Fluctuation Study of the Specific Heat of MgB2

外文翻译The Applications of Heat pumps1.Heat pumps in industry1). SystemsRelatively few heat pumps are currently installed in industry. However, as environmental regulations become stricter, industrial heat pumps can become an important technology to reduce emissions, improve efficiency, and limit the use of ground water for coolingTo ensure the sound application of heat pumps in industry, processes should be optimised and integrated. Through process integration improved energy efficiency is achieved by thermodynamically optimising total industrial processes. An important instrument for process integration is pinch analysis, a technology to characterise process heat streams and identify possibilities for heat recovery. Such possibilities may include improved heat exchanger networks, cogeneration and heat pumps. Pinch analysis is especially powerful for large, complex processes with multiple operations, and is an excellent instrument to identify sound heat pump opportunities.Industrial applications show a great variation in the type of drive energy, heat pump size, operating conditions, heat sources and the type of application. The heat pump units are generally designed for a specific application, and are therefore unique.The major types of industrial heat pumps are:o Mechanical vapour recompression systems (MVRs), classified as open or semi-open heat pumps. In open systems, vapour from an industrial processis compressed to a higher pressure and thus a higher temperature, andcondensed in the same process giving off heat. In semi-open systems, heatfrom the recompressed vapour is transferred to the process via a heat exchanger. Because one or two heat exchangers are eliminated (evaporator and/or condenser) and the temperature lift is generally small, the performance of MVR systems is high, with typical coefficients of performance (COPs) of 10 to 30. Current MVR systems work with heat-source temperatures from 70-80篊, and deliver heat between 110 and 150篊, in some cases up to 200篊. Water is the most common 'working fluid' (i.e. recompressed process vapour), although other process vapours are also used, notably in the (petro-) chemical industry.o Closed-cycle compression heat pumps are described in the section Heat pump technology . Currently applied working fluids limit the maximum output temperature to 120篊.o Absorption heat pumps(Type I) are not widely used in industrial applications. Some have been realised to recover heat from refuse incineration plants, notably in Sweden and Denmark. Current systems with water/lithium bromide as working pair achieve an output temperature of 100篊and a temperature lift of 65篊. The COP typically ranges from 1.2 to 1.4.The new generation of advanced absorption heat pump systems will have higher output temperatures (up to 260篊) and higher temperature lifts.o Heat transformers (Type II) have the same main components and working principle as absorption heat pumps. With a heat transformer waste heat can be upgraded, virtually without the use of external drive energy. Waste heat of a medium temperature (i.e. between the demand level and the environmental level) is supplied to the evaporator and generator. Useful heat of a higher temperature is given off in the absorber. All current systems use water and lithium bromide as working pair. These heat transformers can achieve a delivery temperatures up to 150篊, typically with a lift of 50篊.COPs under these conditions range from 0.45 to 0.48.o Reverse Brayton-cycle heat pumps recover solvents from gases in many processes. Solvent loaden air is compressed, and then expanded. The aircools through the expansion, and the solvents condense and are recovered.Further expansion (with the associated additional cooling, condensation andsolvent recovery) takes place in a turbine, which drives the compressor.2). ApplicationsIndustrial heat pumps are mainly used for:o space heating;o heating and cooling of process streams;o water heating for washing, sanitation and cleaning;o steam production;o drying/dehumidification;o evaporation;o distillation;o concentration.When heat pumps are used in drying, evaporation and distillation processes, heat is recycled within the process. For space heating, heating of process streams and steam production, heat pumps utilise (waste) heat sources between 20篊and 100篊.The most common waste heat streams in industry are cooling water, effluent, condensate, moisture, and condenser heat from refrigeration plants. Because of the fluctuation in waste heat supply, it can be necessary to use large storage tanks for accumulation to ensure stable operation of the heat pump.o Space heating:Heat pumps can utilise conventional heat sources for heating of greenhousesand industrial buildings, or they can recover industrial waste heat that couldnot be used directly, and provide a low- to medium temperature heat thatcan be utilised internally or externally for space heating. Mainly electricclosed-cycle compression heat pumps are used.o Process water heating and cooling:Many industries need warm process water in the temperature range from40-90篊, and often have a significant hot water demand in the sametemperature range for washing, sanitation and cleaning purposes. This canbe met by heat pumps. Heat pumps can also be a part of an integratedsystem that provides both cooling and heating. Mainly electric closed-cyclecompression heat pumps are installed, but a few absorption heat pumps andheat transformers are also in use.o Steam production:Industry consumes vast amounts of low-, medium- and high-pressure steamin the temperature range from 100-200篊. Steam is used directly inindustrial processes, and for heat distribution. Current high temperature heatpumps can produce steam up to 150篊 (a heat pump prototype hasachieved 300篊). Both open and semi-open MVR systems, closed-cyclecompression heat pumps, cascade (combination) systems and a few heattransformers are in operation.o Drying process:Heat pumps are used extensively in industrial dehumidification and dryingprocesses at low and moderate temperatures (maximum 100). The mainapplications are drying of pulp and paper, various food products wood andlumber. Drying of temperature-sensitive products is also interesting. Heatpump dryers generally have high performance (COP 5-7), and oftenimprove the quality of the dried products as compared with traditionaldrying methods. Because the drying is executed in a closed system, odoursfrom the drying of food products etc. are reduced. Both closed-cyclecompression heat pumps and MVR systems are used.o Evaporation and distillation processes:Evaporation and distillation are energy-intensive processes, and most heatpumps are installed in these processes in the chemical and food industries.In evaporation processes the residue is the main product, while the vapour(distillate) is the main product in distillation processes. Most systems areopen or semi-open MVRs, but closed-cycle compression heat pumps arealso applied. Small temperature lifts result in high performance with COPsranging from 6 to 30.2．Heat pumps in residential and commercial buildings1）.FunctionsHeat pumps for heating and cooling buildings can be divided into four main categories depending on their operational function:o Heating-only heat pumps, providing space heating and/or water heating.o Heating and cooling heat pumps, providing both space heating and cooling.The most common type is the reversible air-to-air heat pump, which eitheroperates in heating or cooling mode. Large heat pumps incommercial/institutional buildings use water loops (hydronic) for heat andcold distribution, so they can provide heating and cooling simultaneously.o Integrated heat pump systems, providing space heating, cooling, water heating and sometimes exhaust air heat recovery.Water heating can be by desuperheating only, or by desuperheating andcondenser heating. The latter permits water heating when no space heatingor cooling is required.o Heat pump water heaters, fully dedicated to water heating.They often use air from the immediate surroundings as heat source, but canalso be exhaust-air heat pumps, or desuperheaters on air-to-air andwater-to-air heat pumps. Heat pumps can be both monovalent and bivalent,where monovalent heat pumps meet the annual heating and cooling demandalone, while bivalent heat pumps are sized for 20-60% of the maximum heatload and meet around 50-95% of the annual heating demand (in a Europeanresidence). The peak load is met by an auxiliary heating system, often a gasor oil boiler. In larger buildings the heat pump may be used in tandem witha cogeneration system (CHP).In residential applications room heat pumps can be reversible air-to-air heat pumps (ductless packaged or split type units). The heat pump can also be integrated in a forced-air duct system or a hydronic heat distribution system with floor heating or radiators (central system).In commercial/institutional buildings the heat pump system can be a central installation connected to an air duct or hydronic system, or a multi-zone system where multiple heat pump units are placed in different zones of the building to provide individual space conditioning. Efficient in large buildings is the water-loop heat pump system, which involves a closed water loop with multiple heat pumps linked to the loop to provide heating and cooling, with a cooling tower and auxiliary heat source as backup.The different heat sources that can be used for heat pumps in residential and commercial buildings are described in the section Heat sources. The next paragraph describes the types of heat and cold distribution systems that can be used in buildings.2).Heat and cold distribution systemsAir is the most common distribution medium in the mature heat pump markets of Japan and the United States. The air is either passed directly into a room by thespace-conditioning unit, or distributed through a forced-air ducted system. The output temperature of an air distribution system is usually in the range of 30-50°C.Water distribution systems (hydronic systems) are predominantly used in Europe, Canada and the north eastern part of the United States. Conventional radiator systems require high distribution temperatures, typically 60-90°C. Today's low temperature radiators and convectors are designed for a maximum operating temperature of 45-55°C, while 30-45°C is typical for floor heating systems. Table 1 summarises typical temperature requirements for various heat and cold distribution systems.Table 1: Typical delivery temperatures for various heat and cold distribution systems.Application Supply temperaturerange (°C) Air distribution Air heating 30 - 5030 - 45Floor heating; low temperature(modern)Hydronic systems radiators 45 - 5560 - 90High temperature (conventional)radiatorsDistrict heating - hot water 70 - 100 District heating District heating - hot water/steam 100 - 180Cooled air 10 - 15 Space cooling Chilled water 5 - 15District cooling 5 - 8Because a heat pump operates most effectively when the temperature difference between the heat source and heat sink (distribution system) is small, the heat distribution temperature for space heating heat pumps should be kept as low as possible during the heating season.Table 2 shows typical COPs for a water-to-water heat pump operating in various heat distribution systems. The temperature of the heat source is 5°C, and the heat pump Carnot efficiency is 50%.Table 2: Example of how the COP of a water-to-water heat pump varies with the distribution/return temperature.Heat distribution system (supply/return temperature)COP Conventional radiators (60/50°C) 2.5 Floor heating (35/30°C) 4.0 Modern radiators (45/35°C) 3.5热泵的应用1热泵在工业上的应用1）系统目前，在工业领域当中只有较少的热泵得到运用。

