上海外国语研究生入学英汉互译2002真题

15. How much can a person save by retirement if he gives up his pack-a-day habit? ［A］ $190,000. ［B］ $330,000. ［C］ $500,000.
［D］ $1,000,000.
16. What should one do before paying monthly bills, if he wants to accumulate wealth? ［A］ Invest into a mutual fund. ［B］ Use the discount tickets. ［C］ Quit his eating-out habit. ［D］ Use only paper bills and save coins.
Questions 11 - 13 are based on a report about children's healthy development. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 - 13.
11. What unusual question may doctors ask when giving kids a checkup next time? ［A］ How much exercise they get every day. ［B］ What they are most worried about. ［C］ How long their parents accoMPAny them daily. ［D］ What entertainment they are interested in.
nds to read the table below. (5 points)

[hide][/hide]1991年上外研究生翻译考试真题Translate the following passage into Chinese.（25%）Thus far, our holiday has been simply a friendly sign of the survival of the love of letters amongst a people too busy to give to letters any more. As such it is precious as the sign of an indestructible instinct. Perhaps thetime is already come when it ought to be, and will be, something else; when the sluggard intellect of this continent will look from under its iron lids and fill the postponed expectation of the world with something better than the exertions of mechanical skill. Our day of dependence, our long apprenticeship to the learning of other lands, draws to a close. The millions that around us are rushing into life, cannot always be fed on the mere remains of foreign harvests. Events, actions arise, that must be sung, that will sing themselves. Who can doubt that poetry will revive lead in a new age, as the star in the constellation Harp, which now flames in our zenith, astronomers announce, shall one day be the polestar for a thousand years?(Excerpted from The American Scholar by R.W. Emerson)II.Translate the following passage into English.（25%）海风微微的吹过岛上，白日里剩下的热气全吹走了。

2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Listening ComprehensionDirections:This Section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selectionof recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C.Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer allyour answers from your test booklet to A NSWER SHEET 1.Now look at Part A in your test booklet.Part ADirections:For Questions 1-5, you will hear an introduction about the life of Margaret Welch. While you listen,heard. Some of the information has been given to youfill out the table with the information you’vein the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points)Welch’s Personal InformationPlace of Birth PhiladelphiaYear of Birth 1901Transfer to Barnard University (Year) 1920Major at University 1Final Degree PhDYear of Marriage 1928Growing Up In New Guinea Published (Year) 2Field Study in the South Pacific (Age) 3Main Interest 4Professorship at Columbia Started (Year) 5Death (Age) 77Part BDirections:For questions 6-10, you will hear a talk by a well-known U.S. journalist. While you listen, completethe sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. (5 points)Besides reporters, who else were camped out 6for days outside the speaker’s home?apartmentOne reporter got to the speaker’s 7pretending to pay.The speaker believed the reporter wanted a 8picture of her lookingWhere is a correction to a false story usually 9placed?According to the speaker, the press will lose10readers unless the editors and the newsdirectorsPart CDirections:You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing [A], [B], [C] or[D]. After listening, you will have time to check your answers. You will hear each piece once only.(10 points)Questions 11-13 are based on a report about children’s healthy development. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13.11. What unusual question may doctors ask when giving kids a checkup next time? [A] How muchexercise they get every day.[B] What they are most worried about.[C] How long their parents accompany them daily.[D] What entertainment they are interested in.12. The academy suggests that children under age two ________.[A] get enough entertainment[B] have more activities[C] receive early education[D] have regular checkups13. According to the report, children’s bedrooms should ________.[A] be no place for play[B] be near a common area[C] have no TV sets[D] have a computer for studyQuestions 14-16 are based on the following talk about how to save money. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16.14. According to the speaker, what should one pay special attention to if he wants to save up?[A] Family debts.[B] Bank savings.[C] Monthly bills.[D] Spending habits.15. How much can a person save by retirement if he gives up his pack-a-day habit?[A] $190,000.[B] $330,000.[C] $500,000.[D] $1,000,000.16. What should one do before paying monthly bills, if he wants to accumulate wealth?[A] Invest into a mutual fund.[B] Use the discount tickets.[C] Quit his eating-out habit.[D] Use only paper bills and save coins.Questions 17-20 are based on an interview with Herbert A. Glieberman, a domestic-relations lawyer. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.17. Which word best describes the lawyer’s prediction of the change in divorce rate?[A] Fall[B] Rise[C] V-shape[D] Zigzag18. What do people nowadays desire to do concerning their marriage?[A] To embrace changes of thought.[B] To adapt to the disintegrated family life.[C] To return to the practice in the ‘60s and ‘70s.[D] To create stability in their lives.19. Why did some people choose not to divorce 20 years ago?[A] They feared the complicated procedures.[B] They wanted to go against the trend.[C] They were afraid of losing face.[D] they were willing to stay together.20. Years ago a divorced man in a company would have ________.[A] been shifted around the country.[B] had difficulty being promoted.[C] enjoyed a happier life.[D] tasted little bitterness of disgrace.You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.THIS IS THE END OF SECTION IDO NOT READ OR WORK ON THE NEXT SECTIONUNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO CONTINUE全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题(二)National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates (2002)考生注意事项1. 考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则，得到监考人员指令后方可开始答题。

上海外国语大学2001年攻读硕士学位研究生考试英语语言文学专业翻译试卷（三小时完成）1．Translate the following into English(50%)（注意“.”是代表“顿号”）（1）中国是世界上历史最悠久的国家之一。

中国各族人民共同创造了光辉灿烂的文化，具有光荣的革命传统。

（2）一八四零年以后，封建的中国逐渐变成半殖民地.半封建的国家。

中国人民为国家独立.民族解放和民族自由进行了前扑后继的英勇奋斗。

（3）二十世纪，中国发生了翻天覆地的伟大历史变革。

（4）一九一一年孙中山先生领导的辛亥革命，废除了封建帝制，创立了中华民国。

但是，中国人民反对帝国主义和封建主义的历史任务还没有完成。

（5）一九四九年，以毛泽东主席为领袖的中国共产党领导中国各族人民，在经历了长期的艰难曲折的武装斗争和其他形式的斗争以后，终于推倒了帝国主义.封建主义和官僚资本主义的统治，取得了新民主主义革命的伟大胜利，建立了中华人民共和国。

从此，中国人民掌握了国家的权利，成为国家的主人。

（6）中华人民共和国成立以后，我国社会逐步实现了由新民主主义到社会主义的过渡。

生产资料私有制的社会主义改造已经完成，人剥削人的制度已经消失，社会主义制度已经确立。

工人阶级领导的.以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政，实质上即无产阶级专政，得到巩固和发展。

中国人民和中国人民解放军战胜了帝国主义.霸权主义的侵略.破坏和武装挑衅，维护了国家的独立和安全，增强了国防。

经济建设取得了重大的成就，独立的.比较完善的社会主义工业体系已经基本形成，农业生产显著提高。

教育.科学.文化等事业有了很大的发展，社会主义思想教育取得了明显的成就。

广大人民的生活有了较大的改善。

（7）中国新民主主义革命的胜利和社会主义事业的成就，都是中国共产党领导中国各族人民，在马克思列宁主义.毛泽东思想的指引下，坚持真理，修正错误，战胜许多艰难险阻而取得的。

