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PubMed检索原理及途径1. 检索原理PubMed具有自动转换匹配功能（Automatic Term Mapping）。
对于输入检索框中的检索词，将按照一定的顺序进行对照、匹配和转换，然后再进行检索。
其顺序是：MESH转换表、期刊刊名转换表、短语表、著者索引。
此外，还可进行短语检索，即将短语作为一个词组进行检索，可用双引号将其引起，此时系统不进行自动转换匹配，也不进行MeSH词的扩检。
2. 检索途径⑴基本检索PubMed的主界面有一个简单的提问词输入框及辅助工具栏，此外，其左侧栏还提供了几种检索功能：Journals Database , MeSH Database , Single Citation Matcher, Batch Citation Matcher, Clinical Queries, Special Queries, LinkOut, My NCBI (Cubby)。
在提问框输入自由词或检索表达式（可直接进行字段限定），点击go 即可进行自由词检索。
同样可结合辅助工具栏按钮，进一步检索。
Limits：限定检索。
PubMed限制内容较多，可对字段、出版类型、年龄、性别、语言、出版年限、收录进Entrez年限、是否具备摘要、检索范围等进行限制。
History：检索历史。
可自动将检索式及结果数量记录到History屏，结合#号进一步检索。
#号间可以用布尔逻辑符组佩检索，如#1 AND #2。
例:查找2004年以来的有关胎盘生长(placenta growth)和氧气(oxygen)的英文文献步骤：PubMed主页→点击limits，限定时间2004；语种为English→页面最下端点击go，在检索词输入框中,输入placenta gr owth AND oxygen→点击go→得到检索结果。
⑵主题词检索点击主页左侧栏MeSH Database，或从上面数据库PubMed下拉菜单中选中MeSH,即可进入MESH检索界面。
See Chapter 1, 3one of the basic principles of a literature search. The basic principles of literature search through the literature search is actually a search tool to find the information they need. The principle Simply put, the question is to identify and retrieve those stored in a retrieval system identification literature to compare two identification documents contain the same or need to retrieve the identification, put the logo features a literature retrieval system from in output, the literature is the literature search initially hit. This includes storage and retrieval of documents, as shown.Comparison and selectionStored procedure:the retrieval process ：Document Information Search topicAnalysisAnalysisDocument Information featureInformation retrieval questionsBibliographic indexing ExpressionSearch language and name authorityCharacterizationExpressInfor matioCharacteriz ationExpressInformation collectionFormFormSearch Results(Perfectly matched, related, unrelated)2．Information storage and retrieval 1)information storageretrieval booksAbstract number: 020001Title: the dye in production of the microcomputer control Author: zhang Ming; Chien-ming wang; LiuJianYeInstitution: Beijing institute of chemical (Beijing 100001) Literature sources (source) : chemical technology, 2002.33 (6) 32-36Abstract: in this paper the dye production process in the microcomputer control, temperature control technology of application.Key words: the dye production microcomputer feeding control temperature controlClassified number: TQ7 TP3Literature characteristics, search fields, retrieval item: the title, author, institutions, literature sources, abstract, key words, classificationdatabaseDN--02174618AN--ETI – IMPRIVING LIGHT – METAL CASTINGS.AU – Vaccari , John A.CS –American Machinist & Automated Manufacturing, New York, NY USASO – Am Mach Autom Manuf v 130 n 6 Jun 1986 p 87 –89PY -- 1986SN – 0886-0335LA -- ENGLISHDT -- JA^(Journal Article)TC -- A^(Applications)AB –With high –strength aluminum-and magnesium - casting alloys having reached the limit of their mechanical performance by conventional …. ^5 refs.DE -- ALUMINUM AND ALLOYS – CastingID --^FOUNDRY PRACTICE - Permanent MouldCC -- 541 (Aluminum & Alloys) ^534 (Foundry Practice)2) information retrievalA; Appearance characteristics1. The title (title, the title, literature title) indexIn the production of dyes microcomputer control-0200012. The authors indexZhang Ming-020001Chien-ming wang see: zhang MingLiuJianYe see: zhang MingFamily name * in former name last3. Institutions indexBeijing institute of chemical-0200014. Literature number (registration number, ISSN number,the patent number, the number of report)B; Content features1. The theme indexThe dye production--02001 02 * * * * * * * * * *Microcomputer-02001 02 * * * * * * * * * *Feeding control--02001 02 * * * * *Temperature control--02001 02 * * * * *2. Classification indexTQ7 chemical industry02001 02 * * * * *TP3 automatic control02001 02 *****Computer search:1. Field retrieval: title, key words, the full text,, authors, institutions, the title, s, WenZhong, etc2. Simple retrieval: field, classification, subject3. Advanced retrieval: retrieval modelExample: S1. Dyestuff production AND (computer OR computers OR computer) AND melky charging AND temperature AND controlS2. (zhang Ming OR chien-ming wang OR LiuJianYe) / AU AND Beijing institute of chemical/CSS3. S1 AND S2Search topic: the application of computer in dyestuff production to retrieval?Literature characteristics, search fields, retrieval item: the title, author, institutions, literature sources, abstract, key words, classification3. Retrieval languageRetrieval language is in the field of literature