chapter three conciseness of setences

Chapter Thirteen The Translation of Sentences (I)(1) Keep the original sentence structure in the version or make small change；(2) Make great changes in the version as compared with the original sentencestructureI.Division---- to convert the phrases in the source language into clauses in the target language.拆译法:所谓拆译法就是将英语句子中有些成分(词、词组或从句)从句干中拆出来另行处理，或置于句首，或置于句尾，以利于句子的总体安排。

常见的情况是英语长句中某些成分很难用切断式顺译，切实可行的办法是将它们拆开，放到句中的合适位置，以免造成行文上的梗阻。

1)The inside of each tent depended on the personality of its occupants.2)He had left a note of welcome for me, as sunny as his face.3)The death of his father would have brought a great misfortune to the family.4)We recognize that China's long-term modernization program understandablyand necessarily emphasizes economic growth.5)Invitingly green Angel Island, once a military installation, containsmeandering trails and picnic spots ideal for a day's excursion.6)这个孩子被打得青一块紫一块。

本科毕业设计（论文）题目论鲁滨逊漂流记学院外国语学院年级2014级专业英语（商务）班级专转本141 学号ZB1214118学生姓名王海艳指导教师张捷职称讲师论文提交日期2014-10-23常熟理工学院本科毕业设计(论文)诚信承诺书本人郑重声明：所呈交的本科毕业设计(论文)，是本人在导师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。

除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。

对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。

本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。

本人签名：日期：常熟理工学院本科毕业设计(论文)使用授权说明本人完全了解常熟理工学院有关收集、保留和使用毕业设计(论文)的规定，即：本科生在校期间进行毕业设计(论文)工作的知识产权单位属常熟理工学院。

学校有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许毕业设计(论文)被查阅和借阅；学校可以将毕业设计(论文)的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存、汇编毕业设计（论文），并且本人电子文档和纸质论文的内容相一致。

