第二课III.1.clear-cut2.is characterized by3.gain from4.as well as5.constitute6.self-sufficient7.available8.arguments against9.shiftedply withV.1.One of the goals of the import policy is directed at the acquisition of capital goods that embody the modern technology needed to develop China’s economy.2.Many economists argue that free trade will enhance the economic growth and raise the living standard.3.International trade continues to be dominated byadvanced industrialized countries,the trade volume of which accounts for over half of the world’s total.4.Since implementation of the reform and opening up policy,especially after its accession to the WTO,China has achieved remarkable growth in foreign trade.5.Economists have been engaged in the research on the theoretical and practical issues arising from the expansion of international business.第三课Home work 1III.1.n othing more than2.r elating to3.w ork on4.i nvolves5.p revent…from6.b e dealt with7.o therwise8.a re(extremely)conscious of9.p ut into practice10.equivalent toV.1.After the Second World War,there emerged various forms of cross-border business activities such as trade in goods and services,foreign direct investment and technology transfer,etc.2.In the absence of exchange reserves or credit,or the possibility of negotiating other types of agreement,the only alternative is barter.3.Before entering into a licensing agreement,the licensor should have a thorough knowledge of the laws and regulation concerning the intellectual property rights in the licensee’s country.4.Increasingly,firms are obtaining more profits by introducing products from the foreign markets to their domestic markets as they move toward greater globalization of their operations.5.There is no question that high returns on overseas investments are the major motive formultinational companies to engage in foreign direct investment.第四课III.1.a s opposed to2.b reaking up into3.c onsist of4.c reep in5.s ell off6.c ome to7.b ack up8.o n hand9.c ome out10.draw downV.1.Chrysler should go into bankruptcy rather than turn to the government for help.2.This project plays the key role for this plant’s survival and development.3.The deal is seen as a U.S.vote of confidence in Russia’s economy.4.The surgeon on casualty duty was so busy that he just bolted down a sandwich.5.More specifically,they asked whether or not the United States really exported capital-intensive goods in exchange for labor-intensive goods.第五课III.1.i mposed on2.d ue to3.s ubject to4.i nterference with5.e xcept6.m eans7.l ed to8.p revent9.s o that10.intended toV.1.For many years there has been an agreement among nations against imposing quotas unilaterallyon goods.2.A protective tariff is intended to artificially inflate prices of imports and“protect”domestic industries from foreign competition.ernment procurement policies also are trade barriers because they usually favor domestic manufacturers and severely restrict purchases of imported goods by government agencies.4.Free trade is an economic concept referring to the selling of products between countries without tariffs or other trade barriers.Customs and other administrative formalities involve a variety of government policies and procedures that either discriminate against imports or favor exports.第六课III.1.a dhere to2.a t the heart of3.m ade strides in4.i n breach of5.a t stake6.a ccess to7.l eft out8.c ome to9.l ead to10.in terms ofV.1.Environmentalists argue that if issues such as global warming and protection of the rain forests are not brought into the equation,commercial goals will win out and the environment will suffer.2.Unconditional MFN status came in 2000,paving the way for WTO membership.3.A country found to be in breach of trade rules bya panel may appeal to the Appellate Body.4.All countries enjoy a recognized right to safeguard national interests,but this principe,as well as the interpretation of WTO rules themselves,is subject to considerable latitude in interpretation.5.To the dismay of the US,the panel decided thatJapan had not violated WTO rules,as there had been no connection between government action and Japan’s market structure.第七课III.1.k icking around2.b roke out3.h it a brick wall4.t ake on5.a ccounts for6.f ar from7.A mong other things8.s ticking point9.k een on10.wipe outV.1.Low-income countries were generally loath to take on the new issues and the meeting only agreed to establish working groups on the issues.2.At Cancun they formed an alliance which tookthe fight to the EU/US axis for the first time.3.Much to the chagrin of high-income countries,India,China,Cuba,Pakistan and Zimbabwe tried to relate the issue to the obligations,rather than the rights,of foreign investors.4.Environment clauses are somewhat like labour clauses in as much as they would generally allow a country to restrict imports from another country which has dubious environmental standards.5.At Cancun the European Union offered to withdraw the investment and competition clauses in the face of unrelenting opposition from the new G22 alliance of low-income countries.第八课III1.m ake delivery2.a s a result3.p ick(them) up4.c arry out5.t akes piace6.t akes delivery7.c alls for8.t ake over9.a pply to,refer toV.1. The buyer will assume all costs and risks and make arrangement associated with the transport of the goods,and must make payment according to the contract terms.2.If other modes of transport are involved,these terms do not apply,even if one of the legs of the journey is by ship.3.In a CFR contract,the seller has the usual FOB obligations,and after the vessel is loaded the seller is absolved from liability for damage to the cargo.4.Normally the buyer will make arrangement for further transportation,though the contract might specify that the seller will make such arrangements.5.The seller’s responsibility for costs and risk of loss will end when the rail car or truck trailer isloaded,or in the case of sea or air transport,when the goods are delivered to the carrier for loading.