今后国家的根本任务是集中力量进行社会主义现代化建设。

上海外国语大学2002年攻读硕士学位研究生考试英语语言文学专业综合能力考试卷（三小时内完成）QUESTIONPAPERⅠ. Fill in each of the blanks below with an appropriate word.(20%)First of all, love is a joint experience between two persons-but thefact that it is a (1)____ experience does not mean that it is a (2) experience to the two p eople (3) . There are the lover and thebeloved, (4) these two comefrom diff erent countries. Often the beloved is only a stimulus for (5) the stored-up love which has lain quiet (6) the lover for a long time hitherto. Andsomehow every lo ver knows (7) .He feels in his (8) that his love is a (9) thing. (10) c omes to know a new, strange loneliness and itis this knowledge (11) makes hi m suffer. So there is (12) one thing for the lover to do. He must househis love within himself as (13) he can; he must create (14) himself a whole new inw ard world－a (15) intense and strange, complete in himself. Letit be added (1 6) that this lover about whom we speak need not (17) be a young man savi ng for a (18) ring－this lover can be man, woman, child, (19) indeed any h uman creature on this (20) .Ⅱ. Read the following passage carefully, and thendecide what is missing in t he blanks. Supply the missing sentences and answerthe questions. Your ans wer to the questions should be concise.(15%)1.Externally at some given period of historyand in some set of social arrangements it may often look as if one sex gainedand the other lost, .2.To the extent that women are denied the right to use their minds,their sons suffer as well as their daughters.Question: What is the rhetorical function of Sentence No2. in relation toSentence No.1?3.An over-emphasis on the importance ofvirility will in the end make the lives of m en as instrumental as anover-emphasis on their merely reproductive functions make s the lives of women.4.If our analysis is deep enough and ourtime-perspective long enough, if we hold i n mind all the various possibilitiesthat other cultures hint at or fully embody, it is p ossible to say that to theextent that either sex is disadvantaged, the whole culture is poorer, and thesex that, superficially, inherits the earth, inherits only a very parti allegacy.5.The more whole the culture, the more wholeeach member, each man, each wom an, each child will be.Question:What does the word “whole” mean is Sentence No.5?6.Each sex is shaped from birth by thepresence and the behaviour of both sexes, .7.The myths that conjure up islands of women wholive all alone without men alway s contain, and rightly, some flaw in thepicture.8.A one-sex world would be an imperfect world, forit would be a world without a fu ture.Question:What is the rhetorical function of Sentence No.8 in relation toSentence No.7?9.Only a denial of life itself makes itpossible to deny the interdependence of the se xes.10.Once that interdependence is recognizedand traced in minute detail to the infant’s first experience of the contrastbetween the extra roughness of a shaven cheek a nd a deeper voice and the mother’ssofter skin and higher voice, any programme w hich claims that the wholeness ofone sex can be advanced without considering the other is automaticallydisallowed.11.Isolated consideration of the position ofwomen becomes as essentially one-sided as the isolated consideration of theposition of men.12.We must think instead of how to live in atwo-sex world so that each sex will be nefit at every point from each expressionof the presence of two sexes.Ⅲ. Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions.(30%) TEXT A“Twenty years ago, Blackpool turned its back on the sea and tried tomake itself int o an entertainment center,” says Robin Wood, a local official. “Nowthe thinking is t hat we should try to refocus on the sea and make Blackpool afamily destination ag ain.” To say that Blackpool neglected the sea is to put itmildly. In 1976 the Europe an Community, as it then was called, instructedmember nations to make their beac hes conform to certain minimum standards ofcleanliness within ten years. Britain, ra ther than complying, took the novel;strategy of contending that many of its most po pular beaches were not swimmingbeaches at all. Because of Britain’s climate the s ea-bathing season is shor t,and most people don’t go in above their knees anyway-and hence can’t really besaid to be swimming. By averaging out the number of pe ople actually swimmingacross 365 days of the year, the government was able to p ersuade itself, if noone else, that Britain had hardly any real swimming beaches. As one environmentalist put it to me: “You had the ludicroussituation in which Luxe mbourg had more listed public bathing beaches than thewhole of the United Kingdo m. It was preposterous.”Meanwhile, Blackpool continued to discharge raw sewage straight intothe sea. Finall y, after much pressure from both environmental groups and theEuropean Union, th e local water authority built a new waste-treatment facilityfor the whole of Blackpool and neighbouring communities. The facility cameonline in June 1996. For the first time since the industrial revolutionBlackpool’s waters are safe to swim in.That done, the town is now turning its attention to making thesea-front more visuall y attractive. The promenade, once a rather elegant placeto stroll, had become incre asingly tatty and neglected. “It was built inVictorian times and needed a thorough o verhaul anyway,” says Wood, “so wedecided to make aesthetic improvements at th e same time, to try to draw people back to it.” Blackpoolrec ently spent about $1.4 million building new kiosks for vendors and improvingseating around the Central Pi er and plans to spend a further $15 million onvarious amenity projects.The most striking thing about Blackpool these days compared with 20years ago is how empty its beaches are. When the tide is out, Blackpool’sbeaches are a vast pl ain of beckoning sand. They look spacious enough toaccommodate comfortably the entire populace of northern England. Ken Welsbyremembers days when, as he put s it, “you couldn’t lay down a handkerchief onthis beach, it was that crowded.”Welsby comes from Preston, 20 miles down the road, and has been visitingBlackp ool ail his life. Now retired, he had come for the day with his wife,Kitty, and their t hree young grandchildren, who were gravely absorbed inbuilding a sandcastle. “Two hundred thousand people they’d have on this beachsometimes,” Welsby said. “You can’t imagine it now, can you?”Indeed I could not. Though it was a bright sunny day in the middleof summer, I counted just 13 people scattered along a half mile or so of opensand. Except for th ose rare times when hot weather and a public holidaycoincide, it is like this nearly always now.“You can’t imagine how exciting it was to come here for the day whenwe were yo ung,” Kitty said. “Even from Preston, it was a big treat. Nowchildren don’t want the beach. They want arcade games and rides in helicoptersand goodness knows wha t else.” She stared out over the glittery water. “We’llnever see those days again. It’s sad really.”“But your grandchildren seem to be enjoying it,” I pointed out.“For the moment,” Ken said. “For the moment.”Afterward I went for a long walk along the empty beach, then wentback to the tow n center and treated myself to a large potion of fish-and-chipswrapped in paper. Th e way they cook it in Blackpool, it isn’t so much a meal asan invitation to a heart attack, but it was delicious. Far out over the sea thesun was setting with such spl endor that I would almost have sworn I could hearthe water hiss where it touched. Behind me the lights of Blackpool Tower were just twinkling on, andthe streets wer e beginning to fill with happy evening throngs. In the purplylight of dusk the town l ooked peaceful and happy—enchanting even—and there was an engaging air of ex pectancy, of fun about to happen.Somewhat to my surprise, I realized that this plac e was beginning to grow onme.1. At the beginning, the passage seems tosuggest that BlackpoolA. will continue to remain as anentertainment center.B. complied with EC’s st andards ofcleanliness.C. had no swimming beaches allalong.D. is planning to revive itsformer attraction.2. We can learn from the passage thatBlackpool used toE. have as many beaches asLuxumbourg.F. have seriously polluteddrinking water.G. boast some imposing seafrontsights.H. attract few domestic holidaymakers.3.What Blackpool’s beaches strike visitorsmost is theirI. emptinessJ. cleanlinessK. modernityL. monotonyQuestion 1. What does the writer try to convey through the descriptionof Blackpool in the last paragraph? Your answer should be within 50 words.TEXT BPundits who want to sound judicious are fond of warning againstgeneralizing. Each country is different, they say, and no one story fits all ofAsia. This is, if course, si lly: all of these economies plunged into economiccrisis within a few months of each other, so they must have had something incommon.In fact, the logic of catastrophe was pretty much the same in Thailand,Malaysia, In donesia and South Korea. (Japan is a very different story.) In eachcase investors—mainly, butnot entirely, foreign banks who had made short-term loans-all tired to pu lltheir money out at the same time. The result was a combined banking andcurrenc y crisis: a banking crisis because no bank can convert all its assetsinto cash on s hort notice; a currency crisis because panicked investors were tryingnot only to con vert long-term assets into cash, but to convert baht or rupiah intodollars. In the fac e of the stampede, governments had no good options. If theylet their currencies pl unge, inflation would soar and companies that hadborrowed in dollars would go bankrupt; if they tried to support theircurrencies by pushing up interest rates, the sam e firms would probably go bust fromthe combination of debt burden and recession. In practice, countries split thedifference - andpaid a heavy price regardless.Was the crisis a punishment for bad economic management? Like most cliches,the catchphrase “crony capitalism” has prospe red because it gets at somethingreal: ex cessively cozy relationships between government and business really didlead to a l ot of bad investments. The still primitive financial structure ofAsian business also m ade the economies peculiarly vulnerable to a loss ofconfidence. But the punishment was surely disproportionate to the crime, andmany investments that look foolish in retrospect seemed sensible at the time.Given that there were no good policy options, was the policyresponse mainly on th e right track? There was frantic blame-shifting when everythingin Asia seemed to b e going wrong; now there is a race to claim credit when somethings have started t o go right. The International Monetary Fund points toKorea’s recovery--and more ge nerally to the fact that the sky didn’t fall afterall - as proof that its policy recomme ndations were right. Never mind thatother IMF clients have done far worse, and th at the economy of Malaysia - whichrefused IMF help, and horrified respectable opin ion by imposing capitalcontrols - also seems to be on the mend. Malaysia’s Prime Minister, bycontrast, claims full credit for any good news - even though neighbourin g economiesalso seem to have bottomed out.The truth is that an observer without any ax to grind would probablyconclude that none of the policies adopted either on or in defiance of theIMF’s advice made muc h difference either way. Budget policies, interest ratepolicies, banking reform - what ever countries tried, just about all the capitalthat could flee, did. And when there w as no more money to run, the natural recuperativepowers of the economies finally began to prevail. At best, the money doctorswho purported to offer cures provided a helpful bedside manner; at worst, theywere like medieval physicians who prescrib ed bleeding as a remedy for all ills.Will the patients stage a full recovery? It depends on exactly whatyou mean by “ful l”. South Korea’s industrial production is already above itspre-crisis level; but in the spring of 1997 anyone who had predicted zerogrowth in Korean industry over the next two years would have been regarded as areckless doomsayer. So if by recov ery you mean not just a return to growth, butone that brings the region’s performa nce back to something like what peopleused to regard as the Asian norm, they ha ve a long way to go.4. According to the passage, which of thefollowing is NOT the writer's opinion?A. Countriespaid a heavy price for whichever measure taken.B. Countries allfound themselves in an economic dilemma.C. Withdrawal offoreign capital resulted in the crisis.D. Mostgovernments chose one of the two options.5. The writer thinks that those AsiancountriesA. well deservedthe punishment.B. invested in asenseless way at the time.C. were undulypunished in the crisis.D. had badrelationships between government and business.6. It can be inferred from the passage thatIMF policy recommendationsA. were far froma panacea in all cases.B. were feasiblein their recipient countries.C. failed towork in their recipient countries.D. were rejectedunanimously by Asian countries.7. At the end of the passage, the writerseems to think that a full recovery of the Asian economyA. due.B. remote.C. imaginative.D.unpredictable.Question 2 What does the lastsentence in the second paragraph mean? Your answer should be within 50 words.Question 3 What is the writer’s tonein the fourth paragraph ? Cite one examp le. Your answer should be within 50words;TEXT CHuman migration: the term is vague. What people usually think of isthe permanent movement of people from one home to another. More broadly,though, migration me ans all the ways - from the seasonal drift of agriculturalworkers within a country to the relocation of refugees from one country toanother.Migration is big, dangerous, compelling. It is 60 million Europeansleaving home fro m the 16th to the 20th centuries. It issome 15 million Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims s wept up in a tumultuous shuffle ofcitizens between India and Pakistan after the par tition of the subcontinent in 1947.Migration is the dynamic undertow of population change: everyone’ssolution, everyo ne’s conflict. As the century turns, migration, with itsinevitable economic and politica l turmoil, has been called “one of the greatestchallenges of the coming century.”But it is much more than that. It is, as it has always been, thegreat adventure of human life. Migration helped create humans, drove us toconquer the planet, shaped our societies, and promises to reshape them again.“You have a history book written in your genes,” said Spencer Wells.The book he’s trying to read goes back to long before even the first word waswritten, and it is astory of migration.Wells, a tall, blond geneticist at Stanford University, spent thesummer of 1998 expl oring remote parts of Transcaucasia and Central Asia withthree colleagues in a La nd Rover, looking for drops of blood. In the blood,donated by the people he met, he will search for the story that genetic markerscan tell of the long paths human lif e has taken across the Earth.Genetic studies are the latest technique in a long effort of modem humansto find o ut where they have come from. But however the paths are traced, thebasic story i s simple: people have been moving since they were people. If earlyhumans hadn’t moved and intermingled as much as they did, they probably wouldhave continued t o evolve into different species. From beginnings in Africa,most researchers agree, g roups of hunter-gatherers spread out, driven to theends of the Earth.To demographer Kingsley Davis, two things made migration happen.First, human be ings, with their tools and language, could adapt to differentconditions without having to wait for evolution to make them suitable for a newniche. Second, as population s grew, cultures began to differ, and inequalitiesdeveloped between groups. The firs t factor gave us the keys to the door of anyroom on the planet; the other gave us reasons to use them.Over the centuries, as agriculture spread across the planet, peoplemoved toward pl aces where metal was found and worked and to centres of commercethat then bec ame cities. Those places were, in turn, invaded and overrun bypeople later generat ions called barbarians.In between these storm surges were steadier but similarly profoundtides in which p eople moved out to colonize or were captured and brought in asslaves. For a while the population of Athens, that city of lagendaryenlightenment, was as much as 35 percent slaves.“What strikes me is how important migration is as a cause and effectin the great world events,” Mark Miller, co-author of The age of Migration and a professor of poli tical science at the University of Delaware, told merecently.It is difficult to think of any great events that did not involvemigration. Religions sp awned pilgrims or settlers; wars drove refugees beforethem and made new land av ailable for the conquerors; political upheavalsdisplaced thousands or millions; econo mic innovations drew workers andentrepreneurs like magnets; environmental disaste rs like famine or diseasepushed their bedraggled survivors anywhere they could rep lant hope.“It’s part of our nature, this movement,” Miller said. “It’s just afact of the human co ndition.”8. Which of the following statements isINCORRECT?A. Migrationexerts a great impact on population change.B. Migrationcontributes to Mankind's progress.C. Migrationbrings about desirable and undesirable effects.D. Migration maynot be accompanied by human conflicts.9. According to Kingsley Davis, migrationoccurs as a result of the following reasons EXCEPTA. humanadaptability.B. humanevolution.C. culturaldifferencesD. inter-groupinequalities.10. Which of the following groups is NOTmentioned as migrants in the passage?A. Farmers.B. Workers.C. Settlers.D. Colonizers.11. There seems to be a(n) relationship between great eventsand migration.A. looseB. indefiniteC. causalD. remoteQuestion 4 What does the firstsentence in the third paragraph mean? Your a nswer should be within 50 words.TEXT DHow is communication actually achieved? It depends, of course,either on a commo n language or on known conventions, or at least on thebeginnings of these. If the common language and the conventions exist, thecontributor, for example, the creati ve artist, the performer, or the reporter,tries to use them as well as he can. But of ten, especially with originalartists and thinkers, the problem is in one way that of cr eating a language, orcreating a convention, or at least of developing the language and conventionsto the point where they are capable of bearing his precise meaning. Inliterature, in music, in the visual arts, in the sciences, in social thinking,in philos ophy, this kind of development has occurred again and again. It oftentakes a long time to get through, and for many people it will remain difficult.But we need never think that it is impossible; creative energy is much morepowerful than we sometime s suppose. While a man is engaged in this struggle tosay new things in new ways, he is usually more than ever concentrated on theactual work, and not on its possi ble audience. Many artists and scientistsshare this fundamental unconcern about th e ways in which their work will bereceived. They may be glad if it is understood a nd appreciated, hurt if it isnot, but while the work is being done there can be no a rgument. The thing hasto come out as the man himself sees it.In this sense it is true that it is the duty of society to createconditions in which such men can live. For whatever the value of any individualcontribution, the general body of work is of immense value to everyone. But ofcourse things are not so for mal, in reality. There is not society on the onehand and these individuals on the ot her In ordinary living, and in his work,the contributor shares in the life of his societ y, which often affects him bothin minor ways and in ways sometimes so deep that he is not even aware of them.His ability to make his work public depends on the actual communication system:the language itself, or certain visual or musical or sci entific conventions,and the institutions through which the communication will be pas sed. The effectof these on his actual work can be almost infinitely variable. For it i s notonly a communication system outside him; it is also, however original he may be, a communication system which is in fact part of himself. Many contributorsmak e active use of this kind of internal communication system. It is tothemselves, in a way, that they first show their conceptions, play their music,present their argument s. Not only as a way of getting these clear, in theprocess of almost endless testin g that active composition involves. But also,whether consciously or not, as a way o f putting the experience into acommunicable form. If one mind has grasped it, then it may be open to otherminds.In this deep sense, the society is in some ways already present inthe act of comp osition. This is always very difficult to understand, but often,when we have the adv antage of looking back at a period, we can see, even if wecannot explain, how thi s was so. We can see how much even highly originalindividuals had in common, i n their actual work, and in what is called their“structure of feeling”, with other indivi dual workers of the time, and with thesociety of that time to which they belonged. The historian is also continuallystruck by the fact that men of this kind felt isolated at the very time when inreality they were beginning to get through. This can also be noticed in our owntime, when some of the most deeply influential men feel isol ated and evenrejected. The society and the communication are there, but it is diffic ult torecognize them, difficult to be sure.12. Creative artists and thinkers achievecommunication byA. depending onshared conventions.B. fashioningtheir Own conventions.C. adjustingtheir personal feelings.D. elaborating acommon language.13. A common characteristic of artists andscientists involved in creative work is thatA. they careabout the possible reaction to their work.B. publicresponse is one of the primary concerns.C. they arekeenly aware of public interest in their work.D. they are indifferent toward response to their work.14. According to the passage, which of thefollowing statements is INCORRECT?A. Individualcontributions combined possess great significance to the public.B. Goodcontributors don't neglect the use of internal communication system.C. Everyoneexcept those original people comes under the influence of society.D. Knowing howto communicate is universal among human beings.15. It is implied at the end of the passage thathighly original individuals feel isolated because theyA. fail toacknowledge and use an acceptable form of communication.B. actuallydiffer from other individuals in the same period.C. have littlein common with the society of the time.D. refuse toadmit parallels between themselves and the society.Question 5 What is the writer's mainargument? Your answer should be within 50 words.IV. Write an essay of about 400 wordson the following topic (20%).IS A LITTLE LEARNING DANGEROUS?Write your essay on the answer sheet.V. Answer the following questions withthe help of examples. Write down your response on the answer sheet (15%).1. What are the differences between determiners andadjectives?2. Discuss the various types of ellipsis as cohesivedevices.3. Explain the three principles of concord (the grammaticalprinciple, the notional pri nciple and the principle of proximity) and their relations.4. Why do many modern grammarians claim that the Englishverb has no future ten se?5. Discuss the attributive and the predicative functionsof adjectives.答案部分：上海外国语大学2002年攻读硕士学位研究生考试英语语言文学专业综合能力考试卷（三小时内完成）QUESTIONPAPERⅠ. Fill in each of the blanks below with an appropriate word. (20%)First of all, love is a joint experience between two persons－but the fact that it is a (1)___ experience does not mean that it is a (2) experience to the two people (3) . There are the lover and thebeloved, (4) these two comefrom dif ferent countries. Often the beloved is only a stimulus for (5) the stored-up lovewhich has lain quiet (6) the lover for a long time hitherto. Andsomehow every lover knows (7) .He feels in his (8) that his love is a (9) thing. (10) comes to know a new, strange loneliness and itis this knowledge (11) ma kes him suffer. So there is (12) one thing for the lover to do. He must househi s love within himself as (13) he can; he must create (14) himself a whole ne w inward world－a (15) intense and strange, complete in himself. Letit be adde d (16) that this lover about whom we speak need not (17) be a young man saving for a (18) ring－this lover can be man, woman, child, (19) indeed a ny human creature on this (20) .答案部分：I. 1. joint 2. similar 3. involved 4. but 5. all 6. within 7. this 8. soul 9. solitary 10. He 11. that 12. only 13. best 14. for 15. world 16. here 17. necessarily 18. wedding 19. or 20. earthⅡ. Read the following passage carefully, and thendecide what is missing in t he blanks. Supply the missing sentences and answerthe questions. Your ans wer to the questions should be concise. (15%)1.Externally at some given period of historyand in some set of social arrangements it may often look as if one sex gainedand the other lost, .2.To the extent that women are denied the right to use their minds,their sons suffe r as well as their daughters.Question: What is the rhetorical function of Sentence No.2 in relation toSentence No.1?3.An over-emphasis on the importance ofvirility will in the end make the lives of m en as instrumental as anover-emphasis on their merely reproductive functions makes the lives of women.4.If our analysis is deep enough and ourtime-perspective long enough, if we hold i n mind all the various possibilitiesthat other cultures hint at or fully embody, it is p ossible to say that to theextent that either sex is disadvantaged, the whole culture is poorer, and thesex that, superficially, inherits the earth, inherits only a very parti al legacy.5.The more whole the culture, the more wholeeach member, each man, each wom an, each child will be.Question:What does the word “whole” mean is Sentence No.5?6.Each sex is shaped from birth by thepresence and the behaviour of both sexes, .7.The myths that conjure up islands of women wholive all alone without men alway s contain, and rightly, some flaw in thepicture.8.A one-sex world would be an imperfect world, forit would be a world without a fu ture.Question:What is the rhetorical function of Sentence No.8 in relation toSentence No.7?9.Only a denial of life itself makes itpossible to deny the interdependence of the se xes.10.Once that interdependence is recognizedand traced in minute detail to the infant’s first experience of the contrastbetween the extra roughness of a shaven cheek a nd a deeper voice and the mother’ssofter skin and higher voice, any programme which claims that the wholeness ofone sex can be advanced without considering the other is automaticallydisallowed.11.Isolated consideration of the position ofwomen becomes as essentially one-sided as the isolated consideration of theposition of men.12.We must think instead of how to live in atwo-sex world so that each sex will be nefit at every point from each expressionof the presence of two sexes.答案：II.missing sentences:1. but internally it is seldom the realsituation2. and one sex can never exist all alonewithout the influence from the other sex questions:1. Sentence No. 2 servesto explain Sentence No. 1 by providing an example.2. The word “whole” means both men and women arerespected, their potential is f ully realized, and their personalities fullydeveloped in an all-round way.3. Sentence No. 8 serves to explainSentence No. 7 by giving prediction参考资料Rhetorical FunctionDescribeIdentifyCompareExplainanalogyexampleplanfact。