保密的毕业设计(论文)在解密后遵守此规定。

本人签名：日期：导师签名：日期：摘要丹尼尔﹒笛福的《鲁滨逊漂流记》是一部以航海冒险，开发荒岛为主要内容的小说。

这本书主要讲述了鲁滨逊﹒克鲁索---开拓“新世界”的殖民者独自在荒岛上生活了28年的故事。

充分展示了鲁滨逊﹒克鲁索作为殖民者的形象。

从本论文我们可以了解小说的人物，写作风格，语言特色和主题，现实意义和历史背景。

Key words: 鲁滨逊人物现实意义ABSTRACTRobinson Crusoe, written by Daniel Defoe, is an adventure novel with the themes of the navigational adventure and the exploitation of an isolated island. This novel mainly illustrates Robinson Crusoe---representing the colonists who developed the “New World”--- surviving for as long as 28 years on the island, which fully show Robinson’s image as a colonist. In this paper we can know about character ,writing style, language features and themes, realistic significance and historical background. Key words: Robinson Crusoe character realistic significanceTABLE OF CONTENTS摘要 (iii)ABSTRACT (iiv)TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. v i Chapter One IntroductionChapter Two A Brief Introduction of the Historical BackgroundChapter Three Characteristics of Robinson CrusoeChapter Four Writing Style and Language Features of Robinson CrusoeChapter Five Realistic significance and ThemesChapter Six ConclusionREFERENCESACKNOWLEDGEMENTSChapter One IntroductionRobinson Crusoe, written in 1719, is sometimes considered to be the first novel in English. This novel, to some extent reflects the rising bourgeoisie at that time. It mainly records Robinson Crusoe’s life on the isolated island for 28 years. Ever since its first publication it has became one of the most popular novels in the world.Chapter Two A Brief Introduction of the Historical BackgroundThese writers lived in a period of rapid growth of capitalism. It was "a brutal world, the world of conquering capitalism, the period when the English squire was crushing the English peasant out of existence, when the English adventurer was stealing the wealth of the Indians by me ans as horrible as they were … immoral, and when that accumulation of stolen wealth was being made in the country which was to make possible the Industrial Revolution."Chapter Three Characteristics of Robinson Crusoe一，advantages:1) His perseverance in spending months making a canoe, and in practicing pottery making until he gets it right, is praiseworthy.2) Additionally, his resourcefulness in building a home, growing crops etc. is clearly remarkable.3) Crusoe’s business instincts are just a s considerable as his survival instincts: he manages to make a fortune in Brazil despite a twenty-eight-year absence and even leaves his island with a nice collection of gold.二，disadvantages:1）But Crusoe’s admirable qualities must be weighed against the flaws in his character. Crusoe seems incapable of deep feelings, when Crusoe tells us that he has gotten married and that his wife has died all within the same sentence, his indifference to her seems almost cruel.2) Moreover, Crusoe is rather dull. His precise and deadpan style of narration tends to drain the excitement from events that should be thrilling.3) Finally, in Robinson we can see he is a colonist. He is very interested in possessions, power, and prestige. He calls himself king of the island and master of the people on the island. He teaches Friday to call him “Master,” even before teaching him the words for “yes” or “no”.Chapter Four Writing Style and Language Features of Robinson Crusoee accurate dates and detailed description.2.first-person point of view3.apparently genuine journal entries4.Simple daily language5.based upon the true story Defoe’s intention is that the readers should regard his novels as true stories.For that reason, he