retrieval people used to describe literature theme (content) characteristics or external characteristics and the questions of the information a special language. Because it is marking the language of literature characteristics, can also be called indexing language, because it is the index of language, can also be called as the index language.1) retrieval language in the literature retrieval in the roleIn the literature retrieval of the storage and retrieval process, retrieval language plays an important role in language communication, is the literature guarantee storage and retrieval two process, indexing andretrieval personnel both sides thought personnel of the bridge. If no retrieval language as indexing and retrieval of staff personnel common language, it will be difficult to make indexing of literature of the contents of the personnel express (indexing terms) and retrieval personnel to the same content to express the literature (retrieval language) agree, literature retrieval it cannot.For example, the computer, the computer, the computerConcrete, concrete, cementSo retrieval language is essentially indexing and retrieval of the agreement between language. Use retrieval tools must master the retrieval ?Self-taught contentSecond, literature retrieval procedureLiterature retrieval we have the following five program (step) :Analysis and research topic selection retrieval tools-sure way to search for clues to the literature retrieval, and ask for the original documents.1. Analysis research subject analysis to find the literature research is the most basic preparation before, to the retrievalprocess and retrieval effect has the crucial influence function. It includes:1) analysis of the main content of the research project, which subject, etc, to determine the subject keywords, relevant keywords and specialized subject range (a secondary classification mesh name and related categories name) retrieval marking.2) according to the subject for property analysis found mainly in literature in what publications, so as to determine the types of literature retrieval.3) according to the subject1) booksExample:Computer simulation of electronic circuits①R, Raghuram ②, NeW Delhi, India: Weiley③(1989)④246pp⑤,ISBN：8122401112⑥Note: (1) the title; (2) the authors; (3) of publication, the publisher; (4) the publication date; The total number of pages;(5) 6 international standard book number < ISBN number >.2) journalExample:JPressure Vessel Technol. Trans, ASME①V112 n.4②Nov.1990③P410～416④Note: (1) the abbreviation; the title (2) the time; the roll (3) the monthly publication; (4) : page number.3) the meeting literature例：Proceedings Fourth AnnualSymposium on Logic in Computer Science ①(Cat. No. 89 CH2753-2)②Paific Grove, CA. USA, 5-8June 1989③(Washington, Dc, USA :IEEE Computer, Soc press 1989 P263-72)④Note: (1) the meeting and conference record the name; (2) the order number; (3) the meeting place and time; (4) the meeting record the publisher, address and publication date and the page number. Usually, the Meeting in the literature have a Meeting in the characteristics, such as Proceedings, Symposium, Conference, Meeting, according to these features to determine whether theMeeting of the literature.4) the patent documentExample: Patent no: US 4202737Note: the Patent number is the United States code, US, the Patent document has "Patent" the network.5) technical reportExample: the Report KFKI-1983-57 (1), Hungarian Acad, Sci., Budapest (2), 1983 () (3) (4), 15 ppNote: (1) the technical report Numbers; (2) collect and compile technical report agencies address; (3) the time; announced (4) report pages. Technical Report has "Report" the network.6) degree thesisExample: j. a. George, (1) the "Computer Implementation of theFinite Element Method", (2) Ph. D. Dissertation (3), Stanford Univ(1) in the YuWei can be omitted when.拉丁字母-日文字母音译对照表Four, Chinese retrieval tools (printed)1 situationChina science and technology literature retrieval tools to establish the system of experience, we have from scratch, from a translation from printing wrote, to the process of development of the database.The publication of the retrieval tools in China.through decades of hard work, gradually layout automation, index WanShanHua, carrier to the direction of the diversification. In general, our country retrieval toolhas the following features:1) published in Chinese, domestic readers languagebarriers, without reading speed.2) system and structure step by step, standardization and normalization of the retrieval tools for the reader master the use method and sharing the document resourcesprovided convenience.3) morphological diversity. In recent years, more andmore domestic information processing orgnaizationcalculated by using the ?11 / 11。
