grammar games
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Grammar课前预习阅读下列句子,分析每个句子所使用的时态、语态1. Only athletes who have reached the agreed standard for their event will be admitted as competitors.2. The 2008 Olympics will be held in Beijing, China.3. And after that the 2012 Olympics will be held in London.4. A new village for the athletes and all the stadiums will be built to the east of London.5. New medals will be designed of course and…归纳总结: 以上句子运用的时态、语态是:_______________________该时态、语态的基本结构是:__________________________课内探究I. 了解被动语态的构成一般现在时:am/is/are+p.p. (done)一般过去时:一般将来时:过去将来时:现在进行时:过去进行时:现在完成时:过去完成时:II. 翻译下列句子,注意下列句子表达的时态1. I am going to see a film this evening.There is going to be a football match this afternoon.2. She is to be married next month.The students are to meet at the school gate tomorrow.3. The train leaves at 12:00.Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026 takes off at 18:20.(2006 四川)4. I’ll go to visit him as soon as he comes back.I’ll follow him wherever he goes.5. Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane is taking off.(2006 福建) I’ve won a holiday for two days to Florida. I'm taking my mum.归纳总结:将来时态的表达方式:课后拓展I. 用所给词的适当形式填空:1. Your children ______________when you are off. (take care of)2. The foreign friends ______________a warm welcome tomorrow. (give)3. A warm welcome ______________to the foreign friends tomorrow. (give)4. How many athletes ______________to take part in the 2014 Olympic Games?(send)5. He ______________for the foolish mistake if he insist on doing it in this way. (laugh at)6. All these things ______________ in the future. (answer)7. The students ___________some advice on learning English on the lecture tomorrow. (give)8. Some advice on learning English _________to the students on the lecture tomorrow. (give) II. 单项选择1. Our lab ______ next month.A. will finishB. will be finishedC. be finishedD. finish2. I want to know who ______ for the fault.A. be punishedB. punishC. will be punishedD. will punish3. The boy will ______ by his sister.A. look afterB. be taken careC. take care ofD. be taken care of4. Computer ______ in everyday life in this country before long.A. are usedB. will useC. will be usedD. was used5. – are you going to plant a great many trees in this area?-- Yes. The soil ______ away in this way.A. doesn’t washB. won’t washC. isn’t washedD. won’t be washed6. More trees ______ next week on he hill.A. will plantB. are plantedC. will be plantedD. were planted7. The 2012 Olympic Games ______ in London.A. holdB. are to holdC. are to be holdD. are held8. Mr. Li ______ certainly ______ a new house if more new houses ______.A. will; be given; are builtB. will; be given; will be builtC. is; given; are going to be builtD. will; given; are built9. He has spent a lot of money and more ______ on books this term.A. will spendB. will be spentC. has spentD. has been spending10. More than 10 people of our school ______ into universities.A. admitB. will be admittedC. was admittedD. has been admitted11. The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people ______ to eat more fruit and vegetables.A. persuadeB. will persuadeC. be persuadedD. are persuaded12. In a room above the store, where a party ______, some workers are busily setting the tables.A. is to be heldB. had been heldC. will be heldD. is being held13. Customers are asked to make sure that they ______ the right change before leaving the shop.A. will giveB. have been givenC. have givenD. will be given14. A new cinema ______ here; they hope to finish it next month.A. will be builtB. is builtC. has been builtD. is being built15. I have to go to work by taxi because my car ______ at the garage.A. will be repairedB. is repairedC. is being repairedD. had been repaired。