2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题参考答案参考答案Section Ⅰ Listening ComprehensionPart A1 sociology2 19303 234 religions5 1954Part B6 cameramen / camera men7 a personal visit8 depressed9 among advertisements 10 take firm actionPart C11.D 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.B 16.A 17.A 18.D 19.C 20.BSection Ⅱ Use of English21.A 22.D 23.C 24.B 25.B 26.A 27.D 28.D 29.C 30.B 31.D 32.A 33.A 34.C 35.B 36.D 37.A 38.C 39.B 40.CSection Ⅲ Reading Comprehension41.C 42.B 43.D 44.D 45.A 46.C 47.C 48.D 49.B 50.C 51.B 52.D 53.D 54.A 55.A 56.B 57.C 58.B 59.A 60.D答案解析Section ⅠListening Comprehension听力部分原文Part AM：Margaret Welch was born in Philadelphia in 1901.She began her studies at DePauw University in 1919，but after a year she transferred to study at Barnard University，Majoring in sociology.She received her undergraduate degree from Barnard in 1923.She ultimately acquired a PhDfrom Columbia University in 1929.She married Dr.Reo Fortune in 1928. Together they wrote Growing Up In New Guinea，published in 1930.Welch worked with her husband on another book called Balanese Character that was published in 1942.At the age of 23，Dr.Welch undertook a field study in the South Pacific.The experience resulted in her writing of her highly popular bookComing of Age In Samoa，published in 1928.Dr.Welch s interests andwritings centered on religions.She worked in the Department of Anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History from 1926 through to the end of her life.She was a professor of anthropology at Columbia starting in the year 1954，working with her old associate Ruth Benedict. She wrote a book entitled An Anthropologist At Work about Benedict.It was published in 1959.Margaret Welch died in 1978.W：You now have 30 seconds to check you answers to Questions 1-5.Part BW：When I was getting divorced in 1975，reporters and cameramen were camped out for days in the lobby and on the sidewalk outside.They came from all over the country.Foreign reporters too.It was terrible.My neighbors could barely get in and out of the building. One reporter，who had been a friend of mine，got up to my apartment after persuading the doorman into believing that he was there on a personal visit.I wouldnt let him in .He just wanted to talk，he said.I was certain that he had a camera and wanted a picture of me looking depressed.I just couldn t believe this attempt to invade my is the reporters present themselves as having the perfect right to be anywhere，to ask any question.It doesn t matter how personal the matter may be.People don t trust the press the way they used to. In most cases，stories are sensationalized in order to attract more public attention. Some papers print things that simply are not true.In many papers，if acorrection has to be made，it s usually buried among advertisements.I ve received hundreds of letters from people asking me how do you know what s true in the press these days.I find it difficult to respondsometimes.I tell them that there are good newspapers and serious，responsible and honest reporters.Don t judge all of us by the standardsof the bad ones.Unless the guys at the top—the editors and the news directors-take firm action，pretty soon no one is going to believe anything they read in the papers of see on television news.M：You now have 50 seconds to check your answers to Questions 6-10.Part C（一）M：Next time you bring your kids in for a checkup，don t be surprisedif the doctor asks about their tastes in entertainment.The American Academy of Medicine suggested last week that doctors work with parents to evaluate how much TV kids watch and what they see， what video and computer games they play，which websites they visit on the Internet，whether they view R-rated videos without the company of their parents，what music they like and what books they read.Doctors are worried thatkids who spend too much time in front of the tube don t get enoughexercise and can become overweight.The academy is also concerned that the messages kids get from entertainment media can make them more violent and sexually active.The academy recommends that children under age two not watch any TV.“Children need activities to stimulate the brain during the first twoyears of life，”says Dr.Miriam Baron，who chairs the academy s committeeon public education.“They need feedback and socialization.”Older children，she says，should watch TV in a common area.Their bedrooms should be “electronic media-free”zones where they can have a quiet place to read，study，play or just relax.W：You now have 30 seconds to check your answers to Questions 11-13.（二）W：If you re in your 20s，you own your first car，your career is more or less launched，and you re starting to look forward to owning a home.But you re worried，too.Perhaps you ve got some debt.You probably don t have much in the way of savings.And with all your expenses，it doesn t look like you ll be able to improve that situationsoon.If you wonder how to cut corners，there s an obvious place to look-at your spending habits.Do you buy a soda each weekend？Waste $ 1 a day for 40 years and，when you re set to retire，you ll find your account is short by $ 190，000.Grab a calculator and you ll discover that，over 40 years going outto dinner twice a month at $ 40 each time amounts to half a million.Even a pack-a day cigarette habit will lighten your retirement account by $ 330，000.And the same with cable TV and those cool earrings.They will probably amount to as much as one million.So，the first clue to accumulating wealth is this：focus on your spending habits.Here are a couple of tricks to help you save even if youswear you can t afford to. Stop buying things that fall rather than risein value.Pay yourself first：Before you pay the monthly bills，send $ 25 to a mutual fund. Stop spending coins.From nwo on，spend only paper currency，and keep the change every day.Get your family involved，and youll double your e discount tickets at the supermarket—butuse them correctly.How？ If you really want to make these tickets worthwhile，you actually must invest into your mutual fund the amount yousave by using the tickets.Otherwise，you re wasting your time—and yourmoney.M：You now have 30 seconds to check your answers to Questions 14-16.（三）W：Mr. Glieberman，do you see any change in the high rate of broken marriages？M：The divorce rate is beginning to level off and probably will begin to drop in the next year or two，though not significantly.The tight economy has made it more difficult for troubled couples to handle all the costs associated with setting up separate house-holds.Also，I believe theres a comeback of thought—after the turbulent60s and70s—that thefamily does have value.In the midst of change and family disintegration，people seem to have a greater desire now to create stability in their lives.W：What is the divorce rate now？M：About 1 in 3 marriages ends in divorce，a ratio far higher than it was 20 years ago when the philosophy was “We ll tough it out no matter what.Society demands that，for appearances sake，we stay together.”Divorce no longer carries much disgrace.There s no way，for example，that Ronald Reagan，a divorced man，could have been elected President in 1960.And there are countless other divorced politicians who years ago would have been voted out of office if they had even considered a divorce，let alone gotten one.The same was true in the corporate structure，where divorced people rarely moved up the executive ladder.Now corporations welcome a divorced man，because they can shift him around the country without worrying about relocating his family or making certain that they are happy.W：You now have 40 seconds to check your answers to Questions 17-20.Section Ⅱ Use of English21［答案］A［注释］本题固然涉及副词的使用知识，然而，更重要的是考查考生句与句之间语义逻辑的理解能力。

