数据挖掘_Dow-Jones Industrial Average (DJIA)(道琼斯工业指数)

Dow Jones Industrial Average/Dow 道琼斯工业平均指数Standard & Poor’s 500-stock Index 标准普尔500种股票指数U.S. Federal Reserve/the Fed 美国联邦储备委员会Nasdaq Composite Index 纳斯达克综合指数Rally 跌后复涨Central bank 中央银行Monetary stimulus 货币刺激（措施、政策）Fed chairman Ben Bernanke 美联储主席本•伯南克Press/news conference 记者（招待）会，新闻发布会Managing director 执行董事，董事总经理The People’s Bank of China 中国人民银行Year on year 同比Macro-economy 宏观经济Export orders 出口订单Domestic orders 国内订单Authority 当局，官方House-for-pension 以房养老Eldercare(elderly care) program 养老计划House-for-pension eldercare pilot program 以房养老试点计划Eldercare services 养老服务Ministry of Civil Affairs 民政部The State Council （中国）国务院Cabinet 内阁Free trade zone 自由贸易区，自贸区Pilot project 试点项目，样板工程China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone 中国（上海）自由贸易试验区Administrative approval system 行政审批制度Role model 楷模Guiding principle 指导原则Company registration 公司注册Equity ratios 产权比率Power structures 权力机构，权力机关Shutdown 关门，关闭，停摆Across sectors 各行各业Lawmakers 立法者，议员Spending bills 开支、支出议案Furlough 批准休假Department of Justice, Labor and the Treasury 司法部、劳工部和财政部Business days 工作日，营业日Appropriation 拨款Tax dollars （纳税人交的）税金，税款The Defense Department 国防部Services PMI 服务业PMIServices sector 服务业部门Service industry 服务业Pickup （经济）好转Purchasing manager’s index (PMI) 采购经理指数The non-manufacturing sector 非制造业部门National Bureau of Statistics(NBS) 国家统计局Hong Kong’s Hang Seng Index .HIS 香港恒生指数Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) 摩根士丹利资本国际公司Slowdown （经济）走缓，减速Domestic consumption 国内消费Debt ceiling 债务限额International Monetary Fund (IMF) 国际货币基金组织U.S. Congress 美国国会IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde国际货币基金组织总裁克里斯蒂娜•拉加德Spending bill 花费法案House of Representatives 众议院Health care 卫生保健U.S. Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew 美国财政部部长雅各布·卢Default 违约，拖欠债务，债务违约GOP 大老党（共和党别称）Advanced economies 发达经济体Fiscal accounts 财政账户World bank 世界银行Debt default 债务违约Default on 拖延Government bonds 政府债券，公债，国债Issue 发行（货币、债券等）Reverse currency 储备货币Press briefing 新闻吹风会、媒体通气会Debt ceiling 债务上限Recovery 经济复苏Economic ties 经济关系Debt limitation 债务限额The US Treasury Department/ the Treasury 美国财政部The interest payments of the government bonds 对国债利息的支付Pay the principles through the replacement of old debt by new 用借新还旧的方式兑付本金Interest payments 支付利息Economic recovery 经济复苏Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC) 亚太经合组织Macroeconomic cooperation 宏观经济合作Real gross domestic product(GDP) 实际国内生产总值Hard landing 硬着陆Per capita income 人均收入Swap line 外汇掉期，互换货币协议European Central Bank(ECB) 欧洲央行Swap 互换Euros 欧元Yuan 人民币，元The bilateral currency swap agreement 双边货币互换协议People’s Bank of China(PBOC) 中国人民银行Currency swaps 货币互换Transaction 交易Renminbi internationalization 人民币国际化Royal Bank of Scotland(RBS) 苏格兰皇家银行Liquidity 流动性，流动资金Clearing center 票据交换中心，清算中心HALFOvercapacity 产能过剩Sectors 部门，行业，领域Margins 利润Capacity 生产能力Glut [ɡlʌt] 产品供大于求（本意是吃的过多）Government subsidy 政府补贴Market mechanism 市场机制Private sector 私营部门Restructuring 重组Domestic demand 内需Tax incentive 税收鼓励，税收优惠State-owned 国有的Merge 合并State-owned enterprises(SOEs) 国有企业Brinkmanship 边缘政策The Senate 参议院House of Representative 众议院Federal workers 联邦工作人员Deficit 赤字，亏损，逆差Republicans 共和党人Democrats 民主党人Government shutdown 政府关门，停摆An all-time high 空前高点National Bureau of Statistics(NBS) 国家统计局Economic restructuring 经济结构调整The authorities 当局，官方Industrial output 工业生产、产出Year on year 同比Fixed-asset investment 固定资产投资Infrastructure ['ɪnfrəstrʌktʃə] 基础设施Percentage points 百分点Retail sales 零售额Consumer spending 消费支出Treasury Secretary 财政部长"Meet the Press"《会见新闻界》（或译《与媒体见面》）Consumer confidence消费者信心Blueprint蓝图Third Plenary Session第三次全体会议（三中全会）Urbanization [,ɜːbənaɪ'zeɪʃən] 城镇化Euro zone 欧元区The euro zone economy欧元区经济Advanced economies发达经济体Readings读数Sluggish ['slʌgɪʃ] 不景气的Startups新创公司，初创公司Registering a new company注册新公司The private economy私有经济，私营经济Limited liability company有限责任公司Incorporated company股份公司Paid-in capital实收资本，实缴资本business registration工商登记/注册registered capital注册资本an executive meeting of the State Council国务院常务会议market access市场准入annual inspection of companies公司年检company registration address公司注册地址personal credit个人信用personal credit reports个人信用报告financial institutions金融机构credit cards 信用卡account manager客户经理commercial bank商业银行due dates到期日personal credit records个人信用记录currency manipulator货币操纵国/者，汇率操纵国/者RMB appreciation人民币升值current account经常项目，经常账户surplus顺差，盈余，入超appreciation升值real effective exchange rate实际有效汇率current account surplus经常账户顺差trade-weighted贸易加权的inflation-adjusted通胀调整的，扣除通货膨胀因素的，计入通胀因素的nominal名义上的taking into account考虑到，纳入计算depreciation贬值emerging market新兴市场RMB appreciation 人民币升值Economies 经济体exchange rate adjustment汇率调整G-7 七国集团G-20 二十国集团Omnibus ['ɒmnɪbəs] Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988《1988年综合贸易与竞争力法》manipulate the rate of exchange 操纵汇率effective balance of payments adjustments有效调整国际收支平衡currency manipulator 货币操纵者。

艾略特波段理论美国证券分析家拉尔夫•.纳尔逊•.艾略特（R.N.Elliott）利用道琼斯工业指数平均（Dow Jones Industrial Average，DJIA）作为研究工具，发现不断变化的股价结构性形态反映了自然和谐之美。

