Complications of local anesthesia

腰大池腹腔分流术手术分级英文回答：Lumbar Subarachnoid Drainage.Classification of Procedure.Lumbar subarachnoid drainage (LSD) is a neurosurgical procedure that involves the insertion of a catheter into the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region of the spine. The catheter is used to drain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and relieve pressure on the brain and spinal cord.LSD is classified into two main types:1. Temporary LSD: The catheter is inserted and removed during the same surgical procedure. This type of LSD is typically used to provide temporary relief of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in patients with conditions such as traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, orcerebral edema.2. Permanent LSD: The catheter is left in place for an extended period of time. This type of LSD is typically used to treat patients with chronic conditions that cause increased ICP, such as hydrocephalus or idiopathic intracranial hypertension.Indications for LSD.LSD is indicated for the management of increased ICP in various clinical scenarios, including:Traumatic brain injury.Subarachnoid hemorrhage.Cerebral edema.Hydrocephalus.Idiopathic intracranial hypertension.Contraindications for LSD.LSD is contraindicated in patients with:Active infection at the insertion site.Bleeding disorders.Severe spinal deformity.Procedure Technique.LSD is typically performed under local anesthesia. The patient is placed in the lateral decubitus position with the knees flexed. The insertion site is identified and prepped. A small incision is made, and a spinal needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space. A catheter is then threaded through the needle and advanced into the CSF. The catheter is secured in place with sutures or tape.Complications of LSD.LSD is generally a safe procedure, but complications can occur, including:Infection.Bleeding.Nerve damage.CSF leak.Headache.中文回答：腰大池腹腔分流术。

开颅手术术前麻醉讨论记录范文英文回答：Discussion Record for Preoperative Anesthesia for Craniotomy.Anesthesiologist: Good morning, everyone. Today, we are going to discuss the preoperative anesthesia for a craniotomy. Let's start by reviewing the patient's medical history. The patient is a 45-year-old male with a history of hypertension and no known allergies. Any concerns or considerations regarding the patient's medical history?Surgeon: The patient's hypertension is well-controlled with medication, and there are no other significant medical issues. I don't foresee any major challenges related to his medical history.Anesthesiologist: That's good to know. Now let's discuss the anesthesia plan. For this craniotomy, wetypically use a combination of general anesthesia and local anesthesia. The general anesthesia will ensure the patientis unconscious and pain-free during the procedure, whilethe local anesthesia will provide postoperative pain relief. Any objections or suggestions regarding the anesthesia plan?Surgeon: I agree with the use of general anesthesia for unconsciousness and pain control. However, I would like to avoid excessive sedation to allow for intraoperative neurological monitoring. Can we adjust the anesthesia accordingly?Anesthesiologist: Absolutely, we can adjust the anesthesia to ensure adequate monitoring while maintaining the patient's comfort. We can use a lighter level of sedation and closely monitor the patient's neurological status during the procedure.Surgeon: Thank you for accommodating that. Now, let's discuss the potential risks and complications associatedwith the anesthesia. Are there any specific concerns we should be aware of?Anesthesiologist: The risks associated with this procedure include bleeding, infection, allergic reactions to anesthesia medications, and neurological complications. We will take all necessary precautions to minimize these risks and closely monitor the patient throughout the surgery. Is there anything else we should consider?Surgeon: No, I think we have covered all the important aspects. I appreciate your expertise and collaboration in ensuring the best possible outcome for our patient.Anesthesiologist: You're welcome. It's always a pleasure working with you. If there are no further questions or concerns, let's proceed with the preoperative preparation and ensure everything is in place for a successful craniotomy.中文回答：术前麻醉讨论记录。

口腔局部麻醉的并发症及其防治口腔局部麻醉是口腔疾病诊治过程中经常应用的技术之一，其并发症及不良反应的发生率为4.5%~ 13%，其中大部分不良反应是可逆的、一过性的，但是不能排除威胁生命的可能。

口腔局部麻醉的并发症分为局部并发症和全身并发症2大类，具体类型较多，在临床处理中需要注意的问题亦较多；因此，对于口腔医师来说，除了掌握口腔局部麻醉理论和技术之外，如何正确预防和处理口腔局部麻醉的并发症，也是一项必备的临床技能。

