汽车工程专业英语(汉化版)

UNIT 5 FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM燃油喷射系统Fuel injection systems have been used on vehicles for many years. The earliest ones were purely mechanical. As technology advanced, electronic fuel injection systems became more popular. Early mechanical and electronic fuel injection systems did not use feedback controls. As emissions became more of a concern, feedback controls were adapted to both types of fuel injection systems.feedback control 反馈控制As emissions became more of a concern 随着排放越来越受到关注were adapted to 被应用于Both mechanical and electronic fuel injection systems can be found on gasoline engines. Diesel engines are most commonly found with mechanical type systems, although the newest generations of these engines have been using electronic fuel injection(EFI) .gasoline engines 汽油发动机diesel engines 柴油发动机newest generations of 最新的5.1 Basic TheoryEFI uses solenoid valves called injectors to meter fuel delivery. Most vehicles today use 1 injector per cylinder. When the solenoid is energized, fuel sprays out into the valve port. Fuel is delivered to the injector by a high-pressure electric pump at around 40 psi. Fuel delivery is controlled by the injectors which are cycled by the computer. The computer produces a signal to open the injectors for a certain length of time depending on engine conditions relayed by sensors. The longer that the injector is open, the more fuel is injected. As engine load and rpm are increased, the injector open times are increased to match increasing airflow. This computer output signal is called the injector pulse width. The longer the pulse width, the more fuel is injected.solenoid valves 电磁阀injector 喷油嘴，喷油器，喷射器fuel delivery 燃油输送，燃油供给is energized v. 使通电,供能, 激发，加强adj. 通电的，激励的,增能的energized line 带电电路，带电线路valve port 阀口，喷油嘴psi [psai] 每平方英寸….磅=pounds per square inchare cycled by 周期性控制engine conditions relayed by sensors 传感器传送/输送回来的信号体现的发动机工作状况，简单的说，即：传感器信号体现的发动机工作状况injector pulse width 喷油器脉冲宽度5.3 Fuel System5.4 Air Metering and Measurement5.5 Most EFI systems measure the same basic 6 inputRPMAirflow空气流量Manifold Pressure 歧管压力On speed density type systems, this input is essential when combined with the rpm signal to calculate airflow. As the throttle is opened, the manifold pressure increases which will require more fuel.speed density type system “速度-密度”类型的系统，即：采用“速度-密度”方法来测量空气流量的系统Throttle Position 节气门位置This input is a secondary input on most systems. It is required mainly for acceleration enrichment when the throttle is rapidly opened. By looking at the rate of change of throttle blade angle, the computer can determine how quickly the throttle is being opened and can supply the extra fuel required momentarily to alleviate the lean condition. Throttle position is measured by a potentiometer attached to the throttle shaft.acceleration enrichment 加速加浓，即：汽车加速时的混合气加浓looking at the rate of change of throttle blade angle 查看节气门叶片转角的变化速率determine 确定momentarily ['məuməntərili] adv. 即刻，随时地，暂时地,立刻alleviate [ə'li:vieit] v. 减轻,使...缓和，使（痛苦等）易于忍受alleviate burdens 减负lean condition 稀混合气工况←←→→rich condition 浓混合气工况potentiometer [pə,tēnʃi'ɔmitə] 电位计,分压计，电位器，电势计Water TemperatureAir Temperature5.6 Oxygen Sensor 氧传感器This sensor is employed in closed loop systems to modify the basic pulse width after the fact. It is mounted into the exhaust manifold area. By looking at the oxygen content of the exhaust gasses after combustion, the computer can determine if the air/fuel ratio is too rich or too lean for optimum combustion and adjust the next few injections accordingly. This sensor is primarily employed for emission control and to a lesser degree, fuel economy. For the lowest average emissions, the air/fuel ratio must be kept around 14.7 to 1.is employed in 应用于，忙于，从事于closed loop systems 闭环控制系统modify the basic pulse width after the fact 事后调节基本脉冲宽度oxygen content 氧含量combustion 燃烧the next few injections 接下来的/后面的一些喷油(脉宽)emission control 排放控制to a lesser degree 在更轻的程度上，其次Under full throttle conditions, this sensor input is ignored by the computer so that the engine can produce more power. This is called open loop mode and the computer is supplying the injector pulse width from tables based on all of the other sensor inputs. Once throttle opening and rpm are reduced to cruising conditions, most systems will jump back into the closed loop mode where they will stay for a large portion of the time on most street driven applications.full throttle conditions 节气门全开的情况/工况open loop mode 开环控制模式supplying the injector pulse width from tables based on all of the other sensor inputs 根据（除了氧传感器之外的）其它所有的传感器输入信号得到的（喷油）数据表来提供喷油器脉宽cruising conditions 巡航工况street driven applications 街道驾驶应用，意译即：街道行驶情况5.7 Basic OperationAs explained in the Basic Theory section, the computer processes all of the voltage signals from the various sensors to determine the engine operating conditions at the moment and delivers the appropriate pulse width to the injectors. If engine airflow increases by 10%, the pulse width is also increased by about 10% to keep theair/fuel ratio constant. If the rpm is doubled from 2,000 to 4,000 rpm, the numbers of injections are also doubled to double the fuel flow.The computer looks at the changes in sensor inputs every few milliseconds in order to be ready to modify the pulse width if any parameter changes.Section 章节，部分at the moment 此刻,目前，现在at the right moment 适时appropriate [ə'prəuprī:ət] adj. 适当的v. 拨出（款项）(某目的)之用constant ['kɔnstənt] adj. 恒定的, 经常的,不变的，持久的n. 常数,恒量every few milliseconds 每隔几毫秒parameter [pə'ræmītə] n. 参数,参量NEW WORDS1. feedback 反馈2. injector 喷油嘴，注射者,注射器,喷射给水器3. sensor7. alleviate减轻,使...缓和8. momentarily 即刻，立刻, 随时地，暂时地PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS1. electric pump 电动泵2. pulse width 脉冲宽度3. fuel rail 油轨4. return line 回油路5. fuel pressure regulator燃油压力调节器6. throttle body assembly节气门体总成8. measure off测量出9. hall effect sensor 霍尔效应传感器10. taper off使渐渐减少, 逐渐停止，使渐渐变尖,一头逐渐变细UNIT 6 EXHAUST SYSTEM排放系统The exhaust system carries exhaust gases from the engine’s combustion chamber to the atmo sphere and reduces, or muffles, engine noise. Exhaust gases leave the engine in a pipe, traveling through a catalytic converter and a muffler before exiting through the tailpipe.exhaust gases 废气combustion chamber 燃烧室muffle 抑制,发低沉的声音n. 低沉的声音,消音器catalytic converter 催化转化器muffler 消声器，围巾,头巾,厚手套tailpipe ['teilpaip] 排气尾管，尾管，尾喷管,排气管,吸管perforated tailpipe带眼尾管6.1 The TailpipeThe tailpipe is a long metal tube attached to the muffler. It sticks out from under the body of a car, at the rear, in order to discharge the exhaust gases from the muffler of the engine into the air outside the car.stick out 突出,伸出，显眼，坚持到底stick it out 坚持到底，顶住，忍耐到底6.2 The Muffler6.3 The Exhaust Manifold and Header排气歧管和集气管6.4 The Manifold to Exhaust Pipe Gasketsgasket['gæskit] n. 