第1篇Date: [Insert Date]Location: [Insert Venue]Duration: [Insert Duration]Participants: [Insert Names of Participants]Facilitator: [Insert Name of Facilitator]Introduction:The English Grammar Research and Development Activity was conducted to enhance the understanding and application of English grammar among the participants. The session aimed to explore new teaching strategies, discuss common challenges faced in teaching grammar, and share innovative methods to improve student learning outcomes.Agenda:1. Opening Remarks2. Introduction to Grammar Teaching Strategies3. Workshop on Grammar Activities4. Group Discussions and Case Studies5. Innovative Techniques for Grammar Instruction6. Interactive Grammar Games7. Conclusion and Feedback Session1. Opening Remarks:The facilitator began the session with a brief introduction,highlighting the importance of grammar in language learning and the role it plays in communication. The participants were reminded of the need to integrate grammar into their teaching practices effectively.2. Introduction to Grammar Teaching Strategies:This section focused on various strategies that could be employed to teach grammar more effectively. The facilitator discussed the following methods:- Contextual Learning: Using real-life contexts to teach grammar, making it more relatable and memorable.- Interactive Lessons: Incorporating activities such as role-plays, debates, and group discussions to engage students actively.- Technology Integration: Utilizing educational technology tools to create interactive and engaging grammar lessons.- Assessment for Learning: Using formative assessments to monitor student progress and adjust teaching strategies accordingly.3. Workshop on Grammar Activities:Participants were divided into small groups to work on designing grammar activities. Each group was given a specific grammar topic to focus on, such as verb tenses, sentence structure, or prepositions. The groups were asked to create a lesson plan that included an introduction, main activity, and conclusion.4. Group Discussions and Case Studies:Following the workshop, each group presented their lesson plans to the larger group. The facilitator facilitated a discussion on the effectiveness of the activities and provided feedback on areas of improvement. Case studies were also presented to illustrate common challenges faced by teachers and possible solutions.5. Innovative Techniques for Grammar Instruction:The session continued with an exploration of innovative techniques for teaching grammar, including:- Grammar Journals: Encouraging students to keep a journal where they can practice and reflect on their grammar learning.- Grammar Videos: Creating or using existing grammar videos to provide visual examples and explanations.- Grammar Apps: Introducing grammar apps that offer interactive exercises and quizzes to reinforce learning.6. Interactive Grammar Games:To conclude the workshop, the facilitator introduced several interactive grammar games that could be used in the classroom. These games were designed to make grammar learning fun and engaging for students.7. Conclusion and Feedback Session:The session ended with a feedback session where participants sharedtheir thoughts on the activity. The facilitator collected feedback on the content, structure, and practicality of the workshop. Participants expressed their gratitude for the opportunity to learn new methods and strategies for teaching grammar.Activity Record Details:Grammar Topics Discussed:- Verb Tenses- Sentence Structure- Prepositions- Subject-Verb Agreement- Word FormationActivities Designed:- Grammar Scavenger Hunt- Grammar Charades- Grammar Crossword Puzzle- Grammar Board Game- Grammar DebateFeedback from Participants:- "The workshop provided me with practical ideas that I can implement in my classroom immediately."