本文着重于临床常见的局部麻醉并发症，对其防治原则进行了探讨和论述。

标签：口腔；局部麻醉；全身并发症；局部并发症Complications of oral local anesthesia and their preventive treatmentsPan Jian, Zhang Zhuang.（Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China）[Abstract]Local anesthetic administration is a common dental procedure in clinical practice. The incidence rate of complications and side effects is about 4.5% to 13%, and almost of them are usually of a reversible and tem－porary nature, though the potential for a more serious response does exist. The complications of local anesthesia include systemic and local adverse reaction, which is involved in much type of signs and symptoms. The preven－tion and treatment should be carefully considered when it occurs. Thus, dental doctors should not only master the theory and techniques of local anesthesia before anesthetic injection, but also are familiar with prevention and treatment of complications. This paper focus on the frequent complications in anesthesia practice, and the princi－ples related to prevention and cure of complications were discussed.[Key words]oral cavity；local anesthesia；systemic complication；local complication口腔局部麻醉是口腔疾病诊治过程中常用的技术手段之一。

老年病人手术的麻醉麻醉恢复室一、填空题1、现 WHO 的划分标准岁为老年。

2、（肌松药）很少受增龄的影响。

3、全身麻醉病人术后超过仍意识不恢复，则认为苏醒延迟。

4、静脉注射哌替啶，药效高峰在 10min 内，应在用药后至少才能转出。

5、苏醒期病人吸入麻醉药肺泡内浓度降至MAC 时病人已可能对外界语言刺激有反应。

二、判断题1、病人的生理年龄与实际年龄相符，因此可准确的判断病人的生理年龄。

2、老年病人的麻醉时，手术部位、病人合并的并发症可能比患者的年龄对患者的影响更大。

3、PACU 的设置只是为了加快手术室的运转速度。

4、PACU 收治当日全麻病人术后未苏醒者,非全身麻醉后病人情况尚未稳定者，或神经功能未恢复者。

5、老年病人采用吸入麻醉药时最低肺泡气浓度（MAC）显著降低三、、名词解释1、PACU2、麻醉苏醒期3、苏醒延迟4、双向呼吸抑制5、MAC 清醒值三、选择题A 型题1、下列哪种药是拮抗非去极化肌松药的A、f lum azen ilB、n alo x o n eC、ben zo d iazepin esD、n eo s t i g m in eE 、 succinylcholine2 、２、 Which kind of medicament can reverse the effect ofbenzodiazepines ?A naloxoneB flumazenilC neostigmineD atropineE 、vecuronium3、Which kind of medicament are more proper in elderly patients.A atracuriumB vecuroniumC pancuroniumD suxamethonium chlorideX 型题4、病人苏醒期出现高血压其可能原因有A、伤口疼痛B、病人不能耐受气管导管C、二氧化碳蓄积D、急性心梗E、膀胱内尿潴流5、下列哪些是高龄的影响A、肺活量降低B、大脑萎缩C、肾单位减少D、肝解毒能力下降E、体液总量比青年人多五、问答题1、、What is the principle when we execute anesthesia in elderpatients?2、Plea s e d es c r ibe t h e c r it eria f o r d i s c h ar g e in PA C U.3、W h y d o es t h e eld er ly pat ien t m o r e s en s i t iv e t o an es t h et ic.4、Describe the advantage and disadvantage of local anesthesia ,spiralor epidural anesthesia ,general anesthesia in elderly patient.5、What may cause Hypoxemia in PACU.参考答案与题解一、填空题1、75-89 岁2、阿曲库铵3、2 小时4、20 分钟5、0.4-0.5二、判断题1、错2、对3、错4、对5、对三、名词解释1、即 postanestheic care unit,亦称麻醉恢复室（recovery room）,主要收治当日全麻病人术后未苏醒者和全麻后病人情况尚未稳定者，或神经功能未恢复者。

