strokeAt the end of the intake stroke, the crankshaft continues todrive the piston from the bottom to the top stop. The inlet and exhaust doors are closed. As the piston moves, the cylinder volume decreases, and the mixture in the cylinder is compressed, and its pressure and temperature rise simultaneously.3. Work tripAt the end of the compression stroke, the spark plug that is installed on the cylinder head generates an electric spark, which ignite the combustible mixture in the cylinder. The flame quickly travels through the combustion chamber, releasing a lot of heat energy. The volume of combustion gas expands rapidly, and the pressure and temperature rise rapidly. Under the action of the gas pressure, the piston is moved from the top to the bottom, and the crankshaft rotates to work through the connecting rod. The inlet and exhaust doors are still closed.4. The exhaust strokeExhaust stroke, the exhaust valve opens, the inlet valve is still closed, the crankshaft by connecting rod drives the piston by the next check point moves to the first check point, the combustion gas after the expansion at this time (or gas) on residual stress and its own under the impetus of the piston, through the exhaust discharge outside the cylinder. When the piston reaches the upper stop, the exhaust stroke ends and the exhaust gate closes.The Working principleOne, four stroke gasoline engine working principleFour stroke reciprocating piston internal combustion engine in the Four piston travel to complete the intake, compression will power, and exhaust Four the processes, i.e. for a piston in travel only a process. Therefore, the stroke of the piston are Four the processes named.In the water strokeThe crankshaft in a piston driven by The TDC to business data catalog. When closing The exhaust valve, intake valve opening. In The process of moving piston, cylinder volume gradually - and The cylinder to form certain vacuum degree, The mixture of air and gasoline through The intake valve is sucked into The cylinder, and The cylinder is further mixed to form a combustible mixture. ""2 compression will stroke"After the intake stroke, the crankshaft continues to drive the piston only by the shift of the top dead point. At this time, the inlet and exhaust valves are closed. Along with the movement of the piston and the cylinder volume decreases, the mixing gas in the cylinder is compressed,它的压强和温度升高了。