- "I appreciate the emphasis on student-centered learning and the use of technology in grammar instruction."- "The group discussions and case studies were very helpful in understanding common challenges and finding solutions."Conclusion:The English Grammar Research and Development Activity was a successful event that provided valuable insights and resources for teachers. The participants left the session with a renewed enthusiasm for teaching grammar and a toolkit of innovative strategies to enhance theirstudents' learning experiences.第2篇Date: [Insert Date]Location: [Insert Location]Participants: [List of Participants]Facilitator: [Name of Facilitator]Duration: [Insert Duration, e.g., 3 hours]---I. IntroductionThe English Grammar Research and Development activity was held to enhance the participants' understanding of grammar teaching strategies, explore new methodologies, and discuss practical classroom applications. The session aimed to provide a platform for teachers to share their experiences, exchange ideas, and improve their teaching skills.II. Objectives1. To review and discuss effective grammar teaching methods.2. To explore innovative approaches to grammar instruction.3. To analyze the challenges faced in teaching grammar and brainstorm solutions.4. To develop a shared understanding of grammar assessment techniques.III. Activity Outline1. Warm-up (15 minutes)- Icebreaker activity: Participants shared their favorite grammar teaching techniques.- Brief discussion on the importance of grammar in language learning.2. Workshop Session (1 hour)- Presentation on current trends in grammar teaching.- Interactive activities to practice grammar teaching strategies.- Group work: Participants were divided into small groups to discuss and implement grammar activities.3. Case Studies (45 minutes)- Sharing of real-life classroom scenarios and challenges.- Analysis of case studies by the group, focusing on effective grammar teaching strategies.4. Innovative Approaches (30 minutes)- Presentation on innovative grammar teaching methodologies.- Discussion on the feasibility and effectiveness of these approaches.5. Grammar Assessment Techniques (30 minutes)- Overview of different grammar assessment techniques.- Group activity: Participants developed grammar assessment tools based on the discussed methodologies.6. Feedback and Reflection (30 minutes)- Feedback on the day's activities.- Reflection on personal teaching practices and areas for improvement.IV. Detailed Activity Record1. Warm-upThe session began with a lively icebreaker activity, where participants were asked to share their favorite grammar teaching techniques. This encouraged open communication and set a positive tone for the day's activities. The discussion quickly turned to the importance of grammarin language learning, with participants emphasizing the need for a balanced approach that combines practical application with theoretical understanding.2. Workshop SessionThe workshop session commenced with a presentation on current trends in grammar teaching. The facilitator highlighted the importance of using technology and multimedia resources to make grammar lessons engaging and interactive. Participants were then engaged in interactive activities designed to practice these strategies, such as grammar games and role-playing exercises.Following the workshop, participants were divided into small groups to discuss and implement grammar activities. Each group was tasked with creating a lesson plan that incorporated the strategies discussed in the workshop. The groups presented their plans to the larger group, receiving constructive feedback and suggestions for improvement.3. Case StudiesThe case studies session provided participants with the opportunity to analyze real-life classroom