含义美国证券分析家拉尔夫·.纳尔逊·.艾略特（R.N.Elliott）根据这一发现他提出了一套相关的市场分析理论，精炼出市场的13种型态（Pattern）或谓波（Waves），在市场上这些型态重复出现，但是出现的时间间隔及幅度大小并不一定具有再现性。

尔后他又发现了这些呈结构性型态之图形可以连接起来形成同样型态的更大图形。

这样提出了一系列权威性的演绎法则用来解释市场的行为，并特别强调波动原理的预测价值，这就是久负盛名的艾略特波段理论，又称波浪理论。

艾略特波段理论艾略特波浪理论（Elliott Wave Theory）是股票技术分析的一种理论。

认为市场走势不断重复一种模式，每一周期由5个上升浪和3个下跌浪组成。

艾略特波浪理论将不同规模的趋势分成九大类，最长的超大循环波(grand supercycle) 是横跨200年的超大型周期，而次微波(subminuette)则只覆盖数小时之内的走势。

但无论趋势的规模如何，每一周期由8个波浪构成这一点是不变的。

这个理论的前提是：股价随主趋势而行时，依五波的顺序波动，逆主趋势而行时，则依三波的顺序波动。

长波可以持续100年以上，次波的期间相当短暂。

编辑本段浪中浪关于波浪理论的浪中浪，大浪有中浪，中浪有小浪，小浪还有超小浪，如下图：[1] [2]操作实务艾略特理论认为，不管是多头市场还是空头市场，每个完整循环都会有几个波段。

多头市场的一个循环中前五个波段是看涨的，后三个则是看跌的；而前五个波段中，第一、三、五，即奇数序号，是上升的，第二、四、六波段，即偶数波段中的六波段偶数序号是明显看跌的；第七为奇数序号则是反弹整理。