衬垫,垫圈，垫片，密合墊，橡胶垫6.5 Exhaust Pipe Hangers 吊耳6.6 Exhaust Pipe6.7 Dual Exhaust System 双排气系统The advantage of a dual exhaust system is that the engine exhausts more freely, thereby lowering the backpressure, which is inherent in an exhaust system. With a dual exhaust system, a sizable increase in engine horsepower can be obtained because the “breathing” capacity of the engine is improved, leaving less exhaust gases in the engine at the end of each exhaust stroke. This, in turn, leaves more room for an extra intake of the air-fuel mixture.inherent [īn'hiərənt] adj. 内在的,固有的，生来的，先天的sizable ['saizəbl] 相当大的，大的，可调大小的breathing capacity 呼吸能力，即：汽车的进气排气性能exhaust stroke 排气冲程NEW WORDS1. tremendous3. muffler4. tailpipe5. hanger6. manifold7. fiberglass ['faibəglɑ:s] 玻璃纤维，纤维玻璃，玻璃丝8. speaker扬声器9. header 集气管12. flat13. socket ['sɔkit] n. 插座,插口antenna socket 天线插座plug socket 插座，电源插座，安全阀、突开阀14. sizable16. bump 撞击, 碰撞, 颠簸而行n. 撞击,隆起物PHARSES AND EXPRESSIONS1. stick out2. the body of a car 车身3. cast iron铸铁4. catalytic converter5 . out of phase with adj. 与...有相位差，与...不同相6. collide with vt. 碰撞，互撞，和...抵触/冲突7. cancel out相互抵销,消除,抵偿,取消8. backpressureReading material: Emission Control Systems排放控制系统The purpose of the emission control system is just that it controls the emissions and exhaust from a vehicle. The idea is to turn the harmful gases a car manufactures into harmless ones that don't ruin the environment, or persons. Some of the problem gases are:1. hydrocarbons ( unburned ) .2. carbon monoxide. 一氧化碳3. carbon dioxide. 二氧化碳4. nitrogen oxides. 氮氧化合物5. sulfur dioxide. 二氧化硫6. phosphorus. ['fɔsfərəs] n. 磷7. lead and other metals.emissions and exhaust 排放和废气manufacture 在这里指“产生，导致”，=cause, producehydrocarbon ['haidrəu'kɑ:bən] n. 碳氢化合物，经常缩写成HClead [li:d] n. 铅,领引,榜样v. 引导,带领lead to 导致，引起，通向lead rail 导轨Crankcase Ventilation Systems曲轴箱强制通风系统Evaporative Emission Control System （燃油的）蒸发/挥发污染控制系统Air Injection System空气引入系统Exhaust Gas Re-Circulation (Egr) Systems废气再循环系统Catalytic Converter 催化转化器NEW WORDS1. hydrocarbon2. phosphorus3. contaminate [kən'tæmineit] v. 弄脏, 污染，沾污4. sludge [slʌdʒ] n. 泥,泥泞，污泥，淤泥，渣滓,泥状雪sludge pump 污泥泵，泥浆泵，电动泥浆泵sewage sludge 污水污泥，污水软泥，污泥5. byproduct 副产品6. cross-section n. 截痕，横截面，剖面，河流汇合处seismic cross-section 地震剖面constant cross-section 恒定截面PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS1. sulfur dioxide2. carbon monoxide3. nitrogen oxides4. Exhaust Gas Re-circulation (EGR)5. tend to vt. 倾向于, 常常，易于,势必；有助于,引起,造成6. carburetor bowl （发动机的）化油器/汽化器的油杯7. charcoal canister木炭罐，活性碳罐charcoal canister purge 碳罐清除，活性碳罐净化10. diverter valve 换向阀，转换阀，分流阀，导流阀，偏向型元件11. as a result12. stepper motor 步进电机13. PCV = positive crankcase ventilation 强制曲轴箱通风UNIT 7 THE IGNITION SYSTEM点火系统There are many different types of ignition systems. Most of these systems can be placed into one of threedistinct groups: the conventional breaker point type ignition systems (in use since the early 1,900s); the electronic ignition systems (popular since the mid 70s) ; and the distributorless ignition system (introduced in the mid 80s).The automotive ignition system has two basic functions: it must control the spark and timing of the spark plug firing to match varying engine requirements, and it must increase battery voltage to a point where it will overcome the resistance offered by the spark plug gap and fire the plug.be placed into 分成，归结为conventional breaker point type ignition systems 传统的触点式点火系统electronic ignition systems 电子点火系统distributorless ignition system 无分电器点火系统introduced 引入，开始采用spark 火花timing of the spark plug firing 火花塞点火的定时varying 变化的battery voltage 蓄电池电压resistance （火花塞间隙的）阻力spark plug gap 火花塞间隙7.1 Point-Type Ignition System7.2 Electronic Ignition Systems7.3 Distributorless Ignition Systems (DIS)The third type of ignition system is the distributorless ignition. The spark plugs are fired directly from the coils. The spark timing is controlled by an Ignition Control Unit (ICU) and the Engine Control Unit (ECU). The distributorless ignition system may have one coil per cylinder, or one coil for each pair of cylinders.are fired 被点火coils （点火）线圈spark timing 火花定时，即：火花塞点火的时刻Ignition Control Unit (ICU) 点火控制单元cylinder ['sīlində] 汽缸,圆筒,圆柱体，汽缸套Some popular systems use one ignition coil per two cylinders. This type of system is often known as the waste spark distribution method. In this system, each cylinder is paired with the cylinder opposite it in the firing order (usually 1-4, 2-3 on 4-cylinder engines or 1-4, 2-5, 3-6 on V6 engines, Figure 7-4). The ends of each coil secondary leads are attached to spark plugs for the paired opposites. These two plugs are on companion cylinders, cylinders that are at Top Dead Center (TDC) at the same time. But, they are paired opposites, because they are always at opposing ends of the 4-stroke engine cycle. When one is at TDC of the compression stroke, the other is at TDC of the exhaust stroke. The one that is on compression is said to be the event cylinder and one on the exhaust stroke, the waste cylinder. When the coil discharges, both plugs fire at the same time to complete the series circuit.waste 荒芜[废]的, 荒凉的，废弃的, 无用的, 多余的; 排泄的，[喻]贫乏的; 单调的waste spark distribution method 多余的火花分配方法，即：有一气缸是无用的火花点火方法In this system, each cylinder is paired with the cylinder opposite it in the firing order (usually 1-4, 2-3 on4-cylinder engines or 1-4, 2-5, 3-6 on V6 engines, Figure 7-4). 在这种系统中，每一汽缸按照点火顺序与和它相对的/相反的那一汽缸配对使用（这配对使用是指成对同时点火），在四缸发动机中点火顺序通常是1、4缸配对先点火, 2、3缸配对后点火，或者在V型六缸发动机中，通常是1、4缸配对先点火, 其次是2、5缸配对点火, 最后是3、6配对点火，如图7-4coil secondary leads 点火线圈次级导线paired opposite 配对的相反的那一缸companion 成对的Top Dead Center (TDC) 上死点，上止点opposing ends 相反的那一端4-stroke engine cycle 四冲程发动机的循环周期compression stroke 压缩冲程exhaust stroke 排气冲程event cylinder 做功的气缸waste cylinder 不做功的气缸discharge 放电series circuit 串联电路The advantages of no distributor, in theory, are:1. No timing adjustments. 定时调节2. No distributor cap and rotor. 分电器盖和分火头3. No moving parts to wear out. 