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PETS3 语法笔记PETS 语法辅导:虚拟语气16. 虚拟语气1) 概念虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。
2) 在条件句中的应用条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。
非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。
16.1 真实条件句真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中 if 是如果的意思。
时态关系句型: 条件从句主句一般现在时 shall/will + 动词原形If he comes, he will bring his violin.典型例题The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.A. will rainB. rainsC. rainedD. is rained答案B。
真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。
注意:1) 在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.(错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.(对) If you leave now, you will never regret it.2) 表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall (will) +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。
16.2 非真实条件句1)时态:可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。
它的基本特点是时态退后。
a. 同现在事实相反的假设。
句型 : 条件从句主句一般过去时 should( would) +动词原形If they were here, they would help you.b. 表示于过去事实相反的假设。
句型: 条件从句主句过去完成时 should(would) have+ 过去分词If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.含义:He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress.含义: He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.c. 表示对将来的假想句型: 条件从句主句一般过去时 should+ 动词原形were+ 不定式 would + 动词原形should+ 动词原形If you succeeded, everything would be all right.If you should succeed, everything would be all right.If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.16.3 混合条件句主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。
公共英语三级语法知识大全一、句法分析 (1)二、词法分析 (2)三、时态 (8)四、被动语态 (11)五、情态动词 (12)六、不定式 (14)七、定语从句 (17)八、主语从句 (22)九、表语从句 (23)十、宾语从句 (23)十一、同位语从句 (24)十二、状语从句 (25)十三、虚拟语气 (41)十四、动名词 (27)十五、现在分词 (28)十六、过去分词 (31)十七、独立主格结构 (34)十八、倒装句型 (35)十九、强调句型 (36)二十、主谓一致 (37)二十一、It的用法 (39)一、句法分析1、主语:是句子要说明的人或物,可以作主语的成分有名词,主语一般在句首。
注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!. 1) Mr. Lee is a well-known scientist.名词作主语. 2) He reads newspapers everyday.代词作主语. 3) Two and ten is twelve.数词作主语. 4) Smoking is harmful to the health.动名词作主语. 5) To swim in that pool is a great pleasure.动词不定式作主语. 6) What we shall do next is not yet decided.从句作主语2、谓语: 说明主语的动作,状态或特征. 1) The new term begins on the 1st of September.. 2) His father is an engineer.3) She seemed happy.. 4) Li Hua showed me his album.3、宾语:指的是及物动词涉及到的人或物. 1) Wang Ling lent me a novel to read in the bus.. 2) The medicine is good for a cold.. 3) How many pieces do you want?. 4) My little sister always likes to ask questions.. 5) Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow?. 6) He asked me what I was going to do tonight4、宾语补足语:在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征。
Dear同学们，以下是公共英语三级的主要九个语法点。
希望同学们有时间看看。
第一，虚拟语气。
第二，定语从句。
第三，反意疑问句。
第四，倒装句。
第五，主谓一致。
第六，强调句。
第七，连词的辨析。
第八，省略句。
第九，现在分词作状语。
第一，虚拟语气。
它主要可分为以下情况：A，表建议，要求，命令的动词，及与其相关的名词、形容词或分词，后面的从句中都要用should+动词原形作谓语，should可省略。
B，某些特殊的形容词，后面常跟虚拟语气。
这一点要尤其注意。
C，wish后表示与现实相反的愿望时要用虚拟语气。
D，would rather后若加从句则要用过去式表示虚拟语气，也可以直接加do sth宁愿做…。
E，If引导的条件状语中，表示与现在情况相反的假设，表示与过去情况相反的假设时。
虚拟语气这个考点在近两年当中出现的考分这两年稍微偏高，这一点尤其大家要格外的关注一些。
第二，定语从句。
这次考试对定语从句的考察是重点考察关系词选择和非限定性定语从句。
关系词的选择关键要从其在从句中担任着的成分决定的，而不是在主句中的。
非限定性定语从句通常由逗号与修饰的名词相隔开，而且只能由which，who，whom，whose引导，其中which既可以指物，也可以指前面一整句话，这一点大家一定要注意。
另外介词和上面的关键词连用构成符合关系词的情况也很多。
第三，反意疑问句。
可以有两点，句子本身含有否定意义的时候，比如seldom后面用肯定形式的反问。
第二，考察祈使句的反问，对陈述部分是肯定句的祈使句。
第三，I think，I believe，I suppose等表示主观看法的句子，其反意疑问句由后面的宾语从句相对应。
第四，倒装句。
倒装句一共有三项应该注意：A，only后面加状语，并放于句首时，句子用倒装；而当其修饰其它成分时不倒装。
B，表示否定意义的副词或短语，如seldom，never，rarely，in no time。
C，注意Hardly/scarcely/barely had sb done…when这一句型，表示一——就…(as soon as后不加倒装)第五，主谓一致。
公共英语等级考试三级(PETS3)学习笔记Unit 1 Greeting and introductionDialogues /monologues:1、You can tell they lived during the Depression.这里的"tell"是断定的意思，咳……常常把它的意思与(告知、告诉)联系在一起，脑子便转不过弯来。
此句意思应该是：你可以断定他们生活在那时的大萧条期。
2、He really knows how to bring a person out."bring a person out."是“鼓励一个人的”的意思。