经济会计金融常用英文缩写-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Abb. English Chinesea accepted 承兑AA Auditing Administration （中国)审计署AAA 最佳等级abs. abstract 摘要a/c, A/C account 帐户、帐目a/c, A/C account current 往来帐户、活期存款帐户A&C addenda and corrigenda 补遗和勘误Acc. acceptance or accepted 承兑Accrd.Int accrued interest 应计利息Acct. account 帐户、帐目Acct. accountant 会计师、会计员Acct. accounting 会计、会计学Acct.No. account number 帐户编号、帐号Acct.Tit. account title 帐户名称、会计科目ACN air consignment 航空托运单a/c no. account number 帐户编号、帐号Acpt. acceptance or accepted 承兑A/CS Pay. accounts payable 应付帐款A/CS Rec. accounts receivable 应收帐款ACT advance corporation tax 预扣公司税ACU Asia Currency Unit 亚洲货币单位A.C.V actual cash value 实际现金价值a.d., a/d after date 开票后、出票后ADRS asset depreciation range system 固定资产分组折旧法Adv. advance 预付款ad.val.,A/V ad valorem to (according value)从价Agt. agent 代理人Agt. agreement 协议、契约AJE adjusting journal entries 调整分录Amt. amount 金额、总数Ann. annuity 年金A/P account paid 已付账款A/P account payable 应付帐款A/P accounting period 会计期间A/P advise and pay 付款通知A/R account receivable 应收帐款A/R at the rate of 以……比例a/r all risks （保险)全险Arr. arrivals, arrived 到货、到船A/S, a/s after sight 见票即付A/S，acc/s account sales 承销帐、承销清单，售货清单ASAP as soon as possible 尽快ASR acceptance summary report 验收总结报告ass. assessment 估征、征税assimt. assignment 转让、让与ATC average total cost 平均总成本ATM at the money 仅付成本钱ATM Automatic Teller Machine 自动取款机（柜员机) ATS automated trade system 自动交易系统ATS automatic transfer service 自动转移服务Attn. attention 注意Atty. attorney 代理人auct. auction 拍卖Aud. auditor 审计员、审计师Av. average 平均值a.w. all wool 纯羊毛A/W air waybill 空运提单A/W actual weight 实际重量BA bank acceptance 银行承兑汇票bal. balance 余额、差额banky. bankruptcy 破产、倒闭Bat battery 电池b.b. bearer bond 不记名债券B.B., B/B bill book 出纳簿B/B bill bought 买入票据、买入汇票b&b bed & breakfast 住宿费和早餐费b.c. blind copy 密送的副本BC buyer credit 买方信贷B/C bills for collection 托收汇票B.C. bank clearing 银行清算b/d brought down 转下页Bd. bond 债券B/D bills discounted 已贴现票据B/D bank draft 银行汇票b.d.i. both dates inclusive, both days inclusive 包括头尾两天B/E bill of entry 报关单b.e., B/E bill of exchange 汇票BEP breakeven point 保本点、盈亏临界点b/f brought forward 承前BF bonded factory 保税工厂Bfcy. Beneficiary 受益人B/G, b/g bonded goods 保税货物BHC Bank Holding Company 银行控股公司BIS Bank of International Settlements 国际清算银行bit binary digit 两位数Bk. bank 银行Bk. book 帐册b.l., B/L bill of lading 提货单B/L original bill of lading original 提货单正本bldg. building 大厦BMP bank master policy 银行统一保险BN bank note 钞票BO branch office 分支营业处BO buyer’s option 买者选择交割期的远期合同BOM beginning of month 月初b.o.m. bill of materials 用料清单BOO build-operate-own 建造—运营—拥有BOOM build-operate-own-maintain 建造—运营—拥有—维护BOOT build-operate-own- transfer 建造—运营—拥有—转让b.o.p. balance of payments 收支差额BOT balance of trade 贸易余额BOY beginning of year 年初b.p., B/P bills payable 应付票据Br. branch 分支机构BR bank rate 银行贴现率b.r., B/R bills receivable 应收票据Brok. broker or brokerage 经纪人或经纪人佣金b.s., BS, B/S balance sheet 资产负债表B/S bill of sales 卖据、出货单B share B share B 股B.T.T. bank telegraphic transfer 银行电汇BV book value 票面价值c. cents 分C cash; coupon; currency 现金、息票、通货C centigrade 摄氏（温度)C. A. chartered accountant; chief accountant 特许会计师、主任（主管)会计师C. A. commercial agent 商业代理、代理商C. A. consumers' association 消费者协会C/A capital account 资本帐户C/A current account 往来帐C/A current assets 流动资产C. A. D cash against documnet 交单付款can. cancelled 注销cap. capital 资本CAPM capital asset pricing model 固定资产计价模式C. A. S. cost accounting standards 成本会计标准c. b., C. B. cash book 现金簿CBD cash before delivery 先付款后交货C. C. cashier's check 银行本票C. C contra credit 贷方对销c/d carried down 过次页、结转下期CD certificate of deposit 存单c/f carry forward 过次页、结转CG capital gain 资本利得CG capital goods 生产资料、资本货物C. H. custom house 海关C. H. clearing house 票据交换所Chgs charges 费用Chq. cheque 支票C/I certificate of insurance 保险凭证CIA certified internal auditor 注册内部审计员c. i. f. , C. I. F. cost, insurance and freight 到岸价，货价+保险+运费C. I. T. comprehensive income tax 综合所得税Ck. check 支票C. L. call loan 短期拆放C / L current liabilities 流动负债C. M. A. certificed management accountant 注册管理会计师CMEA, Comecon Council for Mutual Economic Assistance 经济互助委员会CML capital market line 资本市场线性CMO Collateralised Mortgage Obligations 担保抵押贷款债务CMV current market value 现时市场价值CN consignment note 铁路运单CN credit note 贷方通知书c/o carried over 结转后期C. O., C/O cash order 现金汇票、现金订货C. O. certificate of origin 产地证明书Co. company 公司COBOL Common Business Oriented Language 通用商业语言CoCom Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls 多边出口控制协调委员会c. o. d, C. O. D. cash on delivery 货到付款Col. column 帐栏Coll. collateral 担保、抵押物Coll. collection 托收Com.; comm. commission 佣金cont. container 集装箱cont., contr. contract 契约、合同conv., cv., cvt. convertible 可转换的、可兑换的Cor. corpus 本金Cor. correspodent 代理行Corp. corporation 公司CP. commercial paper 商业票据C. P. A certified Public Accountant 注册公共会计师CPB China Patent Bureau 中国专利局CPI consumer price index 消费者价格指数CPM cost per thousand 每一千个为单位的成本CPP current purchasing power 现行购买力Cps. coupons 息票CPT carriage paid to 运费付至......C/R company's risk 企业风险Cr. credit 贷记、贷方CR carrier's risk 承运人风险CR current rate 当日汇率、现行汇率CR cash receipts 现金收入CR class rate 分级运费率CS civil servant; civil service xxx、文职机关CS convertible securities 可转换证券C. S. capital stock 股本CSI customer satisfaction index 顾客满意指数csk. cask 木桶CT corporate treasurer 公司财务主管CT cable transfer 电汇ct crate 板条箱ctge cartage 货运费、搬运费、车费Cts. cents 分CTT capital transfer tax 资本转移税cu cubic 立方CU customs unions 关税联盟cu. cm. cubic centimeter 立方厘米cu. in. cubic inch 立方英寸cu. m. cubic meter 立方米cu. yd. cubic yard 立方码cum. pref. cumulative preference (share) 累积优先（股）cur. curr. current 本月、当月CV convertible security 可转换债券CVD countervailing duties 抵消关税、反倾销税C.V. P. analysis Cost Volume Profit analysis 本---量---利分析C. W. O. cash with order 订货付款Cy. currency 货币CY calendar year 日历年CY container 整装货柜CY container yard 货柜堆场、货柜集散场D degree; draft 度、汇票D/A deposit account 存款帐户D/A document．nbspagainst acceptance 承兑交单d/a days after acceptance 承兑后......日（付款）D. A. debit advice 欠款报单D. B day book 日记帐、流水帐DB method declining balance (depreciation) 递减余额折旧法D. C. F. method discounted cash flow method 现金流量贴现法D/D document．ry draft 跟单汇票D. D.; D/D demand draft 即期汇票D/d; d/d days after date 出票后......