磨损4. No distributor to accumulate moisture and cause starting problems.5. No distributor to drive thus providing less engine drag.distributor [dīs'tribj utə] 分电器,分油盘，发行人，经销商，分销商exclusive distributor 独家经销商，特约经销，总代理in theory 理论上讲accumulate 积聚/积累moisture 水分/湿气drag 拖拽，拉NEW WORDS1. distributor2. condenser [kən'dēnsə] 电容器，凝结器,凝缩器,冷却器air condenser 空气冷凝器3. wear 磨损4. saturation [,sætʃə'rēiʃən] 饱和，浸湿, 浸透5. series 串联6. wind 绕组7. coil 线圈8. transformer 变压器9. turn 圈10. term 名词，（专业/专门）术语；期限，任期；学期；条件，条款PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS1. breaker point type ignition system2. distributorless ignition system3. primary and secondary circuits （点火线圈的）初级和次级电路4. magnetic field 磁场5. high tension lead 高压导线7. spark plug8. nothing more than 仅仅，只不过是9. (be) different thanReading material: Basics of Engine Management发动机管理系统的基础Modern engine management systems (EMS) do a fine job of ensuring that engines run cleanly and efficiently in a wide variety of conditions, they are for the most part reliable and require little or no maintenance. The two basic functions performed by an EMS are as follows:1. To meter fuel to the engine in the right quantity.2. To provide a spark at the right time.in a wide variety of conditions （发动机的）各种工况part reliable 零部件的可靠性require little or no maintenance 几乎不需要维修Timing adjustmentsEngine temperatureAir temperatureKnock sensing爆震感应Start-up or cranking启动NEW WORDS1. prevailing [pri'věiliŋ]最普通的,一般的, 流行的，占主导地位的，占优势的prevailing price 当时价格，现价，现行价格4. telemetry [ti'lemitri] 遥测（法），遥感勘测, 自动测量记录传导5. relay ['ri:lei] vt. 中继，用继电器控制,接替n. 继电器，转播,备用品,替班人，接力，中继current relay 电流继电器time relay 时间继电器，延时6. acoustic [ə'ku:stik] 声的，声学的，美声的，听觉的, 音感教育, 音响学的7. figure 图，图解，图案；数字；轮廓，身体，身影，身材….PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS1. little or no2. as follows 如下，如后面3. according to4. boil down toboil down to 简化为，归结为，归结起来是，（凡此种种）意味着6. the moment 一….就…，此刻，那时UNIT 8 CLUTCH离合器The engine produces the power to drive the vehicle. The drive line or drive train transfers the power of the engine to the wheels. The drive train consists of the parts from the back of the flywheel to the wheels. These parts include the clutch, the transmission, the drive shaft, and the final drive assembly (Figure 8-1).The clutch which includes the flywheel, clutch disc, pressure plate, springs, pressure plate cover and the linkage necessary to operate the clutch is a rotating mechanism between the engine and the transmission (Figure 8-2). It operates through friction which comes from contact between the parts. That is the reason why the clutch is called a friction mechanism. After engagement, the clutch must continue to transmit all the engine torque to the transmission depending on the friction without slippage. The clutch is also used to disengage the engine from the drive train whenever the gears in the transmission are being shifted from one gear ratio to another.drive line or drive train 传动系transmission 变速器，变速箱drive shaft 传动轴final drive assembly 末端传动总成flywheel 飞轮clutch disc 离合器盘，即：离合器从动盘pressure plate 压盘pressure plate cover 压盘盖linkage 操纵杆系friction 摩擦engagement 结合disengage the engine from….将发动机从…..分离gear ratio 齿轮齿数比，齿数比，齿轮比，即：传动比steering gear angle ratio 转向器角传动比gear reduction ratio 齿轮减速比being shifted from one gear ratio to another. 从一个传动比变化到另一传动比，即：发动机从一个档换到另一个档The advantages of a diaphragm type pressure plate assembly are its compactness, lower weight, fewer moving parts, less effort to engage, reduces rotational imbalance by providing a balanced force around the pressure plate and less chances of clutch slippage.diaphragm type pressure plate assembly 膜片式压盘总成compactness 结构紧凑effort ['ēfət] 努力，施力, 努力的成果，效能less effort to engage 结合更省力NEW WORDS1. clutch2. flywheel3. stationary ['steiʃ(ə)nəri] 不动的，稳定的，静止的n. 固定物，驻军4. torsional ['tɔ:ʃənəl] 扭力的,扭转的，扭转的5. crankshaft 曲轴6. stall 停止，停转，失速7. mount8. groove 槽9. lever ['li:və, 'levə] 杠杆，杆，似杠杆之工具，手段v. 撬开,使用杠杆10. pivot ['pivət] 在枢轴上转动, 旋转n. 旋转轴，支点, 枢, 枢轴, 中枢11. gearbox ['giəbɔks] 齿轮箱, 变速箱，减速器，传动箱12. retract 退回，拉回，缩进，收回，取消13. compactnessPHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS1. drive train2. drive shaft3. pressure plate4. clutch disc5. gear ratio6. release bearing 分离轴承7. release fork 分离叉8. master cylinder （液压缸的）主缸9. clutch pedal 离合器踏板10. coupling device 接合装置11. at idle 在怠速时12. couple with 与….接合13. ring gear 齿圈14. pinion gear 小齿轮15. splined hub 花键毂16. cast iron 铸铁17. diaphragm spring 膜片弹簧19. engage with 与….啮合/接合20. centrifugal force 离心力Reading material: Torque Converter液力变矩器，转矩变换器，变矩器The BasicsJust like manual transmission cars, cars with automatic transmissions need a way to let the engine turn while the wheels and gears in the transmission come to a stop. Manual transmission cars use a clutch, which completely disconnects the engine from the transmission. Automatic transmission cars use a torque converter.manual transmission 手动变速器automatic transmissions 自动变速器come to a stop 停止disconnect the engine from the transmission 将变速器动力和发动机断开A torque converter is a type of fluid coupling, which allows the engine to spin somewhat independently of the transmission. If the engine is turning slowly, such as when the car is idling at a stoplight, the amount of torque passed through the torque converter is very small, so keeping the car still requires only a light pressure on the brake pedal.fluid coupling 液力连接/耦合spin somewhat independently of 一定程度上独立于….旋转stoplight 刹车灯，停止灯，红色尾灯，停止前进的信号灯still 静止的，不动的Inside a Torque ConverterThere are four components inside the very strong housing of the torque converter:1. Pump. 泵2. Turbine. 涡轮3. Stator. 定子，即：导轮4. Transmission fluid. 变速器流体Benefits and Weak Points优点和不足In addition to the very important job of allowing a car come to a complete stop without stalling the engine; the torque converter actually gives the car more torque when you accelerate out of a stop. Modern torque converters can multiply the torque of the engine by two to three times. This effect only happens when the engine is turning much faster than the transmission.job 作用，功用stalling 停转，停止，卡住，失速accelerate out of a stop 从静止加速multiply ['mʌltiplai] v. 增加，扩大, 乘, 繁殖adv.多样地,多倍地,多重地At higher speeds, the transmission catches up to the engine, eventually moving at almost the same speed. Ideally, though, the transmission would move at exactly the same speed as the engine, because this difference in speed wastes power. This is part of the reason why cars with automatic transmissions get worse gas mileage thancars with manual transmissions.catche up to 赶上，= catche up withthis difference in speed wastes power 这速差的存在要浪费功率get worse gas mileage 燃油行驶里程变得更差，即：燃油经济性变差To counter this effect, some cars have a torque converter with a lockup clutch. When the two halves of the torque converter get up to speed, this clutch locks them together, eliminating the slippage and improving efficiency.to counter this effect 为了抵消这一作用/效果/影响lockup clutch 锁止离合器two halves of ….的两部分get up to speed 加速eliminating the slippage 消除/排除打滑，即：通过将泵论和涡轮两部分锁死成一体来达到消除速差，这样可以避免了wasting powerNEW WORDS1. pump 泵轮2. turbine 涡轮3. stator 导轮5. tricky 复杂的，狡猾的，机警的6. hinder 阻止，阻碍7. stall 使停转8. counter 抵消PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS1. torque converter2. gas pedal 油门踏板3. one-way clutch 单向离合器4. gas mileage 燃油行驶里程5 . get up to 赶上，追上，达到。