第九课III.1.l ends an image of2.a re better off3.a re not limited to4.r ather than5.o n a unit basis6.h ave great latitude to7.h ave incorporated into8.f ell out of favor9.f rom the standpoint that10.in conformance withV.1.It would be impractical to attempt to acknowledge individually those many who have given us aid and advice.2.National currencies always have advantage over private currencies.3.The factory was shut down for lack of funds.4.It’s management that is at fault rather than the workforce.5.Such behavior may result in the executive being asked to leave.第十课III.1.g uilty of2.c omply with3.h as no intention of4.t urned down into5.I n the event of6.t ake place7.i n question8.a ssociated with9.b roken down into10.in principleV.1.The company may prefer to submit quotes in the form of a pro-forma invoice for ease of administration as the pro-forma details can be simply transferred to a commercial invoice whenthe order is placed.2.Once the quotation has been submitted to the buyer,the exporter is committed to fulfilling all the terms contained within the document should an order be placed on the strength of it.3.The buyer,understandably,pointed out that the contract had been agreed and that the exporter was bound to its terms.4.Difficulties may arise when the purchasing company also includes its own standard terms and condition and tries to gain the upper hand.5.The exporter is advised to prepare some standard terms and condition of sale that can be incorporated into the documentation in addition to the specific terms of the contract.第十一课III.1.U nder the circumstances2.O wing to3.i n view of4.h onour5.i n accordance with6.s ubsequent7.f acilitate8.a re in the receipt of9.A ccumulating10.outstandingV.1.The letter of credit is the bank instrument that assures the seller of payment if he makes the agreed upon shipment.2.Payment shall be available by draft drawn under L/C payable not longer than 90 days after presentation of documents to the negotiating bank of the L/C,together with an interest of 8.5% per annum for buyer’s account.3.Payment by a prime banker’s irrevocable,transferable L/C,confirmed by a first-class bank in the key currency country,covering full value of the contracted goods,in favor of seller,available by draft at sight for 100% invoice value,accompanied with the following documents.4.We have today instructed our bank to open in your favour a confirmed,irrevocable letter of credit with partial shipment and transshipment allowed,available by draft at sight,against surrendering the full set of shipping documents to the negotiating bank.5.This method is for the seller to draw on the buyer for the purchase price on D/P basis.6.The importer,when he wants to open an L/C to cover the purchase from abroad,may apply to his banker for a letter of credit for any amount.7.Your order No.123 was confirmed by our fax of March 15,subject to arrival of credit within 15 days from the date.第十二课III.1.a vailable by2.i n compliance with3.c omply with4.c onvert into5.p rior6.b y means of7.r equisite8.o n condition that9.i n one’s favour10.draw one’s attention toV.1.The Brown Bank in London is in a position to open letters of credit in Renminbi against our sales confirmation or contract.2.You must be aware that an irrevocable L/C gives the exporter the additional protection of banker’s guarantee.3.A documentary credit is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the seller whereby the bank promises to pay a beneficiary against presentation of documents relating to the dispatch of goods.4.The documentary requirements are designated by the buyer in his bank application for the letter of credit.5.We have drawn on you at 60 days’ sight a draft for $90,000,under the credit No.450 of June 6,in favor of the Tokyo Bank.6.The expiry date of the credit being May 31,we request that you will arrange with your banker to extend it up to June 10,amending the said credit.7.After the bank pays the sight draft presented by the seller,it advises the buyer that the documents have been successfully negotiated and the buyer should pay the bank in accordance with his bank application.第十三课III.1.b e addressed2.c hanges hands3.i n the company’s best interests4.d ispense with5.a ppeal to6.b e negated by7.i n question8.a re exempt from9.a re instrumental10.regardless ofV.1.Although freight forwarders charge for their services,they do at least have well-established international distribution networks that can be utilized cost-effectively,efficiently and with minimum involvement from the importer or exporter.2.There are a number of ways in which businesses see their profitability eroded by lost or damaged goods.panies make use of insurance brokers to insure the shipment during transport and make use of Customs broker to clear the goods though Customs on arrival.4.The deposit was refunded on leaving the country providing that the nature and value of the consignment remained unchanged.5.It is within the forwarder’s remit to ensure that goods are properly packaged and marked for transport and that appropriate documentation is prepared to facilitate shipment.。