日(付款)d. d. dry dock 干船坞DDB method double declining balance (depreciation) 双倍递减余额折旧法D. D. D deadline delivery date 交易最后日期def. deficit 赤字、亏损dem. demurrage 滞期费Depr. depreciation 折旧d. f; D. F.; d. frt. dead freight 空舱费D. G dangerous goods 危险货物diff. difference 差额Dis. discount 折扣、贴现dish'd; dishd dishonored 不名誉、拒付D. I. T double income-tax(relief) 双重所得税（免征）div.; divd dividend 红利、股息D-J Dow Jones & Co. 美国道—琼斯公司DJIA Dow Jones Industrial Average (Stock Index) 道—琼斯工业股票指数DJTA Dow Jones Transportation Average 道—琼斯运输平均数DJUA Dow Jones Utility Average 道—琼斯公用事业平均数DK Don't know 不知道DL direct loan 直接贷款DL discretionary limit 无条件限制DLD deadline date 最后时限Dls. Dol(s) Doll(s) 元DM Deutsche Mark; D-mark; Deutschmark; 德国马克DMCs developing member countries 发展中国家DN date number 日期号DN; D/N debit note 借记通知单DNR do not reduce 不减少do.; dto. ditto 同上、同前D/O delivery order 发货单Doc(s) 凭证、单据、文件doc. att. document．attached 附单据、附件Doc. code document．nbspcode 凭证（单据）编号D. O. G. days of grace 宽限日数DOR date of request 要求日DP; D/P document．nbspagainst payment 交单付款DPI disposable personal income 个人可支配收入DPOB date and place of birth 出生时间和地点DPP damp proofing 防潮的Dr. debit 借记、借方D. R.; DR discount rate 贴现率、折扣率Dr debtor 债务人DR deposit receipt 存单、存款收据dr. drawer 借方DS; d/s days after sight(days' sight) 见票后.......日(付款)ds.; d's days 日dstn. destination 日的地(港)DTC Deposit taking company 接受存款公司DTC Deposit Trust Company 储蓄信托公司dup.; dupl.; dupte. duplicate 副本DVP delivery versus payment 付款交货dy.; d/y day; delivery 日、交货dz dozen 一打E. exchange; export 交易所、输出E. & O. E. errors and omissions excepted 如有错漏，可加更正e.a.o.n. except as otherwise noted 除非另有说明EAT earnings after tax 税后收益EB ex budgetary 预算外EBIT earnings before interest and tax 扣除利息和税金前收益EBS Electronic Broking Service 电子经纪服务系统EBT earning before taxation 税前盈利EC European Community; European Commission 欧洲共同体、欧洲委员会EC export credit 出口信贷EC error corrected 错误更正Ec. exempli causa 例如Ec. ex coupon 无息票ECA export credit agency 出口信贷机构ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East 亚洲及远东经济委员会ECE Economic Commission for Europe 欧洲经济委员会ECG Export Credit Guarantee 出口信用担保ECI export credit insurance 出口信用保险ECR export credit refinancing 出口信贷再融资ECT estimated completion time 估计竣工时间ECU European Currency Unit 欧洲货币单位E/D export declaration 出口申报单ED ex dividend 无红利、除息、股利除外EDD estimated delivery date 预计交割日EDI electronic data interchange 电子数据交换EDOC effective date of change 有效更改日期EDP Electronic Data Processing 电子数据自理E. E.; e.e errors excepted 如有错误，可加更正EERI Effective Exchange Rate Indexes of Hong Kong 港汇指数EET East European Time 东欧时间EF export finance 出口融资EF Exchange Fund 外汇基金EFT electronic funds transfer 电子资金转帐EFTA European Free Trade Area (Association) 欧洲自由贸易区（协会）EGM Extraordinary Genaral Meeting 特别股东大会EIB Export-Import Bank 进出口银行EIL WB Economic Integration Loan 世界银行经济一体化贷款EL export license 出口许可证ELI extra low impurity 极少杂质EMF European Monetary Fund 欧洲货币基金EMIP equivalent mean investment period 等值平均投资期EMP end-of month payment 月末付款EMP European main ports 欧洲主要港口EMS European Monetary System 欧洲货币体系EMS express mail service 邮政特快专递EMU European Monetary Union 欧洲货币联盟enc enclosed 停业encl(s) 附件encd. enclosed 附件End. end. endorsement 背书Entd. entered 登记人EOA effective on or about 大约在.......生效EOD every other day 每隔一日EOE European Options Exchange 欧洲期权交易EOM end of month 月底EOQ economic order quantity 最底订货量EOS end of season 季末EOU export-oriented unit 出口型单位EOY end of year 年终EPD earliest possible date 最早可能日期EPN export promissory note 出口汇票EPOS electronic point of sale 电子销售点EPR earnings price ratio 收益价格比率EPR effective protection rate 有效保护率EPS earnings per share 每股收益额、每股盈利额E. P. T excess profit tax 超额利润税EPVI excess present value index 超现值指数EPZ export processing zone 出口加工区ERM exchange rate mechanism 汇率机制ERS Export Refinance Scheme 出口再融资计划ESOP Employee Stock Ownership Plan 职工持股计划Est. estate 财产、xxxEST Eastern Standard Time 美国东部标准时间et seq. et sequents 以下ETA estimated time of arrival 预计到达时间ETD estimated tiem of departure 预计出发时间ETDZ Economic and Technological Development Zone 经济技术开发区ETLT equal to or less than 等于或少于ETS estimated time of sailing 预计启航时间EU European Union 欧盟EUA European Units of Account 欧洲记帐单位ex.; exch exchange 汇兑、况换excl. exclusive 另外、不在内ex cont. from contract 从合同ex cp. ex coupon 无息票ex div. ex dividend 无股息Exp. export 出口Extd. extend 展期EXW ex works 工厂交货价f feet 英尺F dealt in flat 无息交易的f. following (page) 接下页f. fairs 定期集市F. A. face amount 票面金额F. A. fixed assets 固定资产F. A freight agent 货运代理行FA free alongside 启运港船边交货FABB Fellow of the British Association of Accountants and Auditors 英国会计师和审计师协会会员FAC facility 设施、设备f.a.c. fast as can 尽快FACT factor analysis chart technique 因素分析图解法fad. free delivery (discharge, dispatch) 免费送货F. A. F. free at factory 工厂交货FAIA Fellow of the Association of International Accountants 国际会计协会会员F. A. Q fair average quality （货品）中等平均质量F. A. S. free alongside ship 发运地船边交货价FASB Financial Accounting Standards Boards 财务会计标准委员会FAT fixed asset transfer 固定资产转移FAT factory acceptance test 工厂验收试验FB foreign bank 外国银行F. B. E. foreign bill of exchange 外国汇票F. C. fixed capital 固定资本F. C. fixed charges 固定费用F. C. future contract 远期合同fc. franc 法郎FCA Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants 特许会计师学会会员FCG foreign currency guarantee 外币担保FCL full container load 整货柜装载FCL/LCL full container load/less (than) 整装/分卸FCR forwarder's cargo receipt 货运代理行收据FCT forwarding agent's certificate of transport 货运代理行领货证fd. fund 资金FDB method fixed rate on declining balance method 定率递减余额折旧法FDI foreign direct investment 外商直接投资FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 联邦储蓄保险公司FE foreign exchange 外汇FE future exchange 远期外汇FF French franc 法国法郎fib free into barge 驳船上的交货价FIBC financial institution buyer credit policy 金融机构买方信贷险FIFO first in, first out 先进先出法fin. stadg.(stndg.) 