第一章汽车基础⏹当今的汽车一般都由15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。

这些零部件主要分为四类：车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。

⏹Body：车身⏹Engine：发动机⏹Brakes：制动器⏹Power train：传动系⏹Steering：转向系⏹Electrical：电器及电子设备⏹Suspension：悬架⏹Layout of a passenger car：乘用车总布置⏹Layout of a commercial vehicle：商用车总布置⏹ 1.1 车身⏹汽车车身是由车窗、车门、发动机罩和行李箱盖焊接在金属板外壳内而成。

金属板外壳将发动机、乘客和货物覆盖以提供保护。

车身的设计要保证乘客安全舒适。

车身的款式使得汽车看起来漂亮迷人、色彩斑斓、时尚前卫。

⏹私家轿车有一个封装起来的车身，4个大车门允许乘客进出车厢。

这个设计也可放置行李或其他货物。

私家轿车也可以称为拥有固定车顶的传统车辆。

有许多类似车身设计的活顶式车除了拥有两个车门，其他的设计和敞篷车大致一样。

⏹皮卡或载重汽车。

通常它们有比轿车大的底盘和悬架来支撑重物质量。

⏹轻型运载货车基于轿车的设计并改装以便腾出最大限度的空间来装载货物。

⏹商用运载货物车辆的车身是专用设计的。

如罐车运载液体，自卸车搬运泥土或大批谷物，平板车和货车通常用来运载普通货物。

⏹公交车或长途汽车通常是4轮固定模式的车辆，但会用到大量的车轮和轮轴。

有时，铰接式公交车是为了增加容量。

公交车和货车可以做成单层或双层的。

长途汽车常用于长距离运载，且费用比较昂贵，因此市区里就会用到公交车，如市郊间上下班时用于交通运输。

⏹ 1.2 发动机⏹发动机作为动力装置。

最常见的内燃机通过燃烧发动机气缸里的液体燃料而获得能量。

内燃机有两种类型：汽油机（又称为点燃式发动机）和柴油机（又称为压燃式发动机）。

两种类型均称为热力发动机。

燃烧燃料产生的热量使汽缸里气体的气压增加并提供能量通过传动轴连接到传动系统。

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剖面cutaway view 剖面图default 除错值defect code 故障码description 描述diagram 图document 文件edition 版example 范例exploded view 爆炸图facsimile 传真fault code 故障码fax 传真feature 特色figure 图graph 图guidelines 指导handbook 手册hint 暗示idea 观念illustration 图解information 信息;消息inset 插图instruction 说明introduction 介绍item 项目label 标签layout 配置license 执照list 目录manual 手册map 图center 中心core 心corner 角;边缘cross section 断面diagonal 对角线directon 方向dege 边;棱;刃end 尾端entrance 入口exit 出口exterior 外部的face 面floor 底层focus 焦点frame 框front 前面heart 心部;heel 脚跟;蹄后部inlet 入口interface 界面interior 内部intersecton 交叉junction 接点locaton 位置margin 边缘node 节;交点origin 起点outlet 出口;插座outside 外侧parallel 平行peak 顶端periphery 周围;外缘place 地方port 门;口position 位置profile 侧面;轮廓queue 排队rear 后面region 区域rim 边缘row 列;排side 边site 位置surface 表面surrounding 周围tip 尖端top 顶vertex 顶点vicinity 附近zigzag Z字形zone 地区back 后面base 基础;底层bias 偏;斜border 缘;边界bottom 底部boundary 边界portion 一部份quantity 份量;数量quarter 四分之一residue 残渣;余数segment 部份share 共享;一份total 总数zero 零;无amount 总数;量bit 一小片bulk 大部分chip 片;小块chunk 一团couple 数个division 区分extra 额外fraction 小部分half 一半infinity 无限lack 不足;缺乏lot 大量;地magnitude 大小maximum 最大minimum 最低pair 一对piece 片;块pile 堆积;大量plenty 很多autobike 摩托车bicycle 脚踏车car 车pact car 小车convertible 敞篷车coupe 双座轿车hatchback 斜背式小客车haul truck 拖车jeep 吉普车stream 流动stroke 行程sun 太阳target 目标task 工作technology 技术threshold 门坎trim 装横turbulence 乱流value 数量vortex 旋涡wave 波wind 风limousine 驾驶座隔开的汽车make 制造商model 车型motorcycle 机器脚踏车passenger car 客车pickup 小卡车prototype 原型sedan 轿车sports car 跑车station wagon 旅行车taxi 出租车taxicab 出租车truck 卡车van 行李车vehicle 交通工具wagon 货车aim 对准;目的capacity 客积climate 气候coefficient 系数cost 成本cure 痊愈data 资料department 部分earth 地球engineering 工程;设计environment 环境equation 相等;方程式increment 增量integer 整数jam 拥挤jet 喷射land 陆地limit 界线;限度makeup 组织;构造network 网果oute 结果parameter 变数;参数partition 分割play 余隙product 产物profit 利益range 范围science 科学sight 视觉;观situation 位置sky 天空stack 堆积step 步骤;阶段stock 存货premium 特制presence 存在principle 原理priority 居先proof 证据property 性质purpose 目的quality 品质question 问题reason 理由relief 解除repetition 反复resource 资源result 结果risk 危险role 角色;任务sake 缘故scale 比例scope 范围sequence 顺序skill 熟练sort 种类source 来源stage 阶段state 状态status 状态structure 结构style 形式supplement 补充tone 状态type 型式variable 变数accident 意外事件alternative 二者择一的appearance 外观aspect 相balance 均衡blank 空白case 事例category 种类cause 原因class 种类condition 状态consequesnce 结果contrary 反对、矛盾contrast 对照decision 决定degree 程度detail 细节duty 责任effect 效果emergency 紧急equilibrium 平衡event 事件evidence 证据exception 例外extent 程度;范围extinction 消失fact 事实factor 系数;因子foundation 基础freedom 自由grade 等级group 群guarantee 保证guard 警戒;护栏harmony 阶调image 影像implication 暗示incidence 发生;影响inclination 倾向issue 事kind 种类manner 方法mate 配合mind 见解objective 目的optimum 最佳option 选择order 顺序phenomenon 现象precision 精密ability 能力accuracy 准确advantage 利益basis 基础capability 能力challenge 挑战;难题chance 偶然;机会concept 概念convenience 便利convention 习俗difference 差别disadvantage 不利discussion 讨论diversity 不同driveability 驾驶性能durability 耐久力ease 容易economy 经济effort 努力endurance 持久力experience 经验importance 重要intuition 直觉knowledge 知识occurrence 发生;事件paradox 似非而是的议论performance 性能possibility 可能性reliability 可靠性safety 安全sensitivity 敏感tendency 倾向theory 理论thought 想法variety 变化;多种workmanship 手艺;工作态度worth 价值autumn 秋beginning 开始cycle 循环date 日期day 日duration 持续时间fall 秋hour 小时infinity 无限;无穷instant 瞬间interval 间隔meantime 同时minute 分moment 瞬间month 月night 夜晚occasion 场合;时机pace 一步;速度period 期间schedule 时间表season 季节second 秒spring 春summer 夏time 时间tomorrow 明天winter 冬year 年oxidation 氧化pack 包;捆;包装patch 补片;嵌板pause 中止pollution 污染;公害practice 练习precaution 留心;预防办法production 生产progress 前进;进步protecton 保护pulsation 脉动pulse 律动reaction 反应rebound 弹回reconditioning 整备relief 解除removal 拆下repair 修理replacement 更换research 研究revision 校正revolution 回转rolling 旋转;动摇rotation 转动seepage 渗流;渗出的量selection 选择service 维修shock 冲击shrinkage 收缩simulation 模拟storage 储藏substitution 代替suction 吸入supply 供给surge 涌sway 摇动teardown 拆卸test 试验timing 正时towing 拖车transition 转变use 使用variation 变化vibration 震动entry 进入examination 检查exchange 交换exhause 排出expansion 膨胀experiment 实验explosion 爆炸exposure 显露feedback 回授friction 摩擦hook-up 连接装置identification 识别impact 碰撞;冲击implement 使用improvement 改良influence 影响injection 喷射injury 伤害;损害input 输入inspection 检查installation 安装intake 入口interaction 交互作用interference 干扰introduction 介绍invention 发明judgment 判断labor 劳动;工时leakage 漏lootion 联运lubrication 润滑maintenance 保养management 经营;管理manufacturer 制造measurement 测定memory 记忆mention 叙述;谈到misconception 误解modification 修正motion 运行;动作movement 动作notice 注意;感觉obstruction 遮断;妨碍offset 偏移onset 开始opeartion 作用;操作orientation 适应;方向outflow 流出output 输出overflow 溢出;过剩overhaul 大修overload 超载absorption 吸收aceleration 加速access 接近;通路action 动作addition 增加advance 前进;提前alignment 对正analysis 分析application 应用arrangement 排列;安排attempt 尝试attention 注意backup 支援;备blast 爆破;毁坏bond 结合bounce 跳动breath 呼吸bulildup 建立、堆积bump 碰撞calibration 校正change 改变choice 选择circulation 循环coasting 巡行collision 碰撞bination 结合;密码bustion 燃烧mand 命令;控制mnication 通讯; 联络conflict 冲突;矛盾connection 连接conservation 保护;保存consumption 消耗contact 接触;通讯contraction 收缩control 控制conversion 变换correction 修正corrosion 腐蚀cutoff 遮断装置demonstration 示范deposit 沈淀diagnosis 诊断distribution 分配drag 拖拉drain 排水emission 放射;废气encourage 鼓励inertia 惯性length 长度level 水准;高度load 负载melting point 熔点mileage 哩数momentum 动量percentage 百分率perimeter 周围polarity 极性potential 电位power 动力pressure 压力probability 可能性;或然率proportion 比例radius 半径rate 比率ratio 比;比率resistance 电阻revolution 周转sale 刻度;比例size 尺寸spacing 间隙span 全长;径距;伸展量specification gravity 比重speed 速率aftermarket 贩卖零件的市场auto part store 汽车零件店auto repair shop 汽车修护厂business 商业;公司cabinet 橱;室chamber 室pany 公司partment 室corporation 企业enterprise 企业factory 制造厂field 广场faranchise 连锁商;代理商garage 车库;汽车修理厂gas station 加油站industry 工业junkyard 废车场laboratory 实验室outlet 出口paint booth 油漆parking lot 停车场plant 工场retailer 零售商room 房间;场所shop 店;工厂space 空间toolroom 工具室workplace 工作场所workshop 工作场avenue 林荫路boulevard 林荫大道;大街bump 路面凸起bypass 迂回路channel 水路course 路程curb 路边detour 临时迂回路;绕道dip 路面下凹driveway 车道entrance 入口exit 出口expressway 高速道路freeway 高速公路gravel road 砂石路highway 公路interchange 交流道intersection 交叉路junction 接合点lane 小路mall 林荫道;购物中心motorway 汽车高速公路parkway 公园道路passage 通路path 路pavement 柏油路ramp 匝道road 道路;办法route 路线shoulder 路肩street 街道toll 通行税tour 漫游traffic 交通trip 旅行;短程tunnel 遂道turnpike 收费公路way 路crack 裂开damage 损害danger 危险defect code 不良dent 凹处;凹痕deposit 沈积dint 打痕disorder 不良drawback 缺点error 错误fade 渐渐失效failure 故障fatigue 疲劳fault code 缺点;故章flaw 瑕疵;无效foul 污秽fracture 破碎;折断function 功能hazard 危险indent 凹洞junk 垃圾废物leakage 漏loss 丧失malfunction 故障;操作不良misadjustment 调整不良misfit 不适合mistake 错误pit 凹洞problem 问题puncture 戳孔residue 残渣rupture 破裂score 刮痕scratch 刮痕shorting 缺乏;短处sign 征候symptom 症状teardown 裂trouble 缺陷sanding 研磨welding 熔接annealing 退火boring 塘孔burnishing 磨光casting 铸造coating 被覆;涂料forging 锻造grinding 研磨honing 塘光machining 加工polishing 磨光;擦亮; 打腊reaming 绞孔。

第一章汽车基础 Today s average car contains J1-Z1当今的汽车一般都由15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。