航海及海运专业英语词汇(T7)tunnel stern 轴隧式船尾tunnel bearign 中间轴轴承tunnel casing 轴隧盖tunnel cryotron 隧道冷子管tunnel diode amplifier 隧道二极管放大器tunnel diode 隧道二极管tunnel effect 隧道效应tunnel escape 地轴弄应急出口tunnel escape 轴隧应急出口tunnel escape 轴隧应急出口轴隧太平洞tunnel flat 轴隧平台tunnel frame 轴隧框架tunnel frame 轴隧肋骨tunnel grease 尾轴轴承滑脂tunnel grease 尾轴轴承润滑脂tunnel grease 中间轴轴承润滑脂tunnel opening 轴隧出入口tunnel platform 轴隧平台tunnel pressure 风洞压力tunnel propeller 轴隧推进器tunnel recess bracket 轴隧端室肘板tunnel recess 沟槽tunnel recess 沟槽;轴隧尾室;鹅颈暗槽tunnel recess 轴隧端室tunnel screw propeller 隧道螺旋桨tunnel screw propeller 轴隧推进器tunnel shaft bearing 中间轴轴承tunnel shaft 中间轴tunnel shaft 轴隧中的轴tunnel speed gauge 风筒风速计tunnel stern 隧道型尾tunnel stern 轴隧式船尾tunnel stool 推进轴系支座tunnel stool 中间轴承台tunnel stool 中间轴轴承支座tunnel test 风洞试验tunnel top 轴隧顶tunnel trunk 地轴弄应急出口tunnel trunk 轴隧通道tunnel trunk 轴隧通道轴隧应急出口tunnel type air cooling freezer 隧道吹风冻结装置tunnel wall influence 风洞壁效应tunnel well 地轴弄污水井tunnel well 轴隧泄水井tunnel 地轴弄tunnel 轴隧tunnel-stern afterbody 隧道式后体tunnelbearign 中间轴轴承tunnelstern 轴隧式船尾tunny boat 捕金枪鱼船tunny catcher 捕金枪鱼船tunny net 金枪鱼网tunny nets 金枪鱼网turbid flow 浊流;乱流turbid flow 浊流乱流turbidimeter 浊度计turbidity detector 浊度探测器turbidity value 浊值turbidity 混浊度turbine propeller 环围整流推进器turbine alternator 涡轮交流发电机turbine and reciprocating combine 蒸汽机-废汽轮机联合装置turbine automatic control equipment 涡轮机自动控制设备涡轮自动控制装置turbine beam 涡轮机支承梁turbine blade vibration 涡轮机叶片振动turbine blade 涡轮机叶片turbine blade 涡轮叶片turbine blading 涡轮机叶片装置turbine boiler propulsion unit 锅炉汽轮机推进装置turbine bucket vibration 涡轮机叶片振动turbine bucket vibration 涡轮叶片振动turbine bucket 涡轮机叶片turbine casign 涡轮机机壳turbine casing 涡轮机机壳turbine casing 涡轮机外壳turbine cylinder 涡轮机壳体turbine direct drive 涡轮机直接传动turbine disc 涡轮机转轮turbine disk 涡轮机叶片盘turbine drive 汽轮机驱动turbine drive 涡轮传动turbine driven cargo oil pump lubricating oil tank 汽轮货汪泵润滑油柜turbine driven auxiliary unit 涡轮驱动辅机组turbine driven compressor 涡轮压缩机turbine driven fan 涡轮通风机turbine driven feed pump 汽轮给水泵turbine driven pump 涡轮泵turbine driven set 汽轮发电机组turbine driven vessel 涡轮机船turbine driven 涡轮机驱动的turbine drum 涡轮机转鼓turbine drum 涡轮机转子turbine dynamo 涡轮发电机turbine dynamo 涡轮直流发电机turbine efficiency 涡轮机效率turbine electric drive 涡轮机电力传动turbine electric drive 涡轮机电力传动涡轮机电力推进装置turbine electric genertor 涡轮发电机turbine engine 汽轮机涡轮发动机turbine engine 涡轮发动机turbine engine 涡轮发动机汽轮机涡轮机turbine exit temperature 涡轮出口温度turbine flowmeter 涡轮式流量表turbine foundation 涡轮机底座turbine fuel pump 涡轮燃油泵turbine gas absorber 涡轮气体吸收器turbine genared propulsion unit 涡轮机减速推进装置turbine generator set 涡轮发电机组turbine governor 涡轮机调速器turbine housing 涡轮机壳体turbine housing 涡轮壳体turbine inlet pressure 涡轮机入口压力turbine inlet temperature 涡轮机入口温度turbine inlet temperature 涡轮进口温度turbine installation 涡轮机装置turbine intake temperature 涡轮进口温度turbine jet 涡轮喷气发动机turbine lube oil 涡轮机润滑油turbine nozzle 涡轮机喷管turbine nozzle 涡轮机喷嘴turbine oil storage tank 汽轮机油贮存柜turbine oil 涡轮机油turbine oupput 涡轮机功率turbine output 涡轮机功率turbine packing gland 涡轮机填料函压盖turbine performance characteristic curve 涡轮机特性曲线turbine piping 涡轮管路turbine plant 涡轮机装置turbine power control valve 汽轮机功率控制阀turbine pressure ratio 涡轮压力比turbine protective device 涡轮机保安设备turbine protective device 涡轮机防护装置turbine pump 涡轮泵turbine rear frame 涡轮后框架turbine regulation 涡轮机调整turbine room 涡轮机舱turbine rotor 涡轮机转动部分turbine rotor 涡轮机转子turbine set 涡轮组turbine ship 汽轮机船涡轮机船turbine ship 涡轮机船turbine shroud ring 涡轮壳环turbine stage 涡轮机级turbine stator 涡轮机定子turbine stator 涡轮机固定部分turbine steam seal system 汽轮机汽封系统turbine steamer 汽轮机船turbine steamship 汽轮机船turbine type centrifugal pump 涡轮式离心泵turbine vane 涡轮机叶片turbine vessel 涡轮机船turbine vibration 涡轮机振动turbine washing test 涡轮清洗试验turbine wheel 涡轮机转轮turbine 混合式涡轮机turbine 涡轮turbine 涡轮机turbine 涡轮涡轮机turbine-compressor 涡轮压缩机turbine-driven pump 涡轮传动泵turbine-driven steamer 汽轮机船turbine-driven 涡轮机驱动的turbinepropeller 环围整流推进器turbining 自由回转turbo blower 涡轮鼓风机turbo circulator 涡轮循环泵turbo compressor 涡轮压缩机turbo electric drive 涡轮电力推动turbo generator 涡轮发电机turbo jet engine 涡轮喷气机turbo prop engine 涡轮推进机turbo reciprocating engines 涡轮往复蒸气机联合装置turbo 涡轮turbo- 涡轮驱动的turbo-alternator 涡轮交流发电机turbo-alternator 涡轮交流发电机组turbo-alternator=turboalternator 涡轮交流发电机turbo-blower characteristics 涡轮增压器特性曲线turbo-blower 涡轮式鼓风机turbo-blower 涡轮增压器turbo-charge 涡轮增压turbo-charge=turbocharge 涡轮增压turbo-charged diesel 涡轮增压柴油机turbo-charged diesel 涡轮增压式柴油机turbo-charged engine 涡轮增压发动机turbo-charged engine 涡轮增压式发动机turbo-charged engine 员轮增压式发动机turbo-charger bearing 涡轮增压器轴承turbo-charger complement 涡轮增压器总成turbo-charger impeller 涡轮增压器叶轮turbo-charger lubricating oil pump 涡轮增压器润滑油泵turbo-charger rotor complement 涡轮增压转子总成turbo-charger running defects diagnosis 涡轮增压器运行故障诊断turbo-charger running defects 涡轮增压器运行故障turbo-charger shaft 涡轮增压器轴turbo-charger speed 涡轮增压器转速turbo-charger sytem 涡轮增压器系统turbo-charger 涡轮增压器turbo-charging auxiliary blower 涡轮增压辅助鼓风机turbo-charging emergency blower 涡轮增压装置turbo-charging 涡轮增压turbo-circulator 涡轮循环泵turbo-compound diesel 涡轮增压柴油机复合式发动机turbo-compounded diesel 涡轮增压柴油机turbo-compounded diesel 涡轮增压柴油机复合式发动机turbo-compressor rotor 涡轮压缩机转子turbo-compressor 涡轮压缩机turbo-coupling 涡轮联轴器turbo-drive 涡轮机传动turbo-driven compressor 涡轮压缩机turbo-driven supercharger 涡轮驱动增压器turbo-driven supercharger 涡轮增压器turbo-driven turbocompressor 涡轮驱动涡轮压缩机turbo-driven 涡动驱动的turbo-dynamo 澡轮发电机turbo-dynamo=turbodynamo 澡轮发电机turbo-electric drive 涡轮机电力传动turbo-electric drive 涡轮机电力传动涡轮机电力推进装置turbo-electric installation 涡轮机电力装置turbo-electric propelling machinery 涡轮电力推进装置turbo-electric propulsion 涡轮机电力推进turbo-electric ship 涡轮机电力船turbo-electric ship 涡轮机电力推进船turbo-electric 涡轮电力的turbo-electric 涡轮电力装置turbo-electricdrive 涡轮电力推进turbo-exhauster 涡轮排气机turbo-extractor pump 涡轮排水泵turbo-fan 涡轮通风机turbo-feed pump 涡轮给水泵turbo-generator compartment 涡轮发电机舱turbo-generator installation 涡轮发电机装置turbo-generator room 涡轮发电机舱turbo-generator set 涡轮发电机组turbo-generator 涡轮发电机turbo-generatorturbosupercharger 涡轮增压器turbo-jet engine 涡轮喷气发动机turbo-jet 涡轮喷气发动机turbo-machine 涡轮机(拽蒸汽轮机turbo-power unit 涡轮机动力装置turbo-prop 涡轮螺旋桨发动机turbo-pump unit 涡轮泵机组turbo-pump 涡轮泵turbo-scavengine blower 涡轮扫气泵turbo-scavenging blower 涡轮扫气泵turbo-supercharger 涡轮增压器turbo-supercharger=turbosupercharger 涡轮增压器turbo-supercharging 涡轮式增压turbo-type supercharger 涡轮式增压器turboalternator 透平交流发电机turboalternator 涡轮交流发电机turbocharge vt. 涡轮增压turbocharge 涡轮增压turbocharged engine 涡轮增压式发动机turbocharger 涡轮增压器turbocharger 涡轮增压器@n.涡轮增压器turbocharging 涡轮增压turbocharging 涡轮增压@n.涡轮增压turbocompressor 涡轮压缩机turbocompressor 涡轮压缩机@n.涡轮压缩机turbodynamo 涡轮发电机turbofan engine 涡轮风扇发动机turbofan 涡轮风扇turbogenerator 涡轮发电机turbojet 涡轮喷气发动机turbomachinery 涡轮机械turboprop engine 涡轮螺旋桨发动机turboprop 螺轮螺旋桨turboprop 涡轮螺旋桨发动机turbosupercharged 备有涡轮增压器的turbosupercharger matching test 涡轮增压器匹配试验turbosupercharger 涡轮增压器turbovessel 涡轮机船turbulence combustion chamber 湍流式燃烧室turbulence level 湍流级turbulence measurement 湍流度测量turbulence meter 湍流计turbulence number 湍流度turbulence spectrum 湍流谱turbulence 扰动turbulence 扰动湍流turbulence 骚动turbulent boundary layer 湍流边界层turbulent burner 湍流式燃烧器turbulent burner 紊流式燃烧器turbulent contact absorber 湍流接触吸收器turbulent current 湍流turbulent current 紊流turbulent diffusion process 湍流扩散过程turbulent diffusion 湍流扩散turbulent diffusivity 湍流扩散系数turbulent drag 湍流阻力turbulent drag 紊流阻力turbulent flow air register 旋流式调风机turbulent flow drag reduction 湍流减阻turbulent flow 湍流turbulent flow 湍流;紊流turbulent flow 湍流紊流turbulent friction 湍流摩擦turbulent jet 湍流射流turbulent model 湍流模式turbulent motion 湍流运动turbulent propagation 湍流传播turbulent scattering 湍流散射turbulent sea 激浪turbulent sea 汹涌的海面turbulent separation 湍流界层分离turbulent skin friction 紊流摩擦turbulent skn friction 湍流摩擦turbulent 扰动的turbulent 扰动的湍流的turbulent 扰动的紊流的turbulent 骚动的;湍流的turbulent-velocity field 湍流速度场turbulivity 湍流度turing basin 船舶掉头水区turk loydu 土耳其船级社turk's head 打花箍turkey 土耳其turkish millet 土耳其黍turmeric 盖黄turn about 转向turn around 旋转;船在港内周转时间;掉头turn around 旋转船在港内周转时间掉头turn berth clause 停泊条款turn berth clause 停泊条款(船舶按到港次序装卸turn buckle 螺旋扣turn buckle=turnbuckle 螺旋扣turn count 转速估算turn counting dial 转动计数度盘turn down ratio 调节比turn down ratio 燃烧器调节比turn down 摺;折;旋小turn down 摺折旋小turn in 向内turn indicator equipment 旋转指示设备turn indicator 匝数计turn indicator 转数表turn insulation 线匝绝缘turn knob 旋钮turn of bilge 舭部弯曲处turn of tidal current 转流turn of tide 潮汐转流turn off current 断路电流turn off method 断开方法turn off n. 切断turn off thyristor 可关断可控硅元件turn off time 断开时间turn off 关turn off 切断turn on method 接通方法turn on n. 接通turn on 接通turn on 开turn out 切断turn out 向外turn over n. 翻转交叉频率周转额turn over rate 周转率turn over type pick-up 翻转式拾音器turn over 翻转turn over 翻转交叉频率周转额turn over 接到下一行(下一栏turn over 接到下一页turn over 转动turn over 转动接到下一行(下一栏turn point 转向点turn rate 旋转率turn ratio 匝数比turn round time 周转时间turn round 船只进港turn round 旋转;掉头turn switch 旋转开关turn the hands to 使全体船员各就各位turn the hands up 使全体船员在甲板集合turn to port 向左转舵turn to starboard 向右转舵turn to 开始工作;向……转变turn to 开始工作向…转变turn turn insulation 圈间绝缘turn turtle 翻船turn up 在甲板集合;旋大turn up 在甲板集合旋大turn upside down 把…完全颠倒turn 弯曲turn 转turn 转动turn-around 周转期回旋水面turn-away 离开turn-off method 断开方法turn-off thyristor 可关断可控硅元件turn-off time 断开时间turn-off 避开关turn-on method 接通方法turn-on 开turn-over type entry guide 翻转式导口turn-over whale back 船尾防浪损的拱形架turn-round of ship 船舶掉头turn-round period 船在港内掉头时间turn-round period 船在港内掉头时间船在港内周转时间回航时间turn-round period 船在港内周转时间turn-round period 回航时间turn-round 船在港内周转时间turnabout 转向turnaround time 换向时间turnaround time 周转时间turnaround time 周转时间换向时间turnbuckle closure 螺套封闭器turnbuckle closure 螺套封闭器turnbuckle 螺旋扣turncate 截头turned knee 折肘turned position 转动位置turner 车工turner 车工镟工turnery 车工工艺turnery 车削工作turning trial 旋回试验turning ability with large rudder angle 大舵角回转性能turning ability 回转性能turning ability 旋回性能turning action 转弯动作turning angle 折转角turning angle 转折角turning arm for reversing couping 换向联轴器转臂turning basin 掉头区turning basin 掉头区掉头区掉头区turning beharvior 旋回性能turning berth 掉头区turning block 转动块turning buoy 转弯浮标turning by ahead and astern engine 进倒车掉头turning by one engine ahead and the other astern 一进一倒掉头turning by pulling the bow and pushing the stern 拖头顶尾掉头turning by pulling the bow 拖头掉头turning by pulling the stern 拖尾掉头turning by pushing the bow 顶头掉头turning circle test 转圈试航turning circle trial 回转试验turning circle trial 旋回试验turning circle 回转圈turning circle 旋回圈turning crane 旋臂起重机turning crane 旋转起重机turning device 回转装置turning diameter 回转直径turning direction 回转方向turning effort 转动力turning effort 转动力转矩turning engine 盘车机turning engine 转车机turning error 转向误差turning force 回转力turning force 转动力turning gear interlocking device 盘车联锁装置turning gear oil pump 盘车装置油泵turning gear on 盘车机合上turning gear test 盘车试验turning gear 盘车装置turning gear 盘车装置;转车机turning in heavy sea 大风浪中掉头转向turning interval 回转周期turning joint 活动关节turning lathe 车床turning leverage 回转效应turning leverage 旋回效应turning marks 转向叠标turning moment 回转力矩turning moment 回转力矩转矩turning motion 回转运动turning motion 旋回运动turning of the tide 转潮turning operating mode manaement 转向工况管理turning operation 车削操作turning out device 转出工具turning out gear 摇倒机构turning pair 回转副turning path 旋回航迹turning performance 旋回性能turning period 回转时间turning pivot 旋回点turning point locus 旋回点轨迹turning point 旋转点turning point 转向点turning point 转折点turning quality 回转性turning quality 回转性能turning radius indicator 回转半径指示器turning radius indicator 旋回半径指示器turning radius 回转半径turning radius 旋回半径turning range mark 转向叠标turning range marks 转向叠标turning rate 航向变化率turning shop 车工车间turning short round an anchor 抛锚掉头turning short round 就地回转turning short round 就地旋回turning speed 回转速度turning speed 旋回速度turning speed 转速turning surface 车削面turning taper 车削锥体turning the gear over 改变吊杆位置turning thrust vector 转动推力矢量turning tool 车刀turning trial 回转试验turning trial 旋回试验turning unit 旋转部件turning valve 回转阀turning valve 加转阀turning vane steering gear 转翼式液压操舵装置turning velocity 转向速度turning wheel 回转轮turning wheel 转轮turning with the aid of current 利用流力掉头turning 旋转turning 转动turning 转弯;旋转turnings 钢屑turnings 切屑turningtrial 旋回试验turnkey 总控钥匙turnmeter 回转计turnout 产品turnout 产品产额设备turnover 翻转交叉频率周转额turnplate 回转板turnround of a ship 船舶在港时间turnround 周转期turns per volt 匝数伏特turnstile antenna 挠杆式天线turntable 电唱盘;转盘turntable 转台turpentine 松节油turret deck vessel 坛甲板船turret deck 坛甲板(弧形凸起甲板turret head boring machine 转塔式镗床turret ice 侧立冰turret lathe 六角车床turret lathe 转塔式六角车床turret miller 转塔式铣床turret mount 回转架turret nozzle 可转向喷管turret 台turret 转台turreted cloud 塔状云turtle back deck 鲸背甲板turtle back poop 龟背甲板尾楼turtle back poop 鲸背式船尾楼turtle back 船尾防浪损的拱形架turtle 龟;甲鱼turtle 龟甲鱼tusk tenon 齿榫tusk tenon 多齿榫tusk 齿状物tusk 齿状物齿tutin rudder 反应舵的一种tuurbidimetry 浊度测定法tuyere 喷气口tv and communications 电视通信tv audio carrier 电视音频载波tv broadcast satellite 电视广播卫星tv broadcast station 电视广播台tv channel 电视信道tv picture-phone 电视电话tv set 电话机tv studio 电视演播室tv system 电视系统tv tower 电视塔tv translator 电视差转机tv transposer 电视差转机tw-phase system 二相制twaddell hydrometer 液体相对密度计tweeks 大气干扰tween deck bulkhead 甲板间舱壁tween deck bunker 二层舱煤舱tween deck bunker 甲板间燃料舱tween deck cargo space 二层舱tween deck ceiling 甲板间衬板tween deck frame 甲板间肋骨tween deck height 甲板间高tween deck hold 二层船舱甲板间舱tween deck ladder 甲板间梯tween deck space 甲板间空间tween deck space 甲板间空间中间甲板间空间tween deck space 中间甲板间空间tween deck tank 甲板间液柜tween deck tanks 二层液舱tween deck tonnage section 甲板间吨位截面tween deck tonnage section 甲板间容积丈量截面tween deck tonnage section 甲板间容积丈量剖面tween deck tonnage 二层舱吨位tween deck vessel 多层甲板船tween deck 二层甲板tween deck 二层甲板二层舱tween deck 二层甲板中间甲板tween deck 中层甲板tween deck=tweendeck 甲板间的tween decker 多层甲板船tween decks 二层舱tween decks 甲板空间tween drive spindle 中间传动轴tween …的中间tween 在…之间tween 在…之间在之间tween-deck hatch 甲板间舱口tween-deck pillar 甲板窨支柱tweendeck bunker 甲板间燃料舱tweendeck ceiling 甲板间衬板tweendeck compartment 甲板间舱tweendeck equipment 中间甲板设备tweendeck frame 甲板间肋骨tweendeck height 甲板间高tweendeck height 甲板间高度tweendeck ladder 甲板间梯子tweendeck portside 左舷二层甲板tweendeck space 甲板间处所tweendeck tank 甲板间液柜tweendeck tonnage section 甲板间容积丈量截面tweendeck tonnage 甲板间吨位tweendeck 甲板间tweendeck 甲板间的tweendeck 甲板间二层舱中甲板tweendeck 甲板间甲板间舱tweendecker 多层甲板船tweendecker 双层甲板船tweenhatches 双联舱口twelve num.