2002年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案Section Ⅰ Listening Comprehension Part A (每题1分，共5分)Directions:This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C. Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1. Now look at Part A in your test booklet.Part ADirections: For Questions 1-5, you will hear an introduction about the life of Margaret Welch. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you?ve heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points)1、Major at University2、Growing Up In New Guinea Published (Year)3、Field Study in the South Pacific (Age)4、Main Interest5、Professorship at Columbia Started (Year)Section Ⅰ Part B(每题1分，共5分)Directions: For questions 6-10, you will hear a talk by a well-knownU.S.journalist. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. (5 points)6、Besides reporters, who else were camped out for days outside the speaker?s home?7、 One reporter got to the speaker?s apartment pretending to pay8、The speaker believed the reporter wanted a picture of her looking9、Where is a correction to a false story usually placed?10、According to the speaker, the press will lose readers unless the editors and the news directors .Section Ⅰ Part C （共三节，满分10分）Directions: You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing [A] ，[B]，[C] or [D]. After listening, you will have time to check your answers. You will hear each piece once only. (10 points) Questions 11-13 are based on a report about children?s healthy development. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13.11、What unusual question may doctors ask when giving kids a checkup next time?[A]How much exercise they get every day.[B]What they are most worried about.[C]How long their parents accompany them daily.[D]What entertainment they are interested in.12、The academy suggests that children under age two[A]get enough entertainment.[B]have more activities.[C]receive early education.[D]have regular checkups.13、According to the report, children?s bedrooms should[A]be no place for play.[B]be near a commom area.[C]have no TV sets.[D]have a computer for study.Questions 14-16 are based on the following talk about how to save money. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16.14.According to the speaker, what should one pay special attention to if he wants to save up?[A]Family debts.[B]Bank savings.[C]Monthly bills.[D]Spending habits.15、How much can a person save by retirement if he gives up his pack?a?day habit?[A]$190，000[B]$330，000[C]$500，000[D]$1，000，00016、What should one do before paying monthly bills, if he wants to accumulate wealth?[A]Invest into a mutual fund.[B]Use the discount tickets.[C]Quit his eating?out habit.[D]Use only paper bills and save coins.Questions 17-20 are based on an interview with Herbert A. Gliederman, a domestic?relations lawyer. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.17.Which word best describes the lawyer?s prediction of the change in divorce rate?[A]Fall.[B]Rise.[C]V?shape.[D]T?shape.18、What do people nowadays desire to do concerning their marriage?[A]To embrace changes of thought.[B]To adapt to the disintegrated family life.[C]To return to the practice in the ?60s and ?70s.[D]To create stability in their lives.19、Why did some people choose not to divorce 20 years ago?[A]They feared the complicated procedures.[B]They wanted to go against the trend.[C]They were afraid of losing face.[D]They were willing to stay together.20、Years ago a divorced man in a company would have.[A]been shifted around the country.[B]had difficulty being promoted.[C]enjoyed a happier life.[D]tasted little bitterness of disgrace.Section II Use of English（满分10分）Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A] [B] [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened (21)[]. As was discussed before, it was not (22)[] the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre?electronic (23)[], following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the (24)[] of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution (25)[] up,beginning with transport, the railway, and leading (26)[] through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures (27)[] the 20th?century world of the motor car and the airplane. Not everyone sees the process in (28)[]. It is important to do so. It is generally recognized, (29)[], that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, (30)[] by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, (31)[] its impact on the media was not immediately (32)[]. As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful,and they became “personal”too. as well as (33)[], with display becoming sharper and storage (34)[] increasing. They were thought of, like people, (35)[] generations, with the distance between generations much (36)[]. It was within the computer age that the term “information society”began to be widely used to describe the (37)[] within which we now live. The communications revolution has (38)[] both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been (39)[] views about its economic ,political, social and cultural implications. “Benefits” have been weighed (40)[] “harmful” outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.21、[A]between[B]before[C]since[D]later22、[A]after[B]by[C]during[D]until23、[A]means[B]method[C]medium[D]measure24、[A]process[B]company[C]light[D]form25、[A]gathered[B]speeded[C]worked[D]picked26、[A]on[B]out[C]over[D]off27、[A]of[B]for[C]beyond[D]into28、[A]concept[B]dimension[C]effect[D]perspective29、[A]indeed[B]hence[C]however[D]therefore30、[A]brought[B]followed[C]stimulated[D]characterized31、[A]unless[B]since[C]lest[D]although32、[A]apparent[B]desirable[C]negative[D]plausible33、[A]institutional[B]universal[C]fundamental[D]instrumental34、[A]ability[B]capability[C]capacity[D]faculty35[A]by means of[B]in terms of[C]with regard to[D]in line with36、[A]deeper[B]fewer[C]nearer[D]smaller37、[A]context[B]range[C]scope[D]territory38、[A]regarded[B]impressed[C]influenced[D]effected39、[A]competitive[B]controversial[C]distracting[D]irrational40、[A]above[B]upon[C]against[D]withSection ⅢReading Comprehension Part A （满分40分）Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A] [B] [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Passage1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. "Who is that?" the new arrival asked St. Peter. "Oh,that's God," came the reply, "but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor."If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote "If at first you don't succeed, give up" or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.41. To make your humor work, you should ________.[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience[B] make fun of the disorganized people[C] address different problems to different people[D] show sympathy for your listeners42. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are ________.[A] impolite to new arrivals[B] very conscious of their godlike role[C] entitled to some privileges[D] very busy even during lunch hours43. It can be inferred from the text that public services ________.[A] have benefited many people[B] are the focus of public attention[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor[D] have often been the laughing stock44. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered________.[A] in well-worded language[B] as awkwardly as possible[C] in exaggerated statements[D] as casually as possible45. The best title for the text may be ________.[A] Use Humor Effectively[B] Various Kinds of Humor[C] Add Humor to Speech[D] Different Humor Strategiespassage 2Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics — the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for thetransaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy —far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves — goals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world."Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented — and human perception far more complicated — than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it.46. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ________.[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work[D] the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work47. The word "gizmos" (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means ________.[A] programs[B] experts[C] devices[D] creatures48. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can ________.[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery[B] interact with human beings verbally[C] have a little common sense[D] respond independently to a changing world49. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also ________.[A] make a few decisions for themselves[B] deal with some errors with human intervention[C] improve factory environments[D] cultivate human creativity50. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are ________.[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information[D] best used in a controlled environmentpassage 3Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel,up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies —to which heavy industry has shifted — have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist's commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.51. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is ________.[A] global inflation[B] reduction in supply[C] fast growth in economy[D] Iraq's suspension of exports52. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if ________.[A] price of crude rises[B] commodity prices rise[C] consumption rises[D] oil taxes rise53. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries ________.[A] heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive[B] income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices[C] manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed[D] oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP54. We can draw a conclusion from the text that ________.[A] oil-price shocks are less shocking now[B] inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks[C] energy conservation can keep down the oil prices[D] the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry55. From the text we can see that the writer seems ________.[A] optimistic[B] sensitive[C] gloomy[D] scaredpassage 4The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect, "a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects — a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen — is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery," he says. "We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessingand treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear... that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."56. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that ________.[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients' pain[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide57. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.[D] A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.58. According to the NAS's report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is ________.[A] prolonged medical procedures[B] inadequate treatment of pain[C] systematic drug abuse[D] insufficient hospital care59. Which of the following best defines the word "aggressive" (line 1, paragraph7)?[A] Bold.[B] Harmful.[C] Careless.[D] Desperate.60. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they ________.[A] manage their patients incompetently[B] give patients more medicine than needed[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patientsSection Ⅲ Part B (每题2分，共10分)Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.(61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.(62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.(63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.(64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values”. Who will use a technology and to what ends?(65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.Section IV Writing?66. Directions:Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures —National and International".?In the essay you should?1) describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and?2) give your comment on the phenomenon.?You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)?2002年考研英语真题答案Section I: Listening Comprehension (20 points)Part A (5 points)1. sociology2. 19303. 234. religions5. 1954 Part B (5 points)6. cameramen/camera men7. a personal visit8. depressed9. among advertisements10. take firm actionPart C (10 points)11. [D] 12. [B] 13. [C] 14. [D] 15. [B]16. [A] 17. [A] 18. [D] 19. [C] 20. [B]Section II: Use of English (10 points)21. [A] 22. [D] 23. [C] 24. [B] 25. [B]26. [A] 27. [D] 28. [D] 29. [C] 30. [B]31. [D] 32. [A] 33. [A] 34. [C] 35. [B]36. [D] 37. [A] 38. [C] 39. [B] 40. [C]Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points) Part A (40 points)41. [C] 42. [B] 43. [D] 44. [D] 45. [A]46. [C] 47. [C] 48. [D] 49. [B] 50. [C]51. [B] 52. [D] 53. [D] 54. [A] 55. [A]56. [B] 57. [C] 58. [B] 59. [A] 60. [D]Part B (10 points)61. 难题这一大于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。