这些零部件主要分为四类：车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备1.1 车身 An automobile body is J2-Z1汽车车身是由车窗、车门、发动机罩和行李箱盖焊接在金属板外壳内而成。

金属板外壳将发动机、乘客和货物覆盖以提供保护。

车身的设计要保证乘客安全舒适。

车身的款式使得汽车看起来漂亮迷人、色彩斑斓、时尚前卫 A sedan has an J2-Z1私家轿车有一个封装起来的车身，4个大车门允许乘客进出车厢。

这个设计也可放置行李或其他货物。

私家轿车也可以称为拥有固定车顶的传统车辆。

有许多类似车身设计的活顶式车除了拥有两个车门，其他的设计和敞篷车大致一样The utility or pick-upJ2-Z1皮卡或载重汽车。

通常它们有比轿车大的底盘和悬架来支撑重物质量Light vehicle vans can J2-Z1轻型运载货车基于轿车的设计并改装以便腾出最大限度的空间来装载货物The bodies of commercial J2-Z1商用运载货物车辆的车身是专用设计的。

如罐车运载液体，自卸车搬运泥土或大批谷物，平板车和货车通常用来运载普通货物Buses and coaches areJ2-Z1公交车或长途汽车通常是4轮固定模式的车辆，但会用到大量的车轮和轮轴。

有时，铰接式公交车是为了增加容量。

公交车和货车可以做成单层或双层的。

长途汽车常用于长距离运载，且费用比较昂贵，因此市区里就会用到公交车，如市郊间上下班时用于交通运输。

1.2 发动机engine The engine acts as the power J3-Z1发动机作为动力装置。

最常见的内燃机通过燃烧发动机气缸里的液体燃料而获得能量。

内燃机有两种类型：汽油机（又称为点燃式发动机）和柴油机（又称为压燃式发动机）。

Automotive Engineering English （Chinese Edition ）汽车工程专业英语（汉化版）CONTENTSChapter 1 Automotive basics (2)1.1 The history of automotive (2)1.2 Classification of automotives (3)1.3 Principal Components (6)Review questions (13)Chapter 2 Engine (14)2.1 Overview (14)2.2 Engine construction (15)2.3 The engine operation (26)2.4 Basic engine systems (29)2.5 Air induction System (31)2.6 Gasoline fuel System (32)2.7 Engine Cooling (40)2.8 Engine Lubrication (44)2.9 Diesel engine (46)2.10 Emission Control (53)Review questions (61)目录第一章汽车的基础 (2)1.1 汽车的历史 (2)1.2. 汽车的分类 (3)1.3 汽车的主要组成部分 (6)复习题 (13)第二章发动机 (14)2.1 概述 (14)2.2 发动机的结构 (15)2.3 发动机的运转 (26)2.4 发动机的基本系统 (29)2.5 进气系统 (31)2.6 汽油供给系统 (32)2.7 发动机冷却系统 (40)2.8 发动机润滑系统 (44)2.9 柴油发动机 (46)2.10 排放控制 (53)复习题 (61)Capture 1 Automotive basis第一章汽车的基础1.1 The history of automobile1.1汽车的历史The automotive industry affects many areas of the economy. Starting with the first patented gasoline-powered Benz Motorwagen in 1886(Figure 1.1)，the automotive industry has seen continuous and exciting changes for over a century. The early gasoline-powered automobile generated 1.5hp(1.1kW)，it reaches top speed of 3~5mph(5~8km/h).Today's average vehicles have 110~450hp(80~330kW )engines and cruise at 106~120km/h，depending on the legal speed limit. For many people around the world，automotives are the most important means of personal transportation.汽车工业影响经济的许多领域。