参阅第1、3章一、文献检索的基本原理1．文献检索的基本原理文献检索实际上是通过检索工具找出所需要的信息。
其原理简单地讲，就是把检索者的提问标识与存储在检索系统中的文献标识进行比较，两者一致或文献标识包含着需要检索的标识，则把具有该标识特征的文献就从检索系统中输出，该文献即为检索初步命中的文献。
这其中包括文献存储和检索，如图所示。
比较与选择特征化 表示 特征化 表示存储过程： 检索过程：文 献 信 息 检 索 课 题分析分析文献信息特征 检索提问信息文献信息标识（检索点） 检索提问标识（检索词）检 索 结 果（完全匹配、相关、无关）2．信息存储与检索1）信息存储检索工具书文摘号：020001篇名：染料生产中的微机控制作者：张明；王小民；刘建业机构：北京化工学院（北京100001）文献来源（出处）：化工技术，2002.33(6) 32-36摘要：本文研究了染料生产过程中微机在加料控制、温度控制技术中的应用。
关键词：染料生产微机加料控制温度控制分类号：TQ7 TP3文献特征、检索字段、检索项：篇名、作者、机构、文献来源、摘要、关键词、分类数据库DN--02174618AN--E187********TI – IMPRIVING LIGHT – METAL CASTINGS.AU – Vaccari , John A.CS – American Machinist & Automated Manufacturing, New York, NY USASO – Am Mach Autom Manuf v 130 n 6 Jun 1986 p 87 –89PY -- 1986SN – 0886-0335LA -- ENGLISHDT -- JA^(Journal Article)TC -- A^(Applications)AB –With high –strength aluminum-and magnesium - casting alloys having reached the limit of their mechanical performance by conventional …. ^5 refs.DE -- ALUMINUM AND ALLOYS – CastingID --^FOUNDRY PRACTICE - Permanent MouldCC -- 541 (Aluminum & Alloys) ^534 (Foundry Practice)2）信息检索a；外表特征1．题名（书名、刊名、文献篇名等）索引染料生产中的微机控制——020001 2．著者索引张明——020001王小民见：张明刘建业见：张明* 姓在前名在后3．机构索引北京化工学院——0200014．文献号码（登记号、ISSN号、专利号、报告号等）b；内容特征1．主题索引染料生产——02001 02***** 02*****微机——02001 02***** 02*****加料控制——02001 02*****温度控制——02001 02*****2．分类索引TQ7 化学工业02001 02 *****TP3 自动控制02001 02 *****计算机检索:1．字段检索：篇名、关键词、摘要、全文、著者、机构、刊名、年代、文种等2．简单检索：字段、分类、主题3. 高级检索：检索式例：S1.染料生产AND（计算机OR电脑OR微机）AND加料AND 温度AND控制S2. （张明OR王小民OR刘建业）/AU AND北京化工学院/CS S3. S1 AND S2检索课题：计算机在染料生产中的应用如何检索？文献特征、检索字段、检索项：篇名、作者、机构、文献来源、摘要、关键词、分类3.检索语言检索语言是文献检索领域中人们用来描述文献主题（内容）特征或外部特征和信息提问的一种专用语言。
图书馆员如何进行图书馆的英文文献检索As the role of libraries in providing access to information expands, librarians play a crucial role in conducting English literature searches. This article will explore the methods and steps that librarians can take to effectively perform English literature searches in libraries.Introduction:English literature searches are a fundamental task for librarians in academic, public, and specialized libraries. By conducting effective literature searches, librarians can help patrons access the relevant and reliable sources they need for their research. In this article, we will discuss the process that librarians can follow to conduct literature searches and highlight some useful resources.I. Understanding the Research Topic:Before conducting a literature search, librarians need to have a clear understanding of the research topic or the patron's information needs. By gaining a thorough grasp of the topic, librarians can better identify the key concepts and keywords associated with it.II. Developing a Search Strategy:Once librarians have a solid understanding of the research topic, they can develop a search strategy. A well-designed search strategy involves selecting appropriate keywords and Boolean operators to effectively retrieve relevant English literature.III. Identifying Relevant Databases:To conduct a comprehensive literature search, librarians should explore various academic databases that are relevant to the subject area. Some popular databases include PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. These databases contain a wealth of English literature sources and should be thoroughly explored.IV. Utilizing Advanced Search Techniques:To further refine search results, librarians can employ advanced search techniques within the selected databases. These techniques may include applying limits such as selecting specific publication years, language preferences, or focusing on specific document types.V. Evaluating and Selecting Sources:As librarians identify potential sources, it is crucial to evaluate their relevance, reliability, and validity. Librarians should check the credentials of the authors, publication dates, and peer-review status of the sources to ensure their quality. By critically examining the sources, librarians can curate a list of high-quality English literature for patrons.VI. Organizing and Presenting Search Results:Once librarians have gathered a selection of relevant English literature, it is essential to organize and present the search results in a clear and accessible manner. This can be done by creating annotated bibliographies, which include brief summaries and evaluations of each source, allowing patrons to quickly identify relevant materials.VII. Providing Additional Guidance:In addition to conducting literature searches, librarians should also