Concentrated and

MEMS和半导体工艺材料配比苏州能斯达电子科技有限公司的工程师整理了MEMS和半导体工艺中接近50种材料的湿法腐蚀的刻蚀液及配比，趁着新年，给大家送一份豪华大礼包。

1.铝-Aluminum2.砷化铝镓-Aluminum Gallium Arsenide1.1:1:30 –H2SO4:H2O2–60 Å/sec2.8:3:400 –NH3:H2O2:H2O–25 Å/sec3.1:1:10 –HF:H2O2:H2o–80 Å/sec3.三氧化二铝/铝/蓝宝石-Aluminum Trioxide / Alumina /Sapphire1.1:1:3 –NH4OH:H2O2:H2O–80 ℃2.10% Br2:MeOH3.7ml:4g –H3PO:Cr2O34.锑-Antimony1.1:1:1 –HCl:HNO3:H2O2.90:10:1 –H2O:HNO3:HF3.3:3:1:1 –H3PO4:HNO3:CH3COOH:H2O <<3min/1000A 50℃5.铋-Bismuth1.10:1 –H2O:HCl6.黄铜-Brass1.FeCl32.20% NHSO57.青铜-Bronze1.1% CrO38.碳-Carbon1.H3PO4:CrO3:NaCN2.50% KOH (or NaOH)–boiling3.HNO3 concentrated4.H2SO4 concentrated5.3:1 –H2SO4:H2O29.铬 -Chromium1.2:3:12 KMnO4:NaOH:H2O2.3:1 –H2O:H2O23.HCl concentrated and dilute4.3:1 –HCl:H2O25.2:1 –FeCl:HCl6.Cyantek CR-7s (Perchloric based) 7 min/micron (24A/s new)7.1:1 –HCl:glycerine 12min/micron after depassivation8.1:3 –[50gNaOH+100mlH2O]:[30gK3Fe(CN)6+100mlH2O] 1hr/micron10.钴-Cobalt1.1:1 H2O:HNO32.3:1 HCl:H2O211.铜-Copper1.30% FeCl3 saturated solution2.20% KCN3.1:5 –H2O:HNO34.HNO3 concentrated and dilute5.1:1 –NH4OH:H2O26.1:20 –HNO3:H2O27.4:1 –NH3:H2O28.1:1:1 –H3PO4:HNO3:HAc9.5ml:5ml:4g:1:90ml –HNO3:H2SO4:CrO3:NH4Cl:H2O10.4:1:5 –HCL:FeCl3:H2O12.环氧树脂-Epoxies1.General Polymer Etch2.5:1 –NH4OH:H2O2–120 ℃3.Gold Epoxy4.3:1:10 HNO3:HCl:H2O5.Silver Epoxy6.1:3 –HF:HNO37.Aluminum Epoxy8.H2SO4 –hot9.SU8 cured10.3:1 –H2SO4:H2O2–hot13.砷化镓-Gallium Arsenide1. 1.5%-7.5% –Br2 in CH3OH2.1:1 –NH4OH:H2O23.20:7:973 –NH4OH:H2O2:H2O4.40:1:40 –H3PO4:H2O2:H2O5.3:1:50 –H3PO4:H2O2:H2O6.33-66% –HNO3–red fuming etches more rapidly than whitefuming7.1:1 –HF:HNO38.1:1 –H2SO4:H2O29.1:1:30 –H2SO4:H2O2–60 Ås/sec10.8:3:400 –NH3:H2O2:H2O–30 Ås/sec, isotropic11.1:1:10 –HF:H2O2:H2o–80 Ås/sec14.锗-Germanium1.HF:HNO3:H2O2.1:1:1 –HF:HNO3:HAc3.7:1:x HF:HNO3:glycerin 35c 75-100 microns/hour, 100℃775microns/hour4.KF–pH > 65.1:25 NH3OH:H2O21000 Å/min15.金-Gold1.Aqua Regia 3:1 –HCl:HNO3 10-15 microns/min RT, 25-50microns/min 35 ℃2.Chrome Regia 3:10-20% HCl:CrO33.H2SeO4–Temp should be hot, etch is slow4.KCN in H20–good for stripping gold from alumina, quartz, sapphiresubstrates, semiconductor wafers and metal parts5.4g:2g:10ml –KI:I2:H2O Hot (70℃) 280 nm/min6.1:2:3 –HF:HAc:HNO37.30:30:50:0.6 –HF:HNO3:HAc:Br28.NaCN:H2O29.7g:25:g:100ml –KI:Br2:H2O10.9g:1g:50ml –KBr:Br2:H2O 800 nm/min11.9g:1g:50ml –NaBr:Br2:H2O 400nm/min12.400g:100g:400ml –I2:KI:H2O 55℃1270Ås/sec13.1:2:10 –I2:KI:H2O14.Au mask etch 4g:1g:40ml –KI:I2:H2O 1min/micron16.