第 21 卷 第 11 期2023 年 11 月Vol.21，No.11Nov.，2023太赫兹科学与电子信息学报Journal of Terahertz Science and Electronic Information Technology射流微通道耦合高效散热器传热实验研究潘瑶，刘欣，巩萌萌(北京宇航系统工程研究所，北京100076)摘要：针对光导开关高重复频率运行时产生丝电流加热，使光导开关温度迅速超过材料最高允许使用温度，造成开关失效或损伤的难题，本文结合微通道散热技术和射流冷却技术的优点，设计了射流微通道耦合高效散热器。

通过实验测试，对不同运行工况下射流微通道耦合高效散热器的传热特性进行了研究，并与美国进口的蜂窝型微通道散热器进行散热性能对比。

实验结果表明：体积流量为3 L/min的情况下，射流微通道耦合高效散热器的换热系数超过35 000 W/(K·m2)，散热量高达1 000 W，相比蜂窝型微通道散热器散热量提升了45%。

在测试流量下，随着体积流量的增加，射流微通道耦合高效散热器的平均换热系数接近线性增加，而蜂窝型微通道散热器的平均换热系数在大流量下却增加缓慢。

此外，采用射流微通道耦合高效散热器冷却的热源面温度均匀性明显优于采用蜂窝型微通道散热器冷却的热源面温度均匀性，采用射流微通道耦合高效散热器的热源面温度波动能降低58%，更有利于降低光导开关热应力。

关键词：射流阵列；微通道；实验研究；光导开关中图分类号：TN015 文献标志码：A doi：10.11805/TKYDA2021318Experimental research on heat transfer characteristics of micro-channel/jet impingement heat sinkPAN Yao，LIU Xin，GONG Mengmeng(Beijing Institute of Astronautics System Engineering，Beijing 100076，China)AbstractAbstract：：During the period that the Photoconductive Semiconductor Switches(PCSS) is operating ata high repetition frequency, it generates filament current heating, then the temperature of the PCSSquickly exceeds the maximum operating temperature, causing the PCSS to fail or damage. Combining theadvantages of microchannel heat sink and jet cooling technology, a high-efficiency micro-channel/jetimpingement heat sink is designed. Through experimental tests, the heat transfer characteristics of themicro-channel/jet impingement heat sink under different operating conditions are studied, and the heatdissipation performance is compared with that of the honeycomb micro-channel heat sink imported fromthe United States. The experimental results show that when the volume flow rate is 3 L/min, the heattransfer coefficient of the micro-channel/jet impingement heat sink exceeds 35 000 W/(K·m2), and the heatdissipation is as high as 1 000 W, which is higher than that of the honeycomb microchannel heat sink by45%. Under the test flow rate, with the increase of the volume flow rate, the average heat transfercoefficient of the micro-channel/jet impingement heat sink approaches a linear increase. The averageheat transfer coefficient of the honeycomb micro-channel radiator increases slowly at large flow rates. Inaddition, compared with the method that cooled by the honeycomb microchannel heat sink, the uniformityof the heat source temperature cooled by the micro-channel/jet impingement heat sink is significantlybetter, and it can reduce the temperature fluctuation of the heat source surface by 58%,which is moreconducive to reduce the thermal stress of the PCSS.KeywordsKeywords：：jet array;micro-channel;experimental research;Photoconductive Semiconductor Switches 脉冲功率技术在高功率微波、强激光、生物医疗、污水处理等技术领域都有巨大应用潜力。