scenarios and challenges. Each participant shared a case study, and the group engaged in a detailed analysis of theissues presented. The facilitator guided the discussion, focusing on effective grammar teaching strategies that could be applied to similar situations.4. Innovative ApproachesThe session on innovative approaches to grammar instruction introduced participants to new methodologies such as project-based learning and gamification. The facilitator presented examples of these approaches and led a discussion on their feasibility and effectiveness in the classroom. Participants were encouraged to think creatively about how they could incorporate these strategies into their teaching.5. Grammar Assessment TechniquesThe final session of the day focused on grammar assessment techniques. The facilitator provided an overview of different methods, such as formative and summative assessments, and explained how they could be used to gauge students' understanding of grammar. Participants then worked in groups to develop grammar assessment tools based on the methodologies discussed.6. Feedback and ReflectionThe session concluded with a feedback and reflection activity. Participants provided feedback on the day's activities, highlighting the most valuable aspects and areas for improvement. They also engaged in a reflective discussion on their personal teaching practices, identifying areas where they could apply the new strategies and techniques learned during the workshop.V. ConclusionThe English Grammar Research and Development activity was a successful and informative session that provided participants with valuableinsights and practical tools for enhancing their grammar teaching skills. The facilitator and participants expressed their gratitude for the opportunity to learn from each other and look forward to applying the new strategies in their classrooms.VI. Follow-up Actions1. Participants will share the grammar activities and assessment tools developed during the workshop with their colleagues.2. A follow-up meeting will be scheduled to discuss the implementation of new strategies and share progress.3. A survey will be distributed to gather feedback on the workshop and identify areas for future improvement.---This activity record provides a comprehensive overview of the English Grammar Research and Development session. It captures the objectives, activities, and outcomes of the workshop, as well as the participants' feedback and reflections. The record serves as a valuable resource for future planning and improvement of grammar teaching practices.第3篇一、活动背景随着新课程改革的不断深入,英语教学在基础教育阶段越来越受到重视。
高中英语教研活动记录30篇范文High School English Teaching and Research Activities Record1. Observation of English Classroom TeachingOn April 10th, our school organized a group of English teachers to observe a senior high school English classroom teaching. The teacher demonstrated an interactive teaching method which greatly caught the students' attention. The observation helped us gain insights into different teaching strategies and techniques.2. Symposium on Vocabulary TeachingA symposium on vocabulary teaching was held on May 5th. Different teachers shared their experiences and methods in helping students remember new words efficiently. We discussed the importance of context-based learning and using technology to enhance vocabulary acquisition.3. Workshop on Grammar InstructionA workshop on grammar instruction took place on June 20th. Teachers introduced various approaches in teaching difficult grammar points, such as using real-life examples and engaging students in grammar games. The workshop enabled us toexplore innovative ways to make grammar lessons more engaging.4. Field Trip to English Language CenterOur English department visited an English language center