整句话的意思是：他非常善于鼓励别人/使别人振作起来。
PS：to bring sb. out意思为：to make someone feel more confident, happy, and friendly /使某人更加自信、开朗3、he looks like his fun to be with.整句话的意思是：他看起来是个很有意思的人。
或，和他在一起应该会很有意思。
句子解析4、since we're going to recruit some staff so that we can get our new school going in time。
这里的since, 和so that 是基于...原因的意思.根据意思我将其译成: 届时...将...以便...整句话的意思是：届时我们将聘请一些工作人员以便使我们的新学校及时开学.5、Would you address character description for the commercial and industrial arts staff?arts staff 怎么翻译?==>你能够给商业与工艺美术的职员讲讲特征描述吗?arts跟前面的commercial and industrial连在一起看，而非与后面的staff:(the commercial and industrial arts) staff.6、There are a number of other positions to consider."A number of" 换成"a lot of" 或者是“a great many”行不行，为什么?==>可以换成a lot of或a great many of,因为position是可数名词。
公共英语等级考试(PETS)3级常用句型汇总1．表示原因1）There are three reasons for this．2）The reasons for this are as follows．3）The reason for this is obvious．4）The reason for this is not far to seek．5）The reason for this is that．．．6）We have good reason to believe that．．．例：There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life．Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid，and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life．注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。
如：Great changes have taken place in our life．There are three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。
2．表示好处1）It has the following advantages．2）It does us a lot of good．3）It benefits us quite a lot．4）It is beneficial to us．5）It is of great benefit to us．例：Books are like friends．They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons．Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us3．表示坏处1）It has more disadvantages than advantages．2）It does us much harm．3）It is harmfulto us．例：However，everything divides into two．Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching televi- sion．4．表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient，possible）for sb．to do sth．2011PETS3级作文预测2）We think it necessary to do sth．3）It plays an important role in our life．例：Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．Soon，computers will be found in every home，too．We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age．5．表示措施1）We should take some effective measures．2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties．3）We should do our utmost in doing sth．4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with．例：The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious．Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it．6．表示变化1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years．2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world's communications．3）The computer has brought about（导致）many changes in education．例：Some changes have taken place in people's diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins7．表示事实、现状1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．．2）No one can deny the fact that．．．3）There is no denying the fact that．．．4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in．5）However，that's not the case．例：We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution．To solve these problems，we can start by educating the public about the hazards（危害）of pollution．The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment8．表示比较1）Compared with A，B．．．2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV．3）There is a striking contrast between them．例：Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable．Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petrol（石油）．Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem．Last but not least，they contribute to people's health by giving them due physical exercise．9．表示数量1）It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．．2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000．3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％compared with that of January．例：With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion（比例）of people's income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased．再如：From the graph listed above，itcan be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000．注："From the graph listed above，it can be seen that"见句式12。