Intensive ReadingMid-term Test26th 10, 2010Part I DictationPart IIFill in the blank with a preposition in each sentence.1. He groped __for__the door handle in the dark.2. My heart went __out___to the families for I too have just lost someone dear to me.3. The man sneaked __about__the place watching for a chance to steal something.4. Journalists who were tipped __off__about the incident raced to the scene.5. As the speaker felt much uneasy, a cold sweat broke _out_on the back of his neck.6. She spent most of her life living __up__to her parents’ ideals.7. The adoption of this policy will relieve the unions __of___a tremendous burden.8. The accountant’s errors involved everyone __in___a great deal of extra work.9. Pressure on study space has crowded __out__new students from many university libraries.10. Huge groups of people gathered at the Hall, calling __for__the resignation of the Minister responsible for the fiasco.11. When the government took office, the inexperienced young hopefuls were pushed __aside__in the scramble for places.12. We can’t hope to catch __up__with the motor launch in front of us; it’s a very high-powered one.13. All the formalities had been attended _to___.14. I was so excited to see snow that I was indifferent _to__the cold.15. Mary has derived a good deal of benefit __from__her tuition.16. The old lady was made fun of as she had lavished affection __on__the cruel and naughty boy, Tom Sullivan.17. New houses spring __up__almost in a night during the housing boom.18. Most people willingly conform __to__the customs of the society.19. Mr. Walton kept track __of___his business by telephone when he was in hospital.20. He absolutely adhered __to___what he said at the conference: he had not changed his mind in any way.21. Mama had arranged __for___the old lady to come whenever needed.22. You needn’t trouble to wash the dishes; I will see __to__those.23. We have inherited a very confused situation, which we are now trying to straighten __out___.24. As matters stand, I’m not in a position to inquire _about__the reading of the new constitution.25. He often stays __up__after midnight to watch the live broadcast of the Formula 1motor race.26. Point all our aerials upwards. Then we can pick __up__signals for help from the burning plane more clearly.27. After the merge with General Motor, we will be able to compete __with__continental firms in an enlarged market.Part IIIChoose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.1. Laughing again, he drew his sword and ____us, hacking wildly.A. clutched atB. charged atC. groped forD. sneaked upon2. How do you skaters manage to ____on the slippery surface all the time?A. come to your feetB. get to your feetC. rise to your feetD. keep on your feet3. Suddenly, the woman fainted and ____the ground.A. settled ontoB. tipped overC. collapsed ontoD. cracked against4. As variously ____, the Indians numbered from 14 million to 40 million in Columbus’s time.A. evaluatedB. assessedC. estimatedD. weighed5. The president observed at the news conference that it was only a ____fluctuation of oil prices.A. momentousB. momentaryC. momentumD. monetary6. He suggested an amendment in the project _____of the recent developments.A. in the lightB. regardlessC. relatingD. relevant to7. You must see the story in its right ____.A. respectiveB. perspectiveC. aspectD. angle8. The government attached top priority ____reforming the legal system.A. overB. onC. uponD. to9. The movie is about a serial killer who ____the police with phone calls.A. interruptedB. hauntedC. disturbedD. taunted10. Chances of ceasefire seem ampler now that the two countries only diverge ____details.A. in the matter ofB. for the matter ofC. with regard ofD. in reference of11. The restaurant’s ____i s Italian, not French.A. cuisineB. dishesC. coursesD. recipe12. Mr. Tompson, the ____librarian is going to deliver a speech in the first hall on how to use the on-line catalogue of the university.A. primalB. chiefC. mainD. primary13. According to a latest survey, the ____life span of adult females in China is 72.5 years.A. averageB. commonC. ordinaryD. commonplace14. A steam engine is the machine that ____heat into energy.A. altersB. changesC. transformsD. converts15. The lake ____its name ____an earlier French explorer who happened to spot the glimmering waves while got lost in the forest.A. derived …fromB. originated …fromC. initiated …fromD. commenced …from16. It isn’t acceptable to make too many ____into other people’s affairs.A. investigationsB. inquiriesC. inspectionsD. explorations17. Students, friends and relatives were all present at the funeral to pay their last tribute to the ____headmaster.A. lateB. formerC. lifelessD. deceased18. According to the weather forecast, which is usually ____, it will snow this afternoon.A. preciseB. exactC. accurateD. perfect19. There is no ____reason why he is promoted over Phil, the workaholic.A. conceivableB. convincedC. imaginableD. credulousPart IVReading comprehensionAfter reading the text, make the best choice for each statement according to what you’ve read.A historic change is taking place in higher education. Professors are being held responsible as never before for how well they serve students. It has become as common in colleges and universities for students to grade professors as for professors to grade students.In fact, student ratings have become the most widely used and, in many cases, the only source of information on teaching effectiveness. In comparing three studies of the same 600 four-year colleges, it was found that the number of colleges using student ratings to evaluate teachers had climbed from 29 percent to 68 percent. No other method of evaluation approached that degree of usage, and other studies have found similar results.One reason that student evaluations of teachers have become so popular is that they are easy to administrate and to score. But they also are easy to abuse. If they are to shed meaningful light on teachers’ performance, the r atings must be used in a way that reflects at least some of what we’ve learned about them from research and from experience.Research and experience have shown us, for example, that student ratings should never be the only basis for evaluating teaching effectiveness. There is much more to teaching than what is evaluated on student rating forms. When ratings are used, we know that students should not be expected to judge whether the materials used in a course are up to date or how well the teacher knows the subject matter of the course. These judgments require professional background and are best left to the professor’s colleagues. On the other hand, students should be asked to estimate what they’ve learned in a course, and to report on such things as a profe ssor’s ability to communicate at the student’s level, professional behavior in the classroom, relationship with students, and ability to arouse interest in the subject.1. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this passage?A. Student ratings are the only source of information on teaching effectiveness.B. Ratings have become the most widely used source of information.C. Besides student ratings, there are other methods to evaluate teachers.D. Student ratings are very popular and should be properly used.2. Which of the following statements if true according to the passage?A. Student evaluations of teachers are popular because they are extremely accurate.B. In student ratings, students should not be asked questions that require professional background.C. Student ratings can be used under any circumstances.D. All colleges are inclined to use student ratings to evaluate teachers.3. In student ratings all the following questions can be asked except that ____.A. “Can the teacher make himself easily understood?”B. “How does the teacher deal with students?”C. “Is what is taught new?”D. “Are students interested in what is taught?”4. By saying “But they also are easy to abuse”, the author means “____”.A. teachers are easy to be misunderstoodB. teachers are easy to be wrongedC. student ratings can be easily put to wrong useD. student ratings can be easily made use of to attack teachers5. The word “approach” (Para.2) is closest in meaning to “____”.A. stick toB. come nearC. come roundD. attach toPart VTranslation1. 他的眼神向来冷漠平静。