deliberately avoids all art; all fine writing;he adopts the autobiographical form and made full use of his journalistic skill by describing in details and by using specific time and space so that the reader should concentrate only on a series of plausible events.Defoe’s novels all take the form of memories or pretended historical narratives, everything in them gives the impression of reality.Chapter Five Realistic significance and ThemesI t celebrates the 18th Western civilization’s material triumph and the strength of human rational will to conquer the natural environment. This novel somewhat belongs to the literature of colonialism.Just like Robinson, if we believe in ourselves, never give up and do our best, wemust be successful! There is no perfect life in the world, but we can change our fate to make it perfect, and the most important thing is “Never give up”!Chapter Six ConclusionIt had a lasting wholesome influence upon literature of the coming generations in its clarifying and chastening effect upon English prose style in literature the importance of certain classical graces, such as order, good form, unified structure, clarity, conciseness and restraint.REFERENCES1) 百度百科2）丹尼尔·笛福,《鲁滨逊漂流记》[M]。

外贸函电课程教案外贸英语函电课教案学期：2008-2009学年学时：40系（部）：外国语学院教研室：专业英语教研室授课教师：安然教学⽬的：本课程是英语（⽔产贸易英语）专业的核⼼课程。

通过本课程的学习，熟悉翻译和写作外贸业务中各类书信，掌握外贸业务中英语术语、缩略语、惯⽤句型和表达⽅法。

教学⼿段：教师授课和互动式教学结合，教学⽅法：复习，导⼊，教师讲解，学⽣练习English Business Correspondence教案章节：Preface 2课时教学⽬的：掌握商务沟通的基本原则及英⽂书信的写作格式教学任务：Part One: Principles of Good Communication The Structure of Business LettersThe forms of business letters Addressing an envelope 重点、难点：1.The Three Features f Business Communication 2．The Basic Principles of Business Letter Writing 3．The three forms 4．The principles of addressing envelopes教学内容提要：The Three Features:1.It has its own special language style and words.2.It is full of business termination, abbreviations and abbreviated phrases.3.It has close connections with international business practice.The 7 c’s: consideration courtesy clarity conciseness concreteness correctness completenessThe Standard Parts: The Optional Parts:复习思考题、作业：What is the relations between EBC and foreign trade Page Ex. I课后⼩结：the unique characteristics of EBC2.The difference between social communications and EBC 3．Grasp the Standard Parts and the Optional Parts of EBC English Business Correspondence教案章节：Preface 2课时教学任务：Skill Training重点、难点：1．Arrange a letter in proper form as they should be set out in a letter2．How to write self-introduction letters教学内容提要：The Structure of Business Letters1-1T he full blocked style1-2T he modified blocked style1-3The indented style1-4The Semi-blocked style with indented-paragraphs▲open punctuation▲close punctuationAddressing envelopes : three requirements:1.accuracy2.clearness3.appearance4.Explain C/O复习思考题、作业：Page Ex. II课后⼩结：Grasp the three forms of EBCHow to fill in an envelopeWrite a letter to an exporter and address an envelopeEnglish Business Correspondence教案章节：Chapter One Establishing business relations 教学任务：Letter 6 Letter 7重点、难点：1．Self-introduction letters2．transferring business relations3．Credit inquiries教学内容提要：1.owe one’s name and address to sb/doc/fd7174a6df88d0d233d4b14e852458fb770b389d.html mercial Counsellor;s Office/doc/fd7174a6df88d0d233d4b14e852458fb770b389d.html rm sb. of sth./ inform sb. that/ be informed that4.be in a market for sth.5.textiles6.avail7.approach = get in touch with8.establish business relations with sb.9. a state-operated corporation10.h andle11．acquaint sb with sth12. be well acquainted with sth复习思考题、作业：Page课后⼩结：熟练掌握⾃荐信的写作及其惯⽤表达法。

