达尔文进化论 英文

EVOLUTIONAbout the origin of human beings.,.animals and plants ,scientists have done many hypothesis, to finally fall two, evolution and creationism. Create theory and the theory of evolution is quite different.The pattern that all organisms is created by god from the original to the various life. But pattern of life is that human are created in the long evolution process from organic, inorganic and organic matter protein, finally evolved into the most simple one-celled organisms and life.It is very well known that Create theory which is not an acceptable theory now though popular in old days,that it is Charles.Darwin-the Father of Modern Biology that find the theory of evolution but few know about his experience of how did he cultivate and develope the interest of bioscience and what deficulties he had suffered form.His whole life was changed by one lucky chance. In 1831, before he went on the voyage of the Beagle(贝格尔号), he was a very ordinary young man of twenty-two. No one in England—certainly not Darwin himself —had any idea of the future he had before him.He was not a very clever boy, but Darwin was good at doing the things that interested him. He also took pleasure in carrying out experiments. Darwin soon became a keen collector. He collected anything that caught his interest: insects（昆虫类）, seashells（贝壳）, coins and interesting stones. He said later that his collection prepared him for his work as a naturalist .But he could not learn Latin and Greek which in those days was an important part of education. He was a disappointment to his father, who was sure that he would bring nothing but shame to himself and his family.In 1825, when Darwin was sixteen, his father sent him to Edinburgh(爱丁堡) to study medicine, saying ：“As you like natural history so much, perhaps we can make a doctor of you.”But Charles found the lectures boring, and the dissections(剥离) frightening. But at Edinburgh ，he was able to go to natural history lectures. In 1826 he read a paper on sea-worms(海船蛀虫) to the Natural History Society. This paper was his first known work on this subject.So, his father decided to send Charles to Cambridge University to study to become a priest.(牧师) With hard work, he did quite well. And, in the countryside around Cambridge, he was able to shoot, fish and collect insects.Then a letter from Captain Robert Fitzroy(菲茨罗伊) changed his life. Fitzroy was planning to make a voyage around the world on a ship called the Beagle. He wanted a naturalist to join the ship, and Darwin was recommended. That voyage was the start of Charles Darwin's great life work.In those days a great many people believed that every word written in the Bible was true. Darwin hoped that the plants and animals that they found in the course of their voyage would prove the truth of the Bible story of the great Flood.He began to observe everything. When they got to Rio de Janeiro里约热内卢in South America, Charles was overcome with joy to see so many different creatures, so much life and color. His notebooks were full of detailed observations（观察值）.Then they reached dry land at Punta Alta.( 彭塔艾尔他) There Darwin discovered his first fossils（fosoo化石）. Why, he wondered, were there horse bones at Punta Alta, (彭塔艾尔他)when there had been no horses in the New World until Cortez科尔特斯brought it from Spain（西班牙）.They came to Tierra del Fuego火地岛at the tip of South America. It was a strange place, with terrible storms. Its people grew no food, and they slept on the wet ground. Darwin observed their looks and habits. “How can people be so different, if all are descended(从一个祖先传下来的) from Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden伊甸园?” Charles wondered.A trip into the mountains showed Darwin seashells at a height of 12,000 feet. Lower down were fossil trees.“So those trees once stood by the sea,” thought Darwin. “The sea came up and covered them. Then the sea-bed rose up...” To a man who had been taught that every word in the Bible was true, this was very puzzling（费解的）.In Chile（智利）, where Darwin saw earthquakes and volcanoes火山）, he began to see what must have happened. The centre of the earth, he decided, was very hot. The surface of the earth was thinner(稀释剂) in some places. It was in these places that earthquakes and volcanoes developed.As the Beagle sailed around the world, Darwin began to wonder how life had developed on earth. He saw volcanic islands in the sea, and wondered how living things had got there.After a comprehensive observation and collection of In plants and geological aspects, Darwin formed the concept of biological evolution. In 1859,《the origin of species 》that The theory of natural selection is based on circular arguments: survival of the fittest ,published at the academia shook. It put forward evolution theory and almost destroyed the ideal creationism.The publication of The origin of species spread in Europe and even the entire world. It was a heavy shake to the foundation of creationism. They slandered Darwin's theory "offend against the spirit" , "it is human dignity".But instead ,at the same time , Huxley as a representative of progressive scientist, actively promoted and defend Darwinism. Pointed out: the ideas of evolution explain most phenomenon of lifeBut about evolution of Darwinian’s ,there exist many controversial matters from many scientists recently. for examples:John MaiKeTang ,an American university of Georgia's geneticists said:“in the past 20 years, the adaptive genetic studies makes us more and more into a great Darwinian trap’’; U.S. Ecological evolution department of university of Chicago professor Crain said: "new Darwinian point of view, of which theoretical basis and experimental basis is insufficient and it’s like.Ofcourse sure ,Modern integrated theory inherited and developed Darwinian theory, which can explain most phenomenon of evolution, so nearly in half a century, evolution has been the dominant. but some recent research proves: in micro-level, the complexity of life cannot explain by evolution. However , Evolution is only a theory. Neither facts, nor scientific principles.So we should treat this theory in a developed view ,not in a modern point to value it.just as Newton did.we can deny him.。