Study of the Properties of HeatTransfer Fluids热传导流体性质研究热传导流体（HTF）是传热过程中的重要材料。

它们的物理和化学特性会直接影响传热的速度和效率。

在现代工业中，热传导流体的应用日益广泛，例如：太阳能发电、焊接、模具温控、化学反应等都需要使用HTF。

因此，热传导流体的性质研究是非常重要的。

热传导流体可以分为有机和无机两类。

有机HTF具有低毒性、低蒸汽压、化学惰性等优点，但其热稳定性和使用寿命较短；而无机HTF则具有较长的使用寿命和较高的热稳定性，但较难净化和更换。

因此，选择合适的HTF取决于具体的应用环境和要求。

热传导流体的物理和化学性质对传热过程有直接影响。

首先是热容量和热导率。

HTF的热容量和热导率直接影响热量的传递速度。

如果HTF的热容量和热导率较低，则在传递热量时需要更多的时间，从而降低了传热的效率。

其次是黏度和密度。

HTF的黏度和密度决定了它们在传递热量时的流动状态。

如果HTF的黏度太高，则管道中的流动速度会减慢，从而降低了传热过程中热量的传递速度。

另外，HTF的密度对于流体的流动压力、热沉积和挥发速度也有影响，所以选择合适的密度与黏度也是至关重要的。

最后是化学性质。

HTF应具有化学惰性和稳定性均佳的物性。

特别是在化学反应等特殊环境中，HTF应具有耐腐蚀性和极高的安全性，以避免传热过程中产生的化学危险物质。

同时，HTF的氧化稳定性也非常重要。

如果HTF的氧化稳定性不够，就会在使用过程中产生氧化产物，对系统设备形成污染，从而影响传热过程的效率。

总之，热传导流体的选择和性质研究非常重要。

在真正使用时，我们需要选择适合特定应用的HTF，并根据具体需求确定理想的流体特性。

"。

Unit TwoBody Temperature and MetabolismSection A a 55—b 1—f 2—j j 33—i 4—a h 77—c 8—d d 99—e 10—g 6—h Section B Passage 1I. Reading Comprehension 1.What is the normal range of human body temperature? 96.5-99.5ºF (36-38ºC) 2.Describe the pathways of heat loss through the skin. Since the skin covers the body, most body heat is lost from the skin to the environment. The arterioles in the dermis may constrict or dilate to decrease or increase blood flow, thereby decreasing heat loss or increasing loss of heat to the environment. The other mechanism by which heat is lost from the skin is sweating. Small amounts of heat are also lost in what is called “insensible water loss” 3.Explain why the hypothalamus is called the thermostat of the body. The hypothalamus is responsible for the regulation of body temperature, and is considered the “thermostat” of the body. As the thermostat, the hypothalamus maintains the “setting” of body temperature by balancing heat production and heat loss to keep the body at the set temperature. 4.Explain what is meant by metabolic rate and kilocalorie. Metabolic rate is usually expressed as an amount of heat production. The energy available from food is measured in kilocalories (kcal). Kilocalories are also the units used to measure the energy expended by the body. 5—B 6—D 7—A 8—B 9—A 10—D II. Vocabulary Study Part A 1—Vasodilation 2—metabolism 3—Anabolism 4—neurons 5—dehydration 6—hemoglobin 7—catabolism 8—thyroxine 9—digestive 10—peristalsis Part B 1—Transferring 2—saturate 3—fluctuate 4—evaporate 5—radiation 6—encompass 7—humidity 8—generate9—convection 10—disperseIII. TranslationPart A1. At either end of the age spectrum, however, temperature regulation may not be asprecise as it is in older children or younger adults.然而，在年龄段两端的人群，其体温调节精确程度都不如少年或青年人。

溶液除湿/再生器叉流热质交换模型刘晓华，江亿，曲凯阳摘要建立了叉流溶液除湿/再生器中模拟热质传递的理论模型。

模型以NTU为输入参数，且NTU可以使用实验数据关联。

在已知进口参数的情况下，模型能够预测除湿/再生器中的空气和溶液参数，同样可以预测空气与溶液的出口参数。

对模型计算的结果与实验结果进行了比较。

对于284组除湿实验数据，焓效率与湿效率的平均误差分别为7.9%与8.5%；对于82组再生实验数据，焓效率与湿效率的平均误差分别为5.8%与6.9%。

测量了除湿与再生过程溶液出口温度的分布，模型预测的溶液出口温度与实验结果很好的一致。

关键词：溶液除湿，叉流，热质传递，模型，实验1 引言近年来，由于处理建筑潜热负荷的优势，研究者对溶液除湿系统进行了大量的研究。

溶液除湿可以减小能量消耗，将能量消耗从电能转移到可再生能源和更便宜的燃料[1–4]。

另外，溶液除湿的另一个好处是可以从气流中去除污染物[4,5]。

除湿器和再生器是溶液除湿系统两个关键的部件。

除了方向相反发生在除湿器和再生器中的热质传递过程相同。

因为实际的除湿/再生器复杂，单纯的理论分析很难预测真实设备的性能。

许多研究者实验测试了除湿器/再生器的热质传递性能。

在实验过程中，进口和出口参数容易测量然而除湿器/再生器中的温度和浓度分布难以直接测量。

在研究热质交换设备的温度场和浓度场时，数值模拟有许多优势。

逆流和叉流的热质交换模型总结在表1中。

除了运行工况不同，除湿器和再生器模型相同。

如表1所示，模型可以分为简单模型和复杂模型。

在简单模型中，空气与溶液接触的表面滞留这一假设通常被接受。

这种模型已经被许多研究接受[4,6-12]，例如Jain[13]等的绝热逆流除湿器，Khan[14]等内冷逆流和叉流再生器。

然而还没有叉流绝热除湿器使用简单模型。

在复杂模型中[15-20]，首先通过求解连续性和动量方程得到除湿器中的速度场，然后通过求解能量守恒和质量守恒方程获得浓度场和温度场。

收稿:2006年9月,收修改稿:2007年4月　3通讯联系人　e 2mail :y fchen @自组装的分子动力学模拟邓平晔1,2　张冬海1　田亚峻1　陈运法13　丁　辉3(1.中国科学院过程工程研究所　北京100080;2.北京市理化分析测试中心　北京100089;3.北京市科学技术研究院　北京100089)摘　要　简要回顾了近年来国内外分子动力学模拟自组装的研究,对已报道的建模方法、可视化表现以及相关应用略作概述,并以此为基础对自组装过程的分子动力学模拟研究所面临的问题和尚需深入的内容进行了讨论。

基于自组装、相变和涨落的固有联系,提出了以研究波动为手段,和以频率相关热容为研究对象的探索方向。

希望能够为分子动力学模拟推动自组装研究提供有益的参考。

关键词　分子动力学模拟　自组装　频率相关热容中图分类号:O64311;O6239　文献标识码:A 文章编号:10052281X (2007)0921249209Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Self 2AssemblingDeng Pingye1,2　Zhang Donghai 1　Tian Yajun 1　Chen Yunf a13　Ding Hui3(1.Institute of Process Engineering ,Chinese Academy of Sciences ,Beijing 100080,China ;2.Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis ,Beijing 100089,China ;3.Beijing Academy of Science and T echnology ,Beijing 100089,China )Abstract The current research about self 2assembly by the means of m olecular dynamics simulation is briefly reviewed in this paper.Both the methods of com putational m odeling and the visual representation of simulating results are briefly described respectively ,coupling with their applications in certain topics.Based on the analyzing and discussing of the contributions of previous research ,unclosed problems of m olecular dynamics simulating self 2assembly are proposed.The natural linkage of self 2assembly with phase transition or with fluctuation indeed gives the clue of heading path ,and consequently ,the reports of oscillation in self 2assembly and study of frequency dependent specific heat are als o presented in this paper.Therefore the idea that inspecting the oscillating parameters with respect to frequency dependent specific heat might be helpful to understand the process of self 2assembly and com puter simulations.K ey w ords m olecular dynamics simulation ;self 2assembly ;frequency dependent specific heat1　引言众多原子组成原子团簇或分子,然后又可以聚集形成微晶,微晶进一步发展成为晶体。