Mount St. Helens erupted on May 18, 1980. A cloud of hot rock and gas surged northward from its collapsing slope. The cloud devastated more than 500 square kilometers of forests and lakes. The effects of Mount St. Helens were well documented with geophysical instruments. The origin of the eruption is not well understood. V olcanic explosions are driven by a rapid expansion of steam. Some scientists believe the steam comes from groundwater heated by the magma. Other scientists believe the steam comes from water originally dissolved in the magma. W e need to understand the source of steam in volcanic eruptions. W e need to determine how much water the magma contains. (110)Mount St. Helens erupted on May 18, 1980. Its slope collapsing, the mountain emitted a cloud of hot rock and gas. In minutes, the cloud devastated more than 500 square kilometers of forests and lakes. Although the effects of the eruption were well documented, the origin is not well understood. V olcanic explosions are driven by a rapid expansion of steam. Recently, debate has arisen over the source for the steam. Is it groundwater heated by magma or water originally dissolved in the magma itself? To understand the source of steam in volcanic eruptions, we need to determine how much water the magma contains. (103)Effective SentencesCorrectness alone cannot make a good sentence. It has to be effective at the same time. Effective sentences have some or all of the following qualities:Unity, coherence, conciseness, emphasis and variety.1.Unity:referring to two qualities—there is only one main idea; and the idea is complete.Avoid ambiguity and fragments. Be logic.This does not mean that all sentences have to be short and simple. It is often necessary to write long sentences with many parts in it. It expresses a central idea supported or modified by various subordinate ideas, and/or more related parallel ideas.e.g. Everyone studies English in this school.___ Everyone in this school studies English.Here is a short sentence:Born in Sichuan Province, he later became a famous writer.This sentence can be said correct, but it is not a good sentence for the two facts mentioned are not logically connected. Hence we can changed into:He was born in Sichuan Province and began to work as a teacher when he graduated from university. He liked to write stories in his spare time and published many of his works in new spapers and magazines. Later he became a famous writer.(Here the meaning is clear by something about his work experience that may help make him famous.)Faulty: Du Fu was one of the greatest poets. (A)Revised: Du Fu was one of the greatest poets of the Tang Dynasty. (B) (her e the last part makes the sentence clear. Or sentence (A )may cause ambiguity. At least is not complete, not telling time or country)2.Coherence:meaning clear and correct arrangement of the parts of a sentence.1. A coherent sentence is easy to understand and its meaning cannot be mistakenbecause its connection between its words conforms to grammar rules and usage. An incoherent sentence is often hard to understand and may be interpreted in different ways.Here are some rules that may help prevent the incoherence:(1)Do not separate words that are closely related unless it is necessary;e.g. a).the funny cartoon attracts the reader’s eye on the cover of the magazine.b). the doctor promised on her way to her hospital to come and see her(2)Do not use a pronoun with ambiguous reference;e.g. Mrs Green said to her sister that she had done the right thing. (meaningMrs Green or sister?)(3)Do not a dangling modifier or put a modifier far from the word it modifies;e.g. a) Looking out of the window, only dull grey can be seen.b)After studying lesson T en, the mid-term test was given to us.(4)Do not make unnecessary or confusing shifts in person or number;e.g. a). Those who wants t join the chorus should sign your name on this sheetof paper.b) He looked up difficult words in his dictionaries, and it is very helpful.(5)Do not make unnecessary changes in the voice, tense or mood of verbs;e.g.(6)Do not use different forms to express parallel ideas.e.g. a) It is generally believed that one’s action is more important than whatone says. The young man is honest and hardworking, and is a very reliableworker.b) This composition is quite good as far as the use of language isconcerned, but its content is poor.then they can be changed into;a. It is generally believed that one’s action is more important than one’s words. The youngman is an honest, hardworking and reliable worker. Or: … the young man is honest, hardworking and reliable.b. this composition is good in language but poor in content. Or: the language of thiscomposition is good but its content is rather poor.In short, coherence is essential to the accurate and clear expression of ideas. It is advisable to read the sentences we have written and see if they are coherent and make necessary changed when needed.3.Conciseness:using only the necessary words, or as few words as possible, to express the full meaning.e.g.i.There are trees on all sides of the house, and the trees hide the house. Peoplehardly see the house from the outside. (conciseness)ii.Surrounded by trees, the house The house can hardly been seen from the outside.4.Emphasis:ways to emphasize certain words or phrases –placing (end or beginning); climatic sequence; the use of verbs in the active voice (more emphatic); Subordination (to stress the main idea); repetition of the important words; short sentences; balance sentences; periodic sentences, negative-positive statement and rhetorical questions (not asked for the answers).Cf.She made a decision that she would not take the job. – she decided not to take the job.A plane is wheeling over the big city, producing a big noise that surprised theinhabitants.5.V ariety:varying sentence structure and mixing short and long, simple and complex, and loose and periodic sentences so long as the meaning is properly expressed.e.ga)He was born in a small village. His father was a teacher in the village school. His mother didthe housework. H e began to go to his father’s school at seven. He graduated from it six years later. Then he went to the junior middle school in a nearby town.He studied at a senior middle school in the county seat. He was a good student there. He got good marks at the college entrance examinations. He enrolled in a university in the provincial capital. He studied civil engineering there. He wanted to build a highway for his home village in future. He loved his village very much. (monotonous)He was born in a small village. His father taught at the village school and his mother did the housework. He began to study in his father’s school at seven and six years later he went to the junior middle school in a nearby town. After graduating from it he entered a senior middle school at the county seat, where he was a good student and ranked in the first class. He took the national college entrance examinations and was admitted to a university in the provincial capital. As he majored in civil engineering, he wished to build a highway for his home village in future, which he loved very much.b)In this article we look at a general policy-based architecture that can be used to simplify several new technologies emerging in the context of IP networks. We explain how network administration can be simplified by defining two levels of policies.We discuss how business-level policies are validated and transformed.We then show how to apply this architecture to two areas: managing performance service level agreement, and supporting enterprise extranets using IPSec communication.