on August 15th. We observed their specialized programs in enhancing English listening and speaking skills. The trip provided us with new ideas on how to create a language-rich environment in our classrooms.5. Literature Circle DiscussionsIn September, we started organizing literature circle discussions among students. This allowed students to read and analyze literature together, fostering a deep understanding of texts and critical thinking skills. The activity proved to be effective in improving students' comprehension and analytical skills.6. Group and Pair ActivitiesWe incorporated more group and pair activities in our lessons as a way to promote collaboration and communication skills among students. These interactive activities encouraged students to work together and express their ideas confidently in English.7. Guest Speaker Talk on English Language LearningA guest speaker, who is a language expert, gave a talk on English language learning strategies in October. The speaker shared valuable insights on language acquisition and ways to improve language proficiency. The talk was inspiring and provided us with new perspectives on language teaching.8. Project-based LearningWe implemented project-based learning in November to enhance students' creativity and critical thinking. Students worked on various projects related to English language and literature, allowing them to apply what they have learned in a practical way. The projects showcased students' diverse talents and skills.9. Workshop on Assessment and FeedbackA workshop on assessment and feedback was held in December. We discussed different assessment tools and techniques to evaluate students' language skills effectively. The workshop emphasized the importance of providing constructive feedback to help students improve their English proficiency.10. Professional Development DayOn January 10th, we had a professional development day focused on English teaching. We attended workshops on the latest trends in language education, such as using technology in the classroom and integrating cultural elements into English lessons. The day was enriching and motivating for all teachers.11. Peer Observations and FeedbackWe started peer observations and feedback sessions among teachers to enhance our teaching practices. Teachers observed each other's classes and provided constructive feedback to improve teaching effectiveness. The peer observations helped us reflect on our teaching methods and make necessary adjustments.12. Collaborative Lesson PlanningWe engaged in collaborative lesson planning sessions to exchange ideas and resources for lesson preparation. Teachers shared lesson plans, activities, and teaching materials to enhance the quality of English lessons. Collaborative lesson planning promoted teamwork and creativity among teachers.13. Workshop on Pronunciation TrainingA workshop on pronunciation training was held in February. We discussed strategies for teaching English pronunciationeffectively and helping students improve their accent and intonation. The workshop emphasized the importance of pronunciation in language learning and provided us with practical techniques to enhance students' speaking skills.14. Literature Review on Language AcquisitionTeachers conducted a literature review on language acquisition theories and approaches. We explored different perspectives on how languages are learned and strategies to facilitate language acquisition. The literature review deepened our understanding of language learning processes and informed our teaching practices.15. Language Club ActivitiesWe organized language club activities for students to practice English outside the classroom. The activities included debates, language games, and cultural exchange programs. The language club