铪-Hafnium1.20:1:1 –H2O:HF:H2O217.铟-Indium1.Aqua Regia 3:1 –HCl:HNO3 hot2.HCl boiling, fast3.IPA4.EOH5.MeOH6.Rare Earth Indium Etchants18.砷化铟镓-Indium Gallium Arsenide1.1:1:20 –H2SO4:H2O2:H2O–30 Ås/sec19.镓铟磷-Indium Gallium Phosphide1.conc HCl–fast20.磷化铟-Indium Phosphide1.1:1 –HCl:H3PO4–fast21.磷化铟氧化物腐蚀剂-Indium Phosphide Oxide Etchants1.NH4OH22.ITO-Indium Tin Oxide1.1:1 –HCl:H2O8 Ås/sec2.1:1:10 –HF:H2O2:H2O125 Ås/sec23.铱-Iridium1.Aqua Regia 3:1 –HCl:HNO3 hot24.铁-Iron1.1:1 –H2O:HCL2.1:1 –H2O:HNO33.1:2:10 –I2:KI:H2O25.铅-Lead1.1:1 –HAc:H2O226.镁-Magnesium1.10ml:1g –H2O:NaOH followed by 5ml:1g –H2O:CrO3 27.钼-Molybendum1.1:1 –HCl:H2O228.镍-Nickel1.1:1:1 –HNO3:HAc:Acetone2.1:1 –HF:HNO33.30% FeCl34.3:1:5:1 –HNO3:H2SO4:HAc:H2O 85 C 10 microns/min5.3:7 –HNO3:H2O6.1:1 –HNO3:HAc7.10% g/ml Ce(NH4)2(NO3)6:H208.HF, concentrated –slow etchant9.H3PO4 –slow etchants10.HNO3 –rapid etchant11.HF:HNO3 –etch rate determined by ratio, the greater the amountof HF the slower the reaction12.4:1 –HCl:HNO3 –increase HNO3 concentration increases etchrate13.30% FeCl314.5g:1ml:150ml –2NH4NO3.Ce(NO3)3.4(H2O):HNO3:H2O –decreasing HNO3 amount increases the etch rate15.3:3:1:1 –H3PO4:HNO3:CH3COOH:H2O ~15min/micron @ RT withair exposure every 15 seconds29.铌-Niobium1.1:1 –HF:HNO330.钯-Palladium1.Aqua Regia 3:1 –HCl:HNO3 hot31.光刻胶-Photoresist (AZ type)1.General Polymer2.5:1 –NH4OH:H2O2 –120 ℃3.5:1 –H2SO4:H2O24.H2SO4:(NH4)2S2O85.Acetone32.铂-Platinum1.Aqua Regia 3:1 –HCl:HNO3 Hot2.Molten Sulfur33.聚合物-Polymer1.5:1 –NH4OH:H2O2 –120 ℃2.3:1 –H2SO4:H2O234.聚合物-Polymer1.1:1 –HF:H2O2.1:1 –HF:HNO33.Sodium Carbonate boiling4.HF conc35.铼、铑和钌-Rhenium, Rhodium and Ruthenium1.Aqua Regia 3:1 –HCl:HNO3 –Hot36.硅-Silicon1.64:3:33 –HNO3:NH4F:H2O 100 Ås/s2.61:11:28 –ethylenediamine:C6H4(OH)2:H2O 78 Ås/s3.108ml:350g:1000ml –HF:NH4F:H2O slow 0.5 Ås/min4.1:1:50 –HF:HNO3:H2O slow etch5.KCl dissolved in H2O6.KOH:H2O:Br2/I27.KOH –see section on KOH etching of silicon8.1:1:1.4:0.15%:0.24% –HF:HNO3:HAc:I2:triton9.1:6:3 –HF:HNO3:HAc and 0.19 g NaI per 100 ml solution10.1:4 –Iodine Etch:HAc11.0.010 N NaI12.NaOH13.HF:HNO314.1:1:1 –HF:HNO3:H2O37.二氧化硅/石英/玻璃-Silicon Dioxide / Quartz / Glass1.BOE 1:5:5 HF:NH4HF:H2O 20 Ås/s2.HF:HNO33.3:2:60 HF:HNO3:H20 2.5 Ås/sec at RT4.BHF 1:10, 1:100, 1:20 HF:NH4F(sat)5.Secco etch 2:1 HF:1.5M K2Cr2O76.5:1 NH4.HF:NaF/L (in grams)7.1g:1ml:10ml:10ml NH4F.HF:HF:H2O:glycerin8.HF –hot9.1:1 1:15, 1:100 HF:H2O10.BOE HF:NH4F:H2O11.1:6 BOE:H2O12.5:43, 1:6 HF:NH4F(40%)13.NaCO3 100 ℃8.8 mm/h14.5% NaOH 100 ℃150 mm/h15.5% HCl 95 ℃0.5mm/day16.KOH see KOH etching of silicon dioxide and silicon nitride38.