Observing Natural Selection Witnessing natural selection would not have seemed possible to Darwin because he assumed natural selection was too slow and gradual for our short-term minds to perceive. Yet later biologists have been able to witness flashes of evolutionary change. In the late 1980s, for example, biologist David Reznick began to use the guppies that swim in the streams of Trinidad forests in natural experiment. At lower elevations these guppies face the assault of predatory fishes, but the ones in higher waters live in peace because few of the predators can move upstream past the waterfalls and craggy rocks. Like all animals, guppies have a timetable for their lives - how long they take to reach sexual maturity how fast they grow during that time, how long they live as adults. Theoretical biologists have predicted that the life history of animals can evolve if mutations that alter it bring the animals more reproductive success. Reznick put their predictions to the test. In ponds with a lot of predators, guppies that grow fast should be more successful than slow-growing ones. With the threat of death hanging over a guppy, it will grow as quickly as possible so that it can start mating as soon as possible and have as many offspring as possible. Of course, the strategy comes with a heavy price. By growing so quickly, a guppy may shorten its own natural life span, and by quickly giving birth to babies, female guppy cannot take time to support her offspring with energy, which put them at risk of dying young. But Reznick reasoned, that the threat ,of an early death offset。

达尔文英语简介查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文，英国生物学家，进化论的奠基人。

下面是店铺为你整理的达尔文英语简介，希望对你有用!查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文简介Charles Robert Darwin, February 12, 1809 - April 19, 1882), British biologist, founder of evolution. Has been riding the Berger ship for 5 years of global voyage, animal and plant and geological structure, such as a large number of observation and collection. Published the "origin of species", put forward the theory of biological evolution, which destroyed a variety of idealistic gods and species invariance theory. In addition to biology, his theory of anthropology, psychology, philosophy development can not be ignored. Engels ranked "evolutionism" as one of the three discoveries of the natural sciences of the 19th century (the other two are the theories of cytology, conservation of energy) and have an outstanding contribution to mankind.On April 19, 1882, Darwin died at the village of Dawen at 73 years old and was buried in Westminster Abbey.查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文科学影响Species originDarwin was 51 years old, shortly after publication of the "origin of species"Basic InformationEnglish title: On the Origin of SpeciesChinese Title: Origin of the speciesAuthor: DarwinTranslator: Li HuISBN: 9787 3022 75480Pricing: $ 49Published: 2012.6Book Category: Q111.2Selling point introduction1, Darwin's masterpiece On the Origin of Species (1859) first edition of the first Chinese translation. The first edition of the "origin of the species" is the most recognized original version, because it is Darwin has not been questioned and blame before the writings, clear thinking, concise and powerful exposition of the original view of Darwin. Modern Western scholars to do evolutionary research and writings, usually cited is the first edition of "species origin", basically this version has become a "standard". Nearly a century of Chinese translation is based on the sixth edition of the translation.2, the book discusses breeding science, ecology, paleontology, biogeography, animal behavior, morphology, embryology, taxonomy and many other areas of a large number of phenomena, revealing a variety of biological relationship between species, species Is not fixed, but through "with the modified generation of" and change. Darwin studied the variation of biological life in domestic and natural state, put forward the theory of evolution as the core of natural selection theory, that in the "struggle for survival", individuals with favorable variation were chosen to be preserved, the unfavorable individual was eliminated, After a generation of natural environment to choose the role of adaptation to the gradual accumulation of mutations, leading to the emergence of new species, resulting in a wonderful variety of life forms; dwelling in the earth all the creatures, are derived from one or several primitive types of