资信状况fin. stat. (F/S) 财务报表fin.yr. financial year 财政年度FINA following items not available 以下项目不可获得FIO free in and out 自由进出F. I. T free of income tax 免交所得税fl. florin 盾FLG finance lease guarantee 金融租赁担保flt. flat 无利息FMV fair market value 合理市价FO free out 包括卸货费在内的运费fo. folio 对折、页码FOB free on board （启运港）船上交货、离岸价格FOB airport FOB airport (启运) 机场交货（价）FOBST free on board stowed and trimming 包括清理及平仓的离岸价格F.O.C. free of charge 免费FOCUS Financial and Operations Combined Uniform Single Report 财务经营综合报告FOK fill or kill 要么买进或卖出，要么取消FOR free on rail (or road) 铁路或（公路）上交货价for'd., fwd forward; forwarded 转递FOREX foreign exchange 外汇FOS free on steamer 蒸汽船上交货（价）FOUO for official use only 仅用于公事FOW, f. o. w. free on wagon （启运站）火车上交货（价）FOX Futures and Options Exchange 期货和期权交易所FP floating policy 浮动政策FP fully paid 已全付的FRA forward rate agreement 远期利率协议FRCD floating rate certificate of deposit 浮动利率存单frt., frgt. forward 期货、远期合约free case no charge for case 免费事例FREF fixed rate export finance 固定利率出口融资frt. & grat. freight and gratuity 运费及酬金Frt. fwd freight forward 运费待付Frt. ppd freight prepaid 运费已付FS final settlement 最后结算FSR feasibility study report 可行性研究报告FTW free trade wharf 码头交易FTZ free trade zone 自由贸易区fut. futures 期货、将来FV face value 面值FVA fair value accounting 合理价值法FWD forward (exchange) 远期合约F.X. foreign exchange 外汇FX broker foreign exchange broker 外汇经纪人fxd fixed 固定的FXRN fixed rate note 定息票据FY fiscal year (financial year) 财政（务）年度fy. pd. fully paid 全部付讫FYI for your information 供您参考g gallon; grain; gram (s) ;gold 加仑；格令；克; 金G. A. general agent 总代理商、总代理人GA go ahead 办理、可行GAAP general Accepted Accounting Principles 通用会计准则GAAS Generally Accepted Auditing Standard 通用审计标准GAC General Administration of Customs 海关总署gal., gall gallon 加仑gas. gasoline 汽油GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关税及贸易总协定GCL government concessional loan 政府优惠贷款GDP gross domestic product 国内生产总值gds. goods 商品、货物GJ general journal 普通日记帐GL general ledger 总分类帐gm. gram(s) 克GMP graduated payment mortgage 递增付款按揭GND gross national demand 国民总需求GNE gross national expeditures 国民支出总额GNP gross national product 国民生产总值GOFO gold forward rate 黄金远期利率GP gross profit 毛利GPP general purchasing power 总购买能力gr. (grs.) gross weight 毛重GR gross revenue 毛收入GS gross sales 销售总额GSP generalised system of preferences 普惠制GTM good this month 本月有效GTW good this week 本星期有效HAB house air bill 航空托运单HAWB house air waybill 航空托运单HCA historical cost accounting 历史成本会计hdqrs. headquarters 总部hg. hectogram 一百公克HIBOR Hong Kong Interbank Offered Rate 香港银行同业拆借利率hifo highest-in, first-out 高入先出法H. in D. C. holder in due course 正当持票人Hi-Q high quality 高质量HIRCS high interest rate currencies 高利率货币hi-tech high technology 高技术HKD Hong Kong dollar 香港元HKI Hong Kong Index 香港指数hl. hectoliter 百升hldg. holding 控股Hon'd honored 如期支付的HSCPI Hang Seng Consumer Price Index 恒生消费价格指数HSI Hang Seng Index 恒生指数hwevr. however 无论如何Hz hertz 赫兹I. A. intangible assets 无形资产I & A inventory and allocations 库存和分配IAS International Accounting Standard 国际会计标准IB investment banking 投资银行（业)I. B. invoice book 发票簿IBA International Bank Association 国际银行家协会IBBR interbank bid rate 银行间报价利率I. B. I invoice book inward 购货发票簿IBNR incurred but not reported 已发生未报告I. B. O. invoice book outward 销货发票簿IBOR inter-bank offered rate 银行间的拆借利率ICB international competitive bidding 国际竞标ICIA International Credit Insurance Association 国际信用保险协会ICJ International Court of Justice 国际法庭ICM international capital market 国际资本市场ICONs index currency option notes 指数货币期权票据ICOR incremental capital-output ratio 资本—产出增量比I. C. U. International Code Used 国际使用的电码IDB industrial development bond 工业发展债券IDB Inter-American Development Bank 泛美开发银行IDB inter-dealer broker 交易商之间经纪人IDC intangible development cost 无形开发成本IDR international depositary receipt 国际寄存单据IE indirect export 间接出口I. F. insufficient fund 存款不足IFB invitation for bids 招标邀请I. G. imperial gallon 英制加仑IL, I/L import licence 进口许可证ILC irrevocable letter of credit 不可撤销信用证IMF International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织imp. import 进口，输入Inc. incorporated 注册（有限)公司incl. inclusive 包括在内incldd. included 已包含在内incldg. including 包含inl. haul inland haulage 内陆运输费用INLO in lieu of 代替Ins, ins. insurance 保险inst. instant 即期、分期付款Instal., instal. installment 分期付款Int., int. interest 利息inv., Inv. invoice 发票、付款通知in trans (I. T.)在(运输)途中inv.doc./attach. invoice with document．nbspattached 附提货单的发票Inv't., invt. inventory 存货I-O input-output 输入--输出IOU I owe you 借据IOV inter-office voucher 内部传票IPN industrial promissory note 工业汇票IPO initial public offering 首次发售股票IQ import quota 进口配额IR Inland Revenue 国内税收I. R. inward remittance 汇入款项IRA individual retirement account 个人退休金帐户IRA interest rate agreement 利率协议IRR interest rate risk 利率风险IRR internal rate of return 内部收益率irred. irredeemable 不可赎回的IRS interest rate swap 利率调期IS International System 公制度量衡ISIC International Standard Industrial Classification 国际标准产业分类IT information technology 信息技术IT international tolerance 国际允许误差I/T income tax 所得税ITC investment tax credit 投资税收抵免ITO International Trade Organization 国际贸易组织ITS intermarket trading system 跨市场交易系统IV investment value 投资价值J., Jour. journal 日记帐J. A. (J/A) 联合（共管）帐簿J. D. B. journal day-book 分类日记帐J/F, j/f journal folio 日记帐页数J. V. joint venture 合资经营企业J. V. journal voucher 分录凭单JVC joint venture company 合资公司K. D. knocked down 拆散K. D. knocked down price 成交价格kg kilogram 千克kilom. kilometer 千米kv kilovolt 千伏kw kilowatt 千瓦KWH kilowatt-hour 千瓦小时L listed (securities)（证券）上市L., (Led.) ledger分类帐L. lira 里拉L. liter 公升L. A. (L/A) 授权书L. A. liquid assets 流动资产L. B. letter book 书信备查簿LB licensed bank 许可银行lb pound 磅LC (L/C) 信用证LCL/FCL less than container load/full container load 拼装/整拆LCL/LCL less than container load/less than container load 拼装/拼拆L.& D. loans and discounts 放款及贴现L&D loss and damage 损失和损坏ldg. loading 装（卸）货L/F ledger folio 分类帐页数LG letter of guarantee 保函Li. liability 负债LI letter of interest (intent) 意向书lifo (LIFO) last in,first out 后进先出法L. I. P. (LIP) life insurance policy人寿保险单LIRCs low interest rate currencies 低利率货币L/M list of materials 材料清单LMT local mean time 当地标准时间LRP limited recourse project 有限追索项目LRPF limited recourse project financing 有限追索项目融资i. s. lump sum 一次付款总额i. s. t. local standard time 当地标准时间-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 常用经济类缩写词（中英文对照）LT long term 长期Ltd. limited 有限（公司）m million 百万M matured bond 到期的债券M mega- 百万M milli- 千分之一m. meter, mile 米、英里M&A merger & acquisition 兼并收购MA my account 本人帐户Mat. maturity 到期日Max., max maximum 最大量M. B. memorandum book 备忘录MBB mortgage-backed bonds 抵押支持的债券MBO management by objectives 目标管理M/C marginal credit 信贷限额m/c metallic currency 金属货币MCA mutual currency account 共同货币帐户MCP mixed credit program 混合信贷计划M/d months after deposit 出票后......