十二twenty equivalent unit 20英尺标准集装箱twenty feet equivalent unit 20 英尺标准箱twenty fot equivalent unit 20英尺标准集装箱twenty four equivalent units24 英尺集装箱换算单位24英尺集装箱twenty four hours rule 二十四小时规则twenty knotter 具有20节航速的船twenty-feet equivalent unit 标准箱twenty-foot equivalent unin20 英尺集装箱twentyfoot equivalent units 换算箱twice a week 每周两次twice 两次twice 两次两倍twice-laid rope 再生绳twice-laid stuff 再生材料twiddling line 小船横舵柄绳twilight arch 蒙影光弧twilight sight 晨昏蒙影测星twilight zone 蒙影地带twilight 晨昏蒙影twill canvas 加料帆布双经斜纹)加料帆布twill canvas 加料帆布twin beams 并置梁twin bulkhead tanker 双纵舱壁油船twin cable system 双电缆系统twin cable 双芯电缆twin cam shaft type 双凸轮轴式twin channel 双路的twin check 双重校验twin conductor 平行双芯线twin conductor 双芯导线twin conductor 双芯导线;平行双蕊线twin contact 双触点twin controller 双联控制器twin core cable 双芯电缆twin core cable 双芯电线twin crane 双吊起重机twin crystal 双晶体twin cylinder pump 双缸泵twin cylinderpump 双缸泵twin deck crane 甲板起重双吊twin decker ship 双层甲板船twin derrick posts 龙门式起重柱twin diode 双二极管twin drive gear 功率分轴式二级减速齿轮twin drive 功率分轴式双电动机传动twin elbow 双弯头twin elbow 双弯弯管twin engine single-shaft system 双机单轴式twin engine 双发动机twin engine 双发动机的twin engined 装有双发动机的twin helical gear 人字齿轮twin horn cleat 双羊角twin htach vessel 双舱口船twin hull boat 双体船twin hull unit 双体船twin hull 双体twin input reduction gear 双主动齿轮减速齿轮twin input single-output gear 双主动齿轮单出轴齿轮twin islet 双岛twin jack 双插孔twin lead-covered wire 双芯铅皮线twin masts 龙门桅twin pinion single-output redduction gear 双主动齿累单出轴减速齿轮twin pistoncylinder-head diesel engine 双活塞-气缸头柴油机twin pistoncylinder-head diesel engine 双活塞-汽缸头柴油机twin propeller 双螺旋桨的twin pulse code 双脉冲编码twin pump 双联泵twin roller type 双滚轮式twin rope grab 双索抓斗twin rudder 双舵twin rudder 双舵的twin screw motor mine-sweeper 双螺旋桨扫雷艇twin screw motor ship 双螺旋桨内燃机船twin screw motor vessel 双螺旋桨内燃机船twin screw pump 双螺杆泵-screw ship双螺旋桨船twin screw ship 双螺旋桨船twin screw steamer 双推进器船舶twin screw 双螺旋桨twin screw 双螺旋桨船twin screw 双螺旋桨的双螺杆的twin screw 双螺旋桨双螺杆双推进器双螺旋桨船双推进器twin screw 双推进器twin shafting 双轴系twin ship 同型船双体船twin sideband 双边带twin single pump 双联单作用泵twin span derrick 双千斤索吊杆装置twin spanderrick 双千斤索吊杆装置twin strainer 双联滤器twin subcarrier 双幅载波制twin t network 双t型网络twin tandem 双串式twin tanks 两舷水柜twin turbo-charger 双级涡轮增压器twin tyype cable 对绞多芯电缆twin wire 双芯导线twin 成双的twin 孪生双晶双twin 双的twin 双晶twin-boat 姐妹船twin-bulkhead tanker 双纵舱壁油船twin-bulkhead tanker 双纵舱壁油船双纵向舱壁油轮twin-deck vessel 双层甲板船twin-engined 双主机的twin-hatch 成对舱口twin-headarc welding machine 双头弧焊机twin-hull boat 双体船twin-hull hydrofoil 双体水翼艇twin-hull ship 双体船twin-hull vessel 双体船twin-propeller 双推进器twin-rudder vessel 双舵船twin-rudder 双舵twin-screw and single-rudder ship 双车单舵船twin-screw and triple-rudder ship 双车三舵船twin-screw and twin-rudder ship 双车双舵船twin-screw motor ship 双螺旋桨内燃机船twin-screw motor vessel 双螺旋桨内燃机船twin-screw ship 双螺旋桨船twin-screw steamer 双螺旋桨蒸汽机船twin-screw 双螺旋桨twin-screw 双螺旋桨的twin-shaft 双轴twin-ship 同型船twin-skeg stern 双导流尾鳍twin-tandem 成双串联twin-unit pack 双箱包装twine 帆线twine 双股线twinkle 闪烁twinkling light 闪烁光twinkling 闪烁twinned binary code 孪生二进制码twinned binary 孪生二进制twist drill 麻花钻twist flat drill 麻花平钻twist joint 扭绞接合twist lock 箱门搬手twist lock span 扭锁销twist lock 扭锁twist lock 箱门搬手twist switch 旋钮开关twist 扭弯twist 使呈螺旋状twisted blade 扭叶片twisted blade 扭转车叶twisted blade 扭转叶片twisted cable 绞合电缆twisted cable 绞合线twisted conductor 分层绞合线twisted cord 绞合电绳twisted cord 双绞软线twisted effect 扭曲效应twisted joint 扭绞接合twisted line 绞合线twisted pair 双芯绞合线twisted plate 弯曲板twisted spur gear 斜齿轮twisted thread canvas 双线帆布twisted wire 绞合线twisted 扭转的twister 绞扭器twisting couple 扭转力偶twisting force 扭力twisting inertia 扭转惯性twisting load 扭力负荷twisting moment diagram 扭矩图twisting moment 扭矩twisting resistance 抗扭转能力twisting strain 扭应变twisting strength 抗扭强度twisting stress 扭应力twisting test 扭力试验twisting 扭转two address computer 二地址计算机two arm mooring 用双锚固定的系锚two armature generator 双电枢发电机two bank engine 双排式发动机two bearing rudder 双支承舵two bladed propeller 双叶螺旋桨two bladed propeller 双叶推进器two blocks 滑车拉到头two boat trawler 对拖网渔船bull wheel大齿轮双拖网渔船two bowline 双套结two bulb type resistance thermometer 双球式电阻温度计two bus-bar regulation 双汇流条调整two bush stern tube system 双衬套尾轴系统two channel switch 双通道开关two circuit winding 双路绕组two circuit 双回路的two coil relay 双线圈继电器two compartment ship 两舱制船two consecutive ports 两个连续港口two core cable 双芯电缆two core fixture wire 双芯电器引线two core switch 双磁心开关two core 双心的two cycle engine 二冲程发动机two cycle internal combustion engine 二冲程内燃机two cycle marine diesel engine 二冲程船用柴油机two cycle 二冲程循环two cylinder pump 双缸泵two cylinder steering gear 双缸操舵装置two cylinder turbine 双缸式涡轮机two decked ship 双层甲板船two decker 双层甲板船two degree of freedom gyro 二自由度陀螺仪two derrick boom cargo handling 联杆吊货法two digit code services 两位数代码业务two dimensinal flow 二元流动two dimension 二维two dimensional 二元的two dot chain line 双点划线two drum boiler 双锅筒锅炉two edged 双面的two electrode vacuum tube 二极真空管two element air ejector 双组空气抽除器two engined 装有双发动机的two flank gear rolling tester 双面啮合检查仪two flow condenser 双流程冷凝器two fold purchase 2—2绞辘two fold purchase 绞辘two fold tackle 绞辘two folding door 双折门two gang variable capacitor 双联可变电容器two half hitch 两半结two hop-f f电离层二次反射波two in-hand winding 叠绕组叠绕法two lane canal 双航道运河two layer winding 双层绕组two layer 双层的two leg mooring 用双锚固定的系锚two leg propeller strut 人字尾轴架two leg strut 双支脚尾轴架two letter signal 双字母信号two lobe blower 双叶转子鼓风机two master 双桅船two noded vertical vibration 双节点垂直振动two noded vibration 双节点振动two party draft 双名汇票two pass condenser 双流程冷凝器two pass evaprator 双流程蒸发器two pass superheater 双流程过热器two phase current 二相电流two phase flow 两相流two phase generator 二相发电机two phase ground 两相接地two phase motor 二相电动机two phase propulsion 双态喷射推进two phase selsyn 二相自动同步机two phase three-wire system 二相三线制two phase 两相two phase 两相的two phase 双相two photon emission 二光子发射two piece bearing 对开轴承two pin plug 两脚插砂two pin plug 两脚插头two ply n. 双层板a.双层的two ply 双层板双层的two point jack 二簧片插孔two pole knife switch 双极闸刀开关two pole switch 双刀开关two pole 两极的two position action 双位动作two position control 双位控制two position controller 双位控制器two position four-way valve 二位四通阀two position mode 双位制two position relay 双位继电器two position three way directional control valve 二位三通换向阀two position three-way valve 二位三通阀two position two-way valve 二位二通阀two position valve 双位阀two position 双位two pulse counting circuit 双脉冲计数电路two pulse timer 双脉冲定时器two pulse 双脉冲two ram hydraulic steering gear 双柱塞液压操舵装置two range decca 双程台卡导航系统two range decca 双距离式台卡导航系统two range winding 双排绕组two row hatch 两横列舱口two row impulse wheel 二列冲动叶累two speed clutch 双速离合器two speed gear 双速齿轮传动装置two speed motor 双速电动机two speed 双速的two spindle 双轴two spool compressor 双转子压缩机two stabilivolt bridge 双稳压管测量电桥two stabilivolt bridge 双稳压管测量电桥-stage二级的two stage air ejector 二级空气抽除器two stage amplifier 二级放大器two stage burner 二级燃烧器two stage centrifugal pump 二级离心泵two stage compesson refrigerating system 二级压缩制冷系统two stage compression 二级压缩two stage pump 双级泵two stage regulator 双级调节器two stage relay 双级继电器two stage shut 双级制动two stage speed change 二级变速two stage supercharger 二级增压器two stage supercharging 二级增压two stage superheater 二级过热器two stage turbo-charger 二级涡轮增压器two stage turbocharging system 二级涡轮增压系统two stage 二级的two stagecompressor 二级空气压缩机two stars navigation 双星导航two start screw 双头螺纹two state device 双稳态器件two step action 双位作用two step control 双级控制two step controller 双级控制器two step injection sysyem 双级喷射系统two step relay 双级继电器two stroke cycle engine 二冲程发动机two stroke cycle 二冲程循环two stroke direct-coupled machine 二冲程直接传动式发动机two stroke double-acting type 二冲程双作用式two stroke engine supercharged according to pulse parallel system 脉冲并联系统增压式二冲程发动机two stroke engine supercharged on pulse series parallel system 脉冲串并联系统增压式二冲程发动机two stroke engine 二冲程发动机two stroke marine diesel engine 二冲程船用柴油机two stroke single-acting type 二冲程单作用式two stroke 二冲程的two terminal network 二端网络two throw crank shaft 双联曲轴two throw crank 以联曲柄two throw pump 双吸泵two tier exchange rate 双重汇率two tip torch 双嘴割炬two tone diaphone 双声低音雾号two turn 抛双锚时船回转900°two unit 双机组two wattmeter method 双瓦特计法two way break before-make contact 双向先断后合触点two way channel 双向电路two way cock 两路旋塞two way cock 双通旋塞two way communication 双向通信two way contact 双向触点two way fuse plug 双熔丝插塞two way fuse socket 双熔丝插座two way launching 双滑道下水two way make-before break contact 双向先合后断触点two way radio 双向无线电设备two way reversing switch 双向转换开关two way switch 双向开关two way valve 双通阀two way variable displacement pump 双向变量泵two way 双向的two wire circuit 双线线路two wire system 两线制two wire system 双线制two num.two num.二two 两个two's complement 补码two- aerial consol 康索兰two-action line 双向传输线two-action trunk 双向中继线two-address system 二地址制two-aerial synchronized satellite 双天线同步卫星two-arm mooring 双臂双锚系船设施(底链各端一锚two-arm mooring 用双锚固定的系锚two-armmooring 双臂双锚系船设施(底链各端一锚two-axis inclinometer 双轴倾斜仪two-axis magnetometer 双轴磁强计two-band receiver 双波段接收机two-bank engine v型发动机two-berth room 双铺舱two-bladed porpeller 两叶螺旋桨two-bladed propeller 双叶螺旋桨two-bladed 两叶的two-body satellite 双体卫星two-channel duplexer 双道天线收发转换开关two-channel tracking receiver 双信道跟踪接收机two-circuit receiver 双调谐电路接收机two-circuit tuner 双回路调谐器two-circuit winding 双路绕组two-compartment floodability 两舱进水不沉性two-compartment floodability 两舱浸水不沉性two-compartment ship 两舱制船two-compartment sub-division 二舱不沉制two-compartment subdivision 两舱制two-compartment vessel 两舱制船two-component accelerometer 双向加速度计two-component electromagnetic log 双分量电磁计程仪two-component pallograph 两向振动记录仪two-component pallograph 两向振动仪two-condition code 双态码two-core cable 双芯电缆two-core fixture wire 双芯电器引线two-core switch 双磁芯开关two-core 双芯的two-course beacon 双向信标two-cycle engine 二冲程发动机two-cylinder engine 双缸发动机two-cylinder steering 双缸操舵装置two-deck bridge 双层甲板桥楼two-decked ship 双层甲板船two-decked 双层甲板的two-decker 双层甲板船two-degree of freedom gyroscope 二自由度陀螺仪two-dimensional code 二维码two-dimensional ensemble 二维集two-dimensional motion 二维运动two-dimensional 二维的two-frequency duplex 双频双工制two-frequency signal receiver 双频制信号接收机two-frequency signal 双频信号two-funneled 双烟囱的two-gate caisson 人字式坞门two-gyro pendulous gyrocompass 双转子摆锤校正式罗经two-gyro pendulous gyrocompass 双转子摆式罗经two-hinged arch 二铰拱two-lens objective 双透镜物镜two-lens ocular 双透镜物镜two-level deckhouse 双层甲板室two-lobe blower 双叶转子鼓风机two-man diving bell 双人潜水钟two-masted 双桅的two-part construction 两段造船法two-pass superheater 双流程蒸汽过热器two-path amplifier 双信道放大器two-path circuit 双路电路two-phase current 二相电流two-phase flow 两相流动two-phase generator 二相发电机two-phase ground 两相接地two-phase machine 双相电机two-phase motor 二相电动机two-phase phase shift keying 二相相移键控。