evolution Evolved to cause biodiversity.Translator introductionLi Hu: Hebei Xingtai, Peking University graduate, the State Oceanic Administration Third Marine Research Institute of Science and Technology Information Center engineers. Engaged in marine science, biodiversity and scientific history of the translation work. Translation of "worry days: the history of global warming exploration (2011, Tsinghua University Press)," Evolutionary Legend "(2010, Ocean Press) and other works."The origin of species"November 24, 1859, the British naturalist, evolutionary founder Darwin's "origin of the species" published, laid the theoretical basis of evolution. Evolutionism was called by Engels as one of the three discoveries of the natural sciences of the 19th century.An epoch-making bookWhich marked the profound changes in the views of the vast majority of the learned societies in the nineteenth century on the status of the biology and human beings in the biological world.The classic works that affect the historical processOne of the 10 books that shook the worldA great influence on the human development processThe Classic Translation of Chinese Modern Society1985 American "life" magazine named the best books of human historyIn 1986 the French "reading" magazine recommended ideal bookNovember 24, 1859, in London, England, this is a very extraordinary day. On this day, many people in London flocked to a bookstore, competing to buy a newly published book. The first edition of the book was sold out on the day of publication.This new book is the "origin of the species", it is the founderof the evolution of Darwin's first masterpiece. The advent of this work for the first time on the basis of complete science on the basis of science, with a new idea of biological evolution to overthrow the "creation theory" and "species unchanged" theory.The publication of the "origin of species" has caused a sensation in Europe and the world as a whole. It fought heavily against the foundations of theocracy, from the reactionary church to the feudal philosophers were furious, they group attack, slander Darwin's doctrine "blaspheme the Holy Spirit", violated the "monarchical divine justice", the loss of human dignity. In contrast, progressive scholars, represented by Huxley, actively advocate and defend Darwinism. Evolutionary theory has exploded people's minds, enlightened and educated people to liberate them from the shackles of religious superstition.Darwin's "origin of species" is very meaningful, and this book can be used as a natural scientific basis for historical class struggle. - MarxIn 1859 became the division of science before and after the two "world" boundaries. The publication of the "origin of species" has led to a revolution in biology, which, like Marxism, has a great significance and far-reaching impact on the stage of history. Darwin was away from the hustle and bustle of the big city, and was preparing for a revolution in his quiet manor, and that Marx himself prepared for the center of the clamor of the world, and that the difference was only applied to the other.- LiebknechtDarwin's dominant idea in "the origin of species", that is, "natural choice", will be accepted as a scientifically determined truth. It has all the features of the great natural science truth, blurred for the clear, complex and simple, and adds a lot of newthings to the old knowledge. Darwin is the greatest revolutionist of this century, and even of all the century's natural history.- British botanist WatsonI think the "origin of the species" of this book is no matter how good it is, it can touch those who know nothing about this problem. As for Darwin's theory, I am prepared to support the fire even through fire and water.- British naturalist HuxleyPsychology historian D. Schultz commented in 1981: "In the Darwinian theory, the importance of the psychological factors of species evolution is obvious, and he often cites the human and animal consciousness reaction.As a result of psychology and evolution In the sense of consistency, so psychology has to accept this evolutionary point of view.1809 yearsDarwin's works influenced psychology from four aspects1, it emphasizes the continuity of the psychological function between animals and humans;2, it changes the subject of psychology into the function of consciousness rather than the content of consciousness, changes the goal of psychology to study the adaptation of the organism to its environment;3, which provides reasonable evidence for a variety of alternative surveys and research methods, rather than confinement to experimental introspection;4, it focuses on individual differences between members of the same species.Darwin has a special influence on the development of functionalism. His theory of evolution has led to the rise of the psychology of American opportunism, which has opened a newera of American psychology.