氮化硅-Silicon Nitride1.1:60 or 1:20 HF:H2O 1000-2000 Ås/min2.BHF 1:2:2 HF:NH4F:H2O slow attack –but faster for siliconoxynitride3.1:5 or 1:9 HF:NH4F (40%)0.01-0.02 microns/second4.3:25 HF:NH4F.HF(sat)5.50ml:50g:100ml:50ml HF:NH4F.HF:H2O:glycerin –glycerinprovides more uniform removal6.BOE HF:NH4F:H2O7.18g:5g:100ml NaOH:KHC8H4O4:H2O boiling 160 Ås/min, betterwith silicon oxynitride8.9:g25ml NaOH:H20 –boiling 160Ås/min9.18g:5g:100ml NaOH:(NH4)2S2O8:H2O –boiling 160 Ås/min10.A) 5g:100ml NH4F.HF:H2O B)1g:50ml:50ml I2:H2O:glycerin –mixA andB 1:1 when ready to use. RT 180 A/min39.银-Silver1.1:1 NH4OH:H2O22.3:3:23:1 H3PO4:HNO3:CH3COOH:H2O ~10min/100Ås3.1:1:4 NH4OH:H2O2:CH3OH .36micron/min resist5.1-8:1HNO3:H2O6. 1 M HNO3 + light40.不锈钢-Stainless Steel1.1:1 HF:HNO341.钽-Tantalum1.1:1 HF:HNO342.锡-Tin1.1:1 HF:HCL2.1:1 HF:HNO33.1:1 HF:H2O4.2:7 HClO4:HAc43.钛-Titanium1.50:1:1 H2O:HF:HNO32.20:1:1 H2O:HF:H2O23.RCA-1 ~100 min/micron4.x%Br2:ethyl acetate –HOT5.x%I2:MeOH –HOT6.HF:CuSO47.1:2 NH4OH:H2O28.1:2:7, 1:5:4, 1:4:5(18 microns/min), 1:1:50 HF:HNO3:H2O9.COOHCOOH:H2O –any concentration11.1:9 HF:H2O –12 Ås/min12.HF:HCL:H2O13.HCL –conc14.%KOH –conc15.%NaOH- conc16.20% H2SO4 1 micron/minl3COOC2H518.25%HCOOH19.20%H3PO420.HF44.钨-Tungsten1.1:1 HF:HNO32.1:1 HF:HNO3 –thin films3.3:7 HF:HNO34.4:1 HF:HNO3 –rapid attack5.1:2 NH4OH:H2O2 –thin films good for etching tungsten fromstainless steel, glass, copper and ceramics. Will etch titanium aswell.6.305g:44.5g:1000ml K3Fe(CN)6:NaOH:H2O –rapid etch7.HCl –slow etch (dilute or concentrated)8.HNO3 –very slow etch (dilute or concentrated)9.H2SO4 –slow etch (dilute or concentrated)10.HF –slow etch (dilute or concentrated)11.H2O212.1:1, 30%:70%, or 4:1 HF:HNO313.1:2 NH4OH:H2O214.4:4:3 HF HNO3:HAc15.CBrF3 RIE etch16.305g:44.5g:1000ml K3Fe(CN)6:NaOH:H2O –very rapid etch17.HCl solutions –slow attack18.HNO3 –slight attack19.Aqua Regia 3:1 HCL:HNO3 –slow attack when hot or warm20.H2SO4 dilute and concentrated –slow etch21.HF dilute and concentrated –slow etch22.Alkali with oxidizers (KNO3 and PbO2) –rapid etch23.H2O245.钒-Vanadium1.1:1 H2O:HNO32.1:1 HF:HNO346.锌-Zinc1.1:1 HCl:H2O2.1:1 HNO3:H2O47.锆-Zirconium1.50:1:1 H2O:HF:HNO32.20:1:1 H2O:HF:H2O2更多精彩内容欢迎关注MEMSVIEW微视界。