1. . (Refer to Figure 6-1) How can the FAF on the VOR/DME Rwy 36R of CAPITAL be identified?A.11.7NM from PEK.B.11.7KM from PEK.C.11.7SM from PEK.A X2.. The tropopause at middle latitude area usually reaches.A. 8 to 9 kmB.10 to 12 kmC.15 to 17 kmB X3.A function of the Minimum Equipment List is to indicate required items whichA.Are required to operative for overwater passenger air carrier flights.B.May be inoperative for a one-time ferry flight of a large airplane to a maintenance base.C.May be inoperative prior to beginning a flight in an aircraft.C X4.．The position of leader and the follower may be changed in some special conditions. While remaining overall leader of the flight crew, the captain might not be the leader in a specificA.(续正文，circumstance in which another member of the team has great knowledge. The statement is)rightB.wrongA X5.. What characterizes a ground-based inversion?A. Convection currents at the surface.B. Cold temperatures.C. Poor visibility.C X6.. [Refer to Figure 4-28.] How much will landing distance be reduced by using 15o of flaps rather than 0o flaps ata landing weight of 143,000 pounds?A.100 feet.B.400 feet.C.850 feet.C X7..Which condition would INITIALLY cause the indicated airspeed and pitch to increase and sink rate to decrease?A. Sudden increase in a headwind component.B. Sudden decrease in a headwind component.C. Tailwind which suddenly increase in velocity.A X8.. Prior to listing an aircraft as an alternate airport in the dispatch release, weather reports must indicate that weather conditions will be at or above authorized minimums at that airportA.during the entire flight.B.for the period of 1 hour before to 1 hour after the ETA.C.when the flight arrives.C X9.. At which location does Coriolis force have the least effect on wind direction?A. At the poles.B. Middle latitudes(30o to 60o).C. At the equator.C X10.Which "rule-of-thumb" may be used to approximate the rate of descent required for a 3 glide path?A.5times groundspeed in knots.B. 8times groundspeed in knots.C.10 times groundspeed in knots.A X11. when a speed adjustment is necessary to maintain separation, what minimum speed may ATC request of a piston aircraft departing an airport?A. 170 knotsB. 150 knotsC. 130 knotsB X12.. [Refer to Figures 4-22, 4-23 and 4-24.] What is the reference speed for Operating Conditions L-2?A.140 knots.B.145 knots.C.148 knots.B X13.. What is an area identified by the term "clearway"?A.centrally located about the extended centerline and under airport authorities, which does not contain obstructions and can be considered when calculating takeoff performance.B.An area, at least the same width as the runway, capable of supporting an airplane during a normal takeoff.C.An area beyond the takeoff runway, which is able to support the airplane, for use in decelerating the airplane during an aborted takeoff.A X14.．In the dark, a stationary light will appear to move when stared at for a period of time. This illusion is known asA.somatogravic illusion.B.ground lighting illusion.C.autokinesis.C X15.．The time of useful consciousness while cruising at an altitude of 30,000 feet and sitting quietly would be aboutA.40 secondsB.3 minutesC.1 minute and 15 secondsC X16.. Wingtip vortices created by large aircraft tend toA. Sink below the aircraft generating the turbulence.B. Rise from the surface to traffic pattern altitude.C. Accumulate and remain for a period of time at the point where the takeoff roll began.A X17.. If the first portion of the flight is under VFR and the latter portion is under IFR, pilot should fill the FLIGHT RULES box with letterA.Y.B.I.C.Z.A X18. When must an air carrier airplane be DME equipped?A. In class e airspace for all IFR or VFR on top operations.B.Whenever VOR navigational receivers are requiredC.For flights at or above FL 180B X19. (Refer to Figure 2-1and 2-2) To which aircraft position dose HSI presentation "C" respond?A.6B.7C.12C X20..Which type clouds are indicative of very strong turbulence?A. nimbostratus.B. Standing lenticular.C. Cirrocumulus.B X21.. (Refer to Figure 5) Flying from Shenzhen to Zhengzhou, which weather phenomenon that may be meetA. Rain shower and thunderstormB. Rain and fogC. Strong wind and thunderstormA X22.．Which of the following would most likely lead to carbon monoxide contamination of the cockpit atmosphere?A.excessive use of carburetor heatB.fly low in a very thick smoke hazeC.a leak in the engine exhaust systemC X23.. Which of the following cases illustrates airplane's entry one type of air mass to another one?A. The airplane flies through high level turbulenceB. Obvious change of temperature and wind direction within a short period of timeC. The airplane meets rolling airflow when crossing mountainous areasB X24. (Refer to Figure 6-1) The A TIS of CAPITAL airport is broadcast on the frequency ofA.127.6MHz.B.127.6KHz.C.114.7MHz.A X25.．One of the effects of hypoxia is a degradation of night vision. This effect begins at aboutA.5000 feetB.10000 feetC.8000 feetA X26.. (Refer to Figure 5) What meaning is expressed on the area arrow K pointedA. The area arrow K pointed is a center of low pressureB. For past three hours, the air pressure have reduced 1.7hPa.C. For past three hours, the air pressure have reduced 17hPa.B X27.. (Refer to Figure 6-2) The aircraft has landed at 1100, pilot should contact with Ground Control on the frequency ofA.121.7MHz.B.121.9MHz.C.121.7KHz.B X28.. Which condition has the effect of reducing critical engine failure speed?A.Slush on the runway or inoperative antiskid.B.Low gross weight.C.High density altitude.A X29.．Which of the following techniques would contribute most to good term problem solving performance?A.stands steadfastly by your own aims and opinions and don't be swayed by othersB.don't say nothing just to "keep the peace" when you are genuinely unhappy about a planned course of actionC.trust you personal opinion, at the same time, adopt the other flight crews' ideas partiallyB X30.. Who is responsible of arranging the separation of the aircrafts within Class A airspace?A.Air Traffic Controller.B.Pilot-in-command.C.Dispatcher.A X31.. If an engine failure occurs at an altitude above single-engine ceiling, what airspeed should be maintained?A.VMC.B.VYSE.C.VXSE.B X32.. (Refer to Figure 5) what weather phenomenon is there in the north of zhengzhouA. North wind at 12 m/s, dustB. Strong wind with sandC. Strong wind with hazeB X33.TCASII providesA.Traffic and resolution advisoriesB.Proximity warningC.Maneuvers in all directions to avoid the conflicting trafficA X34.. (Refer to Figure 6-7) The initial point of VYK 2A is atA.D25 to PEK VOR/DME.B.DAWANGZHUANG.C.The point cleared by ATC.35.. What effect does high relative humidity have upon the maximum power output of modern aircraft engines?A.Neither turbojet nor reciprocating engines are affected.B.Reciprocating engines will experience a significant loss of BHP.C.Turbojet engines will experience a significant loss of thrust.B Xrmation obtained from flight data and cockpit voice recorders shall be used only for determiningA.Who was responsible for any accident or incidentB.Evidence for use in civil penalty or certificate actionC.Possible causes of accidents or incidentsC X37.What is the minimum number of flight attendants required on an airplane with a passenger seating capacity of 333 when 296 passengers are aboard?A.SevenB.SixC.FiveA X38.. During the period of Spring Festival, if you are assigned to an additional flight, you should fill in the TYPE OF FLIGHT box with letterA.N.B.M.C.X.A X39. Which passenger announcement(s) must be made after each takeoff?A. Keep satety belts fastened while seated and no smoking in the aircraft lavatories.B. Passengers should keep seat belts fastened while seated.C. How to use the passenger oxygen system and that there is a $1,000 fine for tampering with a smoke detector.B X40.．Sudden penetration of fog can create the illusion ofA.pitching up.B.pitching down.C.leveling off.A X41.. (Refer to Figure 6-5) What is the announced FL on the airway B215 between TAIYUAN and DAWANGZHUANG?A.9,000m.B.12,000m.C.3,100m.A X42.. (Refer to Figure 6-6) Using an average ground speed of 150 knots, what minimum indicated rate of climb must be maintained to meet the required climb gradient of 5% to 4,930 as specified on the SID?A.760 feet/minute.B.851 feet/minute.C.699 feet/minute.43.．What is the most effective way to use the eyes during night flight?A.Look only at far away, dim lights.B.Scan slowly to permit off-center viewing.C.Concentrate directly on each object for a few seconds.B X44.. [Refer to Figure 4-43.] What is the trip fuel for Operating Conditions below? DISTANCE (NM): 2200,WIND COMPONENT (KTS): 50HW,CRUISE PRESS ALTITUDE: 37,000,ISA TEMPERA TURE: +10oC,LANDING WEIGHT (*1000): 75A.34,000 pounds.B.28,000 pounds.C.32,600 pounds.C X45.. (Refer to Figure 6-3) What is the elevation of PUDONG airport?A.8 feet.B.10 feet.C.12 feet.B X46. when a speed adjustment is necessary to maintain separation, what minimum speed may ATC request of a turbojet aircraft departing an airport?A. 250 knotsB. 230 knotsC. 210 knotsB X47.Below FL180, en route weather advisories should be obtained from an FSS onA.122.1MHzB.122.0MHZC.123.6MHzB X48.. The bottom of the Class B airspace is appropriate toA.FL 6,300m.B.FL 6,000m.C.FL 600m.C X49.. (According to figure 4) at Lanzhou, which description is correctA. Smoke with overcastB. Strong wind with sand stormC. Strong wind and total sky obscurationC X50..What altitude and route should be used if the pilot is flying in IFR weather conditions and has two-way radio communications failure?A. Continue on the route specified in the clearance and fly the highest of the following: the last assigned altitude, altitude A TC has informed the pilot to expect, or to the MEA.B. Descend to MEA and, if clear of clouds, proceed to the nearest appropriate airport. If not clear of clouds,maintain the highest of the MEAs along the clearance route.C. Fly the most direct route to the destination, maintaining the last assigned altitude or MEA, whichever is higher.A X51.The maximum flight time in 24 consecutive hours that a carrier may schedule a pilot in a two pilot crew withouta rest period isA.8 hoursB.10 hoursC.12 hoursA X52.If the airplane attitude remains in a new position after the elevator control is pressed forward and released, the airplane displaysA.-neutral longitudinal static stability.B.-positive longitudinal static stability.C.-neutral longitudinal dynamic stability.A X53.. The heat of the stratophere air is chiefly from .A.the absorption of sun radiation by the water vaporB.the absorption of sun ultraviolet ray radiation by the ozoneC.the absorption of ground radiation by the air.B X54.At which speed will increasing the pitch attitude cause an airplane to climb?A.Low speed.B.High speed.C.Any speed.B X55.. (Refer to Figure 6-2) During the ILS/DME Rwy 36L approach while maintaining an on glide slope indication with a groundspeed of 150 knots, what was the approximate rate of descent?A.760 feet per minute.B.780 feet per minute.C.800 feet per minute.B X56.．If a pilot whose eyes have fully adapted to darkness is exposed to a bright flash of light, the time required for dark adaptation to be re-established is most likely to beA.3 minutes.B.15 minutes.C.30 minutes.C X57.. (Refer to Figure 6-6) After takeoff from Rwy 36L at CAPITAL, if the flight is cleared to depart via YV 4D, pilot must tune VHF NA V on the frequency ofA.114.7MHz.B.514MHz.C.113.6MHz.C X58.. (Refer to Figure 3) In the AIRMET information, the expected changes in intensity of the icing is.A. IntensifyB. WeakenC. No changeB X59.. When a speed adjustment is necessary to maintain separation, what minimum speed may A TC request of a piston arrival aircraft operating below 3,000 meters?A. 210 knotsB. 200 knotsC. 150 knotsB X60.. [Refer to Figure 4-28.] What is the ground roll when landing with 5o of flaps at a landing weight of 142,500 pounds?A.1,750 feet.B.2,100 feet.C.2,500 feet.C X61.Holding position signs haveA.White inscriptions on a red backgroundB.Red inscriptions on a white backgroundC.Yellow inscriptions on a red backgroundA X62.. In flight, pilots find forane clouds consisting of cloud bar and cloud band with flat floor and piled clouds on the top of some clouds. The descriptive cloud should be.A. cumulus congestusB. cumulostratusC. towering cloudsC X63.．The static organ is responsible for the perception of linear acceleration. The statement isA.rightB.wrong.A X64.For the purpose of testing the flight recorder system.A.A minimum of 1 hour of the oldest recorded data must be erased to get a valid testB.A total of 1 hour of the oldest recorded data accumulated at the time of testing may be erasedC.A total of no more than 1 hour of recorded data may be erasedB X65.. An alternate airport must be listed in the dispatch and flight release for all international operation air carrier flights longer thanA.7 hours.B.8 hours.C.6 hours.C X66.. If the wind direction measured by the weather station is 270°,the optimum takeoff and landing direction is .A.from east to westB.from west to eastC.from north to southA X67..Where do squall lines most often develop?A.in an occluded frontB.ahead of a cold frontC.behind a stationary frontB X68.If an aircraft with a gross weight of 2000 pounds were subjected to a total load of 6000 pounds in flight the load factor would beA.2Gs.B.3Gs.C.9GsB X69.. What is the correct symbol for the Minimum Control Speed, Ground?A.VMC.B.VMCG.C.VMCA.B X70.. (Refer to Figure 5) what weather area is there in the east of zhengzhouA. RainB. Light fogC. FogC X71.. What phases is the Critical Flight Phases?A. climb and descent when below 3,000 meters, taxi, takeoff, and landing.B. climb and descent when below 3,000 meters.C. takeoff, and landing.A X72.In a light ,twin-engine airplane with one engine inoperative, when is it acceptable to allow the ball of a slip-skid indicator to be deflected outside the reference lines?A.-While maneuvering at minimum controllable air-speed to avoid over banking.B.-When operating at any airspeed greater than Vmc.C.-When practicing imminent stalls in a banked attitude.B X73.. How often is SNOWTAM broadcast to distant centers?A.Hourly.B.One hour and a half a time.C.30 minutes a time.A X74. A pilot flight crewmember, other than pilot in command, must have received a proficiency check or line-oriented simulator training within the precedingA.6 calendar months.B.12 calendar months.C.24 calendar months.C X75.In small airplanes, normal recovery form spins may become difficult if theA.-CG is too far rearward and rotation is around the longitudinal axis.B.-CG is too far rearward and rotation is around the CG.C.-spin is entered before the stall is fully developed.C X76.．If the authority gradient is too steep,A.the first officer may be unlikely to contribute anything to the decision making process—even when he is sure that the captain has made a mistake!B.The first officer respects the captain's command status but feels free to contribute.C.the first officer may be likely to contribute anything to the decision making processA X77.. At what minimum speed (rounded off) could dynamic hydroplaning occur on main tires having a pressure of 121 PSI?A.90 knots.B.96 knots.C.110 knots.B X78.. (Refer to Figure 6-7) If an aircraft belongs to CA T B and is descending along the course of 227o, which altitude could it descend to?A.FL158.B.FL148.C.FL168.B X79.. A plane, MH 160°, receive this A TC clearance: "... HOLD EAST OF THE ABC VORTAC ON THE ZERO NINER ZERO RADIAL...",What is the recommended procedure to enter the holding pattern?A.Teardrop onlyB.Direct onlyC.Parallel onlyC X80.An air carrier may schedule a pilot to fly in an airplane, in any calendar month, for no more thanA.80hoursB.90 hoursC.100hoursB X81. What recent experience is required to be eligible for the practical test for the original issue of a Category II authorization?A.Within the previous 6 months, six ILS approaches flown manually to the Category I DH.B.Within the previous 12 calendar months, six ILS approaches flown by use of an approach coupler to the Category I or Category II DH.C.Within the previous 6 months, six ILS approaches, three of which may be flown to the Category I DH by use of an approach coupler.C X82.. An A TC "instruction"A.must be read back in full to the controller and confirmed before becoming effective.B.is a directive issued by ATC for the purpose of requiring a pilot to take specific action.C.is the same as an ATC clearance.B X83..What minimum condition is suggested for declaring an emergency?A. Anytime the pilot is doubtful of a condition that could adversely affect flight safety.B. When fuel endurance or weather will require an en route or landing priority.C. When distress conditions such as fire, mechanical failure, or structural damage occurs.A X84. The persons jointly responsible for the initiation, continuation, diversion, and termination of a supplemental air carrier or commercial operator flight are theA.pilot in command and chief pilot.B.pilot in command and director of operations.C.pilot in command and the flight follower.B X85.. Radiation fog usually appears in .A. spring and summer.B. winter and autumn.C. summer and autumn.B X86. How long shall a supplemental air carrier or commercial operator retain a record of the load manifest, airworthiness release, pilot route certification, flight release, and flight plan?A.1 month.B.3 months.C.12 months.B X87. While on an IFR flight in controlled airspace, the failure of which unit will precipitate an immediate report to ATC?A.One engine, on a multiengine aircraftB.Airborne radarC.DMEC X88.．The decision-making process is quite complex; however, it can be condensed into six elements, using the acronym DECIDE. The first D isA.Detect the fact that a change has occurredB.Do the necessary action to adapt to the changeC.Do what we must to do in the situationA X89.what is the free stream mach number which produce first of local sonic flow?A.supersonic mach numberB.transonic mach numberC.critical mach numberC X90.. In which condition is possible to present very serious icing conditions for protracted fligh?A. associated with the smallest size of water droplet similar to that found in low-level stratus clouds.B. associated with thick extensive stratified clouds that produce continuous rain such as altostratus and nimbostratus.C. a cold-soaked aircraft descends into warm, moist air.B X91.. If the cruising speed of an aircraft is 0.70 Marh, pilot may enter the CRUISING SPEED box withA.M070.B.070M.C.M0070.A X92.What type navigation system is inertial Navigation System (INS)? A navigation computer which provides positionA.From information by compass, airspeed, and an input of wind and variation data.B.From radar-type sensors that measure ground speed and drift angles.C.By signals fro, self-contained gyros and accelerometers.C X93.. (Refer to Figure 7) Flying from Kunming to Chengdu, which weather system we would encounterA. A worm front and mountain wavesB. A cold front and moderate icingC. A stationary front and a upper jetC X94.. At Which location dose Coriolis force have the most effect on wind direction?A. At the Poles.B. Middle latitudes(30 oto 60o).C. At the Equator.A X95.The Federal Aviation Administration's Flight Information Service Data Link (FISDL) provides the following products:A.METARS.SIGMETS, PIREP'S and AIRMETS.B.SPECIS, SIGMETS, NOTAM'S, and AIRMETS.C.Convective SIGMETS, PIREPS, AWW's, and adverse conditions.A X96.. [Refer to Figure 4-39.] What is the approximate level-off pressure altitude after drift-down under Operating Conditions below? WT A T ENG FAIL (*1000): 100,ENGINE ANTI-ICE: ON,WING ANTI-ICE: ON,ISA TEMPERA TURE: +10oC,AIR CONDITIONING: ONA.16,400 feet.B.19,600 feet.C.18,700 feet.A X97. An applicant who is scheduled for a practical test for an airline transport pilot certificate, in an approved flight simulator, isA.required to have at least a current third-class medical certificate.B.not required to have a medical certificate.C.required to have a first-class medical certificate.B X98.. [Refer to Figure 4-28 and 4-29.] What approach speed and landing distance will be needed when landing at a weight of 140,000 pounds with 15o of flaps?A.123 knots and 3,050 feet.B.138 knots and 3,050 feet.C.153 knots and 2,050 feet.B X99.. In average, for every 1,000 feet increase in the troposphere, the temperature of the air will .A. descend 2℃B.descend 3℃C. descend 4℃A X100.. [Refer to Figures 4-35 and 4-36.] What are descent fuel and distance under Operating Conditions S-4?A.1,490 pounds, 118 NAM.B.1,400 pounds, 110 NAM.C.1,430 pounds, 113 NAM.C X。