UNIT 1 AUTOMOTIVE BASICSBody：车身chassis：底盘stream-lined：流线wind resistance：风阻Frame：车架the power train：传动系统the drive train：驱动系a unitized body：承载式车身unibody：整体式汽车车身suspension system：悬架系统steering system：转向系统braking system（制动系统）suspension system：悬架系统shock absorber：减振器control arm：控制臂、导向机构steering gears：转向器steering wheel：转向盘idler arm：随动臂tie rods：横拉杆power steering：动力转向Power booster：助力器master cylinder：制动主缸Disc brake：盘式制动drum brake：鼓式制动Brake pedal：制动踏板brake system：制动系统stopping power：制动力Hydraulic brakes：液压制动brake pedal：制动踏板brake fluid：制动液brake lines：制动管路cylinders：轮缸brake shoes：制动蹄drum：制动鼓disc brake：盘式制动器pliers：老虎钳squeeze：挤进，握紧；夹紧rotating disc：旋转制动盘Drum brake：鼓式制动器gasoline-burning piston engine：活塞式汽油发动机Diesel-fuel burning engines：柴油发动机Fuel system：供给系统exhaust system：排气系统Cooling system：冷却系统lubrication system：润滑系统ignition system：点火系统electric spark：电火花air-fuel mixture：可燃混合气cylinder：汽缸ignition switch：点火开关current：电流storage battery：蓄电池ignition coil：点火线圈Distributor：分电器spark plug：火花塞compression ignition engines：压燃式发动机charging circuit：充电电路regulator：电压调节器alternator (or generator)：发电机mechanical energy：机械能electrical energy：电能maximum voltage：最大电压fuel system：燃料供给系统fuel pump：燃油泵Filter：滤清器carburetor：化油器fuel injection system：燃油喷射系统combustible mixture：可燃混合气manifold：进气管exhaust system：排气系统carbon monoxide：一氧化碳hydrocarbons（碳氢化合物）oxides of nitrogen：氮氧化合物emission control system：排放控制系统cooling system：冷却系统combustion chamber：燃烧室coolant：冷却液Radiator：散热器water pump：水泵hollow：空的、空洞的block：汽缸体head：汽缸盖Defroster：（除冰(或霜)装置）lubrication system：润滑系统lubricant：润滑剂piston rings：活塞环cylinder walls：汽缸壁oil filter：机油滤清器Transmission：变速器wheel bearings：车轮轴承differential：差速器steering linkage：转向链接机构power train：传动系统transmission：变速器shift lever：变速杆clutch：离合器Transmission：变速器torque：转矩Differential：差速器drive /propeller shaft：传动轴universal joints：万向节axle movement：轴向运动flexible universal joints：活动万向节Differential：差速器UNIT 2 AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEinternal combustion engine：内燃机liquefied petroleum gas（LPG）：液化石油气Compressed natural gas(CNG)：压缩天然气drive shaft：驱动轴rear-wheel-drive arrangement：后轮驱动布置形式front-wheel-drive arrangement：前轮驱动布置形式drive wheels：驱动轮mid-engine arrangement：发动机中置Pistons：活塞reciprocate：往复spark ignition engine：火花点燃式发动机compression ignition(CI) engine：压燃式发动机electric ignition system：电子点火系统spark plug：火花塞ignite：点燃cylinders：气缸combustion：燃烧compression-ignition engine：压燃式发动机diesel engine：柴油机Spray：喷入heavy-duty trucks：重型货车spark-ignition engine：火花点燃式发动机fuel system：燃料供给系统ignition system：点火系统lubricating system：润滑系统cooling system：冷却系统fuel system：燃料供给系统combustible mixture：可燃混合物air/fuel mixture：空气燃料混合气ignition system：点火系统spark plug：火花塞air/fuel mixture：可燃混合气lubricating oil：润滑油lubricating system：润滑系统oil pan：油底壳oil pump：机油泵reservoir：贮存器; 油箱exhaust gas：排气cooling system：冷却系统exhaust system：排气系统emission-control system：排放控制系统starting system：启动系统Crank：转动曲柄starting motor：启动马达internal combustion engine：内燃机chemical energy：化学能heat energy：热能mechanical energy：机械能air/fuel ratio：空燃比Diesel engines：柴油机intake：进气connecting rod：连杆crankshaft：曲轴reciprocating movement/back and forth movement/up and down movement（往复运动）rotary motion/ turning motion：（旋转运动）crankshaft：曲轴Efficiency：效率potential energy：潜能mechanical energy：机械能overall efficiency：总效率compression ratio：压缩比air/fuel ratio：空燃比uppermost position/(TDC, top dead center：上止点lowest position/BDC, bottom dead center：下止点stroke：行程four stroke-cycle Gasoline Engine：intake stroke：进气行程compression stroke：压缩行程power stroke：作功行程exhaust stroke：排气行程revolution：转、圈crankshaft：曲轴camshaft：凸轮轴Crankshaft：曲轴connecting rod：连杆intake valve：进气门camshaft：凸轮轴pressure difference：压力差air/fuel mixture：空气/燃料混合气compression ratio：压缩比TDC：上止点exhaust valve：排气门exhaust gases：废气starter motor：启动马达ignition key：点火钥匙start position：启动位置Flywheel：飞轮UNIT 3 AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICATION SYSTEM（汽车润滑系统）3.1 Lubrication Principles 润滑原理Friction：摩擦primary job：基本任务Residual oil：残留的机油Lubricant：滑润剂hydrodynamic：液力的oil adhesion：机油粘度sliding friction：滑动摩擦Pressure-Lubrication System压力润滑系统oil pan：油底壳block：汽缸体oil pump：油泵drain plug：放油螺塞oil-pan gasket：油底壳垫圈Passageway：油道oil filter：机油滤清器Crankcase：曲轴箱tube：管filter screen：滤网gear-type：齿轮泵rotor-type：转子泵full-flow filtering system：全流式滤清器pressure-relief valve：安全阀bypass valve：旁通阀camshaft（凸轮轴）main bearing：主轴承camshaft bearing：凸轮轴轴承Foam inhibitor：泡沫抑制剂UNIT 4 THE COOLING SYSTEM（冷却系统）exhaust system：排气系统cylinder wall：汽缸壁piston：活塞cylinder head：汽缸盖oil film：油膜fuel mileage：燃油经济性exhaust emissions：废气排放liquid cooling：水冷air cooling：风冷water jacket：水套thermostat：节温器water pump：水泵radiator：散热器radiator cap：散热器盖cooling fan：冷却风扇hoses：软管expansion tank：膨胀水箱overflow tank：溢流水箱4.1 Water Pump（水泵）centrifugal pump：离心泵centrifugal force：离心力4.2 Water Jacket（水套）hot spot：热点valve seat：气门座valve guide：气门导管cylinder wall：汽缸壁combustion