现在进行时描述图片作文英文回答：In the picture, we can see a young man sitting at a desk and working on his laptop. He seems to be very focused and concentrated on his work. The room is well-lit and organized, with a bookshelf in the background and a plant on the desk. The man is wearing a casual shirt, which suggests that he may be working from home.He is typing on his laptop, probably responding to emails or working on a project. It looks like he is in the middle of something important, as he has a serious expression on his face. The picture conveys a sense of productivity and diligence.中文回答：在这张图片中，我们可以看到一个年轻人坐在桌子前，专注地在他的笔记本电脑上工作。

他似乎非常专心致志地工作着。

房间里光线充足，整洁有序，背景有一个书架和桌子上有一盆植物。

这个年轻人穿着一件休闲衬衫，这表明他可能在家工作。

他正在键盘上打字，可能是在回复电子邮件或者在做项目。

看起来他正在做一些重要的事情，因为他的脸上带着认真的表情。

这张图片传达了一种高效和勤奋的感觉。

葡萄糖苷提取工艺流程English Answer:Grape Seed Extract Process.Raw Material.Organic grape seeds from certified growers.Cleaning and Drying.Seeds are cleaned and dried to remove dirt, stems, and other impurities.Grinding.Seeds are ground into a fine powder.Extraction.Solvent Extraction:The powdered seeds are mixed with a food-grade solvent, such as ethanol.The mixture is stirred and heated to extract the grape seed compounds.Supercritical Fluid Extraction:Carbon dioxide as a solvent in a supercritical stateat high pressure.This method efficiently extracts grape seed compounds while preserving their bioactivity.Purification.The extracted solution is filtered to remove any remaining solids.The filtrate is concentrated and freeze-dried toremove the solvent and produce a concentrated extract.Standardization.The extract is standardized to a specific concentration of proanthocyanidins, the active ingredient. This ensures consistent quality and potency.Applications.Dietary supplements.Antioxidant-rich foods and beverages.Cosmetic products.Pharmaceutical ingredients.Benefits.Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.Supports cardiovascular health.May improve cognitive function.Promotes skin health.Chinese Answer:葡萄糖苷提取工艺流程。

用concentrate on造句有：1.Children at school are taught to concentrate on their studies.学校里的孩子们被教导要专注于学业。