咨询通告中国民用航空局航空器适航审定司编号：AC-21-AA-2015-25R1下发日期：2015年2月6日轻型运动航空器适航管理政策指南轻型运动航空器适航管理政策指南1. 目的本咨询通告提供轻型运动航空器的型号设计批准审定、生产许可审定、适航审定等相关的适航管理政策指南。

2. 依据本咨询通告依据《民用航空产品和零部件合格审定规定》（CCAR-21-R3）制定。

3. 撤销自2015年2月6日起，本咨询通告取代2009年5月5日生效的《轻型运动航空器适航管理政策指南》（AC-21-AA-2009-25）。

4. 参考文件AP-21-AA-2015-37R1，轻型运动航空器型号设计批准审定程序。

5. 概述5.1 定义本咨询通告所述轻型运动航空器是指符合下列条件的轻型运动飞机（固定翼）、滑翔机、旋翼机和轻于空气航空器：(1) 最大起飞重量不超过(i) 600公斤（1,320磅）的轻于空气的航空器；(ii) 600公斤（1,320磅）的不用于水上运行的航空器；或者(iii) 650公斤（1,430磅）的用于水上运行的航空器。

(2) 在海平面标准大气条件下，最大连续功率状态下最大平飞空速（V H）不超过120节校正空速。

(3) 对于滑翔机，最大不可超越速度（V NE）不超过120节校正空速。

(4) 在最大审定起飞重量和最临界的重心位置，并不使用增升装置的条件下，航空器最大失速速度或者最小定常飞行速度（V S1）不超过45节校正空速。

(5) 包括飞行员的最大座位数不超过2座。

(6) 如果是动力航空器，为单台活塞式发动机或者单台电力推进装置。

(7) 如果是除动力滑翔机外的动力航空器，为定距或者桨距可地面调节的螺旋桨。

(8) 如果是动力滑翔机，为定距或者顺桨螺旋桨。

(9) 如果是旋翼机，为定距、半铰接、跷跷板式、两片桨叶旋翼系统。

(10) 如果具有座舱，为非增压座舱。

(11) 除了用于水上运行的航空器或者滑翔机外，为固定起落架。

It is well-known that the automobile is composed of four sections such as engine, chassis, body and electrical system. 众所周知，汽车都由发动机、底盘、车身以及电气系统四部分组成。

The engine which is called the "heart" of a vehicle is used to supply power for an automobile. It includes the fuel, lubricating, cooling, ignition and starting systems. Generally, an automobile is operated by internal combustion engine. The internal combustion engine burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion or "explosion" into rotary force used to propel the vehicle. 发动机是汽车的心脏，向汽车提供动力。

它包含有燃料系统、润滑系统、冷却系统、点火系统和起动系统。

汽车一般采用内燃发动机。

内燃发动机在汽缸里燃烧燃料将内燃所产生的膨胀力转变成旋转力，用以推动车辆前进。

The chassis is a framework used to assemble auto components on it. The chassis itself is divided into four systems like transmission system, suspension system, steering system and brake system. 底盘是一个用以总装汽车部件的框架。