(70)This paper first gives an overview of a general policy-based architecture adopted to simplify several new technologies in the context of IP networks.Then it explains the simplification of the network administration by defining two levels of policies and discusses the validation and transformation of the business-level policies. Finally, the architecture is applied to manage performance service level agreement and support enterprise extranets using IPSec communication.(66)Concisenesse non-finites to replace a clause1)In addition to bank loan in the Eurodollar market, Bell South can consider that thecompany uses a domestic loan.__ In addition to bank loan in the Eurodollar market, Bell South can consider usinga domestic loan.2)If you look car efully, you will discover even more ways to shorten the sentenceswithout changing their meaning.___ Looking carefully, you will discover even more ways to shorten thee replacement of attributes1)The precision of the experiment was affected by the noise of the engine nearby.__ The precision of the experiment was affected by the nearby engine noise.Communications satellitesNoun modifierA research on/of/in business managementA business management researchGovernment policy/decisionManagement decisione adverbs1)It is admitted that our university is one of the largest geology research center inChina.-- Our university is admittedly one of the largest geology research center in China.It is reported that… ReportedlyIt is clear that… Clearlye nouns or noun phrases1)The density of water at 400C is the greatest.⏹The greatest water density is at 400C.2)Due to the fact that the direct measurements of the radial current distributioncannot be performed at present, it is therefore complicated to describe in a detailedway the current build-up period for large machines like ours.To describe current build-up, complicated,Reason; cannot perform direct measurement⏹It is complicated to describe in detail the current build-up period for largemachines like ours due to impossible performance of the dir ectmeasurements of the radial current distribution at present.⏹The detailed description of the current build-up period for large machineslike ours is complicated due to the lack of the direct measurements of theradial current distribution at present.We began the experiment and hoped t hat the experiment could be successful.⏹We began the experiment and hoped/expected to finish the experiment (it)successfully.⏹We began the experiment and hoped for its success.⏹We began the experiment and hope it could be successful.⏹We began the hoped successful experiment⏹We began the experiment, hoping it successful.⏹We began the experiment, expecting it to be successful.⏹Hopefully, we began with the experiment.⏹We began the experiment in a hope for a success.Convey the main idea / key part of the idea in the shortest possible sentence.e verbs1)The analysis of this method will be undertaken in the following sections.⏹This method will be analyzed in the following sections.2)By the way of piping lines,the crude oil is transmitted from the w ell to therefinery.⏹The crude oil is piped from the w ell to the refinery.⏹Using the pipes, the crude oil is transmitted from the w ell to the refinery.⏹The crude oil is transmitted from the w ell to the refinery by pipes.e adjectives1)He shut himself up reading and did not know what was happening outside.⏹He shut himself up reading, knowing nothing about the outside.⏹He shut himself up reading, unknown Unawar e of (ignoring, uncertain)what was happening outside.7. Use elliptical forms1)Electromagnetic waves, though they ar e invisible to our eyes, do not exist in spaceand reveal the same speed as light waves.⏹Electromagnetic waves, though invisible,do not exist in space and revealthe same speed as light waves.e preposition phrasesMiniaturization of electronic devices would be impossible if ISI had not been invented.-- But for the invention of ISI Miniaturization of electronic devices would be impossible.bulky concisein spite of the fact that although/thoughon a regular basis regularlyin all other cases other wisebring to a consideration considerafford an opportunity to allowin conjunction with within view of the fact that seeing thaton account of the fact that becausea number of severalin regard to about/ concerningin all cases alwaysin order that (in order ) toin hasty manner hastilywith the exception of except (for)…ing elliptical formsSome motions appear to be very simple, others appear very complicated.__ Some motions appear to be very simple, others very complicated.Heat energy can be converted into mechanical energy, and vice versa, mechanical energy can be converted into electrical energy.___ Heat energy can be converted into mechanical energy, and vice versa, mechanical energy into electrical energy.One won’t learn to s wim while he is standing by the pool.__ One won’t learn to swim while standing by the pool.You may do the experiment with us if you want to do it with us.__ You may do the experiment with us if you want toThe rate of nuclear reaction is controlled by insertion of the control rods or removal of the control rods.__ The rate of nuclear reaction is controlled by insertion or removal of the control rods.ing technical termsIn assembling a steel tower, we have adopted a new approach, which is just the contrary of the conventional method – first the main leg and then the cross-arm.__ W e have adopted a new ―head-to-foot‖ approach to assemble a steel tower.ing contracted wordsThe research now being carried out in our laboratory is financially assisted by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization.__ The research now being carried out in our laboratory is financially assisted by the UESCO.We have obtained the data from the earth resources technology satellite.__ W e have obtained the data from ERSTS.11.Deleting redundant expressionsThe time for learning is the time of youth.__ Youth is the time for learning.The teacher can continue to monitor the entire class at the same time that he or she is working with a small group.__ The teacher can continue to monitor the entire class while working with a small group.As far as the study goes on, the result tends to show an approximate relationship between growth rate and dietary intake,__ the result shows a weak relationship between growth rate and dietary intake.At the present time, we use natural 85Rb (72.15%) and natural 87Rb (27.8%) due to the fact that they can be well mixed.__ At present, we use natural 85Rb (72.15%) and natural 87Rb (27.8%) because of their good mixing.。