疼痛評估及處理(Pain Assessment and Intervention)一、前言：吳麗彬二、疼痛的生理觀：(一)Pain transduction (疼痛傳導)1.Fast pain (快速痛)2.Slow pain (慢速痛)(二)Pain transmission (疼痛傳遞)1.A-delta fibers (A-delta 纖維)2.C fibers (C 纖維)(三)Pain modulation (疼痛調節)1.Modulation via the dorsal horn (經由脊髓神經角調節)2.Modulation via descending pathways (經由抑制疼痛路徑調節):如Endorphin3.Modulation via endogenous chemicals(經由內生性化學物質調節)三、疼痛的理論：(一)Specificity theory(二)Gate-control theory四、疼痛型態(Types of pain)(一)Acute pain (急性疼痛)(二)Chronic pain (慢性疼痛)(三)Cutaneous or superficial pain (皮膚或表皮痛)(四)Deep somatic pain (深部驅幹痛)(五)Visceral pain (內臟痛)(六)Referres pain (反射痛)五、疼痛的評估及處理：(一)評估：1.影響疼痛的因素：(1) Perception of pain (對疼痛的認知)(2) Response to pain (對疼痛的反應)(3) Therapeutic implications of the pain process (疼痛過程的治療情形)2.評估之基本原則：(見表)(1) History (病史)* Pain of location (疼痛部位)* Extension or radiation (範圍或輻射大小)* Onset and pattern (開始時間和疼痛型態)* Duration (疼痛期間多久)* Character or quality (特性或性質)* Precipitation, aggravating, and alleviating factors (加強或減輕因素)* Intensity (增強情形)* Associated symptoms (相關症狀)* Effect on activities of daily living (對日常生活影響)* Methods of pain relief (減輕疼痛方法)(2) Physical examination (身體檢查)* Sympathetic responses (交感神經反應)：Vital signs 變化等* Parasympathetic responses (副交感神經反應)：腸胃症狀等* Behavioral responses (行為表現)：呻吟、嘆氣、退縮等(3) Tools used to assess pain (疼痛評估工具)：10分法、直線法等(二)處理：1.Basic principles (基本原則)(1) Alleviating anxiety (減輕焦慮)(2) Distraction or diversion (轉移或分散注意力)(3) Combatting anticipatory fears (處理預期性害怕)(4) Providing physical care (提供身體照護)(5) Administration of pain-relieving medication (給減輕疼痛藥物)(6) Managing chronic interatable pain (處理慢性棘手的疼痛)(7) Managing progressive pain (處理進行性的疼痛)2.Invasive interventions (侵入性治療)(1) Local anesthesia (局部麻醉)(2) Topical local anesthesia (全身麻醉)*(3) Analgesia (止痛劑). Mechanisms of analgesia (使用機轉). Types of analgesics (種類)A. 非Opioids (麻醉性)止痛劑：NSAIDB. 弱Opioids (麻醉性)止痛劑：Codeine，DemerolC. 強Opioids (麻醉性)止痛劑：Morphine. Complications of opiate analgesics (止痛劑之副作用)A. Respiratory depression (呼吸抑制)B. Constipation (便祕)----最常見C. Paresthesias (感覺異常)D. Tolerance (抗藥性)E. Addiction (成癮性). Factors influencing the effectiveness of analgesics (影響止痛劑效果之因素)A. Relative analgesic potency (各藥物本身效能)B. Time action (給予時間)C. Oral potency (口服效果)D. Principles and methods of analgesic administration(止痛劑給藥原則及方法)(A)Preadministration assessment (給藥前評估)a.Drug allergies or sensitivities (藥物過敏及感受情形)b.Other medications the client is taking (其他藥物使用情況)c.Body weight (體重)d.Individual pain experience (個人疼痛經驗)e.Other individual characteristics (個人體質)：age，generalstate of health，mental status，probableduration of pain，and probable life expectancyf.Body system assessment (身體系統評估)g.Previous response to analgesics (過去對止痛劑的反應)(B)Methods of administration (給藥方法)a.Nurse-Administered (Demand) (護理人員給予)b.Patient-Controlled analgesic (病人自控式給藥)c.Intraspinal analgesia (經脊髓給予)d.Nerve bolcks (神經阻斷)(4)Neurosurgery for pain relief (外科去神經疼痛減輕)(5)Stimulation therapy (刺激治療)：如 Transcutaneous electricnerve stimulation (TENS) (經皮電神經刺激)(6)Radiation therapy (放射線治療)(7)Placebos (安慰劑)3.Noninvasive interventions (其他非侵入性治療)(1)Meditation (藥物)：如鎮定劑等(2)Autogenic training (自體免疫加強)(3)Progressive relaxation training (進行性放鬆訓練)(4)Guided imagery (冥想法)(5)Rhythmic breathing (呼吸節律控制法)(6)Operant conditioning (由心而起的反應)(7)Biofeedback (生物迴饋法). Establishing a therapeutic relationship (建立治療性關係). Cutaneous stimulation (表皮刺激)：如按摩. Hypnosis (催眠). Music (音樂). Acupressure (針灸)六、總結參考資料：Black, J. M. & Matassarin-Jacobs, E. (1993). Luckmann and Sorensen’s medical-surgical nursing: a psychophysiologic approach. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co.Kaye, P. (1996). Symmptom control in hospice & palliative care. Hospice education institute.黃愛娟。