Chapter 5Rotorcraft Flight ManualIntroductionTitle 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part91 requires pilot compliance with the operating limitationsspecified in approved rotorcraft flight manuals, markings, andplacards. Originally, flight manuals were often characterizedby a lack of essential information and followed whateverformat and content the manufacturer deemed appropriate.This changed with the acceptance of the General AviationManufacturers Association (GAMA) specification for aPilot’s Operating Handbook, which established a standardizedformat for all general aviation airplane and rotorcraft flightmanuals. The term “Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH)” isoften used in place of “Rotorcraft Flight Manual (RFM).”5-15-2Figure 5-1. The RFM is a regulatory document in terms of the maneuvers, procedures, and operating limitations described therein.However, if “Pilot’s Operating Handbook” is used as the main title instead of “Rotorcraft Flight Manual,” a statement mustbe included on the title page indicating that the documentis the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) approvedRotorcraft Flight Manual (RFM). [Figure 5-1]Not including the preliminary pages, an FAA-approvedRFM may contain as many as ten sections. These sectionsare: General Information; Operating Limitations; EmergencyProcedures; Normal Procedures; Performance; Weightand Balance; Aircraft and Systems Description; Handling,Servicing, and Maintenance Supplements; and Safety and Operational Tips. Manufacturers have the option ofincluding a tenth section on safety and operational tips andan alphabetical index at the end of the handbook.Preliminary PagesWhile RFMs may appear similar for the same make and model of aircraft, each flight manual is unique since it contains specific information about a particular aircraft, such as the equipment installed, and weight and balance information. Therefore, manufacturers are required to include the serial number and registration on the title page to identify the aircraft to which the flight manual belongs. If a flight manual does not indicate a specific aircraft registration and serial number, it is limited to general study purposes only.Most manufacturers include a table of contents, which identifies the order of the entire manual by section number and title. In addition, some helicopters may include a log of changes or a revision page to track changes to the manual. Usually, each section also contains its own table of contents. Page numbers reflect the section being read, 1-1, 2-1, 3-1, and so on. If the flight manual is published in looseleaf form, each section is usually marked with a divider tab indicating the section number or title, or both. The emergency procedures section may have a red tab for quick identification and reference.General Information (Section 1)The general information section provides the basic descriptiveinformation on the rotorcraft and the powerplant. In somemanuals there is a three-view drawing of the rotorcraft thatprovides the dimensions of various components, including the overall length and width, and the diameter of the rotorsystems. This is a good place for pilots to quickly familiarizethemselves with the aircraft. Pilots need to be aware of thedimensions of the helicopter since they often must decidethe suitability of an operations area for themselves, as wellas hanger space, landing pad, and ground handling needs.Pilots can find definitions, abbreviations, explanations ofsymbology, and some of the terminology used in the manualat the end of this section. At the option of the manufacturer, metric and other conversion tables may also be included.Operating Limitations (Section 2)The operating limitations section contains only those limitations required by regulation or that are necessary for the safe operation of the rotorcraft, powerplant, systems, and equipment. It includes operating limitations, instrument markings, color coding, and basic placards. Some of the areas included are: airspeed, altitude, rotor, and powerplant limitations, including fuel and oil requirements; weight and loading distribution; and flight limitations.Instrument MarkingsInstrument markings may include, but are not limited to, green, red, and yellow ranges for the safe operation of the aircraft. The green marking indicates a range of continuous operation. The red range indicates the maximum or minimum operation allowed while the yellow range indicates a caution or transition area.Airspeed LimitationsAirspeed limitations are shown on the airspeed indicator by color coding and on placards or graphs in the aircraft. A red line on the airspeed indicator shows the airspeed limit beyond which structural damage could occur. This is called the never exceed speed, or V NE . The normal operating speed range is depicted by a green arc. A blue or a red cross-hatched line is sometimes added to show the maximum autorotation speed. [Figure 5-2]Other airspeed limitations may be included in this section of the RFM. Examples include reduced V NE when doors are removed, maximum airspeed for level flight with maximum continuous power (V H ), or restrictions when carrying an external load. Pilots need to understand and adhere to allairspeed limitations appropriate to the make, model, and configuration of the helicopter being flown.5-3Airspeed-knots0 to 130 Knots (0 to 150 MPH) continuous operation 130 Knots (150 MPH) maximum100 Knots (115 MPH) maximum for autorotation150120100208060400KNOTS46810121417AIRSPEEDMPH x 10RPM X100ROTORENGINE23451253051040201535RT405060708090100110120102030TORQUE PERCENT TURBOUT TEMP°C x 10012345 6 789Figure 5-2. Typical airspeed indicator limitations and markings.Figure 5-3. Markings on a typical dual-needle tachometer in areciprocating-engine helicopter. The outer band shows the limits of the superimposed needles when the engine is turning the rotor. The inner band indicates the power-off limits.Figure 5-4. Torque and turbine outlet temperature (TOT) gauges are commonly used with turbine-powered aircraft.Altitude LimitationsIf the rotorcraft has a maximum operating density altitude (see page 7-2), it is indicated in this section of the flight manual. Sometimes the maximum altitude varies based on different gross weights.Rotor Limitations Low rpm does not produce sufficient lift, and high rpm may cause structural damage, therefore rotor rpm limitations have minimum and maximum values. A green arc depicts thenormal operating range with red lines showing the minimum and maximum limits. [Figure 5-3]There are two different rotor rpm limitations: power-on and power-off. Power-on limitations apply anytime the engine is turning the rotor and is depicted by a fairly narrow green band. A yellow arc may be included to show a transition range, which means that operation within this range is limited due to the possibility of increased vibrations or harmonics. This range may be associated with tailboom dynamic modes.Power-off limitations apply anytime the engine is not turning the rotor, such as when in an autorotation. In this case, the green arc is wider than the power-on arc, indicating a larger operating range.Powerplant LimitationsThe powerplant limitations area describes operating limitations on the helicopter’s engine including such itemsas rpm range, power limitations, operating temperatures, and fuel and oil requirements. Most turbine engines and some reciprocating engines have a maximum power and amaximum continuous power rating. The “maximum power” rating is the maximum power the engine can generate and is usually limited by time. The maximum power range is depicted by a yellow arc on the engine power instruments, with a red line indicating the maximum power that must notbe exceeded. “Maximum continuous power” is the maximum power the engine can generate continually and is depicted by a green arc. [Figure 5-4]Manifold pressure is a measure of vacuum at the intakemanifold. It is the difference between the air pressure (or vacuum) inside the intake manifold and the relativeatmospheric pressure of the air around the engine. The red line on a manifold pressure gauge indicates the maximum amount of power. A yellow arc on the gauge warns of pressures approaching the limit of rated power.5-5Figure 5-7. One of the performance charts in the performancesection is the In Ground Effect Hover Ceiling versus Gross Weight chart. This chart can be used to determine how much weight can be carried and still operate at a specific pressure altitude or, if carrying a specific weight, detrmine that specific altitude limitation.Normal Procedures (Section 4)The normal procedures section is the section most frequently used. It usually begins with a listing of airspeeds that may enhance the safety of normal operations. It is a good idea to learn the airspeeds that are used for normal flight operations. The next part of the section includes several checklists, which cover the preflight inspection, before- starting procedure, how to start the engine, rotor engagement, ground checks, takeoff, approach, landing, and shutdown. Some manufacturers also include the procedures for practice autorotations. To avoid skipping an important step, always use a checklist when one is available. More information on maneuvers can be found in Chapter 9, Basic Flight Maneuvers, and Chapter 10, Advanced Flight Maneuvers.Performance (Section 5)The performance section contains all the information required by the regulations and any additional performance information the manufacturer determines may enhance a pilot’s ability to operate the helicopter safely. Although the performance section is not in the limitation section and is therefore not a limitation, operation outside or beyond the flight-tested and documented performance section can be expensive, slightly hazardous, or outright dangerous to life and property. If the helicopter is certificated under 14 CFR part 29, then the performance section may very well be a restrictive limitation. In any event, a pilot should determine the performance available and plan to stay within those parameters.These charts, graphs, and tables vary in style, but all contain the same basic information. Some examples of the performance information that can be found in most flight manuals include a calibrated versus indicated airspeed conversion graph, hovering ceiling versus gross weight charts, and a height-velocity diagram. [Figure 5-7] For information on how to use the charts, graphs, and tables, refer to Chapter 7, Helicopter Performance.Weight and Balance (Section 6)The weight and balance section should contain all the information required by the FAA that is necessary to calculate weight and balance. To help compute the proper data, most manufacturers include sample problems. Weight and balance is detailed in Chapter 6, Weight and Balance.Aircraft and Systems Description(Section 7)The aircraft and systems description section is an excellent place to study all the systems found on an aircraft. The manufacturers should describe the systems in a manner that is understandable to most pilots. For larger, more complexhelicopters, the manufacturer may assume a higher degree of knowledge. For more information on helicopter systems, refer to Chapter 4, Helicopter Components, Sections, and Systems.Handling, Servicing, and Maintenance (Section 8)The handling, servicing, and maintenance section describes the maintenance and inspections recommended by themanufacturer, as well as those required by the regulations, and airworthiness directive (AD) compliance procedures. There are also suggestions on how the pilot/operator can ensure that the work is done properly.This section also describes preventative maintenance that may be accomplished by certificated pilots, as well as the manufacturer’s recommended ground handling procedures, including considerations for hangaring, tie down, and general storage procedures for the helicopter.Supplements (Section 9)The supplements section describes pertinent information necessary to operate optional equipment installed on the helicopter that would not be installed on a standard aircraft. Some of this information may be supplied by the aircraft manufacturer, or by the maker of the optional equipment. The information is then inserted into the flight manual at the time the equipment is installed.Since civilian manuals are not updated to the extent of military manuals, the pilot must learn to read the supplements after determining what equipment is installed and amend their daily use checklists to integrate the supplemental instructions and procedures. This is why air carriers must furnish checklists to their crews. Those checklists furnished to the crews must incorporate all procedures from any and all equipment actually installed in the aircraft and the approved company procedures.Safety and Operational Tips (Section 10) The safety and operational tips section is optional and contains a review of information that could enhance the safety of the operation. Manufacturers may include best operating practices and other recommended procedures for the enhancement of safety and reducing accidents. Some examples of the information that might be covered include physiological factors, general weather information, fuel conservation procedures, external load warnings, low rotor rpm considerations, and recommendations that if not adhered to, could lead to an emergency.Chapter SummaryThis chapter familiarized the reader with the RFM. It detailed each section and explained how to follow and better understand the flight manual to enhance safety of flight.5-6。