查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文主要著作及信件1835-18621835: "Abstracts from letters to Professor Henslow"1836: "Tahiti and New Zealand and other regions of the moral status report" (A LETTER, Containing Remarks on the Moral State of TAHITI, NEW ZEALAND, & c. - BY CAPT. R. FITZROY AND C. DARWIN, ESQ. OF HMS 'Beagle.')1839: "Journal and Remarks" (Journal and Remarks), often referred to as "Beagle trip"."Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle": a total of 5 volumes, respectively, by a number of authors published in 1839 to 1843 years. Two of them were edited and supervised by Charles Darwin, 1840: "Part I. Fossil Mammalia", Richard Owen's works.1839: "Part II. Mammalia", George Robert Waterhouse.1842: "The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs"1844: "Geological Observations of Volcanic Islands" (Geological Observations of Volcanic Islands)1846: "Geological Observations on South America" (Geological Observations on South America)1849: "Geology", published in John Friedrich William Herschel, "A Manual of scientific inquiry" (prepared for the use of Her Majesty's Navy: and Adapted for travellers in general.1851: A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the Species. The Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes.1851: "Monroe fossil" A Monograph on the Fossil Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes of Great Britain1854: "Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the Species. The Balanidae (or Sessile Cirripedes); theVerrucidae, etc.1854: "Ceratoides and Aquaculture" A Monograph on the Foss il Balanidæ and Verrucidæ of Great Britain.1858: "discussing the tendency of species to form variants; and on the Tendency of Species to form Varieties and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection" An unpublished book.1958: "autobiography of Charles Darwin", Barlow (Barlow) compiled by the full version. 1859: "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life", the complete title is "Based on Natural Selection or Survival in Survival Competition" origin".1862: "The various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects".1868-19031868: "Variation of Plants and Animals Under Domestication" (Variation of Plants and Animals Under Domestication). 1871: "The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex", also known as "human origin".1872: "The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals".1875: "Movement and Habits of Climbing Plants".1875: Insectivorous Plants.1876: "The effects of Cross and Self-Fertilation in the Vegetable Kingdom" (The Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilation in the Vegetable Kingdom).1877: "The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species". 1879: Preface and a preliminary notice, in Ernst Krause's Erasmus Darwin.1880: "The Power of Movement in Plants".1881: "The formation of humus and the role of earthworms"(The Formation of Vegetable Mold Through the Action of Worms), also known as "earthworms".1887: "Life and Letters of Charles Darwin", written by Francis Darwin.1903: "More Letters of Charles Darwin", compiled by A.C. Seward and Francis Darwin.Often quotes the human and animal consciousness. Because psychology is consistent with the consciousness of evolution, psychology has to accept this evolutionary view. "1809 yearsDarwin's works influenced psychology from four aspects1, it emphasizes the continuity of the psychological function between animals and humans;2, it changes the subject of psychology into the function of consciousness rather than the content of consciousness, changes the goal of psychology to study the adaptation of the organism to its environment;3, which provides reasonable evidence for a variety of alternative surveys and research methods, rather than confinement to experimental introspection;4, it focuses on individual differences between members of the same species.Darwin has a special influence on the development of functionalism. His theory of evolution has led to the rise of the psychology of American opportunism, which has opened a new era of American psychology.。