provided a platform for students to use English in real-life situations and develop their language skills in a fun and interactive way.16. Workshop on Writing SkillsA workshop on writing skills was conducted in April. We discussed techniques for teaching writing effectively and helpingstudents improve their composition and essay writing skills. The workshop focused on developing students' writing fluency, coherence, and accuracy through structured writing tasks.17. Book Club for English LiteratureWe launched a book club dedicated to English literature in May. Students read and discussed classic and contemporary English literary works, expanding their literary knowledge and analytical skills. The book club fostered a love for literature and encouraged students to engage with English texts critically.18. Webinar on Language Teaching StrategiesWe participated in a webinar on language teaching strategies conducted by renowned language educators. The webinar covered innovative teaching approaches, technology integration, and student-centered learning methods. The webinar provided us with inspiration and practical ideas for enhancing our English teaching practices.19. Cultural Exchange ProgramWe organized a cultural exchange program with an international school in June. Students interacted with foreign peers, practiced English communication skills, and learned about different cultures. The cultural exchange program promotedcross-cultural understanding and language immersion for students.20. Workshop on Differentiated InstructionA workshop on differentiated instruction was held in July. We explored methods to cater to students' diverse learning needs and abilities in English lessons. The workshop emphasized the importance of adapting teaching strategies and materials to meet individual students' learning styles and preferences.21. Seminar on Language AssessmentA seminar on language assessment was conducted in August. We discussed different types of language assessments, such as formative assessments, summative assessments, and performance-based assessments. The seminar focused on aligning assessment practices with learning objectives and ensuring accurate evaluation of students' language skills.22. Peer Coaching SessionsWe implemented peer coaching sessions among teachers to enhance professional growth and support. Teachers coached each other on teaching techniques, classroom management, and lesson planning. Peer coaching sessions promoted collaboration and mutual learning among teachers.23. Workshop on Reading Comprehension StrategiesA workshop on reading comprehension strategies was organized in September. We shared effective strategies for teaching reading comprehension skills and helping students understand and analyze English texts. The workshop showcased different approaches to promote reading engagement and comprehension among students.24. Language Immersion CampWe conducted a language immersion camp in October for students to immerse themselves in an English-speaking environment. Students participated in language games,role-plays, and cultural activities to practice English communication skills. The language immersion camp boosted students' confidence and fluency in speaking English.25. Workshop on Task-Based LearningA workshop on task-based learning was held in November. We discussed the principles of task-based language teaching and how to design tasks that engage students in meaningful language use. The workshop emphasized the importance of authentic tasks and real-life contexts in language learning.26. Online Teaching Tools and ResourcesWe explored online teaching tools and resources to enhance online English lessons during the pandemic. Teachers utilized educational platforms, virtual classrooms, and interactive apps to deliver