Chapter 3 Making correct and effective sentences造正确有效的句子2008.12/128 A Main Clause in a Complex SentenceIn a Complex sentence there must be a main clause, whether it is at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.9 Proper Use of ComparisonsAdjectives or adverbs of the comparative degree should be used only when there is comparison.But we should not use adjectives or adverbs of the comparative degree when there is no comparison, explicit or implied.In addition, we should remember that only things of the same kind can be compared.10 Correct Use of the TenseSince a predicate verb must be used in a certain tense, we should learn to use the tensescorrectly. Tenses tell the action of the verb takes place. Whenever we make a sentence, we should ask ourselves when the thing mentioned in the sentence happens, and use the right tense to report it. Perhaps the perfect tenses are more difficult than the other tenses and deserve greater attention. When we talk about something that happened in the past, but its result remains at present, we should use the present perfect.So far we have been talking about the requirements of correct sentences and a few common mistakes. There are of course many other types of mistakes. The best way to deal with them is to review grammar and study the entries we are not clear about in a dictionary, and observe the use of words, while we are learning new things, we can discover and correct our old mistakes.Focus 2 Coordination and SubordinationWhen we mention two or more things or ideas of equal importance, we often use coordination clause joined with a coordinating conjunction(and, but, or, nor, yet, so, or, for). This form or method is called coordination.When we express an important idea in a main clause and one or more less important ideas in subordinate clauses, we are using method of subordination.It is clear that the choice of coordination or subordination is mainly decided by the relationship between the ideas to be expressed. In each of the following sentences more than one fact or idea is mentioned.There is one thing we should pay attention to: the use of conjunctive verbs such as however, therefore, nevertheless, moreover, and besides.In the new versions not only clauses, but also parallel predicate verbs and participial and infinitive phrases are used in place of sentences. This shows that coordinating andsubordinating are not only ways of combining sentences. Sometimes complete sentences may be turned into phrases or single verbs without loss in meaning.Short sentences are not only emphatic, but effective in describing a series of quick movements and actions. Generally speaking, both short and long sentences should be used ; using one type of sentences continuously would be monotonous.Focus 3 Effective SentencesA correct sentence may not express the idea it intends to express very clearly or forcefully. Correctness alone can not make a good sentence. It has to be effective at the same time. Effective sentences have some or all the following qualities: unity, coherence, conciseness, emphasis, and variety.1 UnityUnity refers to two qualities: there is only one main idea in a sentence, and that idea iscomplete.This does not mean that all sentences have to be short and simple. It is often necessary to write a long sentence with many parts in it. Such a sentence expresses a central idea supported or modified by various subordinate ideas, or two or more related parallel ideas. In other words, ideas that are closely connected can be expressed in one sentence, while ideas that are not closely connected should not be put into one sentence.2 CoherenceCoherence means clear and correct arrangement of the parts of a sentence. Since the meaning of English sentences mainly depends on word order, the arrangement of the parts of a sentence is especially important to accurate expression of ideas. A coherent sentence is easy to understand and its meaning cannot be mistaken, because the connection between its words conforms to grammar rules and usage.A participial phrase expresses an action done by the person or the thing denoted by the noun it modifies.A modifier should be placed as close as possible to the word it modifies. If they are far from each other, misunderstanding may arise.Similarly, we should also be careful when we make changes in tense, voice and mood.Wherever possible, parallel ideas should be expressed in parallel constructions, which give the reader the feeling that the ideas are equally important.In short, coherence is essential to the accurate and clear expression of ideas. So it is a good habit to reread the sentences we have written to see whether they are coherence, and make necessary changes if they are not.3 ConcisenessWe write sentences to express ideas. The use of words in a sentence, therefore, is decided by the idea it expresses. Needless words do not help express ideas; on thecontrary, they obscure the meaning and confuse the reader. So one of the rules of sentence-making is to use only the necessary words, or as few words as possible so long as the meaning is fully expressed.But often we tend to put a superfluous多余的word here and there in a sentence. This habit may come from the way we talk. It is common in speaking to repeat a word, use words of similar meaning together, and change words we have said and even the structure of a sentence in the middle of it. But we should not do so in writing. This is possible because when we write we have time to check what we have written and delete all the words that are not needed for the expression of ideas, or to make our sentences concise.Here are a few hints for making concise and clear sentences;A, Use a pronoun instead of repeating a noun; B, Use a word instead of a phrase with the same meaning, and use a phrase instead of aclause with the same meaningC, Do not repeat words or phrases, if possible, in a sentence or in one that follows;D, Do not use different words or phrases with similar meanings in the same sentence;E, Do not repeat the same idea in different sentences except for emphasis.4 EmphasisWhen we talk, we emphasize an important idea by raising our voices or making a gesture. When we write, we also have ways to lay emphasis on certain words or phrases. PlacingThe end and the beginning of a sentence usually attract the reader’s attention, so important elements of a sentence should be put at these tao places, especially the end. Climactic sequenceIn enumerating列举things or ideas, we should start from the least important and end with the most important, or in the climactic高潮的sequence.The use of verbs in the active voiceVerbs are generally more emphatic than nouns or any other part of speech. SubordinationWe have talked about subordination and coordination. Subordinating a part of a sentence is a way of giving emphasis to the main idea in the sentence.Repeating important wordsRepetition as a rule should be avoided, but occasionally important words can be repeated for the sake of emphasis.Short sentencesShort sentences are often emphatic, especially after longer ones.Balanced sentencesA balanced sentence is one that consists of two parts of the same structure and roughly the same length, and with contrasted(or similar) ideas.Periodic sentences圆周句(指主要意义至句尾始明白的句子)A periodic sentence is one that is not complete in structure or meaning until it reaches the last word, which is the most important word of the sentence.A sentence in which the main clause or its predicate is withheld until the end; for example,周期句：主句或谓语在句末的句子；例如：Despite heavy winds and nearly impenetrable ground fog, the plane landed safely.尽管有强风和无法看透的地雾，飞机安全着陆When we read this sentence we are not kept in suspense for the main meaning, as we are when reading the periodic one, and we fell its force is weaker. But the loose sentence may sound more natural and may be easier to understand.Negative-positive statementsWhen a negative statement is followed by a positive one, the meaning is emphasized by the contrast.Rhetorical questions反问They are questions in form but emphatic statements in meaning. They are not asked to be answered.5 VarietyA series of sentences of the same structure and length with the same noun or pronoun as the subjects produce monotony. It is often good to vary structures and mix short and long, simple and compound or complex, loose and periodic sentences, so long as the meaning is properly expressed.。