濮明2007年2月4日发动机engine内燃机intenal combustion engine动力机装置power unit汽油机gasoline engine汽油喷射式汽油机gasoline-injection engine火花点火式发动机spark ignition engine压燃式发动机compression ignition engine往复式内燃机reciprocating internal combustion engine化油器式发动机carburetor engine柴油机diesel engine转子发动机rotary engine旋轮线转子发动机rotary trochoidal engine二冲程发动机two-stroke engine四冲程发动机four-stroke engine直接喷射式柴油机direct injection engine间接喷射式柴油机indirect injection engine增压式发动机supercharged engine风冷式发动机air-cooled engine油冷式发动机oil-cooled engine水冷式发动机water-cooled engine自然进气式发动机naturally aspirated engine煤气机gas engine液化石油气发动机liquified petroleum gas engine 柴油煤气机diesel gas engine多种燃料发动机multifuel engine石油发动机hydrocarbon engine双燃料发动机duel fuel engine热球式发动机hot bulb engine多气缸发动机multiple cylinder engine对置活塞发动机opposed piston engine对置气缸式发动机opposed-cylinder engine十字头型发动机cross head engine直列式发动机in-line engine星型发动机radial engine筒状活塞发动机trunk-piston engine斯特林发动机stirling engine套阀式发动机knight engine气孔扫气式发动机port-scavenge d engine倾斜式发动机slant engine前置式发动机front-engine 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cycle奥托循环otto cycle混合循环mixed cycle定容循环constant volume cycle工作循环working cycle等压循环constant pressure cycle理想循环ideal cycle热力循环thermodynamic cycle冲程stroke活塞行程piston stroke长行程long stroke上行程up stroke下行程down stroke进气行程intake stroke充气行程charging stroke压缩行程compression stroke爆炸行程explosion stroke膨胀行程expansion stroke动力行程power stroke排气行程exhaust stroke膨胀换气行程expansion-exchange stroke换气压缩行程exchange-compression stroke止点dead center上止点top dead center(upper dead center)下止点lower dead center(bottom dead center)上止点前budc(before upper dead center)上止点后atdc(after top dead cetner)下止点前bbdc(before bottom dead center)下止点后abdc(after bottom dead center)缸径cylinder bore缸径与行程bore and stroke空气室energy chamber气缸余隙容积cylinder clearance volume燃烧室容积combustion chamber volume气缸最大容积maximum cylinder volume压缩室compression chamber排气量displacement发动机排量engine displacement活塞排量piston swept volume气缸容量cylinder capacity单室容量single-chamber capacity容积法volumetry压缩比compression ratio临界压缩比critical compression ratio膨胀比expansion ratio面容比surface to volume ratio行程缸径比stroke-bore ratio混合比mixture ratio压缩压力compression pressure制动平均有效压力brake mean effective pressure(bmep)空燃比air fuel ratio燃空比fuel air ratio燃料当量比fuel equivalence ratio扭矩torque单缸功率power per cylinder升功率power per liter升扭矩torque per liter升质量mass per liter减额功率derating power输出马力shaft horsepower马力小时，马力时horsepower-hour总马力gross horse power总功率gross power净功率net power燃油消耗量fuel consumption比燃料消耗率specific fuel consumption空气消耗率air consumption机油消耗量oil consumption有效马力net horse power额定马力rated horse power马力重量系数horsepower-weight factor制动功率brake horse power制动热效率brake thermal efficiency总效率overall efficiency排烟极限功率smoke limiting horsepower功率曲线power curve机械损失mechanical loss机械效率mechanical efficiency有效热效率effective thermal efficiency充气系数volumetric efficiency过量空气系数coefficient of excess air适应性系数adaptive coefficient扭矩适应性系数coefficient of torque adaptibility转速适应性系数speed adaptive coefficient强化系数coefficient of intensification校正系数correction factor换算系数conversion factor活塞平均速度mean piston speed发动机转速engine speed(rotational frequency)怠速转速idling speed经济转速economic speed起动转速starting speed最低稳定工作转速lowest continuous speed with load 最大扭矩转速speed at maximum torque最高空转转速maximum no load governed speed调速speed governing超速overspeed怠速idling转速波动率speed fluctuation rate工况working condition(operating mode)额定工况declared working condition变工况variable working condition稳定工况steady working condition空载no-load全负荷full load超负荷overload部分负荷part load充量（进气）charge旋转方向direction of rotation顺时针clockwise逆时针counter-clockwise左转left-hand rotation右转right-hand rotation外径major diameter中径pitch diameter内径minor diameter径向间隙radial clearance发动机性能engine performance加载性能loading performance起动性能starting performance加速性能acceleration performance动力性能power performance排放性能emission performance空转特性no load characteristics负荷特性part throttle characteristics调速特性governor control characteristics万有特性mapping characteristics稳定调速率steady state speed governing rate 气缸体和气缸盖cylinder block and head气缸体cylinder block整体铸造cast inblock(cast enblock)发动机罩engine bonnet气缸体加强筋engine block stiffening rib气缸cylinder（转子机）缸体stator缸径cylinder bore气缸体机架cylinder block frame气缸盖cylinder head配气机构箱valve mechanism casing气缸体隔片cylinder spacer气缸盖密封环cylinder head ring gasket气缸盖垫片cylinder head gasket气缸套cylinder liner(cylinder sleeve)干式缸套dry cylinder liner湿式缸套wet cylinder liner气缸水套water jacket膨胀塞expansion plug防冻塞freeze plug气缸壁cylinder wall环脊ring ridge排气口exhaust port中间隔板intermediate bottum导板guideway创成半径（转子机）generating radius缸体宽度（转子机）operating width机柱column燃烧室combustion chamber主燃烧室main combustion chamber副燃烧室subsidiary combustion chamber预燃室prechamber涡流燃烧室`swirl combustion chamber分开式燃烧室divided combustion chamber涡流式燃烧室turbulence combustion chamber半球形燃烧室hemispherical combustion chamber浴盆形燃烧室bathtub section combustion chamberL形燃烧室L-combustion chamber楔形燃烧室wedge-section combustion chamber开式燃烧室open combustion chamber封闭喷射室closed spray chamber活塞顶内燃烧室piston chamber爆发室explosion chamber燃烧室容积比volume ratio of combustion cahmber燃烧室口径比surface-volume ratio of combustion chamber 通道面积比area ratio of combustion chamber passage曲轴箱通气口crankcase breather凸轮轴轴承座camshaft bearing bush seat定时齿轮室罩camshaft drive(gear)cover曲轴箱检查孔盖crankcase door曲轴箱防爆门crankcase explosion proof door主轴承盖main bearing cap气缸盖罩valve mechanism cover飞轮壳flywheel cover扫气储器scavenging air receiver活塞piston裙部开槽活塞split skirt pistonU形槽活塞U-slot piston滚花修复活塞knurled piston圆顶活塞dome head piston平顶活塞flat head piston凸顶活塞crown head piston(convex head piston)凹顶活塞concave head piston阶梯顶活塞step-head piston筒形活塞trunk piston椭圆形活塞oval piston抗热变形活塞autothermic piston不变间隙活塞constant clearance piston镶因瓦钢片活塞invar strut piston直接冷却式活塞direct-cooled piston间接冷却式活塞indirect cooled piston滑裙活塞slipper piston活塞速度piston speed活塞顶部piston head活塞裙部piston skirt整体活塞裙solid skirt活塞裙扩大衬簧piston