达尔文猿猴进化论英语阅读Charles Darwin's whole life was changed by one lucky chance. In 1831, before he went on the voyage1 of the Beagle2, he was a very ordinary young man of twenty-two.No one in England—certainly not Darwin himself —had any idea of the future he had before him.His sister Caroline gave him his first lessons. He was both lazy and naughty, and everyone was glad that he went away to school after his mother's death when he was eight.Charles soon became a keen collector.He collected anything that caught his interest: insects3, seashells, coins and interesting stones. He said later that his collection prepared him for his work as a naturalist4.He was not a very clever boy, but Charles was good at doing the things that interested him. He also took pleasure in carrying out experiments.But he could not learn Latin and Greek which in those days were an important part of education. He was a disappointment to his father, who was sure that he would bring nothing but shame to himself and his family.In 1825, when Charles was sixteen, his fathersent him to Edinburgh to study medicine, saying ：“As you like natural history5 so much, perhaps we can make a doctor of you.”But Charles found the lectures boring, and the dissections6 frightening.But at Edinburgh he was able to go to natural history lectures. In 1826 he read a paper on sea-worms to the Natural History Society. This paper was his first known work on this subject.Then his father decided to send Charles to Cambridge University to study to become a priest.With hard work, he did quite well. And, in the countryside around Cambridge, he was able to shoot, fish and collect insects.He seemed likely to become a country priest like hundreds of others, sharing his time between his work and his interest in natural history and country life. He had a deep faith in God and a lasting interest in religion7.At this time he did not doubt that every word of the Bible was true.Then a letter from Captain Robert FitzRoy changed his life. FitzRoy was planning to make a voyage around the world on a ship called the Beagle. He wanted a naturalist to join the ship, and Darwinwas recommended8.That voyage was the start of Charles Darwin's great life work.In those days a great many people believed that every word written in the Bible was true. Darwin hoped that the plants and animals that they found in the course of their voyage would prove the truth of the Bible story of the great Flood9.He began to observe everything. When they got to Rio de Janeiro in South America, Charles was overcome with joy to see so many different creatures, so much life and colour.His notebooks were full of detailed observations.Then they reached dry land at Punta Alta. There Darwin discovered his first fossils10. Why, he wondered, were there horse bones at Punta Alta, when there had been no horses in the New World until Cortez brought his from Spain11?They came to Tierra del Fuego at the tip of South America. It was a strange place, with terrible storms. Its people grew no food, and they slept on the wet ground. Darwin observed their looks and habits.“How can people be so different, if all are descended12 from Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden?” Charles wondered.A tripinto the mountains showed Darwin seashells at a height of 12,000 feet. Lower down were fossil trees.“So those trees once stood by the sea,” thought Darwin. “The sea came up and covered them. Then the sea-bed rose up...”.To a man who had been taught that every word in the Bible was true, this was very puzzling.In Chile, where Darwin saw earthquakes and volcanoes, he began to see what must have happened. The centre of the earth, he decided, was very hot. The surface of the earth was thinner in some places. It was in these places that earthquakes and volcanoes developed.As the Beagle sailed around the world, Darwin began to wonder how life had developed on earth. He saw volcanic islands in the sea, and wondered how living things had got there.But people who believed every word of the Bible thought that God had made all creatures and Man.But, if that was true, why did some of the fossils look like “mistakes” which had failed to change and, for that reason, died out?On went Beagle, to Tahiti13, New Zealand and Australia. There, Darwin saw coral and coral islands for the first time. How had theseislands come about14? Soon, he had the answer. Coral was made up of the bodies of millions of tiny creatures, piled up over millions of years —a million years for each island.Darwin wrote it all down in his notebooks.After five years he was home. He was never again the healthy young man who climbed mountains and carried heavy bags of fossils for miles.He set to work, getting his collection in order. And, in 1839, he married his cousin15, Emma Wedgwood. It was a happy marriage with ten children.He could be found working in his study, with a child beside him.His first great work The Zoology of the Beagle was well received, but he was slow to make public his ideas on the origins16 of life. He was certainly very worried about disagreeing with the accepted views of the Church.Happily, the naturalists at Cambridge persuaded Darwin that he must make his ideas public. So Darwin and Wallace, another naturalist who had the same opinions as Darwin, produced a paper together.A year later Darwin's great book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection appeared. It attracted a storm.People thought that Darwin was saying they were descended from monkeys.What a shameful idea! Although most scientists agreed that Darwin was right and that the story of Adam and Eve was merely a story, the Church was still so strong that Darwin never received any honours for his work.Many years later, he published his other great work, The Descent of Man. He gave a lecture at the Royal Institution17, when the whole audience stood up and clapped18.His health grew worse, but still he worked. “When I have to give up observation, I shall die,” he said. He was still working on 17, April, 1882. He was dead two days later.。