chamber：燃烧室4.3 Radiator（散热器）heat exchanger：热交换器4.4 Pressure Cap（散热器盖）boiling point：沸点pressure release valve：减压阀, 安全阀overflow tube：溢流管overflow tank：溢流箱4.5 Thermostat（节温器）4.6 Fancooling fan：冷却风扇constant temperature：常温thermostatic switchUNIT 5 FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMFuel injection system：燃油喷射系统purely mechanical：纯机械的electronic fuel injection system：电子燃油喷射系统feedback control：反馈控制emission：排放solenoid valve：电磁阀injector：喷油器best power：最佳动力性best emission：最佳排放性best economy：最佳经济性rich condition：浓（混合气）工况lean condition：稀（混合气）工况5.3 Fuel System（燃油系统）fuel rail：油轨regulator：压力调节器return line：回油管fuel manifold：燃油歧管intake manifold：进气歧管5.4 Air Metering and Measurement 空气计量butterfly valve：传统碟形阀throttle body assembly：节气门体总成Mass Airflow：质量流量Speed Density：速度密度spring loaded flap：翼片potentiometer：电位计heated wire：加热电阻丝voltage signal：电压信号5.5 Most EFI systems measure the same basic 6 input大多数EFI系统检测6个基本输入（信号）RPM(转速) ignition coil：点火线圈magnetic sensor：磁脉冲传感器Hall effect sensor：霍尔效应传感器Manifold Pressure (进气歧管压力) Throttle Position （节气门位置）Water Temperature injector pulse width：喷油器脉冲宽度Air Temperature5.6 Oxygen Sensor（氧传感器）closed loop systems：闭环系统oxygen content：氧含量air/fuel ratio：空燃比open loop mode：开环模式UNIT 6 EXHAUST SYSTEMexhaust system：排气系统Exhaust gas：废气combustion chamber：燃烧室muffler：消声器catalytic converter：催化转换器6.2 The Muffler(消声器)backpressure：背压exhaust valve：排气门6.3 The Exhaust Manifold and Headerexhaust manifold：排气歧管cylinder head：气缸盖intake manifold：进气歧管UNIT 7 THE IGNITION SYSTEM(点火系统)breaker point type ignition system：触点型点火系统electronic ignition system：电子点火系统distributorless ignition system：无分电器点火系统）timing of the spark plug firing：火花塞点火次序spark plug gap：火花塞间隙7.1 Point-Type Ignition System（触点型点火系统）electrical circuit：电路primary circuit：初级回路secondary circuit：次级回路breaker point：触点ignition switch：点火开关secondary winding：次级线圈high-tension lead：高压导线distributor：分电器coil：点火线圈distributor cap：分电器盖distributor rotor：分火头controlling element：控制元件primary current：初级电流Distributor：配电器7.2 Electronic Ignition Systems（电子点火系统）electronic control module：电子控制模块7.3 Distributorless Ignition Systems (DIS) （无分电器点火系统）spark timing：点火正时Ignition Control Unit (ICU)：点火控制单元Engine Control Unit (ECU)：发动机控制单元firing order：点火顺序Top Dead Center (TDC)：上止点UNIT 8 CLUTCHdrive line/drive train：传动系统Clutch：离合器transmission：变速器drive shaft：传动轴final drive assembly：主减速器总成clutch disc：离合器片pressure plate：压盘pressure plate cover：离合器盖friction mechanism：摩擦机构engine torque：发动机扭矩gear ratio：传动比clutch pedal：离合器踏板driven member：从动件transmission input shaft：变速器输入轴driving members：主动件crankshaft：曲轴torsional shock：扭转振动starter motor：启动马达splined hub：花键毂spline：花键transmission input shaft：变速器输入轴diaphragm spring：膜片弹簧centrifugal force：离心力release bearing：分离轴承disengagement mechanism：分离机构hydraulic system：液压系统hydraulic mechanism：液压机构clutch master cylinder：离合器主缸hydraulic fluid：制动液clutch release cylinder：离合器分离缸UNIT 9 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION（自动变速器）fluid coupling（液力偶合器）torque converter（变矩器rear wheel drive（后轮驱动）front wheel drive（前轮驱动）.drive shaft（驱动轴）final drive（主减速器）rear axle（后轴）rear wheels（后轮）transaxle（驱动桥）Front axles（前桥）planetary gear sets（行星齿轮组）hydraulic system（液力系统）Planetary gear sets（行星齿轮组）sun gear（太阳轮）ring gear（齿圈）planet gears（行星轮）constant mesh（常啮合common carrier（行星架）input shaft（输入轴）output shaft（输出轴）9.2 Clutch pack（离合器组）clutch drum（离合器鼓）friction material(摩擦材料)9.3 One-Way Clutch（单向离合器）"sprag" clutch（超越离合器）neutral（空挡）9.4 Bands（制动带）9.5 Torque Converter（液力变矩器）（见阅读材料）UNIT 10 THE DIFFERENTIAL（差速器）unlimited-slip, differential：不防滑差速器10.1 The Main Gears(主减速器)bevel gear：锥齿轮axle shaft：半轴final drive assembly：主减速器总成gear reduction：减速drive wheel：驱动轮drive shaft：传动轴spiral bevel gear：螺旋锥齿轮center line（centerline）：中心线10.2 The Differential System(差速系统)axle shaft：半轴side gear：半轴齿轮UNIT 11 BRAKE SYSTEM（制动系统）kinetic energy：惯性能量momentum：动量thermal energy (heat)：热能master cylinder：主缸brake pedal：制动踏板mechanical pressure：机械压力hydraulic pressure：液体压力brake line：制动管brake hose：制动软管slave cylinder：轮缸Brake fluid：制动液Shoe：制动蹄pad：制动块drums：制动鼓rotor：制动盘disk brake：盘式制动器drum brakes：鼓式制动器caliper：制动嵌brake shoe：制动蹄friction lining：摩擦衬片friction surface：摩擦表面emergency brake：紧急制动Power brake booster：动力制动助力器master cylinder：制动主缸brake pedal：制动踏板hydraulic actuator：液压传动机构wheel speed sensor：车轮速度传感器UNIT 14 ABS AND TCS14.1 Braking System Fundamentals,master cylinder：主缸wheel cylinders：轮缸caliper pistons：制动钳活塞rolling energy：旋转能量14.2 Antilock Braking Systems(防抱死制动系统)retarding force：制动力percent slip滑移率braking effectiveness：制动效能wheel speed sensors (WSS)：车轮速度传感器Reading material-Torque Converter-术语Torque Converter（液力变矩器）manual transmission：自动变速器automatic transmission：自动变速器brake pedal：制动踏板gas pedal：加速踏板 1. Pump（泵轮）.2. Turbine（涡轮）.3. Stator（导轮）.4. Transmission fluid（传动液）.Freewheel：自由轮lockup clutch：锁止离合器。