skirt expander滑履式活塞裙slipper skirt隔热槽heat dam活塞标记piston mark活塞销piston pin活塞销孔piston pin boss活塞销衬套piston pin bushing全浮式活塞销full-floating piston pin半浮式活塞销semifloating piston pin固定螺钉式活塞销set screw piston pin活塞环piston ring组合式活塞环compound piston ring同心活塞环concentric piston ring偏心活塞环eccentric piston ring自由环free ring闭合环closed ring梯形环keystone ring半梯形环half keystone ring矩形环rectangular ring油环oil control ring开槽油环slotted oil control ring螺旋弹簧加载双坡口油环coil spring loaded slotted oil control ring 涨环expander双坡口油环double bevelled oil control ring内上坡口internal bevel top内下坡口internal bevel bottom边缘坡口油环bevelled-ege oil control ring刮油环scrapper ring钩形环napier ring镀铬活塞环chrome plated piston ring活塞衬环piston ring expander活塞环槽piston ring groove活塞环区ring zone活塞环岸piston ring land活塞环内表面back of ring曲柄连杆机构connecting rod中心曲柄连杆机构central-located connecting rod偏心曲柄连杆机构offset connecting rod铰接曲柄边杆机构hinged connecting rod连杆connecting rod连杆小头connecting rod small end连杆大头connnecting rod big end连杆杆身connecting rod shank副连杆slave connecting rod叉形连杆fork-and-blade connecting rod主连杆main connecting rod方形连杆boxed rod绞链式连杆hinged type connecting rod活节式连杆articulated connecting rod连杆盖connecting rod cap连杆轴承connecting rod bearing曲轴crankshaft整体式曲轴one-piece crankshaft组合式曲轴assembled crankshaft右侧曲轴right-hand crankshaft左侧曲轴left-hand crankshaft改变行程的曲轴stroked crankshaft曲轴前端crankshaft front end曲轴主轴颈crankshaft main journal轴颈重叠度shaft journal overlap圆角fillet主轴承main bearing曲轴止推轴承crankshaft thrust bearing薄臂轴瓦thin wall bearing shell曲轴油道crankshaft oil passage曲柄crank曲柄臂crank arm曲柄销crank pin轴套bush曲柄转角crank angle曲柄半径crank radius抛油圈oil slander角度轮degree wheel动平衡机dynamic balancer平衡重balancer weight扭振减振器torshional vibration damper扭振平衡器torsion balancer谐振平衡器harmonic balancer振动平衡器vibration balancer曲轴链轮crankshaft sprocket转子轴颈rotor journal偏心轴eccentric shaft曲轴箱crankcase闭式曲轴箱通风装置closed-crankcase ventilating system 飞轮flywheel飞轮齿圈flywheel ring gear飞轮芯棒cantilever飞轮芯轴flywheel spindle飞轮的惯量矩flywheel moment of inertia飞轮标记flywheel mark当量系统equivalent system当量轴长equivalent shaft length一级往复惯性力reciprocating inertia force,1st order二级往复贯性力reciprocating inertia force,2nd order 离心惯性力centrifugal inertia force配气机构valve gear凸轮轴camshaft凸轮cam整体式凸轮轴one-piece camshaft组合式凸轮轴assembled camshaft凸轮轴驱动机构camshaft drive赛车用凸轮轴race camshaft凸轮轴轴颈camshaft bearing journal凸轮轴轴承camshaft bearing凸轮轴偏心轮camshaft eccentric凸轮轴链轮camshaft sprocket凸轮轴正时齿轮camshaft timing gear凸轮轴齿轮camshaft gear wheel进口凸轮inlet cam排气凸轮exhaust cam快升凸轮quick lift cam快升缓降凸轮quick lift gradual clsing cam 凸轮轮廓cam contour凸轮包角cam angle凸轮升程cam-lobe lift凸轮尖cam nose凸轮从动件cam follower齿轮传动机构gear drive正时齿轮timing gear链传动机构chain drive链轮sprocket wheel链轮盘chain sprocket正时链条timing chain带齿皮带toothed timing belt链条张紧轮chain tension gear半速齿轮half speed gear正时齿轮刻印记号timing gear punch mark 气门valve进气过程intake process换气过程gas exchange process扫气过程scavenging process给气比delivery ratio分层充气stratified charge充量系数volumetric efficiency涡流比swirl rate进气涡流intake swirl螺旋进气道进气helical duct intake导流屏式气门进气masked valve intake切向进气道进气tangential duct intake进气紊流intake trubulence进气提前角intake advance angle进气持续角intake duration angle进气迟后角intake lag angle进面值time-area value气门升程valve lift气门正时valve timing扫气口面积scavenging port area菌形气门mashroom valve,poppet valve钠冷却气门sodium filled valve(natrium cooled valve)双气门dual valve进气门intake valve(suction valve,inlet valve)排气门exhaust valve顶置气门overhead valve侧置气门side valve倾斜气门inclined overhead valve直立气门vertical overhead valve套筒式滑阀sleeve valve气门机构valve gear直接式气门驱动机构direct valve gear间接式气门驱动机构indirect valve gear气门杆valve stem加大气门杆oversize valve stem气门头valve head气门工作面valve face气门边限valve margin气门弹簧座valve-spring retainer气门锁片valve key气门间隙调节螺钉valve lash adjusting screw气门旋转器valve rotator气门室valve cage气门油封valve oil seal气门口valve port气门座valve seat气门座镶圈（嵌镶式气门座圈）valve seat insert(valve seat ring)气门座锥角valve seat angle气门座宽度valve seat width气门挺杆valve tappet(valve lifter)液力挺杆hydraulic tappet(lifter)无间隙挺杆zero-rush tappet(non-clearance tappet)筒形挺杆barrel type tappet油压挺杆ooil tappet滚轮挺杆roller tappet(lifter)挺杆转位tappet rotation排气门挺杆exhaust valve lifter气门导管valve guide气门杆导管stem guide气门重叠度stem overlap气门开启持续时间valve duration气门正时标记valve timing sign气门弹簧valve spring气门内弹簧inner valve spring气门外弹簧outer valve spring刚性缓冲弹簧stiff buffer spring上紧弹簧energizing spring防振气门弹簧non-surging spring弹簧座圈spring retainer蝶形弹簧belleville spring滚柱roller气门室盖valve chamber cover摇臂rocker arm高升程摇臂high lift rocker arm摇臂轴rocker arm shaft推杆push-rod摇臂支架rocker arm bracket气门摇臂室罩valve rocker chamber cover导向轮guide wheel导杆slide bar导轨slide rail张紧轮tensioning wheel链条张紧调节装置assembly chain tension adjuster 张紧带轮tensioning pulley传动带张紧装置belt tensioner同步驱动皮带synchronous belt同步驱动皮轮synchronous belt pulley供油系fuel system控制燃烧系统controlled combustion system反湿气装置antipercolator电子燃油喷射electronic fuel injection蒸气回收装置vapor recovery system燃油蒸气回收系统fuel vapor recovery system液体回收装置liquid withdrawal system恒量净化管constant purge line碳罐净化管canister purge line供油量fuel delivery循环供油量fuel delivery per cycle额定供油量rated fuel delivery怠速供油量idling speed fuel delivery供油规律fuel supply rate curve油量调节装置fuel control unit供油提前角fuel supply advance angle进油计量inlet metering几何供油行程geometric fuel delivery stroke供油率fuel supply rate燃油通道fuel gallery有效行程effective stroke剩余行程remainder stroke变行程计量variable stroke metering等容卸载constant volume unloading变容卸载variable volume unloading收缩容积retraction volume燃油喷油装置fuel injection equipment燃油喷射泵fuel injection pump滚轮式燃油喷射泵roll fuel injection pump凸轮轴式燃油喷射泵camshaft fuel injection pump直列式燃油喷射泵in-line fuel injection pump伺服式燃油喷射泵servo fuel injection pump底部突缘安装燃油喷射泵base flanged mounted fuel injection pump 上部安装燃油喷射泵high flanged-mounted fuel injection pump侧向安装燃油喷射泵side-mounted fuel injection pump端部突缘安装式燃油喷射泵end flange-mounted fuel injection pump V形燃油喷射泵vee fuel injection pump脉动式燃油喷射泵jerk fuel injection pump螺纹安装燃油喷射泵screw-mounted fuel injection pump蓄能式燃油喷射泵accumulator