offer guidance to patrons on how to independently navigate and conduct their research. By providing training sessions or workshops on effective literature search techniques, librarians empower patrons to explore and retrieve English literature on their own.Conclusion:English literature searches are an integral part of a librarian's role in assisting patrons with their research needs. By following a systematic process, including understanding the research topic, developing a search strategy, identifying relevant databases, utilizing advanced search techniques, evaluating sources, organizing search results, and providing guidance, librarians can effectively conduct English literature searches and support their patrons in accessing valuable research materials.。
See Chapter 1, 3one of the basic principles of a literature search. The basic principles of literature search through the literature search is actually a search tool to find the information they need. The principle Simply put, the question is to identify and retrieve those stored in a retrieval system identification literature to compare two identification documents contain the same or need to retrieve the identification, put the logo features a literature retrieval system from in output, the literature is the literature search initially hit. This includes storage and retrieval of documents, as shown.Comparison and selectionStored procedure: the retrieval process ：Document Information Search topicAnalysis AnalysisDocument Information feature Information retrievalquestionsBibliographic indexing ExpressionCharacterizationExpressInfor matioCharacteriz ationExpressInformation collectionSearch Results(Perfectly matched, related, unrelated) 2．Information storage and retrieval 1)information storageretrieval booksAbstract number: 020001Title: the dye in production of the microcomputer control Author: zhang Ming; Chien-ming wang; LiuJianYeInstitution: Beijing institute of chemical (Beijing 100001) Literature sources (source) : chemical technology, 2002.33 (6) 32-36Abstract: in this paper the dye production process in the microcomputer control, temperature control technology of application.Key words: the dye production microcomputer feeding control temperature controlClassified number: TQ7 TP3Literature characteristics, search fields, retrieval item: the title, author, institutions, literature sources, abstract, key words, classificationdatabaseDN--02174618AN--ETI – IMPRIVING LIGHT – METAL CASTINGS.AU – Vaccari , John A.CS –American Machinist & Automated Manufacturing, New York, NY USASO – Am Mach Autom Manuf v 130 n 6 Jun 1986 p 87 –89PY -- 1986SN – 0886-0335LA -- ENGLISHDT -- JA^(Journal Article)TC -- A^(Applications)AB –With high –strength aluminum-and magnesium - casting alloys having reached the limit of their mechanical performance by conventional …. ^5 refs.DE -- ALUMINUM AND ALLOYS – CastingID --^FOUNDRY PRACTICE - Permanent MouldCC -- 541 (Aluminum & Alloys) ^534 (Foundry Practice)2) information retrievalA; Appearance characteristics1. The title (title, the title, literature title) indexIn the production of dyes microcomputer control-0200012. The authors indexZhang Ming-020001Chien-ming wang see: zhang MingLiuJianYe see: zhang MingFamily name * in former name last3. Institutions indexBeijing institute of chemical-0200014. Literature number (registration number, ISSN number,the patent number, the number of report)B; Content features1. The theme indexThe dye production--02001 02 * * * * * * * * * *Microcomputer-02001 02 * * * * * * * * * *Feeding control--02001 02 * * * * *Temperature control--02001 02 * * * * *2. Classification indexTQ7 chemical industry02001 02 * * * * *TP3 automatic control02001 02 *****Computer search:1. Field retrieval: title, key words, the full text,, authors, institutions, the title, s, WenZhong, etc2. Simple retrieval: field, classification, subject3. Advanced retrieval: retrieval modelExample: S1. Dyestuff production AND (computer ORcomputers OR computer) AND melky charging AND temperature AND controlS2. (zhang Ming OR chien-ming wang OR LiuJianYe) / AU AND Beijing institute of chemical/CSS3. S1 AND S2 Search topic: the application of computer in dyestuff production to retrieval?Literature characteristics, search fields, retrieval item: the title, author, institutions, literature sources, abstract, key words, classification3. Retrieval languageRetrieval language is in the field of literature retrieval people used to describe literature theme (content) characteristics or external characteristics and the questions of the information a special