2.She tried to concentrate on her work, but her mind kept wandering.她试图集中精力工作，但是她的思想总是溜号。

3.He concentrated on his studies and soon fell asleep.他集中精力学习，不久就睡着了。

4.We must concentrate on our task and not be distracted by othermatters.我们必须集中精力完成我们的任务，不能被其他事情所干扰。

5.She found it difficult to concentrate on the task at hand.她觉得很难集中精力完成手头的任务。

6.They concentrated on strengthening their economic relations withthe developing countries.他们致力于加强与发展中国家的经济关系。

7.He couldn't concentrate on his work because he was so worriedabout his daughter.他无法集中精力工作，因为他非常担心他的女儿。

8.Children need to concentrate on their studies rather than playingcomputer games.孩子们需要集中精力学习，而不是玩电脑游戏。

9.She tried to concentrate on her book, but found it impossible toignore the noise outside.她试图专心读书，但发现无法忽视外面的噪音。

藻蓝蛋白的生产工艺流程Process of Spirulina Production.Spirulina is a type of cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, that is cultivated for its nutritional value. It is a rich source of protein, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Spirulina can be grown in a variety of environments, including open ponds, raceways, and photobioreactors. The production process typically involves the following steps:Cultivation: Spirulina is cultivated in a nutrient-rich medium that contains a source of nitrogen, phosphorus, and other essential elements. The medium is typically a mixture of water, salts, and a carbon source, such as sodium bicarbonate. The cultivation process is carried out under controlled conditions of light, temperature, and pH.Harvesting: Spirulina is typically harvested by filtration or centrifugation. The harvested biomass is thenconcentrated and dried.Drying: Spirulina is typically dried using a spraydryer or a freeze dryer. Spray drying involves atomizingthe concentrated biomass into a hot air stream. The water evaporates, leaving behind a dry powder. Freeze drying involves freezing the concentrated biomass and then subliming the water under vacuum.Milling: The dried Spirulina is typically milled intoa fine powder. The powder can be used as a dietary supplement or as an ingredient in food products.藻蓝蛋白的生产工艺流程。

英语学业评价参考答案一、听力理解（共20分）1. A) 根据对话内容，男士询问女士是否需要帮助，女士表示需要帮助找到图书馆。

正确答案为B。

2. B) 女士提到她已经完成了作业，男士询问她是否需要帮助。

正确答案为A。

3. C) 对话中提到了男士的弟弟正在学习中文，女士表示赞赏。

正确答案为C。

4. D) 根据对话内容，男士邀请女士参加晚会，女士表示她已经计划了其他活动。

正确答案为D。

5. E) 女士询问男士是否喜欢音乐，男士回答说他喜欢古典音乐。

正确答案为E。

二、词汇与语法（共30分）6. The correct answer is "exchanged" because the sentence is in the past tense and requires the past participle form of the verb "exchange."7. The correct answer is "unless" as it introduces a conditional clause that means "if not."8. The correct answer is "apart from" which means "inaddition to" and fits the context of the sentence.9. The correct answer is "regardless of" which is used to indicate that something will happen without being affected by other factors.10. The correct answer is "concentrated" as it is the past participle form of "concentrate" and is used with the verb "was" to form the passive voice.11-20. [根据具体题目内容填充答案]三、阅读理解（共30分）21. A) 根据第一段内容，文章主要讨论了英语学习的重要性。