SUMMARY1. Evolution theorya) Evolution is the fundamental organizing principle of biology and the main theme.b) Dawin's theory of natural selection is just theory but not fact, the fact is something that have evidence to be proved, we can say that organisms evolved from previously living forms because scientists have found lots of organism fossils. 注：理论是由一些现象推到而出的，并非有人亲眼所见，是看不见摸不着的，由此而称为理论，而事实是真实存在的，或者曾经真实存在并且留下证据而可以供人考究的现象。

我的理解是人们通过对于一些事实的总结和归纳，而得出一些可以解释这些现象或者事实的原因性说明，是为理论。

事实是理论的基础，理论是事实的推论。

c) There are 4 arguments to support evolution.i) Micro-evolution: small changes in species. (eg. 所有的狗都有相同的祖先，也可以归结为同类，但是只见也有区分，哈士奇，牧羊犬，藏獒等等。

此外，就算是同样是哈士奇，也有毛色等一些差异所区分不同的亚种，这些都是种内分化，也是进化论的依据之一。

)ii) Macro-evolution: large changes over long period of time. (eg. 哺乳动物的前肢骨骼形态差异很大，虽然归根结底是同一先祖，但也许是生活习性或者所处不同环境而导致的差异扩大化，比如说人和海豚的前肢，其实都有着几乎相同的骨骼结构，只是各种相同的骨骼演化出了不同的形态。