language. Because it is marking the language of literature characteristics, can also be called indexing language, because it is the index of language, can also be called as the index language.1) retrieval language in the literature retrieval in the roleIn the literature retrieval of the storage and retrieval process, retrieval language plays animportant role in language communication, is the literature guarantee storage and retrieval two process, indexing and retrieval personnel both sides thought personnel of the bridge. If no retrieval language as indexing and retrieval of staff personnel common language, it will be difficult to make indexing of literature of the contents of the personnel express (indexing terms) and retrieval personnel to the same content to express the literature (retrieval language) agree, literature retrieval it cannot.For example, the computer, the computer, the computerConcrete, concrete, cementSo retrieval language is essentially indexing and retrieval of the agreement between language. Use retrieval tools must master the retrieval ?Self-taught contentSecond, literature retrieval procedureLiterature retrieval we have the following five program (step) :Analysis and research topic selection retrieval tools-sure way to search for clues to the literature retrieval, and ask for the original documents.1. Analysis research subject analysis to find the literature research is the most basic preparation before, to the retrieval process and retrieval effect has the crucial influence function. It includes:1) analysis of the main content of the research project, which subject, etc, to determine the subject keywords, relevant keywords and specialized subject range (a secondary classification mesh name and related categories name) retrieval marking.2) according to the subject for property analysis found mainly in literature in what publications, so as to determine the types of literature retrieval.3) according to the subject1) books Example:Computer simulation of electronic circuits①R, Raghuram ②, NeW Delhi, India: Weiley③(1989)④246pp⑤,ISBN ：8122401112⑥Note: (1) the title; (2) the authors; (3) of publication, the publisher; (4) the publication date; The total number of pages;(5) 6 international standard book number < ISBN number >.2) journal Example:J Pressure Vessel Technol. Trans, ASME①V112 n.4②Nov. 1990③P410～416④Note: (1) the abbreviation; the title (2) the time; the roll(3) the monthly publication; (4) : page number.3) the meeting literature例：Proceedings Fourth AnnualSymposium on Logic in Computer Science ①(Cat. No. 89 CH2753-2)②Paific Grove, CA. USA, 5-8June 1989③(Washington, Dc, USA :IEEE Computer, Soc press 1989 P263-72)④Note: (1) the meeting and conference record the name; (2) the order number; (3) the meeting place and time; (4) the meeting record the publisher, address and publication date and the pagenumber.Usually, the Meeting in the literature have a Meeting in the characteristics, such as Proceedings, Symposium, Conference, Meeting, according to these features to determine whether theMeeting of the literature.4) the patent documentExample: Patent no: US 4202737Note: the Patent number is the United States code, US, the Patent document has "Patent" the network.5) technical reportExample: the Report KFKI-1983-57 (1), Hungarian Acad, Sci., Budapest (2), 1983 () (3) (4), 15 ppNote: (1) the technical report Numbers; (2) collect and compile technical report agencies address; (3) the time; announced (4)report pages. Technical Report has "Report" the network.6) degree thesisExample: j. a. George, (1) the "Computer Implementation of the Finite Element Method", (2) Ph. D. Dissertation (3), StanfordUniv俄文字母-拉丁字母音译对照表(1) in the YuWei can be omitted when.Four, Chinese retrieval tools (printed)1 situationChina science and technology literature retrievaltools to establish the system of experience, we have from scratch, from a translation from printing wrote, to the process of development of the database.The publication of the retrieval tools in China through decades of hard work, gradually layout automation, index WanShanHua, carrier to the direction of the diversification. In general, our country retrieval toolhas the following features:1) published in Chinese, domestic readers languagebarriers, without reading speed.2) system and structure step by step, standardization and normalization of the retrieval tools for the reader master the use method and sharing the document resourcesprovided convenience.3) morphological diversity. In recent years, more andmore domestic information processing orgnaizationcalculated by using the ?。