英语一2013text4那么我们首先来看一下原文的内容：Some critics have claimed that short stories are too superficial to be considered serious literature. However, I believe that this view is unfounded. Short stories have the ability to convey deep emotions and thoughts in a concise and powerful way. They are able to capture the essence of a particular moment in time and offer a unique perspective on human experience.One of the strengths of short stories is their brevity. Unlike novels, short stories do not have the luxury of space to develop complex plotlines or delve into detailed character development. Instead, they rely on the power of suggestion and implication to convey meaning. By leaving certain details open to interpretation, short stories invite the reader to engage with the text and actively participate in the process of making meaning.Furthermore, short stories often focus on a single theme or idea, allowing for a concentrated exploration of that particular subject. This focused approach can result in a more intense and impactful reading experience. For example, in Raymond Carver's short story"Cathedral," the narrator's gradual realization of his ownnarrow-mindedness and his subsequent transformation is given greater weight and significance because the story is limited in scope and focuses solely on this theme.Additionally, short stories have the potential to present profound insights into the human condition. Due to their brevity, authors must carefully choose every word and phrase, resulting in a concentrated and economical style of writing. This concise writing style often leads to powerful imagery and vivid descriptions that engage the reader's senses and emotions. For instance, in Katherine Mansfield's "The Garden Party," the detailed description of the garden and the author's use of metaphor create a sense of wonder and capture the essence of a transformative moment.Moreover, short stories allow for experimentation and innovation in narrative structure. With limited space, authors are encouraged to think outside the box and challenge traditional storytelling conventions. This freedom often leads to the creation of unique and unconventional narratives that can be both intellectually stimulating and aesthetically pleasing. For example, in Jorge Luis Borges' "The Garden of Forking Paths," the author presents the ideaof multiple, intersecting realities through a complex narrative structure that keeps the reader engaged and questioning throughout.In conclusion, while some may dismiss short stories as shallow or lacking in substance, I believe that they are a form of literature that can convey profound emotions and thoughts in a concise and powerful way. The brevity of short stories allows for a focused exploration of a particular theme or idea, resulting in intense and impactful reading experiences. Furthermore, the limited space in short stories encourages experimentation and innovation, leading to unique and unconventional narratives. Ultimately, short stories have the potential to offer valuable insights into the human condition and should be regarded as a serious form of literature.现在我们来一步一步回答中括号内的问题。

剑桥商务英语第三版答案【篇一：新编剑桥商务英语(bec 第三版中级)module 1】txt>1.1 business topic ways of working 商务话题篇工作方式1) vocabulary: different ways of working (15 mins)regular hours正常工作时间flexible (working) hours/flex(i)time 弹性工作时间teleworking n.电子办公；在家中上班job-share v. / n.分担工作；工作分担制shift work 轮班工作，倒班制temping n 当临时工，任临时雇员specialist advice 专业咨询〔指将职工分成不同的班次，以便他们能共用一间办公室，一张办公桌和一台电脑〕office gossip 办公室小道消息，办公室飞短流长office news办公室新闻credit n.赞扬，功绩managing director 总裁，总经理〔美英chiefexecutive/president〕 brainpower n. 智能worst-case adj. 做最坏打算的，为最坏情况的，为最不利条件的scenario n. 事态，局面full-time adj. 全日制的delegate v. 授权，分派工作availability n. 利用〔或获得的〕可能性，可以利用的人〔物〕，人员、物资保证parental leave育儿假，照顾新生儿女假daily log 日志voice mail 语音信箱，语音邮件self-organization n. 自我组织能力1. how do you work most effectively? by working…regular hours/flexible hours? in a team/on your own?from home/ in an office? for a boss/as your own boss?参考词语和表达：routine type of person 按部就班的人have flexible management of time and work 灵活安排自己的时间和工作get support from each other相互支持co-operate with each other 相互合作share ideas 交流想法learn from other people’s strong points 学他人所长working in a team needs to have good interpersonal skills and is not necessarily efficiently.在团队工作需要有很好的人际交往技能，不一定效率就高can be more concentrated and thus more efficient in an office在办公室更容易集中精力因此也更有效率 have more flexibility 享有更多的灵活度feel more relaxed 感觉更轻松a dependent type of person and never make decisions myself 性格依赖，不喜欢自己拿主意an independent type of person and would like to make decisions myself性格独立，喜欢自己做决定don’t want to work under someone不想在别人手下工作5. reading: how to job-shareget organizedset your limits put pen to papertwo become one 安排有序规定限度签订协议合二为一open your mind plan for disaster find the perfect partner don’t feel guilty 敞开心胸/开拓视野有备无患理想搭档勿感内疚1. share credit and blame 分担成绩与过失，意译“功过与共”2. flexecutive 经营内容蕴含其中的公司名flexible与executive两词复合而成“弹性经营管理”。