1．2 发动机发动机是动力装置。

内燃发动机最常用，它是通过燃烧发动机气缸内的液体燃料获得动力。

有两种类型的发动机：汽油发动机（也叫火花点火发动机）和柴油发动机（也叫压缩点火发动机）。

两种发动机都叫做热发动机，燃烧燃料产生热，热在气缸内产生气，增加了缸内的压力，并使连接到动力传动链上的轴转动。

发动机气缸布置方法叫做发动机配置。

直列发动机的气缸成一线排列，这样设计产生了简单的发动机缸体铸件。

在车辆应用中，气缸数量从2个到6个。

一般地，气缸是垂直的。

当气缸数量增加时，缸体和曲轴的长度就成为问题。

避免这个问题的一个方法采用V型配置。

这样设计使发动机缸体和曲轴更短，也更具有缸性。

前置发动机可纵向安装，它既能驱动前轮又能驱动后轮。

后置发动机车辆中的发动机装在后轮的后面，它的发动机能横装或纵装，一般只驱动后轮。

1．3 汽车底盘底盘是车辆的主要工作零件装配成的几个系统组装件。

底盘包括动力传动系统、操纵系统、悬挂系统和制动系统。

1）动力传动系统把动力传递到轮子上；2）操纵系统控制车辆的运动方向；3）悬挂系统和车轮吸收路面振动；4）制动系统降低车辆速度。

This car steers easily. 这部车子易于驾驶。

1．3．1 动力传动系统动力传动链把转动力矩从发动机传递到驱动轮上。

动力传动链包括一个供手动传输的离合器或自动传输的力矩转换器、传输装置、动力轴、后桥驱动和差动齿轮、驱动轴。

作为替代可用一个驱动桥。

驱动桥是一个把传输装置、后桥齿轮和差动齿轮组合在一个箱体中的装置。

一台手动车辆用一个离合器使发动机与动力传动链离合。

发动机力矩通过离合器传递到传动装置或驱动桥。

传动链包含若干齿轮副，在把力矩传递给其他动力链之前增减力矩。

选择的齿轮速比越低，传递的力矩越大。

从静止起动的车辆需要大的力矩，而一旦运动，则只需要很小的力矩维持其速度。

选择的速比越高，发动机速度越低。

发动机在前、后轮驱动的传统车辆用一个动力轴，叫做传动轴，它把力矩从传动装置传递到后桥上。

汽车专业英语课文翻译汽车专业英语是一门涵盖广泛的学科，它涵盖了汽车工程学、汽车设计学、汽车制造学、汽车维修学等多个领域。

学习汽车专业英语是非常有必要的，因为这是一个国际化的语言，同时也是在汽车行业工作所必要掌握的技能之一。

下面是一篇汽车专业英语课文，通过对其进行翻译，可以更好地理解其中的内容。

原文：Car Engine LubricationThe importance of lubrication in the engine of a car cannot be overemphasized. Without proper lubrication, the moving parts of anengine would grind agnst each other, causing unnecessary wear and tearon the engine and ultimately leading to its premature flure.Lubrication is accomplished by an oil pump that circulates oil throughout the engine. The oil serves as a lubricant between the moving parts, reducing friction and preventing metal-to-metal contact. The oil also acts as a cooling agent, carrying away heat generated by the engine.Oil filters are used to remove impurities from the oil, which can cause damage to the engine if not removed. Over time, the oil in an engine becomes contaminated and loses its viscosity, or thickness. It is important to regularly change the oil in a car to ensure that it continues to provide proper lubrication and cooling.Synthetic oils are becoming increasingly popular for use in car engines. Synthetic oils are engineered to provide superior lubrication and are more resistant to breaking down and losing their viscosity overtime. They also provide better protection agnst wear and tear and can improve fuel efficiency.Overall, proper lubrication is essential for the longevity and performance of a car engine. Regularly changing the oil and using high-quality synthetic oils can help to ensure that a car engine remns in top condition.译文：汽车发动机润滑汽车发动机的润滑问题不可忽视。

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