fuel injection pump往复式燃油喷射泵reciprocating fuel injection pump驱动轴式燃油喷射泵driveshaft fuel injection pump单缸式燃油喷射泵single cylinder fuel injection pump圆柱式燃油喷射泵cylindrical fuel injection pump旋转式燃油喷射泵rotary fuel injection pump分配式燃油喷射泵distributor fuel injection pump多缸燃油喷射泵multicylinder fuel injection pump框架安装式燃油喷射泵cradle mounted injection pump喷油始点fuel injection beginning喷油终点fuel injection end喷油持续角fuel injection duration angle喷油延迟injection delay引燃喷射pilot injection启喷压力injection starting pressure峰值喷油扭矩peak injection torque峰值喷油压力peak injection pressure喷油泵油缸数目number of cylinders of an injection pump无气喷射solid injection喷射正时injection timing集中喷射group injection喷油器injector整体式喷油器unit injector喷嘴nozzle轴针式喷嘴pintle type nozzle环槽式喷嘴annular slot nozzle孔式喷嘴hole type nozzle长杆喷嘴long stem nozzle孔板式喷嘴orifice plate nozzle开式喷嘴open nozzle闭式喷嘴closed nozzle喷油提前器timing advance unit喷射泵壳体injection pump housing针阀needle芯轴central spindle喷嘴壳体nozzle body针阀升程needle lift喷嘴盖形螺母nozzle cap nut喷油器壳体nozzle holder突缘安装喷油器壳体flanged-mounted injection nozzle holder 燃油喷射泵传动装置transmision of an injection pump喷嘴锥体nozzle hole cone柱塞plunger柱塞套barrel柱塞行程plunger stroke喷孔spray orifice海拔控制器altitude control提前器飞锤flyweight喷孔长径比ratio of nozzle hole length nozzle diameter喷嘴液动力特性nozzle hydrokinetic characteristics动态相位dynamic phase喷孔面积nozzle hole area喷嘴流通特性nozzle flow characteristic喷油背压injection back pressure高压油管high pressure pipe平均喷油扭矩mean injection torque喷油总效率overall pumping efficiency峰值喷油压力injection peak pressure预行程prestroke收缩行程retraction stroke燃油箱fuel tank油箱盖fuel tank油位表fuel level gauge注油控制装置fill control system汽油箱gasoline tank(petrol tank)汽油供给管gasoline feed pipe加油管filler tube放油螺塞drain plug吸油管suction pipe刚性燃油管rigid fuel pipe进油孔fuel feed hole供油管supply pipe通气管bleeding pipe通气管bleeding pipe泄油阀spill valve泄油孔口spill port进油阀inlet valve最大油量限制器maximum fuel stop滴油dribble燃油表fuel gauge输油泵feed pump燃油泵fuel pump附装燃油箱中的电动燃油泵tank-mounted eletric fuel pump 机械式燃油泵mechanical fuel pump膜片式燃油泵diaphragm fuel supply pump叶片式供油泵vane fuel supply pump活塞式输油泵piston type fuel supply pump齿轮式输油泵gear fuel supply pump电动燃油泵eletric fuel pump带真空泵的汽油泵vacuum pump with fuel pump起动加油器primer起动给油杆primer lever燃油泵上体fuel pump body燃油泵下体fuel pump base燃油泵盖bowl cover进油口接头fuel inlet neck出油口接头fuel discharge port输出阀delivery valve泵油元件pump element回油阀部件fuel return valve assembly化油器carburetor化油器系统carburetor circuit简单化油器elementary carburetor单腔化油器single-barrel carburetor双腔并动化油器two-barrel dual carburetor双腔分动化油器two-barrel duplex carburetor四腔化油器four-barrel carburetor上吸式化油器updaught carburetor下吸式化油器downdraught carburetor平吸式化油器horizontal carburetor侧吸式化油器side-draft-carburetor高海拔补偿式化油器altitude compensating carburetor 化油器附加器adaptor carburetor双腔式化油器twin-choke carburetor固定喉管式化油器fixed venturi carburetor可变喉管化油器variable venturi carburetor化油器接头carburetor adaptor阻风门choke valve阻风活塞choke piston阻风板choke plate自动阻风门automatic choke阻风门拉钮choke button电控自动阻风门electric-assisted choke阻风管choke tube喉管venturi双重或三重喉管double&triple venturi阻风门拉线choke cable化油器小喉管booster venturi浮子系float system浮子float环形浮子annular float同心式浮子concentric float浮子支销float hinge pin浮子针阀float needle valve阀针valve needle浮子油面float level浮子臂float arm侧置浮子室式side float type怠速阀idle valve怠速针阀idle needle省油器economizer省油器阀economizer valve辅助空气阀auxiliary air-valve加速油井accelerating well加速泵accelerating pump加速泵喷嘴accelerating pump nozzle油门throttle手油门hand throttle节气门操纵手柄throttle control lever真空加浓器vacuum booster加浓器excess fuel device量孔体jet block怠速量孔idle metering jet主量孔main metering jet剂量阀活塞dosage valve piston空气量孔air jet燃油滤清器fuel filter沉淀杯sediment bowl串联过滤器in-line filter燃油箱内装过滤器in-tank filter调速器governor飞球式调速器flyball governor调速器governor飞球式调速器flyball governor液压调速器hydraulic governor真空转速调速器vacuum speed governor惯性调速器inertia governor离心调速器centrifugal governor调速器重锤governor weight空气滤清器及进排气系统air cleaner and intake and exhaust sytem 空气滤清器air filter冲压式空气滤清器ram air clearner恒温控制式空气滤清器thermostatic controlled air cleaner油浴式空气滤清器oil bath air cleaner纸质空气滤清器paper air clearner旋流管式空气滤清器swirl tube air filter滤清器滤芯filter element空气滤清器壳体air filter housing空气滤清器盖air filter cover滤清器密封圈filter seal ring滤网sieve滤纸盘或膜filter paper disc or membrane进气和排气系统intake and exhaust system排气管exhaust pipe排气抽气管exhaust extraction duct扫气泵scavenging pump进气预热装置intake preheater进气歧管intake manifold进气歧管真空度intake manifold vacuum冷式进气歧管cold manifold冲压式进气歧管ram intake manifold排气歧管exhaust manifold脉冲式排气歧管pulse exhaust manifold等压排气歧管constant pressrue exhaust manifold排气歧管热量控制阀exhaust manifold heat control valve 超高度歧管high-rise manifold升温横跨管道heat crossover排气横跨管道exhaust crossover预热点hot spot阻风门加热器choke heater热空气导流管hot air duct隔热板heat shield排气再循环阀exhaust-gas-recirculation消声器silencer进气消声器intake silencer排气消声器exhaust silencer金属垫片式消声器steel pack muffler玻璃丝消声器glass pack muffler空洞消声器gutted muffler前排气管front exhaust pipe尾管tail pipe消声器联接管intermediate pipe热空气管hot air pipe曲轴箱通风管crankcase bleed pipe隔声罩acoustic hood进气消声器元件silencer element真空泵vacuum pump指示功率indicated power指示热效率indicated thermal efficiency指示油耗率indicated specific energy consumption示功图indicator diagram冷却系cooling system风冷air cooling水冷water-cooling循环流冷却系cooling recovery system自然循环液冷却系统natural circulation type cooling system热流循环液冷却系统thermo-siphon circulation type cooling system 温差循环液冷却系统gravity circulation water cooling system压力式水冷却系统positive circulation cooling system加压式冷却法pressure type cooling水泵循环冷却系统pump circulation cooling system强制循环式化冷系统forced-feed water circulation system封闭式液冷系统sealed cooling system散热器radiator片式散热器finned radiator管式散热器tubular radiator蜂窝式散热器cellular radiator哈里逊式散热器Harrison type radiator带板式散热器ribbon type radiator上水箱upper tank下水箱lower tank涨溢箱expansion tank散热器芯radiator core之字形管散热器芯film core管-片式散热器芯fin and tube core散热器加水口盖radiator filter cap压力式水箱盖radiator-pressure cap蒸气-空气泄放阀vapor-air release valve散热器护罩radiator cowl散热器百叶窗radiator shutter散热器保温帘radiator roller blind散热片cooling