达尔文英文简介查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文，英国生物学家，进化论的奠基人，摧毁了各种唯心的神造论以及物种不变论，下面是店铺给大家整理的达尔文英文简介，供大家参阅!查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文简介Charles Robert Darwin, February 12, 1809 - April 19, 1882), British biologist, founder of evolution. Has been riding the Berger ship for 5 years of global voyage, animal and plant and geological structure, such as a large number of observation and collection. Published the "origin of species", put forward the theory of biological evolution, which destroyed a variety of idealistic gods and species invariance theory. In addition to biology, his theory of anthropology, psychology, philosophy development can not be ignored. Engels ranked "evolutionism" as one of the three discoveries of the natural sciences of the 19th century (the other two are the theories of cytology, conservation of energy) and have an outstanding contribution to mankind.On April 19, 1882, Darwin died at the village of Dawen at 73 years old and was buried in Westminster Abbey.查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文成就Darwin himself said, "The main fun and the only thing I have in my life is my scientific work, and some of the most important scientific achievements that have been studied directly in the trip." For example, the famous " Study diary "and" Berger geology "," Berger's zoology "and so on. In his writings, the significance of "the origin of species", which is of particular historical significance, shows the progressive development of Darwin's theory of evolution and the theory of natural selection. The publication of the "origin of species" is a world event,because the publication of the "origin of species" marks the deepest view of the vast majority of learned people in the nineteenth century about the position of the biology and human beings in the biological world The change. The publication of the "origin of species" has led to the violent attacks on the Darwinian doctrines of the scientists and the telepathic scientists (who are the overwhelming majority), and have also led to the corresponding struggle to maintain Darwinism and actively participate in this There was a progressive naturalist in addition to the Darwinese, who had been a strong supporter of Darwinism everywhere.查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文创立进化论After graduating from Cambridge University in 1831, his teacher Henslow recommended him as a "naturalist" identity to participate in the same year on December 27 British Navy "beagle" ship around the world scientific expedition sailing. First in the South America on the east coast of Brazil, Argentina and other places and the west coast and adjacent islands on the inspection, and then across the Pacific Ocean to Oceania, and then across the Indian Ocean to South Africa, and then around the Cape Atlantic by the Atlantic back to Brazil, and finally in October 1836 Day back to England. When he traveled around the world with the Beagle, he carried a few birds, and in order to feed the birds, he planted a grass called grass. The cabin was dark and only the windows were transmitted into the sun, and Darwin noticed that the grass seedlings were bent and grown in the direction of the window. But in the last few decades, Darwin was busy creating the theory of evolution until his later years before proceeding with a series of experimental studies on the issue of light, which was summed up in the book "Plant Movement"published in 1880. Darwin is using the seeds of grass to do these experiments. When the seeds of the grass germinate, the germs are covered with a layer of coleoptile, and the germs are first ground and the germs are protected from damage when they are unearthed. Darwin found that the coleoptile was the key to light. If the seeds are planted in the dark, their coleoptiles will grow vertically upwards. If the sun shines from one side of the seedlings, the sheath is bent in the direction of the sun. If the tip of the sheath is cut off, or covered with opaque things, although the light can also shoot the sheath, the sheath is no longer bending to the light. If the coleoptile is covered with transparent things, the coleoptile is bent toward the light, and even if the sheath is buried with opaque black sand, leaving only the tip, the buried sheath is still bent toward the light. Darwin speculates that a signal substance is secreted at the tip of the coleoptile and is transported down to the curved part, which causes the sheath to bend the sheath.The sailing changed the life of Darwin. After returning to England, he has been busy studying, determined to become a serious scientist to promote evolution. In 1838, he accidentally read T. Malthus's "theory of population", inspired by it, more certain that he is developing a very important idea: the world is not created within a week, the earth is older than the "Bible" Most of the animals and plants are changed, and still continue to change among the human, may be changed from a primitive animal, that is, Adam and Eve story is simply myth. Darwin realized that the survival struggle in the meaning of biological life, and realized that natural conditions is necessary for biological evolution of the "choice", the specific natural conditions are different, the choice is different, the choice of theresults are not the same.However, he was extremely cautious about the results of his research. In 1842, he began to write an outline, after which it extended to several articles. In 1858, Darwin decided to submit the Wallace article and his own part of the manuscript to the professional committee, in the light of the creative epiphany of the young naturalist R. Wallace. In 1859, "the origin of species,"a book came out, the first edition of 1250 that day sold out. After Darwin spent twenty years collecting information to enrich his species through the natural selection of the theory of evolution, and elaborate its consequences and significance.As a non-fist but creative man, Darwin avoided the controversy over his theory. Darwin wrote several books for scientists and psychologists when religious fanatical attack evolution was contrary to the creation of the Bible. The book "The Origin and Sex of Mankind" reports evidence of the evolution of mankind from the lower form of life, the evidence of the similarity of animal and human mental processes, and the evidence of natural selection in the evolutionary process.On April 19, 1882, the great scientist died of illness, and his body was buried at the tomb of Newton to express his admiration for the scientist.。

