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现在完成时
⒈构成
Have/has +过去分词
现在完成时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式：
【提示】
①现在完成时的肯定式和否定式有其缩写形式：have→’ve, has→’s.例如：She’s worked. =She has worked. I’ve not worked. = I haven’t worked.
②现在完成时的否定疑问句形式为：Have you not worked? Have they not worked? Has he not worked?其缩写形式为：Haven’t you worked? Haven’t they worked?
Hasn’t he worked?
③现在完成时的简略回答形式为：Yes, I have. No, I have not/haven’t.
⒉用法
⑴过去动作产生的影响等
表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果。在没有具体时间状语的情况下，现在完成时可以表示某一行为动作在说话之前已经完成，而其结果或影响至今仍然存在。因此，现在完车时这一时态强调的是过去的动作同现在的联系，也就是强调现在的影响和结果。例如：
Someone has broken the window.（“打破”这一动作虽然发生在过去，但影响延续至今，其结果是窗子仍然是破的，The window is now broken.）
I have lost my pen.（结果是：我现在无钢笔可用，I have no pen to use.）
He’s locked the door.(结果是：现在门锁上了，我们进不去，Now the door is locked and we can’t go in.)
The party has started. (The party started and now it is going on.)
I’ve forgotten her name= I forgot her name.
他今天还没吃任何东西.(现在一定很饿了)
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我已经吃过午饭了（现在不饿了）
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⑵过去的动作延续到现在和未来
表示一个开始于过去，持续到现在，并可能继续下去的动作或状态，常同for, since 引导的时间状语连用，或用于How long…（多久）句型中，表示持续的时间。例如：
He has studied English for ten years.（可能继续学下去）
She has lived here since then.
He has been in Nanjing since 2003.
Miss Lin has worked in the factory since she came to the city.
你已经住在这个房子里多久了？
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这个女孩已经病了一个星期了。
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【提示】for是介词，后面只能跟单词或词组；since是介词或连词，后面可以跟单词、词组或句子。
⑶同recently等状语连用
现在完成时常同表示从过去某时刻延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间状语连用，如recently, today, this morning, this week, lately, up to now, so far, in the past/last few months, since three years ago等。例如：
I haven’t seen him this week.
I have been busy this morning.
He has bought a new bike recently.
⑷同often等状语连用
现在完成时常同不明确指出具体时间的状语连用，如often, already, yet, never, ever, always, once, twice, sometimes, just, for a long time, only twice 等。例如：
Have you done your homework yet?
我们已经完成了工作。
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我从没去过英国。
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⑸将来某时已经完成的动作
现在完成时可以用在条件或时间状语从句中，表示将来某个时刻之前已经完成的动作。例如：
He will come as soon as he has finished the homework.
If you have read the book before I leave, please lend it to me.
We shall wait here until the rain has stopped.
⑹have gone和have been
have gone和have been意义上不同，前者表示“到某地去了，尚没回来，现在不在这里”，后者表示“曾经到过某地，现在已返回”。比较：
She has gone to Beijing.(她现在不在这里，去北京了，可能已经到达，也可能仍在途中)
She has been to Beijing.(她以前到过北京，现在已不在北京了)