月M. D. maturity date 到期日M. D. (M/D) memorandum of deposit 存款(放)单M. D. malicious damage 恶意损坏mdse. merchandise 商品MEI marginal efficiency of investment 投资的边际效率mem. memorandum 备忘录MERM multilateral exchange rate model 多边汇率模型M. F. mutual funds 共同基金MF mezzanine financing 过渡融资mfg. manufacturing 制造的MFN most favoured nations 最惠国mfrs. manufacturers 制造商mg milligram 毫克M/I marine insurance 海险micro one millionth part 百万分之一min minimum 最低值、最小量MIP monthly investment plan 月度投资计划Mk mark 马克mks. marks 商标mkt. market 市场MLR minimum lending rate 最低贷款利率MLTG medium-and-long-term guarantee 中长期担保M. M. money market 货币市场mm millimeter 毫米MMDA money market deposit account 货币市场存款帐户MMI major market index 主要市场指数MNC multinational corporation 跨（多）国公司MNE multinational enterprise 跨国公司MO (M. O.) meney order 汇票mo. month 月MOS management operating system 经营管理制度Mos. months 月MP market price 市价M/P months after payment 付款后......月MPC marginal propensity to consume 边际消费倾向Mrge.(mtg. ) mortgage 抵押MRJ materials requisition journal 领料日记帐MRO maintenance, repair and operation 维护、修理及操作MRP manufacturer's recommended price 厂商推荐价格MRP material requirement planning 原料需求计划MRP monthly report of progress 进度月报MRR maintenance, repair and replace 维护、修理和替换M/s months of sight 见票后.......月msg message 留言MT medium term 中期M/T mail transfer 信汇mthly monthly 每月MTI medium-term insurance 中期保险MTN medium-term note 中期票据MTU metric unit 米制单位n. net 净值N. A. net assets 净资产n. a not available 暂缺N. A. non-acceptance 不承兑NA not applicable 不可行N. B. nota bene 注意NC no charge 免费N/C net capital 净资本n. d. no date 无日期N. D. net debt 净债务n. d. non-delivery 未能到达ND next day delivery 第二天交割NDA net domestic asset 国内资产净值N.E. net earnings 净收益n. e. no effects 无效n. e. not enough 不足negb. negotiable 可转让的、可流通的Neg. Inst., N. I. negotiable instruments 流通票据nego. negotiate 谈判N. E. S. not elsewhere specified 未另作说明net. p. net proceeds 净收入N/F no fund 无存款NFD no fixed date 无固定日期NFS not for sale 非卖品N. G. net gain 纯收益NH not held 不追索委托N. I. net income 净收益N. I. net interest 净利息NIAT net income after tax 税后净收益NIFO next in, first out 次进先出法nil nothing 无NIM net interest margin 净息差NIT negative income tax 负所得税N. L. net loss 净损失NL no load 无佣金n. m. nautical mile 海里NM no marks 无标记N. N. no name 无签名NNP net national product 国民生产净值NO. (no.)编号、号数no a/c no account 无此帐户NOP net open position 净开头寸NOW a/c negotiable order of withdrawal 可转让存单帐户N/P net profit 净利NP no protest 免作拒付证书N. P. notes payable 应付票据NPC nominal protection coefficient 名义保护系数NPL non-performing loan 不良贷款NPV method net present value method 净现值法N. Q. A. net quick assets 速动资产净额NQB no qualified bidders 无合格投标人NR no rated （信用）未分等级N/R no responsibility 无责任N. R. notes receivable 应收票据N. S. F. (NSF) no cufficient fund存款不足NSF check no sufficient fund check 存款不足支票nt. wt. net weight 净重NTA net tangible assets 有形资产净值NTBs non-tariffs barriers 非关税壁垒ntl no time lost 立即NTS not to scale 不按比例NU name unknown 无名N. W. net worth 净值NWC net working capital 净流动资本NX not exceeding 不超过N. Y. net yield 净收益NZ$ New Zealand dollar 新西兰元o order 订单o. (O.) offer发盘、报价OA open account 赊帐、往来帐o/a on account of 记入......帐户o. a. overall 全面的、综合的OAAS operational accounting and analysis system 经营会计分析制OB other budgetary 其他预算O. B. ordinary business 普通业务O. B. (O/B) order book订货簿OB/OS index overbought/oversold index 超买超卖指数OBV on-balance volume 持平数量法o. c. over charge 收费过多OC open cover 预约保险o/d, o. d.,(O. D.) overdrawn透支OD overdraft 透支O/d on demand 见票即付O. E. (o. e. ) omission excepted遗漏除外O. F. ocean freight 海运费OFC open for cover 预约保险O. G. ordinary goods 中等品O. G. L. Open General License 不限额进口许可证OI original issue 原始发行OII overseas investment insurance 海外投资保险ok. all correct 全部正确o. m. s. output per manshift 每人每班产量O. P. old price 原价格O. P. open policy 不定额保险单opp opposite 对方opt. optional 可选择的ord. ordinary 普通的OS out of stock 无现货O/s outstanding 未清偿、未收回的O. T. overtime 加班OTC over-the -counter market 市场外交易市场OVA overhead variance analysis 间接费用差异分析OW offer wanted 寻购启示OWE optimum working efficiency 最佳工作效率oz ounce(s)盎司ozws. otherwise 否则p penny; pence; per 便士；便士；每P paid this year 该年（红利)已付p. pint 品托（1/8加仑)P.A. particular average; power of attorney 单独海损；委托书P.A. personal account; private account 个人账户、私人账户p.a., per ann. per annum 每年P&A professional and administrative 职业的和管理的P&I clause protection and indemnity clause 保障与赔偿条款P&L profit and loss 盈亏，损益P/A payment of arrival 货到付款P/C price catalog; price current 价格目录；现行价格P/E price/earning 市盈率P/H pier-to-house 从码头到仓库P/N promissory note 期票，本票P/P posted price (股票等)的牌价PAC put and call 卖出和买入期权pat. patent 专利PAYE pay as you earn 所得税预扣法PAYE pay as you enter 进入时支付PBT profit before taxation 税前利润pc piece; prices 片，块；价格pcl. parcel 包裹pd paid 已付per pro. per procurationem （拉丁)由...代理PF project finance 项目融资PFD preferred stock 优先股pk peck 配克（1/4蒲式耳)PMO postal money order 邮政汇票P.O.C. port of call 寄航港，停靠地P.O.D. place of delivery 交货地点P.O.D. port of destination; port of discharge 目的港；卸货港P.O.R. payable on receipt 货到付款P.P. payback period （投资的)回收期P.P.I. policy proof of interest 凭保证单证明的保险利益POE port of entry 报关港口POP advertising point-of-purchase advertising 购物点广告POR pay on return 收益PR payment received 付款收讫PS postscript 又及PV par value; present value 面值；现值q. quarto 四开，四开本Q. quantity 数量QB qualified buyers 合格的购买者QC quality control 质量控制QI quarterly index 季度指数qr. quarter 四分之一，一刻钟QT questioned trade 有问题交易QTIB Qualified Terminal Interest Property Trust 附带可终止权益的财产信托quad. quadruplicate 一式四份中的一份quotn. quotation 报价q.v. quod vide (which see)参阅q.y. query 查核R option not traded 没有进行交易的期权R. response; registered; return 答复；已注册；收益r. rate; rupee; ruble 比率；卢比；卢布RAD research and development 研究和开发RAM diverse annuity mortgage 逆向年金抵押RAN revenue anticipation note 收入预期债券R&A rail and air 铁路及航空运输R&D research and development 研究与开发R&T rail and truck 铁路及卡车运输R&W rail and water 铁路及水路运输R/A refer to acceptor 洽询（汇票)承兑人R/D refer to drawer （银行)洽询出票人RB regular budget 经常预算RCA relative comparative advantage 相对比较优势RCMM registered competitive market maker 注册的竞争市场自营商rcvd. received 已收到r.d. running days=consecutive days 连续日RDTC registered deposit taking company 注册接受存款公司Re. subject 主题re. with reference to 关于RECEIVED B/L received for shipment bill of lading 待装云提单REER real effective exchange rate 实效汇率ref. referee; reference; refer(red)仲裁者；裁判；参考；呈递REO real estate owned 拥有的不动产REP import replacement 进口替代REP Office representative office xxx处，代表处REPO, repu, RP Repurchase Agreement 再回购协议req. requisition 要货单，请求REVOLVER revolving letter of credit 循环信用证。