麻醉科的常用医学术语与缩写在麻醉科领域，医学术语和缩写是医生们日常工作中必备的工具。

对于非专业人士来说，这些术语和缩写可能会让人感到困惑。

本文将介绍麻醉科中常用的医学术语与缩写，帮助读者更好地了解麻醉科学。

一、常用医学术语1. 麻醉（Anesthesia）：通过给予适当的药物，使患者丧失痛觉、意识、记忆和自主呼吸等生理反应的一种临床技术。

麻醉分为全身麻醉、局部麻醉和脊麻。

2. 麻醉师（Anesthesiologist）：专门从事麻醉技术的医生，负责监测患者的生理参数、调控麻醉药物的使用和处理紧急情况。

3. 麻醉助手（Anesthesia Assistant）：协助麻醉师进行麻醉操作的医护人员。

4. 麻醉前评估（Preoperative Assessment）：在手术前对患者进行全面评估，包括患者的病史、体格检查、实验室检查等，以确定麻醉方案。

5. 麻醉监测（Anesthesia Monitoring）：监测患者在麻醉过程中的生命体征，如心率、血压、呼吸等。

6. 麻醉深度（Depth of Anesthesia）：麻醉过程中对患者意识状态的监测和评估。

7. 麻醉恢复（Post Anesthesia Care）：手术结束后患者从麻醉状态恢复到清醒状态的过程。

8. 麻醉并发症（Anesthesia Complications）：麻醉过程中可能出现的不良反应或并发症，如呼吸抑制、心律失常等。

9. 麻醉设备（Anesthesia Equipment）：用于麻醉操作的各种设备，包括麻醉机、监护仪、呼吸机等。

10. 麻醉药物（Anesthetic Drugs）：用于诱导、维持和恢复麻醉状态的药物，包括镇静药、止痛药、肌松药等。

11. 麻醉技术（Anesthetic Techniques）：不同的手术需要采用不同的麻醉技术，如全身麻醉、区域麻醉、静脉麻醉等。

12. 麻醉病房（Anesthesia Room）：专用于麻醉操作和监护的手术准备区域。

口腔残根拔除病历书写范文英文回答：Patient Name: [Name]Age: [Age]Date of Procedure: [Date]Chief Complaint: The patient presented with a fractured tooth and severe pain in the lower left quadrant of the mouth.History of Present Illness: The patient reported experiencing pain and discomfort in the lower left quadrant of the mouth for the past few weeks. The pain worsened when chewing or applying pressure to the area. Upon examination, it was revealed that the pain was originating from a fractured root of a tooth that required extraction.Past Medical History: The patient has a history of hypertension and seasonal allergies. No known drugallergies were reported.Procedure: The patient was scheduled for a tooth extraction due to the fractured root. Local anesthesia was administered to ensure a painless procedure. The tooth was carefully extracted, and the area was thoroughly cleaned to prevent infection.Post-Procedure Instructions: The patient was advised to avoid chewing on the extraction site and to follow a soft diet for the next few days. Pain medication and antibiotics were prescribed to manage any discomfort and prevent infection. The patient was also instructed to maintain good oral hygiene and to gently rinse the mouth with salt water.Follow-Up: The patient was scheduled for a follow-up appointment in one week to monitor the healing process and remove any sutures if necessary.Complications: No immediate complications were notedduring the procedure. The patient was informed about the possibility of mild swelling, bleeding, or discomfort in the days following the extraction.Pathology Report: The extracted tooth and root fragments were sent for histopathological examination to rule out any underlying pathology.中文回答：患者姓名，[姓名]年龄，[年龄]手术日期，[日期]主诉，患者因下颌左侧四分之一处牙齿断裂并且疼痛就诊。