上海外国语大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试英汉互译真题回忆版一、英译汉选自伊莎多拉•邓肯的自传My LifeISADORA DUNCAN’S AUTOBIOGRAPHY:CHAPTER ONEThe character of a child is already plain,even in its mother’s womb.Before I was born my mother was in great agony of spirit and in a tragic situation.She could take no food except iced oysters and iced champagne.If people ask me when I began to dance I reply,“In my mother’s womb,probably as a result of the oysters and champagne—the food of Aphrodite.”My mother was going through such a tragic experience at this time that she often said,“This child that will be born will surely not be normal,”and she expected a monster. And in fact from the moment I was born it seemed that I began to agitate my arms and legs in such a fury that my mother cried,“You see I was quite right,the child is a maniac!”But later on,placed in a baby jumper in the center of the table I was the amusement of the entire family and friends,dancing to any music that was played. My first memory is of a fire.I remember being thrown into the arms of a policeman from an upper window.I must have been about two or three years old,but I distinctly remember the comforting feeling,among all the excitement—the screams and the flames—of the security of the policeman and my little arms round his neck.He must have been an Irishman.I hear my mother cry in frenzy,“My boys,my boys,”and see her held back by the crowd from entering the building in which she imagined my two brothers had been left.Afterwards I remember finding the two boys sitting on the floor of a bar-room,putting on their shoes and stockings,and then the inside of a carriage,and then sitting on a counter drinking hot chocolate.I was born by the sea,and I have noticed that all the great events of my life have taken place by the sea.My first idea of movement,of the dance,certainly came from the rhythm of the waves.I was born under the star of Aphrodite,Aphrodite who was also born on the sea,and when her star is in the ascendant,events are always propitious to me.At these epochs life flows lightly and I am able to create.I have also noticed that the disappearance of this star is usually followed by disaster for me.The science of astrology has not perhaps the importance to-day that it had in the time of the ancient Egyptians or of the Chaldeans,but it is certain that our psychic life is under the influence of the planets,and if parents understood this they would study the stars in the creation of more beautiful children.I believe,too,that it must make a great difference to a child’s life whether it is born by the sea or in the mountains.The sea has always drawn me to it,whereas in the mountains I have a vague feeling of discomfort and a desire to fly.They always give me an impression of being a prisoner to the earth.Looking up at their tops,I do not feel the admiration of the general tourist,but only a desire to leap over them and escape.My life and my art were born of the sea.I have to be thankful that when we were young my mother was poor.She could not afford servants or governesses for her children,and it is to this fact that I owe the spontaneous life which I had the opportunity to express as a child and never lost.My mother was a musician and taught music for a living and as she gave her lessons at the houses of her pupils she was away from home all day and for many hours in the evening.When I could escape from the prison of school,I was free.I could wander alone by the sea and follow my own fantasies.How I pity the children I see constantly attended by nurses and governesses,constantly protected and taken care of and smartly dressed.What chance of life have they?My mother was too busy to think of any dangers which might befall her children,and therefore my two brothers and I were free to follow our own vagabond impulses,which sometimes led us into adventures which,had our mother known of them,would have driven her wild with anxiety.Fortunately she was blissfully unconscious.I say fortunately for me,for it is certainly to this wild untrammeled life of my childhood that I owe the inspiration of the dance I created,which was but the expression of freedom.I was never subjectedto the continual“don’ts”which it seems to me make children’s lives a misery.二、汉译英林语堂的《秋天的况味》秋天的黄昏，一人独坐在沙发上抽烟，看烟头白灰之下露出红光，微微透露出暖气，心头的情绪便跟着那蓝烟缭绕而上，一样的轻松，一样的自由。

step…two…three…breathe hard against the wall to catch my breath.
So far, so good, I said to myself.
And then I stopped. Was I overdoing it? Would I really get away with this act? For I wasn’t
At the airline ticket counter, I found myself in a line of young business man. “Good morning,
sir！” the agent exclaimed brightly to each one. “Have a pleasant trip.” When old-lady-me peered
never known before. People, I felt, really do judge a book by its cover.
The experience was repeated in my neighborhood drugstore when, as a meek and dowdy old
创新精神。坚持实施科教兴国战略，进一步普及教育，提高教育素质和全社会的教育水平；
大力发展科学文化事业。加强科学知识、科学方法、科学思想、科学精神的宣传教育。唱响
社会主义文化的主旋律，坚持为人民服务、为社会主义服务，实行百花齐放、百家争鸣，是
发展先进文化必须贯彻的重要方针。要努力掌握和发展各种现代传播手段，积极推动先进文
He looked u in annoyance, walked to the shelf and pointed down. I stooped to pick up a

第二、句子的主干结构是：主句+两个并列关系的原因状语从句之所以……，部分是因为……，部分是因为……
第三、词的处理：
the explanatory items 用以解释的要素(内容，项目)
other kinds of explanations 其他解释方式
完整的译文：
62)行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。
2002年考研英语试卷英汉翻译真题解析
2002年英译汉试题
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segmentssintosChinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, /and they're essential to practices/in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是两个并列句They are the possessions of ... and they're essential to...

2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案Section I Listening ComprehensionDirections:This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this Section, Part A, Part B and Part C. Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1. Now look at Part A in your test booklet.Part ADirections:For Questions 1 - 5, you will hear an introduction about the life of Margaret Welch. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you've heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points)Welch's Personal InformationPlace of Birth PhiladelphiaYear of Birth 1901Transfer to Barnard University (Year) 1920Major at University1Final Degree PhDYear of Marriage 1928Growing Up In New Guinea Published (Year)2Field Study in the South Pacific (Age)3Main Interest4Professorship at Columbia Started (Year)5Death (Age) 77Part B Directions:For questions 6 - 10, you will hear a talk by a well-known U.S. journalist. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. (5 points)Besides reporters, who else were camped out for days outside6the speaker's home?One reporter got to the speaker's apartment pretending to pay7The speaker believed the reporter wanted a picture of her looking8Where is a correction to a false story usually placed?9According to the speaker, the press will lose readers unless the 10editors and the news directorsPart C Directions:You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. After listening, you will have time to check your answers. You will hear each piece once only. (10 points)Questions 11 - 13 are based on a report about children's healthy development. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 - 13.11. What unusual question may doctors ask when giving kids a checkup next time?[A] How much exercise they get every day.[B] What they are most worried about.[C] How long their parents accompany them daily.[D] What entertainment they are interested in.12. The academy suggests that children under age two[A] get enough entertainment.[B] have more activities.[C] receive early education.[D] have regular checkups.13. According to the report, children's bedrooms should[A] be no place for play.[B] be near a common area.[C] have no TV sets.[D] have a computer for study.Questions 14 - 16 are based on the following talk about how to save money. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14 - 16.14. According to the speaker, what should one pay special attention to if he wants to save up?[A] Family debts.[B] Bank savings.[C] Monthly bills.[D] Spending habits.15. How much can a person save by retirement if he gives up his pack-a-day habit?[A] $190,000.[B] $330,000.[C] $500,000.[D] $ 1,000,000.16. What should one do before paying monthly bills, if he wants to accumulate wealth?[A] Invest into a mutual fund.[B] Use the discount tickets.[C] Quit his eating-out habit.[D] Use only paper bills and save coins.Questions 17 - 20 are based on an interview with Herbert A. Glieberman,domestic-relations lawyer. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17 - 20.17. Which word best describes the lawyer's prediction of the change in divorce rate?[A]Fall.[B] Rise.[C] V-shape.[D] Zigzag.18. What do people nowadays desire to do concerning their marriage?[A] To embrace changes of thought.[B] To adapt to the disintegrated family life.[C] To return to the practice in the '60s and '70s.[D] To create stability in their lives.19. Why did some people choose not to divorce 20 years ago?[A] They feared the complicated procedures.[B] They wanted to go against the trend.[C] They were afraid of losing face.[D] They were willing to stay together.20. Years ago a divorced man in a company would have[A] been shifted around the country.[B] had difficulty being promoted.[C] enjoyed a happier life.[D] tasted little bitterness of disgrace.You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.全国硕士研究生入学考试英语（二）National Entrance Test Of English for MA／MS Candidates(2002)考生注意事项1.考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则，得到监考人员指令后方可开始答题。