加一份浓缩咖啡英语作文A Cup of Strong Coffee。

Coffee is a popular drink all over the world. It is made from roasted coffee beans and is brewed in hot water. There are many different types of coffee, but one of the most popular is a cup of strong coffee.A cup of strong coffee is made by using a higher ratio of coffee grounds to water, resulting in a more concentrated and flavorful brew. It is often enjoyed by people who prefer a bolder taste and a higher caffeine content in their coffee.To make a cup of strong coffee, you will need a few key ingredients: coffee beans or grounds, hot water, and a brewing method. There are many different ways to brew coffee, including using a French press, drip coffee maker, or espresso machine.One popular method for making a cup of strong coffee is using a French press. To do this, you will need to grind your coffee beans and add them to the press. Then, pour hot water over the grounds and let it steep for several minutes. Finally, press down on the plunger to separate the coffee from the grounds and pour it into your cup.Another popular method for making strong coffee isusing an espresso machine. This method involves using high pressure to extract the coffee flavor and create a concentrated shot of espresso. This can be enjoyed on its own or used as a base for other coffee drinks like lattesor cappuccinos.No matter how you choose to make your cup of strong coffee, it is important to use high-quality coffee beans or grounds and to experiment with different brewing methods to find the perfect flavor and strength for your taste.In conclusion, a cup of strong coffee is a deliciousand energizing drink that is enjoyed by coffee lovers all over the world. With the right ingredients and brewingmethod, you can create a flavorful and satisfying cup of strong coffee that will help you power through your day.。

经典化学合成反应标准操作Heck 反应目录1. 前言 (2)2. 分子内的Heck反应 (3)2.1 生成烯基取代的反应 (3)2.1.1 分子内Heck反应化生成环外双键示例 (4)2.2 形成季碳中心的反应 (5)2.2.1 分子内不对称Heck反应示例 (6)2.3 多烯大环的合成 (6)2.2.1 Heck反应用于合成大环多烯示例 (7)3. 分子间的Heck 反应 (8)3.1 常规分子间Heck反应 (8)3.1.1 Pd(OAc)2-P(o-tol)3体系用于不饱和羧酸酯的Heck反应标准操作三 (9)3.1.2 不饱和酮的Heck反应标准操作 (10)3.1.3 杂环芳香卤代物和不饱和羧酸酯的Heck反应标准操作一 (10)3.1.4 杂环芳香卤代物和不饱和羧酸酯的Heck反应标准操作二 (10)3.1.5 芳香卤代物和不饱和羧酸的Heck反应合成反式3-芳基不饱和酸示例 .. 113.1.6 非共轭双键Heck反应示例 (11)3.2 不对称分子间Heck反应 (12)3.3 非常用离去基团的Heck反应（Irina P. Beletskaya Chem. Rev. 2000, 100,3009-3066） (12)3.3.1 重氮盐参与的Heck反应示例 (13)3.3.2 酰氯参与的Heck反应示例 (15)1. 前言通常把在碱性条件下钯催化的芳基或乙烯基卤代物和活性烯烃之间的偶联反应称为Heck反应。

自从20世纪60年代末Heck 和Morizoki独立发现该反应以来,通过对催化剂和反应条件的不断改进使其的应用范围越来越广泛,使该反应已经成为构成C-C键的重要反应之一。

另外，Heck反应具有很好的Trans选择性R XPd(0)Z RZX = I, Br, OTf, etcZ = H, R, Ar, CN, CO2R, OR, OAc, NHAc, etc研究表明，Heck反应的机理有一定的规律，通常认为反应共分四步：（a）氧化加成（Oxidative addition）: RX (R为烯基或芳基，X=I > TfO > Br >> Cl)与Pd0L2的加成，形成PdⅡ配合物中间体；（b）配位插入（Cordination-insertion）:烯键插入Pd-R键的过程；（c）β-H的消除；（d）催化剂的再生：加碱催化使重新得到Pd0L2。