数据挖掘简介数据挖掘简介2010-04-28 20：47数据挖掘数据挖掘(Data Mining)是采用数学、统计、人工智能和神经网络等领域的科学方法，从大量数据中挖掘出隐含的、先前未知的、对决策有潜在价值的关系、模式和趋势，并用这些知识和规则建立用于决策支持的模型，为商业智能系统服务的各业务领域提供预测性决策支持的方法、工具和过程。

数据挖掘前身是知识发现(KDD)，属于机器学习的范畴，所用技术和工具主要有统计分析(或数据分析)和知识发现。

知识发现与数据挖掘是人工智能、机器学习与数据库技术相结合的产物，是从数据中发现有用知识的整个过程。

机器学习(Machine Learning)是用计算机模拟人类学习的一门科学，由于在专家系统开发中存在知识获取的瓶颈现象，所以采用机器学习来完成知识的自动获取。

数据挖掘是KDD过程中的一个特定步骤，它用专门算法从数据中抽取模式(Patterns)。

1996年，Fayyad、Piatetsky-Shapiror和Smyth将KDD过程定义为：从数据中鉴别出有效模式的非平凡过程，该模式是新的、可能有用的和最终可理解的；KDD是从大量数据中提取出可信的、新颖的、有效的，并能被人理解的模式的处理过程，这种处理过程是一种高级的处理过程。

数据挖掘则是按照既定的业务目标，对大量的企业数据进行探索，揭示隐藏其中的规律性，并进一步将其设计为先进的模型和有效的操作。

在日常的数据库操作中，经常使用的是从数据库中抽取数据以生成一定格式的报表。

KDD与数据库报表工具的区别是：数据库报表制作工具是将数据库中的某些数据抽取出来，经过一些数学运算，最终以特定的格式呈现给用户；而KDD则是对数据背后隐藏的特征和趋势进行分析，最终给出关于数据的总体特征和发展趋势。

报表工具能制作出形如"上学期考试未通过及成绩优秀的学生的有关情况"的表格；但它不能回答"考试未通过及成绩优秀的学生在某些方面有些什么不同的特征"的问题，而KDD就可以回答。

道指除数计算公式
道指除数（Dow Divisor）是用于计算道琼斯工业平均指数（Dow Jones Industrial Average, DJIA）的一个关键数值。

道琼斯工业平均指数是一个价格加权指数，它衡量的是30家大型美国公司的股票价格。

然而，由于股票分割、股息支付、公司替换等原因，直接使用这些公司的股票价格来计算平均数是不准确的。

因此，道指除数被引入来作为一个调整因子，确保指数的历史连续性。

道指除数的计算公式并不是直接给出的，因为它是由道琼斯公司的专家根据一系列复杂的因素来定期调整的。

然而，我们可以理解道指除数是如何影响道琼斯工业平均指数的计算的。

道琼斯工业平均指数（DJIA）的计算公式大致如下：
DJIA = (ΣP) / 道指除数
其中，ΣP 表示30家成分股的价格之和。

道指除数是一个小于1的数，它的作用是调整股票价格的总和，以反映股票分割、替换、股息支付等因素对指数的影响。

如果没有这些调整，指数的历史比较就会变得困难，因为股票价格的绝对变化会掩盖其相对表现。

道指除数是由道琼斯公司的指数委员会定期调整的，以确保指数
的连续性和可比性。

这些调整通常是在股票分割、股息支付、公司替换等事件发生后进行的。

需要注意的是，由于道指除数是道琼斯公司的专有信息，普通投资者无法直接计算或获取其精确值。

我们只能通过观察道琼斯工业平均指数的变化来间接了解道指除数的影响。

Leverage is related to torque; leverage is a factor by which lever multiplies a force. The useful work done is the energy applied, which is force times distance. Therefore a small force applied over a long distance is the same amount of work as a large force applied over a small distance. The trick is converting the one into the other.The simplest device for creating leverage is the lever. A lever is a stick which rests on a fulcrum () near one end. When you push the long end of the stick down a long ways, the short end moves a small distance up with great force. With this device a man can easily lift several times his own weight.Other common devices that achieve leverage include the wrench, various pulley arrangements, a jack, and hydraulic brakes.For instance, in finance people think of money as "force." Given a relatively small initial amount of force (money), you can use that as collateral for a much larger loan, which gives you a larger amount of money (force) to throw around. Therefore in finance it is common to call debt "leverage."In accounting and finance, the amount of long-term debt that a company has in relation to its equity. The higher the ratio, the greater is the leverage. Leverage is generally measured by a variation of the debt-to-equity ratio, which is calculated as follows: Long-term liabilities/Total stockholders’ equity. A company’s optimal leverage depends on the stability of its earnings. A company with consistently high earnings can be more leveraged than a company with variable earnings, because it will consistently be more likely to make the required interest and principal payments.BusinessA profitable business with good credit and cash flow may be able to borrow at rates well below the rate at which they can earn money in their core business or other projects by utilizing the borrowed capital. Several methods are used to look at what rate of return a corporation can earn money. See return on assets and return on equity. Any time a business can earn more money than what they can borrow at, the corporation will be more profitable over the period of time in which they can do so.FinanceIn finance leverage takes the form of borrowing money and reinvesting it with the hope to earn a greater rate of return than the cost of interest. Leverage allows greater potential return to the investor than otherwise would have been available. The potential for loss is greater because if the investment becomes worthless, not only is that money lost, but the loan still needs to be repaid. A margin account is a common way of utilizing the concept of leverage in investing.Another form of creating leverage using financial instruments is through the use of options. The purchase of a call option on a security gives the buyer the right to purchase the underlying security at a given price in the future. If the price of the underlying security rises, the value of the call option will rise at a rate much greater than the value of the underlying security. However if the rate of the call option falls or does not rise, the call option may be worthless, involving a much greater loss than if the same money had been invested in the underlying instrument.Leverage and riskUtilizing leverage amplifies the potential gain from an investment or project, but also increases the potential loss. This increased risk may be perfectly acceptable or even necessary to reach the goals of the entity or person making the investment. In fact, precisely managing risk utilizing strategies including leverage and securities purchases, is the subject of a discipline known as financial engineering"Slippage"In a rising market, the compounding associated with a leveraged portfolio leads to greater gains; in a declining market, the compounding of a leveraged portfolio may lead to larger losses. However, in a flat market with volatility, the compounding of a leveraged portfolio will cause the portfolio to under perform an identical unleveraged portfolio. Because the percentage increase in a leveraged portfolio is higher by the same ratio as the decrease is higher.ExampleA 100 index going to 110 is a 10% increase. A 110 index going to 100 is a % decrease. In a 200% leveraged index it's a 20% increase, to 120, and a 18.17% (9.09*2) decrease to 98.2.If a target index gains 10% on one day before returning to the original level the next day, a 2.0 beta portfolio will lose 1.8% of its value, and a 1.25 beta portfolio will lose 0.3% of its value.Real worldDuring the 1970s the stock market were "flat". On 31-Dec-79 the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at 838.74, on 19-Nov-69 it closed at 839.96 ([1] (/q/hp?s=%5EDJI&a=00&b=15&c=1969&d= 00&e=15&f=1980&g=d)). An unleveraged portfolio of DJIA would have ended with the same price as it began the decade (and would have lost value through inflation). A 200% leveraged portfolio holding the DJIA during that period would have lost all of its value.。