engaging and interactive online lessons. Online teaching tools facilitated student participation and learning outcomes in remote English classes.27. Feedback Surveys and ReflectionsWe conducted feedback surveys and reflections among teachers and students to gather input on teaching practices and learning experiences. Feedback surveys helped us assess the effectiveness of teaching methods and make improvements based on feedback from students. Reflections encouragedself-evaluation and continuous professional growth among teachers.28. Workshop on Language Games and ActivitiesA workshop on language games and activities was conducted in January. We shared creative ideas for incorporating language games and interactive activities in English lessons to make learning enjoyable and effective. The workshop highlighted the benefits of using games to reinforce language skills and promote student engagement.29. Professional Development SymposiumA professional development symposium was organized in February for English teachers to share best practices and research findings. Teachers presented their research projects, teaching innovations, and student outcomes to inspire and collaborate with colleagues. The symposium showcased the dedication and expertise of English teachers in our school.30. Reflection and Goal SettingAs the academic year concluded in March, we reflected on our teaching experiences and student achievements. We set goals for the upcoming year to improve our teaching practices, enhance student learning outcomes, and continue professional development. Reflection and goal setting enabled us to focus on areas for growth and innovation in English teaching.In conclusion, the high school English teaching and research activities throughout the year have enriched our teaching practices, inspired innovative ideas, and enhanced student learning outcomes. The collaborative efforts of teachers, workshops, seminars, and practical activities have contributed to creating a dynamic and engaging English learning environment for students. We look forward to continuing professionaldevelopment and implementing effective teaching strategies in the future.。
语法精讲一般过去时(Ⅰ)1、一般过去时的基本定义一般过去时表示在过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态,也可以表示在过去某一阶段经常或反复发生的动作。
2、与一般过去时连用的时间状语yesterday(昨天),last week/month/year(上周/上个月/去年),two days/months ago(两天/两个月前),the day before yesterday(前天),in 2000(在2000年),in those days(在那些日子里),just now(刚才),a moment ago(刚才)等常与一般过去时连用。
3、一般过去时的句式结构(1)、含be动词的过去时的句式①肯定句:主语+was/were+其他.如:I was late for school yesterday morning.昨天早上我上学迟到了。
②否定句:主语+was/were+not+其他.如:The school trip wasn't interesting last week.上周的学校旅行不是很有趣。
③一般疑问句:Was/Were+主语+其他?肯定回答:Yes,主语+was/were.否定回答:No,主语+wasn't/weren't.如:—Were you late yesterday?你昨天迟到了吗?—Yes,I was./No,I wasn't.是的,我迟到了。
/不,我没有迟到。
(2)含实义动词的过去时的句式①肯定句:主语+动词过去式+其他.如:They had a good time yesterday.他们昨天玩得很开心。
②否定句:主语+did not(didn't)+动词原形+其他.如:They didn't watch TV last night.昨天晚上他们没有看电视。
③一般疑问句:Did+主语+动词原形+其他?肯定回答:Yes,主语+did.否定回答:No,主语+didn't.如:—Did you go to the park yesterday?昨天你去公园了吗?—Yes,I did./No,I didn't.是的,我去了,/不,我没去。
利用寻找藏物游戏(一)成分搭配老师说出名词让学生抢答添加定语或数量词,说出动词让学生迅速添加中心语或完成动宾搭配,还可以以随机抽取卡片的形式进行。
(二)联编滑稽句子老师发指令让每组的第一个同学说出一个班上同学的名字,第二位同学说一个明星的名字,第三位说出一个动词,第四位说一个地方名字,然后连成一个句子。
根据每组学生说出的词语组成的句子有可能类似“马丁和邓丽君在北京唱歌。
”诸如此类滑稽好笑的句子。
(四)抛绣球你叫什么我叫以及一些学过的问候语。
道具:沙包方法:1.学生坐在座位上,或者站成一队,老师站在学生前面,背向学生抛球,球离手后转身面对学生。
2. 谁接到球就和老师进行对话练习。
对话结束后,由他取代老师的位置,上前抛球继续游戏。
3. 此方法可扩展到其他需要两个人进行对话练习的语言点。
操练形式多样化:替换、转换、扩展、交际性练习……四、展示语法点的技巧:1.实物展示。
例:* 利用地图:可以学习方位词(如:上、下、前、后、左、右、东、西……)介词词组(如:从…到…、往…动词、……)* 利用物件:可以学习“比”字句(如:出示长短不一的笔)* 利用图片:可以学习“什么地方有什么”的存现句(如:图片上有门和汽车——门口有 / 停着一辆车)2.动作演示。
例:* 表演开门和关门,学习补语:打开、关上;* 表演往不同的方向走,学习“往…动词”:往前走、往右拐3.对话引出。
例:* A(老师):这是什么?B(学生):这是书。
A(老师):对,这是我的书。
(学习表示领属的“的”)A(老师):我们的教室里都是留学生吗?B(学生):不是,还有一个中国老师。