答案部分：上海外国语大学2002年硕士研究生入学考试试题英语综合试题I.1.joint 2.similar 3.involved 4.but 5.all 6.within7.this8.soul9.solitary10.He11.that12.only13.best14.for15.world16.here 17.necessarily18.wedding19.or20.earthII.missing sentences:1.but internally it is seldom the real situation2.and one sex can never exist all alone without the influence from the other sexquestions:1.Sentence No.2serves to explain Sentence No.1by providing an example.2.The word“whole”means both men and women are respected,their potential is fully realized,and their personalities fully developed in an all-round way.3.Sentence No.8serves to explain Sentence No.7by giving predictionRhetorical FunctionDescribeIdentifyCompareExplainanalogyexampleplanfactpredicthypothesizeSummarizeⅢ、A:1.D2.C3.AQuestion：1.As evening was drawing near,Blackpool became livelier with more people.The town and the beach seemed to be more attractive than before in the author’s eye because in the near future the beach would regain its past grandeur and people would enjoy themselves on the beautiful beach again.B:4.D5.C6.A7.BQuestion：2.The last sentence in the second paragraph means what happens in the real situation is that Asian countries decide on policies that are between the two available options that have been mentioned.No matter which policy the countries actually took,they suffered a lot.Question：3.The writer’s tone in the fourth paragraph is sarcastic.For example,the writer described vividly that IMF tried to claim credit for the recovery of Korea’s economy and it failed to realize,or simply ignored,those countries,which followed its instructions but didn’t recover,and those recovered without its help.C:8.D9.B10.A11.CQuestion：4.Migration’s impact on population change may seem to be weak but in fact it is ongoing and profound.It brings with itself its own problems as well as solutions to existing problems.Therefore,it is a process full of conflict.D:12.B13.D14.C15.AQuestion：5.The writer mainly argues that it is possible for creative people to communicate their original ideas successfully to their audience because creative people share in the life of their society and possess an internal communication system within;through utilizing the system they can make themselves understood by the public.参考作文：A Little is not a Necessarily Dangerous ThingWhen Alexander Pope first said that little learning is a dangerous thing,he meant that because people who know little sometimes do not understand how little they know and therefore prone to error.However,in my opinion,a little learning is not necessarily dangerous.First of all,little learning is better than no learning at all.Although people who know little may fail to realize how little they know,there are some who may be inspired to learn more after knowing that they do not know enough and learning is actually an endless and ongoing process.Secondly,little learning is an efficient way to obtain knowledge in a society of information explosion.In the information age,every day,every hour,every minute and even second there is new information emerging. Some is useful,some is not,and some information may be of more valueto you than other information.It is too time and energy-consuming to gain all the information.For the information that is of great importance to you, you may want to process it with great care to have a thorough understanding in that certain field.While for the not-so-important information,you only need to have a little learning.For example,for a dentist who is not very keen on politics,he may want to keep up with the latest development in the field of dentistry,yet it is still necessary for him to be aware of the current development on the political arena of the world. Thus he may devote most of his time and energy to medical literature on dentistry and the latest magazine in that field,while a quick scan of some local newspaper is fairly enough to keep him informed of the world politics.It is said that the structure of knowledge of the future generations is of the shape of the letter T,which means people should know everything about something(e.g.for the dentist mentioned above,he should know everything about dentistry)and at the same time know something about everything(e.g.he should have some general information about the world he is living in to survive no matter whether he is interested in it or not.). Therefore,a little learning is not necessarily a dangerous thing but a necessary and beneficial means by which people can survive and succeed in this information age.(400words)V.1.It is said that the adjective is the enemy of the noun.That may be true, but adjectives are still very useful words.They add information to a sentence,and tell us more about nouns and pronouns.Determiners are a particular type of adjectives,including words like the,a,an,each,every, some and any,which were used before a noun in order to show which thing you mean.Adjectives other than determiners give information on other qualities like size(big),colour(red),shape(round),material (wooden)and many other attributes.2.The basic principle of ellipsis is leaving out something understood and hence produces incomplete sentences with such a structure as to presuppose preceding item.Ellipsis,somehow like substitutions,sets up cohesion on the basis of structural recoverability with reference to the linguistic context.Here are three types of ellipsis:a)Nominal:Why give me two cups of coffee?I only asked for one.b)V erbal:A:Have you seen him before?B:Yes,I have(seen him before).c)Clausal:A:Will it rain tomorrow?B:Perhaps(it will rain tomorrow).3.Concord refers to a matching relationship between two grammatical units,a way of showing that they have a certain feature in common,and applies to gender,number and person.For example,Gender:The Queen has lost her crown.Number:The shoes were too small.Person:I am thankful.There are three principles of S-P concord:(1)Grammatical concordA singular subject requires a singular verb/predicator.e.g.My daughter watches television after supper.A plural subject requires a plural verb/predicator.e.g.My daughters watch television after supper.If the subject is a noun phrase,the number of the noun phrase depends on the number of its head.e.g.The change in male attitudes is most obvious in industry.The changes in male attitudes are most obvious in industry.Clauses in the position of subject count as singular.e.g.That she was angry doesn’t concern me.(2)Notional concord is agreement of verb with subject according to the idea/notion of number.e.g.collective nouns.Our family are going on holiday this week.(3)Principle of proximity is agreement of the verb with a noun or pronoun that closely precedes it.e.g.No one except his own supporters agree with him.One in ten take drugs.Grammatical concord has something to do with grammar,while notional concord relates to the semantic meaning of the subject and principle of proximity concerns the position of various parts of the subject.The lattertwo principles are complementary to the first one.4.Strictly speaking,English has no future tense,i.e.,there is no inflection of the verb that could represent future time,so as to be called Future Tense,unlike the Present and Past forms(inflections)of the verb that represent Present and Past tenses respectively.However,there are many structures of the verb and auxiliary combinations[auxiliaries/semi-auxiliaries+verb]that are capable of describing a future event.e.g.（1).I leave for London tomorrow.(2).I am leaving for London tomorrow.(3).I am going to leave for London tomorrow.(4).I am to leave for London tomorrow.(5).I am about to leave for London tomorrow.(6).I will leave for London tomorrow.(7).I shall leave for London tomorrow.5.Adjectives can be“attributive”,which means that they occur before nouns and after the determiners,and then name an attribute of the noun (e.g.,an entertaining book;the handsome prince)or the adjective can be a part of the predicate of the sentence.Here are some predicative adjectives.e.g.Your daughter is pretty.or I think what he wrote stupid. Following are the occasions of the places where an adjective can be “predicative”.1.Adjectives can be placed after the noun for certain stylistic effects:“The people involved...”(Note that the adjective in this case is in facta participle.Participles are adjectives.)2.Adjectives can be used“substantively”or as the head of a noun phrase.e.g.“Youth is wasted on the young.”It works like a noun(it’s the object of the preposition),but young can also take the intensifier very in front of it,as adjectives can.3.V erbless Adjective Clause.Actually,these are not“verbless,”but rather they are embedded clauses of the type“noun is adjective”where the underlined items have been deleted in the process of embedding.Transformational/generative grammars insist that even attributive adjectives are embedded predications of this sort.。