fin缸盖散热片cylinder head fin缸体散热片cylinder block fin控温装置temperature regulating device恒温器thermostat恒温器主阀thermostat main valve恒温器旁通阀thermostat by-pass valve恒温器挠性波纹筒thermostat flexible bellows 液体冷却设备liquid cooling equipment水泵water pump水泵体pump casing水泵叶轮water pump impeller旁通进水口water by-pass inlet neck循环泵circulating pump主进水口water main inlet port出水口water outlet port自调式水封self-adjusting seal unit溢流管overflow pipe导流板deflector风扇fan(blower)轴流式风扇axial flow fan离心式风扇centrifugal fan风扇壳体blower casing风扇导流罩fan cowl风扇毂fan hub风扇叶片fan blade风扇叶轮blower impeller风扇导流定子blower stator风扇皮带轮fan pulley三角皮带v-belt风扇护罩fan shroud风扇叶轮叶片impeller vane冷却用空气cooling air风扇导流叶片stator vane强制风冷forced-air cooling自然风冷natural air cooling风道air ducting润滑系lubrication system润滑lubrication气缸上部润滑upper cylinder lubrication压力润滑pressure-feed lubrication压力润滑法forced lubrication自动润滑automatic lubrication飞溅润滑splash lubrication润滑周期lubrication interval边界润滑borderline lubrication曲轴箱机油油盘crankcase oil pan油底壳oil pan机油盘放油塞sump plug集油器oil collector机油泵oil pump计量式机油泵metering oil pump齿轮式机油泵gear type oil pump转子式机油泵rotor-type oil pump机油泵出油管oil pump outlet pipe放油口oil drain hole油道oil duct断油开关cut-off cock机油散热器oil cooler机油滤清器oil filter机油粗滤器primary oil filter机油精滤器secondary oil filter全流式机油滤清器full-flow oil filter分流式机油滤清器by-pass oil filter离心式机油滤清器centrifugal oil filter整体式滤芯integral filtering element细滤器滤芯filter element滤清器壳filter box滤片filtering disc机油减压器oil pressure relief valve旁通阀by-pass oil filter机油滤网oil strainer加机油孔oil filter cap滤芯轴filter shaft刮片组件cleaning edge机油量尺dipstick机油滤网oil strainer增压器supercharger增压和扫气装置pressure-charging and scavenging unit 增压装置supercharging device涡轮增压器turbo-charger气波增压器comprex pressure wave supercharger增压器阻风阀supercharger blast gate增压器调节容气量的旁通阀supercharger control bypass 增压器叶轮supercharger impeller惯性增压inertia supercharging机械增压mechanical supercharging涡轮增压turbo-charging增压比supercharge ratio增压压力boost pressure增压中冷inter-cooling中冷度inter-cooling level增压度supercharging level喘振surge喘振线surge line轴流式涡轮axial-flow turbine脉冲进气ram charging发动机试验engine test发动机试验规程engine test procedure发动机技术要求engine technical requirements标准大气状况standard atmospheric conditions大气压力atmospheric pressure进气温度inlet air temperature进气温度inlet air temperature功率校正power correction功率标定power rating功率换算power conversion校正系数correction factor换算系数performance test性能试验performance test起动性能试验starting ability test怠速试验idle running test道路负荷试验road load test各缸工作均匀性试验cylinder variation test背压试验back pressure test最低稳定工作转速试验lowest continuous speed test with load 背部泄漏试验back-leakage test调整试验adjustment test热平衡试验heat balance test快速磨损试验accelerated wear test热冲击试验thermo-shock test空载特性试验no-load characteristic test模拟增压试验simulated supercharging test停缸试验cylinder fuel-cut test增压机匹配试验turbo-charger matching test排气分析试验exhaust analysis test突变负荷试验sudden load change test稳定性试验stability test单缸熄火试验one cylinder shut off test例行检查试验routine inspection test验证试验verification test鉴定试验approval test可靠性试验reliability test耐久性试验durability test定型试验type approval test验收试验acceptance test现场试验field test出厂试验delivery test抽查试验spot check test复查试验re-check test台架试验bench test强化试验hop-up test发动机试验台engine test bed底盘测功机chassis dynamometer测功机dynamometer水力测功机hydraulic dynamometer电涡流测功机eddy current dynamometer电力测功机electric dynamometer扭矩仪torque meter转速表tachometer温度测量thermometry温度测量仪器thermometric instruments空气流量测量air flow measurement热线风速仪hot wire anemometer电子示功仪electronic indicator燃烧分析仪combustion analyzer压力传感器pressure transducer精密声级计precision sound level meter排放emission排放物emission排气污染物gaseous pollutant蒸发排放物evaporative emission曲轴箱排放物crankcase emission漏气blowby gas氨氧化物oxids of nitrogen一气化碳carbon monoxide碳氢化合物hydrocarbon甲烷methane无甲烷碳氢化合物non-methane hydrocarbons光化学活性碳氢化合物photochemically reactive hydrocarbons 微粒物particulated matter黑烟black smoke蓝烟blue smoke白烟white smoke碳烟soot光化学烟雾smog臭味odor丙烷propane排放浓度concentration of emission排气烟度exhaust smoke先期排气initial exhaust亚临界排气subcritical exhaust超临界排气supercritical exhaust强制排气forced exhaust自由排气free exhaust排气提前角exhaust advance angle排气迟后角exhaust lag angle排气热损失exhaust heat loss排气净化exhaust purification排气背压exhaust back pressure残余废气residual gas排气有害成分poisonous exhaust composition柴油机排烟diesel smoke综合排放浓度composite concentration of exhaust emission 综合排放质量composite mass of exhaust emission排放系数emission factor排放率emission index质量排放量mass emission比排放量brake specific emission排放物控制系统emission control system排气排放物控制系统exhaust emission control system二次空气secondary air二次空气分配歧管secondary air distribution二次空气控制阀secondary air control valve二次空气转换阀secondary air switching valve二次空气转流阀secondary air diverter valve二次空气喷射装置secondary air injection system二次空气喷射管secondary air injection tube二次空气喷射减速压阀secondary air injection relief valve 脉动空气装置pulsating air system二次空气泵secondary air pump曲轴箱排放物控制系统crankcase emission control system曲轴箱双通风系统crankcase closed system曲轴箱单通风系统crankcase sealed system曲轴箱强制通风装置positive crankcase ventilationPCV阀PCV valve蒸发排放物控制系统evaporative emission control system 活性碳罐贮存装置charcoal canister storage system活性碳罐charcoal canister曲轴箱贮存装置crankcase storage system空气滤清器贮存装置air filter storage system燃油箱止回阀fuel tank check valve油气分离器fuel and vapor separator清除阀furge valve催化转化系统catalytic converting system催化燃烧分析仪catalytic combustion analyzer催化剂catalyst转化器converter催化转化器catalytic converter轴流式转化器AXIAL FLOW TYPE CONVERTER径流式转化器RADIAL FLOW TYPE CONVERTER下流式转化器down flow type converter上流式转化器up flow type converter双床式转化器dual bed converter单床式转化器single bed converter氧化型催化剂oxidation catalyst还原型催化剂reduction catalyst三元催化剂three-way catalyst贵金属催化剂noble metal catalyst普通金属催化剂base metal catalyst稀土催化剂rare earth catalyst催化剂耗损catalyst attrition催化剂收缩catalyst shrinkage催化剂中毒catalyst poisoning比表面积specific surface area空速space velocity载体涂料washcoat双重催化系统dual-catalyst system催化箱catalyst container载体substrate整体式载体monolithic substrate颗粒式载体pelleted substrate转化效率conversion efficiency。