A(老师):如果用“除了……以外,还……”,怎么说?B(学生):我们的教室里除了留学生以外,还有一个中国老师。
4.通过情景。
例:* 甲学生一米八,乙学生一米七——甲比乙高* 学生坐在椅子上,老师站在讲台前——学生坐着,老师站着。
4.汉外对比例1:相同点对比,如汉语和英语的基本语序一样:S—V—O。
不同点对比,如存现句:处所+有+NP There + Be + NP + place湖上有一条船 There is a boat in the lake又如,在空间(地址)和时间(年、月、日)的表达上,汉语也是从大到小,而英语则是从比如:“把”字句,不少教材上的说明是:表示“致使”义,强调对宾语的处置。
对于“致使”和“处置”这种抽象的意思,老师不容易讲清楚。
即使有外文注解,外国学生也可能看不懂。
比较好的办法是:表演“关门”——我把门关了语义特点:移动、变化、结果。
六、练习语法点的方法:1.机械性练习重复:重复句子或对话。
替换:他在床上躺着(椅子上坐着)你多吃一点儿(睡一会儿)扩展:菜——中国菜——吃中国菜——我吃中国菜2.有意义练习* 句式变换,如:陈述句——把字句——被动句他关了门他把门关了门被他关了* 句子变换,如:我比较高,他不太高——我比他高。
我一米八,他一米八——我跟他一样高。
* 复述练习,如:简缩复述、完全复述3.交际性练习创造交际环境,设计情景,使学生能把所学的语法点用于实际交际中。
1)组织教学:1分钟~3分钟点名、问候、用轻松的话题活跃气氛、介绍本节课的教学目标和内容。
2)复习检查:10分钟~12分钟检查与巩固:快速问答、复述、讲解作业中的问题……3)讲练新课:70分钟~80分钟(讲:三分之一,练:三分之二)强调精讲多练,注重运用,师生互动;板书设计,情景操练……4)新课小结:1分钟~3分钟归纳总结新的语言点、重点内容……5)布置作业:1分钟~2分钟造句、作文、复述、预习……*“把”字句:1.形式:主语 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词 + 其他成分2.语义:说明移动、变化、产生的结果我关了门——我把门关了。
3.动词+“了”、“结果补语”、“趋向补语”、“宾语”等,不能用可能补语。
我把门关了。
/ 我把作业做完了。
/ 你把箱子拿上来。
/ 你把这本书给他。
不能说:今天,我把这书看得完。
* 动词重叠:1.还没有发生,单音节动词之间可用“一”:这个问题,我要想(一)想。
2.已经发生,单 / 双音节动词之间要用“了”:这个问题,我昨天想了想。
3.双音节动词之间不能用“一”:这个问题,我们要研究(* 一)研究。
4.表示“正在”的意思,动词不能重叠:他正在听(* 听听)音乐。
* 概数:1.“多”:数词后是“0”:---多+量词:三十多斤数词是“1~9”:---量词+多:三斤多1.关于“了”的用法一般的对外汉语教材及相关的语法书都把“了”分为动态助词“了1”(在动词后)和语气助词“了2”(在句子后),但留学生通常都不理解为什么有的句子中“了”在前而有的句子中“了”在后,因为有时候语气助词“了2”也是表示动作或行为的完成,如:(3)我买到书了。
(4)我买了一本书。
例(3)中的“书”是特指,交际双方以前谈论过关于这本书的话题,因此,双方有共享预设,说话者强调的是一件事情的完成。
例(4)中“一本书”是个新信息,说话者着重说明的是动作的执行。
联系语境来说明,比起让学生简单地记住用“了1”与“了2”的语法规则要更为有效。
再比如:(5)在韩国学习汉语一年了。
(6)开学以前,我想在我们班至少有两个男同学,不料连一个人也没有了。
(7)早上的空气很凉快了。
(8)在西安过了三天了。
上述句子在一定的条件下都是成立的,但联系到学生使用时的实际语言环境,便都成了病句。
例(5)的说话人如果在韩国,这个句子没问题,表示已经学了一年汉语,并且还要继续学下去。
但是说话人现在已经在中国,因此不能用“了2”,应改为“在韩国学习了一年汉语”。
例(6)的说话人希望班里至少有两个男生,但实际上一个也没有,而按照字面解释,好像是说本来至少有两个,后来没有了,因此,也不能用“了2”。
例(7)的说话人如果在北京已生活了一段时间,体验到气候的变化,那这个句子是对的,实际上说话人刚来北京,所以也不能用表示变化的“了2”。
例(8)句的说话人如果还在西安,句子可以成立,但如果已回到北京,那么也不能用表示继续的“了2”。
留学生在学习“了”的用法时,最大的困惑是不知何时该用何时不该用。
目前使用的对外汉语教材与语法书中,通常把句子当作最大的单位,没有扩展到句群、段落,也就没有讲清用“了”与不用“了”的句子交叉使用的情况。
我们再看看下面的例子:(9)我向他提出了休息一会后,自己便在路边的石头上坐了下来。
他也在远远的一块石头上坐下,把枪横搁在腿上,背向着我,好像没我这个人似的。
(10)一九八五年一月二十六日和三十日,我采访了陈俊华和郝永云夫妇。
与郝永云交谈时,他们可爱的小女儿正在床边玩耍。
她不时地扭过头来,好奇地睁着大眼瞅着我和她的妈妈。
她显然是出生于地震之后。
将来,这个天真活泼的小东西会知道,这个世界上原本不会有她。
因为,一场震灾险些夺去她父母亲的生命。
那会儿,他们刚刚结婚。
(11)星期天上午,阿婆早早地弄好了饭,待一家人吃过饭,收拾完了,阿婆说要带我去外边走走。
我们一起来到展览馆。
展览馆里有许多字和画,玻璃柜里还有雕塑和古董。
阿婆什么也不看,只在那些字幅前面走来走去。
阿婆看不懂字,连标签上的价钱也看不懂。
她不停地问我,这幅多少钱,那幅多少钱。
那些字都很贵,最便宜的要三百元,最贵的要六百元。
阿婆说,想不到真有这么贵的字,一幅字就是好几千斤谷,难怪你爸爸要心疼哩。
上面三个例子都是以句群为单位的。
在这些句群中,第一个句子与后面的句子是连贯的,并且后面的句子大多是描写性的。
因此,我们可以告诉学生,在叙述过去发生的事情时,第一个句子是强调事情的发生与完成,所以要用“了”,而描写之后发生的动作时,往往不需再用“了”。
在某一个具体语境中,这种交叉情况是一个连续体。
2.关于“是”的用法现代汉语中,“是”表示肯定,有“的确、实在”义,需重读,不能省略。
如:(12)昨天是冷,一点不假。
(13)他手艺是高明,做出来的东西就是不一样。
再看下面几个句子:(14)溥仪的童年是比较开心。
(15)日语和汉语是在很多地方不一样。
(16)写信是不太好。
从语法形式上看,例句(12)(13)与(14)(15)(16) 是一样的,换句话说,例句(14)(15)(16)从语法上看没有错。
但是,例句(12)(13) 的交际双方对于“昨天天气冷”与“他手艺高明”有共识,也就是说,这两个句子是有前提的,而联系例句(14)(15)(16) 的上下文,却没有共享预设,因此,这几句中的“是”都不能用。
运用语境学的理论,能够提高对外汉语教学的效果,培养学生运用语言的能力,而这也是语言教学的最终目的。
教师教每个词汇都只用2分钟,那就是让学生听30秒,读30秒,记1分钟。
然后就听写所学词汇,看谁的记忆力强。
教师及时把结果记录下来,一次通过的,记忆力为100%,誉为“记忆大王”并颁发小奖状或小奖品。
2分钟不能通过,再重新背一遍。
两次通过者,记忆力为80%,三次以上通过者,记忆力为60%。
通过这样的记忆竞赛,调动了学生学习的积极性,人人都争做“记忆大王”。
有的学生因记忆力较差,就自觉地在教师教新单词前提前预习,做到笨鸟先飞。
长期的训练,学生记忆词汇的能力就有了很大的提高。
莲山课件原文地址:/yingyu/40622.htm前面提到,对外汉语教材中常讲动词重叠后在语义上表示“轻微、尝试”,像“看看、走走、练习练习、商量商量”。
这是从形式到意义。
你把桌子擦擦吧。
你把名字写下来吧一口咬掉牛尾巴(告),冬天藏在方框里(图),口里有块玉(国)我在教“喝水”的“喝”时,为了让小孩记住“喝”的书写结构,我编了一个故事:一个小孩张口准备喝水,于是他把“口”张得大大的,拿起杯子就往“口”里倒,可是水却哗啦哗啦从他的口又中流了出来。
小朋友听力哈哈大笑,边笑边说“小孩真笨,小孩真笨,喝水张小口就行”,这是我顺势范写“口”字部。
大家就记住了“喝”字的“口”要写得稍小点。
接着我又说“这小孩记住大家给他的教训,他张开小嘴,可是他太顽皮了,喝水时,他又歪起了脑袋,嘴巴里的水顺着嘴角又流了出来。
”听到这里小朋友又哈哈大笑,明白“喝”的右上部“日”就相当小孩的头,喝水时不能歪,都记住了“喝”字右上的“日”要写得正。
故事继续往下“这是这个小孩终于学会了喝水。
他仰着脖子,张着小口,水咕咚咕咚流进了他的小肚子了,小肚子也慢慢变大变鼓”,于是范写“喝”的右下部“包字头”,学生自然明白“喝”的右下部“包字头”书写时要稍宽点。
要把字儿写写好书写规则要记牢。
先中间,后两旁;从上写到下;从左写到右;半包围,下包上,从里写到外;半包围,上包下,从外写到里;全包围,写得好,从外写到里,最后大门要关好,要关好。