2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语全文翻译S e c t i o n I I U s e o fE n g l i s h人们曾对20世纪电视的发展和15㊁16世纪印刷术的传播进行过比较㊂然而,在这两个时段之间发生了很多事情㊂正如前面所讲的,直到19世纪,报纸才继宣传册和书之后,与期刊一起,成为电子时代到来前主要的传播手段㊂正是在这段时间,通信革命也加快了步伐,从铁路运输开始,发展到电报㊁电话㊁飞机和电影,直到20世纪的汽车和飞机㊂并不是每一个人都能正确地看待(通信革命的发展)这一进程,而做到这一点是非常重要的㊂然而,人们普遍认为20世纪初期计算机的出现,及随后60年代集成电路的发明,极大地改变了这一进程,尽管它对媒体的影响并没有立即见效㊂随着时间的推移,计算机变得越来越小,功能却更加强大㊂而且随着显示效果越来越清晰及存储量越来越大,电脑已不只是团体机构的用具,也成了个人的用具,像人一样,电脑也按 代 来划分,而且代与代之间的间隔越来越小㊂正是在计算机时代, 信息社会 这个词语开始被广泛地用于描述我们生活的环境㊂通信革命改变了我们的工作和休闲方式,同时也改变了我们对时间和空间的思考和感知方式㊂但对这一革命在经济㊁政治㊁社会和文化上的影响,人们还有争议㊂人们把它带来的益处和产生的弊端进行了权衡,但很难得出一个概括性的结论㊂S e c t i o n I I I R e a d i n g C o m p r e h e n s i o nP a r tAT e x t1如果你想在谈话中用幽默语言使人发笑,你必须知道如何识别你与其他人共同的经历和共同的问题㊂你的幽默必须与听众有关,应该向他们显示你是他们中的一员,你了解他们的情况,赞同他们的观点㊂根据你谈话的对象的不同,问题也有所不同㊂如果你在和一群经理谈话,你就可以提及他们秘书的工作缺乏条理;相反,如果你在同一群秘书谈话,你就可以评论他们老板的工作方法紊乱㊂例如,我曾在一次护士集会上听到一个笑话,这个笑话很有效,因为所有听的人对医生的看法都很一致㊂一个人到了天堂,由圣彼得带着四处参观㊂他看到了豪华的住宅㊁美丽的花园㊁明媚的天气等等㊂所有人都很平和㊁礼貌和友善,然而在排队等候午餐时,这位新来的人突然被一位穿白外套的人推到一旁㊂只见这人挤到了队伍的前头,抓过他的食物,咚咚地旁若无人地走到一张餐桌旁㊂ 这是谁啊? 新来的人问圣彼得㊂ 哦,那是上帝, 他回答说, 但有时他认为自己是一名医生㊂如果你是你谈话对象中的一分子,你就能够了解你们所共有的经历和问题,你就可对餐厅中难以下咽的食物或总裁在选择领带方面差劲的品味进行评头论足㊂对于其他听众,你就不能试图插入这种幽默,因为他们不喜欢外人对他们的餐厅和总裁有如此微词㊂如果你选择去评论邮局或电话局这样的替罪羊,那你就会很安全㊂如果你在幽默时感到很别扭,你必须进行练习使它变得更自然㊂插入一些很随便的显然是即兴的话,并用轻松的㊁不做作的方式表达出来㊂常常是你说话的方式使听众发笑,因此说慢一些,并且记住扬起眉毛或者做出一个不相信的表情都会向人们显示你正在说笑话㊂留意幽默,它常常出奇不意㊂对一句引语的歪曲如 你要是一开始未成功,就放弃 ,或者运用双关和对某种情景开玩笑㊂留意夸张和重事轻说的说法㊂考虑一下你的谈话,选出一些词汇和句子,你可以把它们变化一下,添加一些幽默㊂T e x t2从人类发明创造的初期至今,人们一直在设计日益巧妙的工具,来处理那些危险的㊁枯燥的㊁繁重的和令人讨厌的工作㊂由于人们不愿从事这些工作,因此便有了机器人学 一种将人类的各种技能赋予机器的科学㊂虽然科学家们仍然没有实现科幻小说的幻想,但他们已经开始接近这个目标了㊂因此,智能仪器日益充斥现代世界,我们平时很少注意到它们,而它们的普遍存在已经节省了许多劳力㊂我们的工厂里轰鸣着机器人生产线的节奏声;我们的金融服务由自动柜员机完成,完成业务后,它们还会机械地㊁有礼貌地谢谢我们;我们的地铁车辆由不知疲倦的机器人驾驶㊂由于电子和微型机械仪器的不断缩小,现在已有一些机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米以下的某些脑部和骨骼手术 这要比技术相当娴熟的医生仅凭双手精确得多㊂但是如果要让机器人更进一步起到帮人类省力的效用,它们必须能够在人类指导减少的情况下自我运作,并能独立进行一些决策 这是一个真正的挑战㊂ 虽然我们知道如何让机器人去处理一个特定的问题, N A S A的机器人计划经理D a v eL a v e r y说, 我们仍然不能赋予机器人以足够的 常识 ,以使它们能够与动态的世界进行可靠的交流㊂的确,对真正的人工智能的要求带来了各种各样的结果㊂虽然一开始在20世纪60和70年代有一个乐观的开端,仿佛晶体管电路和微处理器将在2010年前能够模仿人类大脑的活动,但是最近研究人员已经开始将这个预测延后数十年,甚至数百年㊂在试图构建思维模型的过程中,研究人员发现,人类大脑中的一千亿个神经细胞要比以前想像的更聪明,人类的感觉器官也比以前想像的更复杂㊂用人脑建造的机器人在严格控制的工厂环境里,能够识别仪表盘上毫米以下的误差㊂但是人的大脑能够扫描一个快速变化的场景,迅速排除98%的不相干的信息,立即聚焦于森林里蜿蜒道路旁的一只猴子,或者一大群人中一张可疑的面孔㊂世界上最先进的计算机系统都不能达到这样的能力,并且神经学科学家仍然不知道我们是怎样做到这一点的㊂T e x t3过去经济衰退的可怕日子是否又将来临?自从3月份石油输出国组织决定减少原油供应以来,原油的价格已经从去年12月份的不到10美元一桶上升到大约26美元一桶㊂油价近三倍的上涨令人回想起了1973年的石油冲击,那时油价涨了四倍;还有1979 1980年,那时油价也涨了近三倍㊂前两次油价暴涨都造成了两位数的通货膨胀率和全球性经济衰退㊂那么这次警告人们厄运来临的头版新闻都到哪里去了?这个星期因伊拉克停止石油出口,油价又一次被抬升㊂强劲的经济增长势头,加上北半球冬季的到来,可能在短期内使油价涨得更高㊂然而,我们有充分的理由相信这次油价暴涨在经济上造成的后果不会像20世纪70年代那么严重㊂在多数国家,原油价格在汽油价格中所占比例比20世纪70年代要小㊂在欧洲,税收在汽油零售价中所占的比例可高达五分之四,因此即使原油价格大幅上涨,它对油品零售价格的影响也比过去要小㊂发达国家对石油的依赖性也不如从前,因此对油价的波动也不那么敏感了㊂能源储备㊁燃料替代和能源密集型的重工业的重要性的降低都减少了石油的消耗量㊂软件㊁咨询和移动通讯所用的石油要比汽车和钢铁生产少得多㊂发达国家的G D P中每一美元(以不变价格计算)所消耗的石油量比1973年要少近50%㊂国际经合组织在其最近一期的‘经济展望“中估计,如果石油价格在一年中平均为每桶22美元,与1998年的每桶13美元相比,仅使发达国家的石油进口在支出上增加G D P的0.25%至0.5%㊂这将比1974或1980年收入上的1/4损失要小㊂另一方面,进口石油的新兴经济国家由于转向了重工业,消耗能量更大,因此将受到更严重的冲击㊂另外一个不应因油价上涨而失眠的原因是,这次不同于20世纪70年代,油价上涨并未在普遍商品价格上涨和全球需求过旺的背景之下发生㊂世界的一大部分地区刚刚才从经济衰退中解脱出来㊂‘经济学家“的商品价格指数与一年前相比基本未变㊂在1973年,商品价格上涨了70%,而1979年也上涨了近30%㊂T e x t4最高法院关于医生协助病人自杀问题的判决对于医学如何寻求减轻垂危病人的痛苦有着重要的意义㊂虽然法院在判决中认为,宪法没有赋予医生协助病人自杀的权利,然而它实际上认可了医疗界的 双重效果 原则,这个古老的道德原则认为,这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为,如果某种行为具有双重效果(希望达到的好效果和可以预见得到的坏效果),那么,只要行为实施的目的是想达到好的效果,这个行为就是可以被允许的㊂近年来医生一直利用这个原则,为他们使用大剂量吗啡来控制临死病人的痛苦提供正当理由,即使增加剂量最终会杀死这个病人㊂M o n t e f i o r e医疗中心主任N a n c y D u b l e r认为,这一原则将会保护这样一些医生, 他们直到现在都一直坚持认为,如果给病人足量的药物来止痛会加快他们的死亡,就不能那样做㊂ 波士顿大学卫生法律系主任G e o r g eA n n a s认为,只要医生开的药物是出于合法的医疗目的,他就没有做违法的事情,即使病人服用这些药物而加速死亡㊂ 这就好比外科手术, 他说道, 我们并不把这种死亡称作他杀㊂因为医生并未想要杀死他们的病人,虽然他们拿病人的生命冒险㊂如果你是医生,你可以冒病人自杀的风险,只要你没有想要他们自杀㊂ 在另一个层面上,很多医疗界人士承认,致使对医生协助性自杀的争论升温的部分原因是病人的绝望情绪,对他们来说,现代医学延长了临终前肉体的痛苦㊂在法院对医生协助性自杀做出判决前仅三周,国家科学院发布了一个两卷本的报告:‘走近死亡:完善临终护理“㊂报告中指出医院临终护理中存在的两个问题:对病痛处理不力和大胆使用 无效而强制性的医疗程序,这些程序可能会延长死亡期,甚至会让死亡过程很难堪 ㊂医疗行业正在采取措施,要求年轻医生到晚期病人医院接受训练,对各种大胆的镇痛疗法知识进行评估,为医院护理制定一个医疗保险付款条例,并且为评估和处理临终病痛建立新的标准㊂A n n a s说,律师可以在要求医疗界把这些善意的医疗行为变成更好的护理行动方面发挥关键的作用㊂ 不少医生对病人所遭受的毫无必要,可以预见的痛苦无动于衷 ,以至到了 故意虐待病人 的地步,他说, 行医资格理事会必须明确表明:病人痛苦地死亡,可以推定是由医生处理不力造成的,应该因此吊销其行医执照 ㊂P a r t B几乎我们所有的问题都涉及到人类行为,这些问题仅靠物理学和生物技术是不能解决的㊂我们需要的是一门行为技术,但是发展行为技术需要科学为基础,在这方面,我们一直滞后㊂(61)难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态㊁情感㊁性格特征㊁人性等方面去寻找行为的根源㊂物理学和生物学一度使用类似的方法,而且当它们放弃这些方法后才得以向前发展㊂(62)行为科学之所以发展缓慢,部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的,部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到㊂环境固然重要,但其作用至今仍不明显㊂环境的作用并不是促进或拉动,而是进行选择,这种作用发现和分析起来都很困难㊂(63)自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明,而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究㊂然而,随着有机体和环境之间的相互作用逐渐为人们所了解,一度被认为是由思维㊁感情㊁性格产生的影响现在被追溯到人们可以理解的环境上去了,因而,建立行为技术也就成为了可能㊂然而,除非行为技术取代科学出现之前形成的传统观念,否则它无法解决我们的问题,而这些传统观念已经根深蒂固㊂自由和尊严就能说明困难程度㊂(64)它们是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的,是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提㊂科学分析把责任和成就转向了环境㊂这也引发了关于 价值 的问题㊂谁来使用这一技术,又要达到何种目的?(65)(如果)这些问题得不到解决,研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥,解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥㊂。

2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析第一部分英语知识应用试题解析一、文章总体分析本文主要介绍了计算机的发展对通信革命及人们的生存方式产生的影响。

文章第一段从早期的通信革命入手，指出在15、16世纪和20世纪之间发生了很多事情，特别是通信革命加快了步伐。

第二段接着提到20世纪计算机的出现极大地改变了这一进程。

第三段指出随着计算机的发展，我们步入了一个信息社会。

在计算机影响下，通信革命改变了我们的工作和休闲方式，也影响了我们的思考和感知方式。

在结尾部分，文章提到，当然，关于这种通信革命在经济、政治、社会和文化各方面的影响是利大于弊还是弊大于利，还存在争议。

二、试题具体解析1.[A]between在…当中，在空间、位置或时间的中间[B]before在此之前早些时候，在…前面[C]since自从…以后，以前[D]later后来，稍后，随后[答案]A[解析]本题考核的知识点是：时间副词的用法辨析。

解此题关键看两个方面，一是理解文章第一句话的含义：人们曾对20世纪电视的发展以及15世纪和16世纪印刷术的传播进行了比较。

二是注意转折连词yet的用法，yet一般标志着接下来的内容与前面的内容出现了较大的不同，如：She said she would be late,yet she arrived on time.（她说她会迟到，但她却准时到达了）。

文中第二句话结构非常简单，主语和谓语都无法体现与第一句话的强烈对照，这时只能通过空格里填入的时间状语来体现了，因此这个时间副词应与第一句话中的时间状语in the20th century和in the15th and16th centuries相呼应并对照。

接下来关键看这个时间副词表示的是哪个时间段，15、16世纪之前，20世纪之后还是两者之间。

其实我们从下文中的the19th century也可以推断出正确答案是between，即“然而，在这两个时段之间却发生了很多事情”。

2002年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译真题译文+题目翻译但为君故但为君故 整理组Text 1如果你想在谈话中用幽默来使人发笑，你就必须知道如何识别共同的经历和共同的问题。

你的幽默必须与听众有关，向他们表明你是他们中的一员，或者你了解他们的处境并同情他们的观点。

根据谈话对象的不同，问题也有所不同。

如果你在和一群经理谈话，你就可以评论他们秘书紊乱的工作方法；相反，如果你在和一群秘书谈话，你就可以评论他们毫无章法的老板。

下面举一个例子，它是我在一个护士大会上听到的。

这个故事效果很好，因为听众对医生都有同样的看法。

一个人到了天堂，由圣彼得带着他参观。

他看到了豪华的住宅、美丽的花园、晴朗的天气等等。

所有人都很安静、礼貌和友善，然而当这位新来的人在排队等候午餐时，突然被一位穿白大褂的人推到一旁。

只见这人挤到了队伍的前头，抓起他的食物，噔噔地旁若无人地走到一张餐桌旁。

“这是谁啊?”新来的人问圣彼得,“哦，那是上帝，”他回答说，“但有时也认为自己是一名医生。

”如果你是你谈话对象集体中的一员，你就有条件去了解你们所共有的经历和问题，你就可对餐厅极难吃的食物或者总裁在选择领带方面差劲的品味进行评头论足。

而对于其他听众，你就不能试图贸然地讲这种幽默，因为他们也许不喜欢外人对他们的餐厅或总裁有如此微词。

但如果你选择去评论邮局或电话局这样的替罪羊，那你就会很安全。

如果你在幽默时感到很别扭，你应该进行练习使它变得更自然。

包括一些很随便的、看上去是即兴的话，你可以用轻松的、不做作的方式把它们说出来。

常常是你说话的方式使听众发笑，因此说慢一些，并且记住扬扬眉毛或者做出一种不相信的表情都会向人们显示你正在说笑话。

留意幽默，它常常是在出其不意的时候出现。

它可以是一句常言的歪曲如“你要是一开始不成功，就放弃”，或者是调侃词藻和场景；寻求夸大其词和轻描淡写；考虑一下你的谈话，选出一些词汇和句子，对它们反复琢磨，并注入一些幽默。