一．1.the internal combustion engine 内燃机2. a reciprocating engine 往复发动机3.exhaust emissions 废气排放4.fuel consumption燃料燃烧5.fuel economy 燃油经济性bustion chamber燃烧室7.hybrid-electric vehicle 混动汽车8.mass production大规模生产9.dual-fuel vehicle 双燃料汽车10.air-cooled engine 风冷式发动机二．1. A diesel engine compresses its cylinder air on its compresstion stroke before anyfuel enters the cylinder2.The internal combustion engine is the one most commonly used in theautomotive field.3.According to the fuel energy used,the internal combustion engines are alsodivided into gasoline engines,and diesel engine.4.The piston converts the potential energy of the fuel into the kinetic energy.5.The power production cycle consists of four strokes of the position in areciprocating engine.6.The engine is generally considered the “heart” of an automobile7.This four strokes cycle of piston within the cylinder is repeated time and again topush the vehicle foreard.8.There are actually various types of engines such an electric engines,steamengines,and internal combustion engines.1. compression ratio : the total volume divided bv the compression volume2. internal combustion engine : burning their fuel inside their cylinders3. engine : a heart of an automobile4. stroke : the movement of the piston within the cylinder and the distance of piston travel5. reciprocating : the up and down action of a piston in the cylinder6. gasoline : a mixture of flammable liquid hydrocarbons derived chiefly from crude petroleum.四．1.If you know something about ordinary gasoline engines, you will have notice thatdiesel engines, in many respects, work in the same way as gasoline engines.（柴油机的工作方式在很多方面和汽油机是一样的）2.The engine is the source of power that makes the car and the truck move.(使得汽车行驶)3.As it would not be reasonable to have to stop the engine every time it wasrequired to stop the car.(每次都到停车)4.Some of parts make the car move comfortable or better looking, but most ofthem are to make it run.(有些部件使得汽车更舒适或更美观)5.Not all of this heat can be used, and if allowed to remain in the engine, it wouldsoon destroy it.(如果让其热量保留在发动机中)一、1.gasoline engine 汽油机2.in low-speed driving condition在低速行车条件下3.achieve a variety of different objectives 达到各种不同的目的4.higher energy density高能量密度5.electric motor 电动机6.air conditioning空调装置7.regenerative braking 反馈制动8.power source动力源9.resource consumption 资源消耗10.dashboard display汽车仪表板显示二、1.The engine converts the expanding force of combustion into rotary force used topropel the vehicle.2.The gasoline engine and electric motor shut off automatically so that energy isnot wasted in idling.3.Clean cities uses hybrid electric vehicles as a way for coalitions to reducepetroleum consumption.4.Any vehicle without a transmission could be made to move but not smoothly.5.The electric motor applies resistance to the drive-train causing the wheels toslow down.6.The engine turns a high-speed generator, producing electricity.7.An intelligent power-control system determines the most efficient operation ofthe engine and energy storage system.8.If 10000 hybrid-electric vehicles were on the road rather than current standardvehicles, substantial reductions in emissions and fuel use would occur annually.1. transmission: an automotive assembly of gears by which power is transmitted from the engine to a driving axle.2. parking : to put or leave (a vehicle) for a time in a certain location.3. start : to set into motion , operation, or activity.4. battery : a single cell, such as a dry cell, that prouduces an electric current.5. braking : to reduce the speed of with or as if with a brake.四、1.We want hybrid-electric vehicle that reflect the spirit of the time and vehicleconcepts that express their individuality.(要能反映出时代精神)2.There are various types of engines such as electric motors, steam engines andinternal combustion engines.(电动机、蒸汽机和内燃机)3.The transmission is a speed and power changing device.(一个使速比变化的装置)4.Scientists have still been making efforts to concentrate the future developmentof engines on the three targets: reducing fuel consumption, lowering exhausted emissions, and reducing engine noise.(减少耗油量、降低废气排量以及降低发动机噪声)5.Hybrid system are increasingly becoming more prevalent in light-duty vehicles,but also in transit buses and other heavy-duty vehicles.(正日益变得更加流畅)6.We want hybrid-electric vehicle that reflect the spirit of the time and vehicleconcepts that express their individuality.(要能反映出时代精神)7.There are various types of engines such as electric motors, steam engines andinternal combustion engines.(电动机、蒸汽机和内燃机)8.The transmission is a speed and power changing device.(一个使速比变化的装置)9.Scientists have still been making efforts to concentrate the future developmentof engines on the three targets: reducing fuel consumption, lowering exhaustedemissions, and reducing engine noise.(减少耗油量、降低废气排量以及降低发动机噪声)10.Hybrid system are increasingly becoming more prevalent in light-duty vehicles,but also in transit buses and other heavy-duty vehicles.(正日益变得更加流畅)U5E11. The power train has two maan functions :it conveys powerfrom the engine to the wheels , and it changes the amount of torque2. The power train consists of an engine , a transmission ,a clutch , a drive shaft and differential3. The feature of a manual transmission is to deliver enginepower to the front wheels and rear wheels4. manual transmissions usually have five speeds , which means that the output shaft can rotate faster than the input5. There are several basic components in the clutch , suchas the flywheel , clutch disk , pressure plate , release bearing and linkage.6 Automatic transmissions are used not only in many rear-wheel-dnve and four-whe el-dnve ve- lcles, but In most front-wheel-dnve ones1.T2. T3. F4. F5. T6. FE21. manual transmission 手动变速器2. automatic transmission自动变速器3.planetary gear set 行星齿轮组4. Transaxle assembly驱动桥总成5. differential gear 差速器6. clutch pedal离合器踏板7.gearshift lever 变速杆8. release bearing分离轴承9. engine braking 发动机制动10.torque converter液力变矩器E31.If you’ve read about manual transmissions you know hat an engine is connectedto a transmission by way of a clutch.2.Cars with an automatic transmission have no clutch that disconnects thetransmission from the engine. Instead, they use an amazing device called a torque converter.3.One important function of the power train is to transmit the power of the engineto the wheels.4.The type of transmission ( manual or automatic) determines how the slip joint isconnected to the drive shaft.5.The clutch is located between the back of the engine and the front of thetransmission6.The face of the flywheel that touches the clutch disc is made of iron Even if theflywheel were aluminum , the face is iron.7.When the operator presses the clutch pedal ,the clutch release lever or fork .8.The clutch release bearing in most cases, is a ball bearing assembly with amachined face on one side.E41.clutch : any of various devices for engaging and disengaging two working engagingand disengaging two working parts of a shaft2.shaft: a long, generally cylindrical bar, especially one that rotates and transmits power3.transmission : a speed and power changing device4.gearshift : a mechanism for changing from one gear to another in a5.transaxle : an automotive part that combines the transmission and the differential and is used on vehicles with front-wheel drive6.flywheel: a heavy-rimmed rotating wheel used to minimize variations in angular velocityE51.The power is then carried from the engine through the power train to the car (通过传动系扒发动机传递到车轮) so that the wheels turn and the car moves.2.( 如果汽车变速器需要修理和更换)If your car transmission needs repairs orreplacement，you’ve come to the right phone.3.If you wanted a top speed of 80 km/h，then the gear ratio would be similar tothird gear ( 速比相近于3 挡) ,in most manual transmission cars .4.The torque converter does not require any regular maintenance or adjustments( 不要求定期维护或调整) ，but it may be possible to change the transmission fluid .5.The drive shaft can be. either open or enclosed , depending on the type of driveused (取决于所使用的驱动类型)U6E11 If your brakes can work properly , good brakes are essential for safety during dn、ruvtg.2. The disk brake is the best brake which is generally due to its simpler design , lighteri .elju Ind better braking performance.3 Brake linings used to be made maxnly of metals., because of ats heat absorbing propertlcb4Caliper is an important part, and it must be replaced if it indicates a sign of leak！ng lbfa_e Eutd. .lc5 The reason why we still have cars wlth drum brakes ls cheap.6.Drum brakes consist of some parts , such as a backing plate, brake shoes , brake dm. .1, wheel cylnder, return springs and an automatic or self-adjusting system.. brake shoes a brake1.T2. T3. F4. T5. T6. FE21.brake system制动系统2. the parking brake驻车制动器3.the service brake system行车制动系统4. the disk brake盘式制动器5.the hand brake 手制动6.the brake shoe制动蹄片7.drum brake 鼓式制动器8. brake pads制动块9brake performance 制动性能10. brake fluid制动液E31.The most vital factor in the running and control of the modem vehicles is thebreaking system.2.Brake fluid is a special liquid for use in a hydraulic brake system.3.The small forces applied to the brake pedal usually produce relatively largeforces.4.The rate of slowing down or retardation is governed by the speed of conversionof energy.5.Brake is a friction device for converting the power into heat by means of friction6.To decelerate and stop the moving automobile, the service brake are usuallyused.7.The brake lining of a friction maternal are secured to the shoes by brass8.The brake drum is mounted on the wheel hub.E41 brake : the means of bringing to rest a moving vehicle in a shortest possible distance.2 service brake : stop or slow a car by depressing and releasing the brake pedal.3 hand brake : keep the car from rolling on unleveled ground.4 drum brake : a backing plate , brake shoes , wheel cylinder , return springs etc.5 parking brake : hold the automobile at rest.E51.An automobile brake system is actually a friction device to change power intoheat（实际上就是一种把动力转变成热量的摩擦装置).2.Basically , automobile brakes are of two types: the mechanical brakes and thehydraulic brakes (机械制动器和液压制动)3.The most vital factor in the running and control of the modem vehicles is theautomobile brake system (汽车制动系统).4.There are two brake shoes at each wheel. The bottoms of the shoes are heldapart by an adjuster. The tops of shoes are held apart by a wheel cylinder（蹄片顶部由轮缸分别固定）5.Brake lines are steel tubing with copper and lead coating to prevent rust andcorrosion ( 以防锈蚀)U7EXERCISE 11. T2. F3. F4. F5. T6. F1 . The most important function of the suspension system ls to supply comfortable , safe nde cot- trol2. According to the article , we know that there are five basic types of spnngs used ln sus,eT"-sions ：coil spring , leaf spring , torsion bar spring , traction,barand air spnngn3. The disadvantage of a coil spring ls its compactness , lack of moving parts , and excellentweight supporting characteristics.4. According to e passage , leaf springs are often used on the front suspension of front drive vehtcles5. When the coil springs , leaf springs , torsion bar spring ,L air springs ls defected , thls couldd cause the car to bounce up and down without any control6. Shock absorber movement ls limited by forcing fluid , d which causes the shock absorber to causes the shock absorbercompress or extend at a slow rate.EXERCISE 21.suspension system 悬架系统2.front suspension system前悬架系3.air compressor 空气压缩机4.torque tube传递转矩管5.axle housing alignment 桥壳定位6.coil spring 螺旋弹簧7.lower control arm 下控制臂8.rebound clip缓冲夹9.traction bar 牵引杆10.control arm控制臂EXERCISE 31.The leaf springs or leaves. most commonly used tn automobiles is' made up ofseveral long plates ,2.Suspension refers to the use of the front and rear springs to suspend a vehicle ' srear springs to suspend a vehicle sprung weight3.Shock absorber are hydraulic restricting devices used to hmt the speed of springaction.4.The car frame is connected to the axles by springs which absorb road shock5.The coil springs is made from a length of steel rod wound Into a coil.6.The front-suspension system must allow the wheels to move up and down.7.In operations, the lower control arms pivot up and down , twisting the torsionbars spring.8.Rebound clips are place along the spnng to prevent separahon of the leaveswhen the spring rebounds.EXERCISE 41.coil spring : a round bar of spring steel wound into the shape of a coil2.leaf spring : several layers of spring steel stacked one upon the other3.torsion ba r : spring a long solid steel shaft held at one end to the suspension s control arm4.air spring : a rubber bag or bladder full of air5.shock absorber : a hydraulic device by forcing fluid through passages or orifices6 suspension : use of the front and rear spring to suspend a vehicleEXERCISE 51.We all Know that springs are the major component（弹簧是主要部件) .nautomobile suspension.2.The automobile suspension is one of the major automobile system (汽车的主要系统之一。