新闻英语常用的缩略词（acronym ）：1. ABM: anti-ballistic missile （反弹道导弹）2. AIDS. acquired immune deficiency syndrome （爱滋病）（后天免疫力缺乏症）3. ASEAN: Association of South Asian Nations （东南亚国家联盟）（东盟）4. CBRC: China Banking Regulatory Commission （中国银行业监督管理委员会）（中国银监会）5. CEPA Mainland and Hong Kong: Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement（关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排）6. CIA: Central Intelligence Agency （中英情报局）7. CIS: Commonwealth of Independent States （独立国家联合体）（独联体）8. CISR :China Insurance Regulatory Commission （中国保险监督管理委员会）（中国保监会）9. CNPC: China National Petroleum Corporation （中国石油天然气集团公司；中石油）10. CPC: Communist Party of China （中国共产党）11. CPPCC: Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference （全国人民政治协商会议）12. CSRC: China Securities Regulatory Commission （中国证券监督管理委员会）（中国证监会）13. DJI: Dow-Jones Index （道琼斯指数）14. EST: Eastern Standard Time （美国东岸时间）（美国东部标准时间）15. FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization （粮食农业组织）（粮农组织）16. FBI: Federal Bureau of Investigation （联邦调查局）17. GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade （美税及贸易总协定）18. GMT: Greenwich Mean Time （格林威治标准时间）19. HKEx ＝Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Ltd . （香港交易及结算所有限公司；港交所）20. HKSC: Stock Exchange of Hong Kong/Hong Kong Stock Exchange （香港联合交易所）（联交所）21. ICBM: Inter-continental Ballistic Missile （洲际弹道导弹）22. ICJ: International Court of Justice （国际法庭）23. ILO: International Labor Organization （国际劳工组织）24. IMF:International Monetary Fund （国际货币基金）25. IMF:International Monetary Fund （国际货币基金组织）26. IOC: International Olympic Committee （国际奥林匹克委员会）（国际奥委会）27. IRO: International Refugee Organization （国际难民组织）28. MP: member of parliament （国会议员）29. NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration （美国太空总署）（美国（国家）宇航局）30. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization （北大西洋公组织织）31. NPC: National Peopl es Congress （全国人民代表大会）（全国人大）32. OAU: Organization of African Unity （非洲统一组织）33. OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries （石油输出国组织）（欧佩克）34. PC: personal computer （个人电脑）35. PLA ＝Peoples Liberation Army （人民解放军）36. PLO: Palestine Liberation Organization （巴勒斯坦解放组织）（巴解组织）37. PM: prime minister （首相）38. PR: public relations （公共关系）39. RP: Republic of the Philippines （菲律宾共和国）40. SALT: strategic arms limitation talks （限制战略武器会谈）41. SDI: strategic defence initiative （战略防御措施）42. SEHK: Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Ltd （香港交易及结算所有限公司；港交所）43. SFC: Securities and Futures Commission （证券及期货事务监察委员会）（证监会）44. SFO: Securities and Futures Ordinance （（香港）证券及期货条例）45. SNP ＝China Petroleum amp Chemical Co. （中国石油化工股份有限公司；中石油）46. TP: traffic policeman （交通警察）47. UFO: unidentified flying object （不明飞行物体）48. UNESCO: United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization（联合国教育科学文化组织）（联合国教科文化组织）49. UNGA: United States General Assembly （联合国大会）50. UNICEF: United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund （联合国儿童基金会）51. UNSC: United Nations Security Council （联合国安全理事会）52. UNTC:United Nations Trusteeship Council （联合国托管委员会）53. VIP: very important person （重要人物）54. WHO: World Health Organization （世界卫生组织）55. WTO：World Trade Organization （世界贸易组织）。

股市行情表达1. Dow Jones Industrial Average up 123.72 points.道琼工业指数上涨 123.72 点.股价的涨跌最简单的说法就是 up和 down, 这两个字可以当形容词(be 动词+ up) 或是动词 (up 前不加 be 动词) 来用, 例如Microsoft 股票涨了一又四分之三块, 老美就会说 "Microsoft up 1 and third fourths." (动词) 或是"Microsoft was up one and third fourths." (形容词) 不过一般而言, up 和 down 当动词的用法较常见.2. High techs are mixed and Intel is unchanged.高科技类股涨跌互见, 英代尔股价持平.股票除了涨和跌之外, 还有二种情况, 一种就是有些涨有些跌, 这在英文里叫 mixed, 中文翻成涨跌互见, 至于如果是平盘, 英文叫unchanged. (简写 unch, 常在电视上看到) 另外还有一种说法 flat, 指的则是股价在平盘附近差价不大, 例如 ADI 的股票昨天收盘是 78,今天一早涨了 1/16, 那这种情形你就可以说 ADI was flat in the morning.3. The NASDAQ is trading higher in the record region.那斯达克指数上涨, 来到历史新高区.涨和跌除了最简单的 up 和 down之外, 还有很多讲法, 像 higher跟 lower这两个字主播也很喜欢用. 例如今天一开盘就道琼指数上涨主播就会说, "The stock opened higher.", 如果是收盘时下跌则是"The stock ended lower." 另外他们也很喜欢用 be trading higher(lower) 或 be moving higher (lower) 来表示个股的股价逐步走扬或是逐步走低. 例如例句: "The NASDAQ is trading higher." 指的就是那斯达克指数逐步走高。