21. 要使自己的幽默让人发笑，你应当A. 利用不同类型的听众B. 取笑杂乱无章的人C. 对不同的人谈不同的问题D. 对你的听众表示同情22. 从那个关于医生的笑话里推出护士对医生的看法是他们____。

上海外国语大学翻硕英汉互译真题上海外国语大学翻译基础科目英汉互译真题MDGS Mille nn ium Developme nt Goals 千禧年发展计划Ban Ki-moon 潘基文国务卿Secretary of State雷曼兄弟(Lehman Brothers)次贷危机sub-prime crisis西部大开发战略strategy of wester n developme ntCAD:计算机辅助设施red star over china ：《西行漫记》个体工商户：private bus in ess鸦片战争：First Opium War民革：Revolutio nary Committee of the Ch in ese Kuomi ntang 即中国国名党革命委员会民盟:China Democratic League限价房:limited price社会保障体系：Social Security System国计委:state planning conmmissionNASA:美国国家航空航天局FBI :美国联邦调查局UNESCO:联合国科教文组织CCTV:中国中央电视台IAEA:国际原子能机构FDI:外商直接投资Diet of Japan:国会The Tories:托利党王党保守党The Treasure Department of the U.S :美国财政部The State Department in the Washington:华盛顿美国国务院Bala nee of Payme nts:国际收支平衡港人治港：Hong Kong Self-rule Hong Kong people gover n Hong Kong全面建设小康社会:to build a moderately prosperous society in all aspects中国特色社会主义：socialism with Chin ese characteristic构建两岸关系和平发展的框架:Con struct ing peaceful developme nt of cross-straits relati ons framework知足常乐：content is happ in ess水火无情：Fire and water have no mercy一蹶不振：cannot recover after a setbackGenetic mutation:基因突变International Herald Tribune:《国际先驱论坛报》一次性筷子：on e-off chopsticks按揭贷款：mortgage loa nIATA: 国际航空运输协会IPR:知识产权UNICEF: 联合国国际儿童基金bon ded warehouse:保税仓Binary theory:二进制理论温室气体：gree nhouse gases转基因食物：GM FOODAPEC:亚太经合组织售后服务：after-sale servicede facto:实际制艾滋病毒：AIDS virus应用语言学：applied lin guisticCBS:哥伦比亚广播公司dyn amic equivale nee:动态对等法P ostScript :附言transliteration :直译overtranslation ：超额翻译black sheep：害群之马outsource :外包山寨手机：copycat cellph ones破釜沉舟：cut off all means of retreat以牙还牙:return like for like对冲基金:Hedge fund本末倒置:put the in cide ntal before the fun dame ntalGDP:国内生产总值BBS:电子布告栏WHO :世界卫生组织LCD :液晶显示屏LC : 登陆艇(Ian di ng craft)NGO:非政府组织、民间组织CPPCC:中国人民政治协商会议ASEM ;亚欧会议China- ASEAN Expo ;中国东盟展览会SWOT analysis:四点分析(优势劣势机会威胁) Global Sourcing:全球采购In formati on Asymmetry : 信息不对称Innocent Presumption : 无罪推定The Book of Rites :《礼记》Mencius:孟子Con secutive In terpret ing:接续口译The House of Commons: 下议院A farewell to arms 《永别了武器》全国人民代表大会：National People ' s Congress夕卜交咅B ; Ministry of Foreign affairs会展会计：exhibiti on economy注册会计师：CPA( Certified Public Accou ntant)董事会：board of directors中国证监会;CSRC Ch ina Security Regulatory Commissi on )廉政公署：ICAC( In depe ndent Commissi on Aga inst Corruptio n)暂行推定：temporary provisi ons有罪推定;guilty presumption佛经翻译：the translation of Buddhist scriptures百年老店：cen tury-old shop论语：the An alects三国演义：Roma nee of Three Kin gdoms / Three Kin gdoms南方都市报：South City News台湾当局：TaiWa n authorities台独：Tai Wan In depe ndence台湾同胞；Tai Wan compatriots反分裂国家法 : the an ti-secessi on law一国两制：One country two systemsCIS countries:独联体国家中美联合公报：Si no-US Joi nt Commu nique commuter :通勤者上班乘车者USNE :美棉北欧到岸价TAO :道教CDED :欧洲裁军会议( conference on disarmament in Europe)。

2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section II Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark[A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries・ Yet much had happened 21 ・As was discussed before, it was not 22 the 19th centurythat the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic 23 following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 24 of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution 25 up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 26 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 27 the 20th-century world of the motor car and the air plane ・ Not everyone sees that process in 28 ・ It is important to do so.It is generally recognized, 29 that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 30 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 31 its impact on the media was not immediately 32 ・ As time went by, computers became smaller and morepowei-fiil, and they became u personaF, too, as well as 33 , with display becoming sharper and storage 34 increasing・ They were thought of, likepeople, 35 generations, with the distance between generations much 36・It was within the computer age that the term u infonnation society” began to bewidely used to describe the 37 within which we now live ・ The communications revolution has 38 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been 39 views about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. “Benefits" have been weighed40 "harmful" outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult・[A] between [B] before [C] since [D] later21.22. [A] after [B]by [C] during [D] until23. [A] means [B] method [C] medium [D] measure24. [A] process [B] company [C] light [D] form25. [A] gathered [B]speeded [C] worked [D] picked26. [A] on [B] out [C] over [D] off27. [A] of [B] for [C] beyond [D] into2& [A] concept [B] dimension [C] effect [D] perspective29. [A] indeed [B] hence [C] however [D] therefore30. [A] brought [B] followed [C] stimulated [D] characterized31. [A] unless [B] since [C] lest [D] although32. [A] apparent [B] desirable [C] negative [D] plausible33. [A] institutional [B] universal [C] fundamental [D] instrumental34. [A] ability [B] capability [C] capacity [D] faculty35. [A] by means of [B] in terms of [C] with regard to [D] in line with36. [A] deeper [B] fewer [C] nearer [D] smaller37. [A] context [B] range [C]scope [D] territory3& [A] regarded [B] impressed [C] influenced [D] effected39. [A] competitive [B] controversial [C] distracting [D] irrational40. [A] above [B] upon [C] against [D] withSection III Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],[B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses・Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses9 convention, of a stoiy which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors・ A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?^ the new arrival asked St. Peter. "Oh, that\ God J came the reply, "but sometimes he thinks his a doct o 匚”If you are part of the group, which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties・ With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural・Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver ill a relaxed and unforced maimer. Often it's the delh-eiy which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected・A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don^t succeed, give up-5 or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements・ Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.41 ・ To make your humor work, you should __________________ ・[A]take advantage of different kinds of audience[B]make fun of the disorganized people[C]address different problems to different people|D] show sympathy for your listeners42.The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are _________________ ・[A]impolite to new arrivals|B] very conscious of their godlike role[C]entitled to some privileges[D]very busy even during lunch hours43.It can be inferred from the text that public services ______________ ・[A]have benefited many people[B]are the focus of public attention[C]are an inappropriate subject for humor|D] have often been the laughing stock44.To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered __________________ ・|A] in well-worded language|B] as awkwardly as possible[C] in exaggerated statements|D] as casually as possible45・ The best title for the text may be _____________ ・|A] Use Humor Effectively[B]Various Kinds of Humor[C]Add Humor to Speech|D] Different Humor StrategiesText 2Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics ― the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers・ And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy — far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone ・But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves — goals that pose a real challenge・"Whil亡we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error^ says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can，t yet give a robot enough 'common sense5to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries・"What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented ― and human perception far more complicated 一than previously imagined・ They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd・ The most advanced computer systems on Earth can，t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don，t know quite how we do it.46. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ___________________ ・[A]the use of machines to produce science fiction[B]the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry[C]the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work|D] the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work47・Tlie word “gizmos” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) most probably means____________________ ・|A] programs|B] experts[C] devices[D]creatures48.According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot thatcan ____________ .[A]fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery[B]interact with human beings verbally[C]have a little common sense|D] respond independently to a changing world49.Besides reducing human labor, robots can also __________________ ・[A]make a few decisions for themselves[B]deal with some errors with human intervention[C]improve factory environments[D]cultivate human creativity50.The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are ____________________ ・[A]expected to copy human brain in internal structure[B]able to perceive abnormalities immediately[C]far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information|D] best used in a controlled environmentText 3Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadnjpled, and 1979-80, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline・ So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports・Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s・ In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past・Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production・ For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 199& this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies — to which heavy industry has shifted 一have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed・One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand・ A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist's commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.51.The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is _____________ ・[A]global inflation[B]reduction in supply[C]fast growth in economy|D] Iraq's suspension of exports52.It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go updramatically if ____________ ・|A] price of crude rises|B] commodity prices rise[C] consumption rises|D] oil taxes rise53.The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries ____________________ ・[A]heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive[B]income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices[C]manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed|D] oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP54.We can draw a conclusion from the text that _________________ ・[A]oil-price shocks are less shocking now|B] inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks[C] energy conservation can keep down the oil prices|D] the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry55・ From the text we can see that the writer seems ________________ ・[A]optimistic|B] sensitive[C] gloomy|D] scaredText 4The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering・Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in efiect supported the medical principle of "double efleets a centiines-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects 一a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen ― is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients5pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Du bier, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors w ho “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.”George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery,^ he says・“We don^t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didrft intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death・ If you're a physician, you can risk your patient\ suicide as long as you dorft intend their suicide.9'On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying・Just tluee weeks before the Court's mling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life・ It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care・"Large numbers of physicians seem imconcenied with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering J to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear... that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.^56.From the first three paragraphs, we learn that _______________ ・[A]doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients' pain[B]it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives[C]the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide|D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide57.Which of the following statements is true according to the text?[A]Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients9 death.|B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery・[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed ・|D] A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.58.According to the NAS，s report, one of the problems in end-o仁life care is[A]prolonged medical procedures[B]inadequate treatment of pain[C]systematic drug abuse[D]insufficient hospital care59.Which of the following best defines the word "aggressive” (Line 3, Paiagraph 7)?[A]Bold[B]Haimful[C]Careless|D] Desperate60.George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they__________ ■[A]manage their patients incompetently[B]give patients more medicine than needed[C]reduce drug dosages for their patients[D]prolong the needless suffering of the patients。