《机械专业外语》课程习题集一、短文翻译(英译汉)1. The solution to most design problems does arise from a set of equations, instead it is a compromise to satisfy a number of design requirements and practical limitations such as available tooling and servicing ease. Designs are often revised to introduce new features, but as much as possible of the old design is retained for economic reasons. Producing a revised design is usually not as difficult as producing a new design because the history of the original is available for evaluation.2. When cutting screw threads, power is provided to the gearbox of the apron by the lead screw. In all other turning operations, it is feed rod that drives the carriage. The lead screw goes through a pair of half nuts, which are fixed to the rear of the apron. When actuating a certain lever, the half nuts are clamped together and engage with the rotating lead screw as a single nut, which is feed , together with the carriage along the bed.3.Generally, grinding is considered to be a finishing process that is usually used for obtaining high-dimensional accuracy and better surface finish. Grinding can be performed on flat, cylindrical, or even internal surfaces by employing specialized machine tools, which are referred to as grinding machines. Obviously, grinding machines differ in construction as well as capabilities, and the type to be employed is determined mainly by the geometrical shape and nature of the surface to be ground. -e.g. cylindrical surfaces are ground on cylindrical grinding machines.4. The dielectric serves to concentrate the discharge energy into a channel of very small crosssectional area. It also cools the two electrodes, and flushes away the products of machining from the gap. The electrical resistance of the dielectric influences the discharge spark energy and time of spark initiation .if the resistance is low , an early discharge spark occurs. If it is large the capacitor will attain a higher value charge before the discharge spark occurs.5. As we previously saw, CNC,DNC and computer-assisted part programming are different kinds of preplanned computerized control of machine tools. In all cases, the tool path has to be established beforehand through a program, the person who prepares the programs employs his or her experience in order to bring the processing time to minimum and not to cause any damage or distortion to the workpiece. This is, in many cases, a difficult problem that involves many factors, alternatives, and constraints. Obviously, this is exactly where an expert system is needed.6. Equipment productively is improved because of the better utilization of machines whenCIM is implemented. We can see that factors like program ability of equipment and computerized monitoring and control of the whole manufacturing facility would largely improve the efficiency of machine utilization. Higher labor and equipment productivity would certainly result in lower product cost.7. Where loads are due to contact, a pair of equal and opposite forces occur. One force acts as an external load on one contacting member. This action-reaction force pairing is one of the basic natural laws put to practical use by engineers. Tracing these power transmission forces through connected machine linkages is an extremely useful visualization aid for identifying machine component loads.8. Element design is concerned with the proper sizing of machine elements to perform a given function at some stated life criterion. Mechanical designers must also be familiar with properties of materials and machining processes to achieve optimal design. In addition, designers must always contend with the question of cost. The watchword should be simplicity, since a simple device is usually the least expensive.9. The tailstock assembly consists basically of three parts, its lower base, an intermediate part, and the quill. The lower base is a casting that can slide on the lathe bed along the guideways, and it has a clamping device to enable locking the entire tailstock at any desired location, depending upon the length of the workpiece. The intermediate part is a casting that can be moved transversely to enable alignment of the axis of the tailstock with that of the headstock.10. Internal grinding is employed for grinding relatively short holed. The workpiece is held in a chuck or a special fixture. Both the grinding wheel and the workpiece rotate during the operation and feed is applied in the longitudinal direction. Any desired depth of cut can be obtained by the cross feed of the grinding wheel. A variation from this type is planetary internal grinding, which is recommended for heavy workpieces that cannot be held in chucks. In the case, the grinding wheel not only spins around its own axis but also rotates around the centerline of the hole that is being ground.11. The intelligent robot has always been the dream of manufacturing engineers, in order to make the automated factory of the future attainable. It is artificial intelligence that will make that dream come true. By definition, an intelligent robot is one that is able to think, sense, and effect, so that it can cope with a changing environment and learn from experience. Since thinking is a brain function, it is obvious that it would fall within the domain of artificial intelligence if it is to be performed by a computer. An integration between sensing, reasoning, and effecting would unify artificial intelligence and robots, with the final outcome an intelligent robot.12. In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in the range of media used to convey information. Initially, communication was limited to simple forms of media such as voice and paper. This century, however, has witnessed the introduction of a greater variety of media types such as the telephone and visual forms of media. In the latter part of the century,this trend has accelerated and there is now a wide range of media types available to convey information.13. It is well known that a hot plate of metal will cool faster when placed in front of a fan than when exposed to still air. We say that the heat is convected away and we call the process convection heat transfer. Convection is a much simpler physical process than conduction since it merely consists of the actual motion of a volume of hot fluid from one place to another.14.Around the turn of the twentieth century the steam turbine came into use. Steam turbines are very efficient. They can utilize almost 40 percent of the energy supplied to them. They are three times as efficient as reciprocating engines. Steam turbines power many of the world's ships and the majority of the world's electricity generating stations.15. Most small i.C.engines in common use has four cylinders, which fire in a definite and regular sequence. A flywheel is fitted to the crankshaft to keep it running smoothly. It is essential for the inlet and exhaust valves to open and close at exactly the appropriate moment in relation to the position of the piston. Therefore they are actuated by a cam-shaft running in phase with the crankshaft.16. The alternative to forming method is machining. In machining, a sharpened tool of suitable shape removes material in the form of chips until the desired shape is produced. The use of computer and punched-tape control of machine tools makes it possible forthe machining tool to follow any complex three-dimensional path.17. Perhaps because more high-strength, hard, tough, and exotic materials are used, there isa tendency to use chipless machining despite the progress just noted. There is a trend to reduce the amount of metal that needs to be removed. Often chipless machining is more expensive, but the reduced loss of material results in a saving. The increased use of metal forming, forging, rolling, die-casting and other processes illustrates this trend.18.For the semi-mechanized forging of small to medium-sized components, forging hammers powered by various means are employed. The feature common to all of them is that, like the hand forging hammer, they utilize the energy of a falling weight to develop the pressure needed for shaping the metal. Larger components are forged by means of forging presses operated by steam or compressed air or by hydraulic or electric power. Largely automatic forging machines are used for the quantity production of engineering parts.19. As we know, these are the main tasks of an engineer: to explore new ways, invent new solutions to problems, and design new devices. In the research stage of a project, the engineer usually has found a new way of doing a job and is analyzing it (using mathematics and computers) to see how feasible the idea is and how well it will work. The development stage then follows. Here the idea is carried out in the laboratory. The processes vary among different projects, but the basic point is the same: Turn the idea into a working reality.20.The fact that steel can possess a wide range of useful mechanical properties is of extreme economic importance. This is clearly illustrated in the railroad industry, forex-ample. To move a train from one place to another, we use a locomotive which has the ability to pull a given total load. This load is composed of the weight of the cars and the weight of the freight being transported. If a freight car is made of high strength steel, the structural members can be relatively small and the car will be lighter as well as stronger. This means that the amount of freight can be increased.21.The simplest method of welding two pieces of metal together is known as pressure welding. The ends of metal are heated to a white heat— for iron, the welding temperature should be about 13000C—in a flame, At this temperature the metal becomes plastic. The ends are then pressed or hammered together, and the joint is smoothed off. Care must be taken to ensure that the surfaces are thoroughly clean first, for dirt will weaken the weld. Moreover, the heating of iron or steel to a high temperature causes oxidation, and a film of oxide is formed on the heated surfaces.22. The design of a machine includes many factors other than those of determining the loads and stresses and selecting the proper materials. Before construction or manufacture can begin, it is necessary to have complete assembly and detail drawings to convey all necessary information to the shop men. The designer frequently is called upon to check the drawings before they are sent to the shop. Much experience and familiarity with manufacturing processes are needed before one can become conversant with all phases of production drawings.23. Flat pulleys and belts. This is the oldest and simplest type of pulley and belt. The pulley may be a single pulley, or it may have three or four different diameters. A one-piece pulley having three or four diameters is called a cone pulley. Actually the pulleys are not flat. They are tapered slightly so that the diameter of the pulley is a little larger at its center. We call this a crowned pulley. The pulley is made larger in diameter at the center because a flat belt will always climb to the highest part of a pulley. The crown ensures that the belt will run in the center of the pulley.24.Of course, materials have always been vital to human civilization. Three of humanity’s earliest eras are called the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age, because the civilization of each was almost entirely dependent on the material after which the era was named. But now, in the twentieth century, materials-not just one, but many-have become a most important factor on which the advance of technology and industry depends. Our progress in space, in electronics, and in atomic energy is directly linked to the solution of crucial materials problems.25.The purpose of the design calculations is of course to attempt to predict the stress or deformation if the part in order that it may safely carry the loads which will be imposed upon it, and that it may last for the expected life of the machine. All calculations are, of course, dependent on the physical properties of the construction materials as determined by laboratory tests. A rational method of design attempts to take the results of relatively simple and fundamental tests and apply them to all the complicated and involved situations encountered in present-day machinery.二、按要求翻译下列句子（略）……答案1.对大多数设计问题的解决并不是来源于一组公式，而是受制于要满足很多设计要求和实际限制诸如可用的工具或使用的舒适性。

行业标准规范英汉对照-内燃机1J 机械活塞式内燃机与其他动力设备1 GB/T 725-1991 内燃机产品名称和型号编制规则Internal combustion engines-Nomenclature and code of designations2 GB/T 726-1994 往复式内燃机旋转方向、气缸和气缸盖上气门的标志及直列式内燃机右机、左机和发动机方位的定义Reciprocating internal combustion engines--Designation of the direction of rotation and of cylinders and valves in cylinder heads and definition of right-hand and left-hand in line engines and locations on an engine3 GB/T 727-1985 涡轮增压器产品命名和型号编制方法Denomination for turbochargers and code of identification symbols4 GB/T 1105.1-1987 内燃机台架性能试验方法标准环境状况及功率、燃油消耗和机油消耗的标定Performance test methods for reciprocating internal combustion engine--Standard ambient conditions and declarations of power, fuel consumption and lubricating oil consumption5 GB/T 1105.2-1987 内燃机台架性能试验方法试验方法 Performance test methods for reciprocating internal combustion engine--Test methods6 GB/T 1105.3-1987 内燃机台架性能试验方法测量技术 Performance test methods for reciprocating internal combustion engine--Measurement techniques7 GB/T 1147-1987 内燃机通用技术条件Reciprocating internal combustion engines--General technical specifications8 GB/T 1148-1993 内燃机铝活塞技术条件 Aluminium piston--Reciprocating internal combustion engines--Technical specifications9 GB/T 1149.1-1994 内燃机活塞环通用规则 Internal combustion engines--Piston rings--General specifications10 GB/T 1149.2-1994 内燃机活塞环术语 Internal combustion engines--Piston rings-Vocabulary11 GB/T 1149.3-1992 内燃机活塞环刮环Internal combustion engines-Piston rings-Scraper rings12 GB/T 1149.4-1994 内燃机活塞环技术要求 Internal combustion engines--Piston rings--Quality requirements13 GB/T 1149.5-1992 内燃机活塞环油环Internal combustion engines-Piston rings-Oil control rings14 GB/T 1149.6-1994 内燃机活塞环检验方法 Internal combustion engines--Piston rings--Inspection measuring principles15 GB/T 1149.7-1994 内燃机活塞环螺旋撑簧油环Internal combustion engines--Piston rings--Coil-spring-loaded oil control rings16 GB/T 1150-1993 内燃机湿式铸铁气缸套技术条件Internal combustion engines--Cast iron wet type cylinder liners--Specification17 GB/T 1151-1993 内燃机主轴瓦及连杆轴瓦技术条件Internal combustion engines--Main and connecting rod bearings--Specification18 GB 1576-1996 低压锅炉水质 Water quality for low pressure boilers19 GB/T 1859-1989 内燃机噪声声功率级的测定准工程法 Determination of sound power levels of internal combustion engines noise-Quasi-engineering method20 GB/T 1883-1989 往复活塞式内燃机术语 Reciprocating internal combustion engines-Terminology21 GB/T 1921-1988 工业蒸汽锅炉参数系列 Specifications for industrial steam boiler22 GB/T 2785-1988 内燃机气门弹簧技术条件 Internal combustion engine--Technical requirements for valve springs23 GB/T 2940-1982 柴油机用喷油泵、调速器、喷油器弹簧技术条件 Technical specifications of springs for fuel pump, governor and injecter of diesel engines24 GB/T 3166-1988 热水锅炉参数系列 Specifications series of hot water boiler25 GB/T 3821-1983 中小功率内燃机清洁度测定方法 Determination of cleanliness for small and medium power internal combustion engines26 GB/T 4556-1984 往复式内燃机防火Reciprocating internal combustion engines--Fire protection27 GB/T 4672-1984 往复式内燃机手操纵机构动作方向Reciprocating internal combustion engines--Hand operated control devices--Standard direction of motion28 GB/T 4759-1995 内燃机排气消声器测量方法 Measurement procedure for exhaust silencers of internal combustion engines29 GB/T 5264-1985 柴油机喷油泵柱塞偶件技术条件 Technical specification of fuel injection pump plunger and barrel assembly for diesel engines30 GB/T 5769-1986 柴油机喷油器总成技术条件 Technical specification for fuel injector assemblies of diesel engines31 GB/T 5771-1986 柴油机喷油泵出油阀偶件技术条件 Technical specification for delivery valves of fuel injection pumps of diesel engines32 GB/T 5772-1986 柴油机喷油嘴偶件技术条件 Technical specification for fuel injection nozzles of diesel engines33 GB/T 6072-1985 往复式内燃机超速保护Reciprocating internal combustion engines--overspeed protection34 GB/T 6573-1986 拖拉机柴油机散热器型号编制方法 Cooling water radiators for tractor diesel engines--Method of identification symbols35 GB/T 6574-1986 拖拉机柴油机散热器型式、参数和连接尺寸 Types and dimensions and installation parameters of cooling water radiators for tractor diesel engines36 GB/T 6809.1-1986 往复式内燃机内燃机零部件名词和定义第一部分固定件及外部罩盖 Reciprocating internal combustion engines--Terms and definitions of engine components--Part 1: Struture and external covers37 GB/T 6809.2-1988 往复式内燃机零部件术语和定义气门组件、凸轮轴传动和气门驱动机构Reciprocating internal combustion engines-vocabulary of components and systems--Valves, camshaft drive and actuating mechanisms38 GB/T 6809.3-1989 往复式内燃机零部件术语主要运动件 Reciprocating internal combustion engines-Terminology of components main running gear39 GB/T 6809.4-1989 往复式内燃机零部件术语增压及进排气管系统 Reciprocating internal combustion engines-Terminology of components pressure-charging and air/exhaust gas ducting systems40 GB/T 6903-1986 锅炉用水和冷却水分析方法通则 Methods for analysis of waterfor boiler and for cooling--General rule41 GB/T 6904.1-1986 锅炉用水和冷却水分析方法 pH的测定玻璃电极法 Methods for analysis of water for boiler and for cooling--The determination of pH--The glass electrode method42 GB/T 6904.2-1986 锅炉用水和冷却水分析方法 pH的测定比色法 Methods for analysis of water for boiler and for cooling--The determination of pH--Colorimetric method43 GB/T 6904.3-1993 锅炉用水和冷却水分析方法 pH的测定用于纯水的玻璃电极法Analysis of water used in boiler and cooling system--Determination of pH--The glass electrode method for pure water44 GB/T 6905.1-1986 锅炉用水和冷却水分析方法氯化物的测定摩尔法 Methods for analysis of water for boiler and for cooling--The determination of chloride--The Mohr method45 GB/T 6905.2-1986 锅炉用水和冷却水分析方法氯化物的测定电位滴定法 Methods for analysis of water for boiler and for cooling--The determination of chloride--Potentiometric titration46 GB/T 6905.3-1986 锅炉用水和冷却水分析方法氯化物的测定汞盐滴定法 Methods for analysis of water for boiler and for cooling--The determination of chloride--Method of mercurimetric titration47 GB/T 6905.4-1993 锅炉用水和冷却水分析方法氯化物的测定共沉淀富集分光光度法Analysis of water used in boiler and cooling system--Determination of chloride--Coprecipitation concentration and spectrophotometry48 GB/T 6906-1986 锅炉用水和冷却水分析方法联氨的测定 Methods for analysis of water for boiler and for cooling--The determination of hydrazine49 GB/T 6907-1986 锅炉用水和冷却水分析方法水样的采集方法 Methods for analysis of water for boiler and for cooling--The sampling method for water50 GB/T 6908-1986 锅炉用水和冷却水分析方法电导率的测定 Methods for analysis of water for boiler and for cooling--The determination of electrical conductivity for water。