Using conciseness in writing.Just because a sentence or paragraph is long does not necessarily mean that it is wordy, nor does the fact that a sentence is short mean that it is necessarily concise. To write concisely means to eliminate words that aren’t necessary because they don’t add anything to the meaning of a sentence. Rules:1.Avoid Unnecessary RepetitionNot: When Les saw the advertisement in the newspaper for the executive accountant position, he decided to apply for the position. Les had worked for his current firm for five years, but he was ready for a new position with a different firm. Les was confident that he would be offered the position if he applied for the position.But: When Les saw the advertisement in the newspaper for the executive accountant position, he decided to apply for the job. The young man had worked for his current firm for five years, but he was ready for a new role with a different company. Les was confident that he would be offered the position if he applied for it.2.Avoid Redundancy（冗长）Not: For the summer social she bought a dress that was yellow in color. I’m not sure what the end result of the meetings will be.But: For the summer social she bought a yellow dress. I’m not sure what the result of the meetings will be.Not: Bringing the project to final completion three weeks early, the new manager earned our respectful regard.But: Completing the project three weeks early, the new manager earned our respect 3.Avoid Empty Words and Phrases: eliminate dead wood.Not: There are more than 30 people living in this apartment building. In my opinion, the best thing that they can do is to start over.But: More than 30 people live in this apartment building.The best thing they can do is to start over.Not: In fact, the television station which was situated in the local area had won a great many awards as a result of its having been involved in the coverage of all kinds of controversial issues.But: The local television station had won many awards for its coverage of controversial issues.4.Avoid Wordy Phrases and Sentences.Not: When you need to make repairs to your appliance, carefully consult the owner’s manual. Before performing the test on the patients, the doctor made sure to obtain their permission.But: When you need to repair you r appliance, carefully consult the owner’s manual. Before testing the patients, the doctor obtained their permission.Not: It is necessary for students to fill out both registration forms.But: Students must fill out both registration forms.5.Avoid nominalizations(名物化).Not: They refused to make alterations to the plans in order to be compliant with the building code. His management of the business was excellent.But: They refused to alter the plans in order to be compliant with the building code. He managed the business excellently.Not: The accumulation of paper went on for more than thirty years.But: The paper accumulated for more than thirty years.。