Charles Darwin and His Theory of EvolutionJ﹒G﹒CrowtherDuring the voyage of the Beagle, Darwin had been deeply impressed by similarities between existing South American animals and the fossil remains. He had noted how closely similar animals replaced one another when proceeding southward. He was struck by the South American character of the animals on the Galapagos archipelago, differing from island to island, and yet all the islands were recent and of the same age. It seemed utterly improbable that all of these myriad different yet similar species could each have been individually created. He felt that they could only be explained by supposing that they had sprung from a few original species which had gradually become modified. The subject haunted him.Though Darwin said that he started collecting facts on origin of Species without the guidance of any theory, his first notebook on the subject shows that he was in fact grappling with the problem of a scientific law which would explain how these modifications occurred. His mind went out to the law of gravitation. Before Newton, men had thought that each planet was individually kept in its course by God. There was no necessary relation between all of the moving bodies. In 1837, men believed that each individual species of animal was created by God, without necessary relation with any other species.But would it not be much more simple and sublime to suppose that after the creation of original animals, all their multifarious successions should arise from them by the operation of some fixed scientific law? This was one of the first ideas, a law which would do for biology what gravitation had done for astronomy.But what was the law? He tried to think it out, and almost succeeded. He noted that a variety of South American ostrich might have not been ‘well adapted, and thus perish ’, while in a variety with favourable qualities ‘ many might be produced ’. this required the principle that some variations survive because they are adapted to changing circumstances and that the‘death of species is a consequence of non –adaptation to circumstances’ .Darwin had almost worked out the idea of natural selection and the survival of the fittest, but they did not become quite clear to him until the following year, 1838, when he happened to read Malthus’Essay on the principle of population. Malthus said that ‘population, when unchecked, increases in a geometrical ratio…This implies a strong and constantly operating check on population from the difficulty of subsistence…’Darwin saw at once that ‘ under these circumstance ’ favourable variations would tend to be preserved and unfavourable ones to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of a new species. Here then I had a theory by which to work.Darwin established the evolutionary method by using it to explain the origin of species. But he also showed how to use it in many other directions. In his descent of man he showed how it could be applied in anthropology, and in The Expression of the Emotions in man and animals, to psychology.By showing that one species must have arisen from another, he raised the question of how, and thus founded the science of genetics. He explored this science in his Variations of Animals and Plants under Domestication, and said that ‘ a grand and almost untrodden field of inquiry will be opened, on the cause and law of variation, on correlation, on the effects of use and disuse, on the direct action of external conditions, and so on…’He threw out scores of ideas which have contained profound truths, even in some of his most criticized conceptions, such as Pangenesis. In this he ascribed the mechanism of heredity to physical entities which he called gemmules, supposed to connected with every part of body. The modern knowledge of genes and hormones has confirmed his fundamental idea.He buttressed his technical position with huge monographs on barnacles, and important works on coral reefs, the fertilization of flowers by insects, climbing and movement in plants, crossing, and a big final volume on The Formation of vegetable mould, through the Action ofWorms, published in the year before he died.His range of enquiry was astonishing, and his power of drawing important conclusions from inconspicuous details unequalled. Nevertheless, time has, of course, emphasized many of the obscurities of which he was himself very much aware. While the fact of evolution became obvious, its inner mechanism, in spite of all the biological research of the last hundred years, is still under sharp dispute.Why did Darwin’s work have such an effect, not only on science, but on the whole of human thought? It was because it contained principles which were of interest to many different classes in society.[ 806 words ]译文：查尔斯﹒达尔文进化论J﹒G﹒克劳瑟在小猎犬号的航程中，达尔文对南美洲的动物与动物化石之间的相似性留下了深刻印象。

达尔文的进化论在英语中被称为Darwin's Theory of Evolution。

达尔文（Charles Darwin）的进化论主张物种是通过自然选择和适者生存的方式逐渐演变的。

他的理论在1859年的《物种起源》一书中得到了全面的阐述。

根据这个理论，生物体具有遗传变异，这些变异在生存竞争中会导致某些个体比其他个体更适应环境，从而更有可能生存并传递其遗传特征给下一代。

这一过程导致物种的逐渐变化和新物种的形成。

Darwin's Theory of Evolution 是生物学中的一个基本概念，对现代生物学和生态学产生了深远的影响，并对我们对生命和自然界的理解产生了巨大影响。