公共英语三级知识点
1.语法知识：掌握基本的英语语法知识是PEP3考试的重点，包括句
型转换、时态的运用、主谓一致等。
考生需要熟练掌握如何正确使用动词、名词、形容词、副词等词性，以及宾语从句、定语从句、条件句等复杂句
型的构造。
2.词汇与短语：考生需要掌握一定的英语词汇量，包括基本的单词和
常用的短语。
需要学习不同词性的词汇，如动词的不同形式、名词的单复
数形式、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级等。
掌握熟练的词汇和短语可以
提高阅读和听力理解的能力。
3.阅读理解：PEP3考试中的阅读理解常见题型包括完形填空、选择
题和判断题。
考生需要通过阅读文章回答相关问题，对关键信息进行辨别
和理解。
理解文章的主题、目的、概要和细节是阅读理解考试的重点。
4.听力理解：PEP3考试中的听力理解部分主要包括听对话和听长对话。
考生需要通过听力材料回答相关的问题，提高听力理解的能力和技巧。
理解对话中的关键信息、主题、意图和情感是听力理解考试的重点。
5.写作能力：PEP3考试中的写作部分包括写作题目和写作展开两个
环节。
考生需要通过写作来表达自己的观点、想法和意见，以及用自己的
语言能力描述和解释事物。
写作要求考生具备一定的词汇量和语法知识，
能够使用正确的句型和表达方式来进行写作。
以上是PEP3的一些常见知识点的简要介绍。
为了顺利通过考试，考
生需要通过大量的练习来强化自己在这些方面的能力。
此外，平时还可以
多参加英语角、英语演讲比赛等活动，提高自己的听说读写能力。
PETS3英语语法配套学习一、切入理解一句英文1、一句完整的英语语句应该包括的成分有六种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)和补语。
（1）主语：是执行句子的行为或动作的主体，如“我写字”中的“我”，就是主语。
位置多在句首。
①名词：Tom likes music.②代词：He is interested in music.③数词：Two is a number.16 divid ed by 2 equal s 8.④To do（v.不定式）：To learn English well is important.⑤动名词：Swimming is my hobby.⑥主语从句：Who will be in charge of us is still under discussion.That the Great Wall was built 2000 years ago made the visitors surprised.It做形式主语：It made the visitors surprised that the Great Wall was built 2000 yearsago.（2）谓语：对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明,指出“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”. 谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。
在英语中应该注意以下2点：①动词，②时态变化。
（3）宾语：又称受词，是指一个动作（动词）的接受者。
位置一般在①及物动词后，②介词后宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语两大类，其中直接宾语指动作的直接对象，间接宾语说明动作的非直接，但受动作影响的对象。
一般而言，及物动词后面最少要有一个宾语，而该宾语通常为直接宾语，有些及物动词要求两个宾语，则这两个宾语通常一个为直接宾语，另一个为间接宾语。
①名词：I love ice cream.②代词：I love you.③To do（v.不定式）：I want to watch TV.④动名词：I love swimming.⑤宾语从句：I want to know how old the little girl is.I want to know whether he will come or no.I am curious about how much he earns every mouth.（4）定语：定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。
全国英语等级考试p e t s-3三级经典语法辅导(6)短语动词I.要点英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体，其用法有的相当于及物动词，有的相当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。
英语短语动词的构成主要有以下六种：(1)动词+介词常见的有l o o k f o r,l o o k a f t e r,s e n d f o r,c a r e a b o u t, a s k f o r, l a u g h a t, h e a r o f (f r o m), a d d t o, l e a d t o等。
这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。
如： D o n’t l a u g h a t o t h e r s.I d i d n’t c a r e a b o u t i t.(2)动词+副词常见的有g i v e u p, p i c k u p, t h i n k o v e r, f i n d o u t, h a n d i n, p o i n t o u t等。
这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边;宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。
如：Y o u’l l h a n d i n y o u r h o m e w o r k t o m o r r o w.P l e a s e d o n’t f o r g e t t o h a n d i t i n.(3)动词+副词+介词常见的有l o o k d o w n u p o n, g o o n w i t h, b r e a k a w a y f r o m,a d d u p t o,c a t c h u p w i t h等。
这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。
如：A l l h i s m o n e y a d d e d u p t o n o m o r e t h a n$100.A f t e r a s h o r t r e s t, h e w e n t o n w i t h h i s r e s e a r c h w o r k.(4)动词+名词+介词常见的有t a k e c a r e o f, m a k e u s e o f, p a y a t t e n t i o n t o,m a k e f u n o f等。
pets三级高频词汇和短语汇总一、高频词汇。
1. abandon [əˈbændən] vt. 放弃；抛弃；放纵。
- 例句：Don't abandon your dreams easily.（不要轻易放弃你的梦想。
）2. ability [əˈbɪləti] n. 能力；才能。
- 例句：He has the ability to solve difficult problems.（他有解决难题的能力。
）3. absent [ˈæbsənt] adj. 缺席的；缺少的。
- 例句：He was absent from school yesterday.（他昨天没来上学。
）4. absolute [ˈæbsəluːt] adj. 绝对的；完全的。
- 例句：There is no absolute truth in this matter.（在这件事情上没有绝对的真理。
）5. absorb [əbˈsɔːb] vt. 吸收；吸引；承受。
- 例句：Plants absorb carbon dioxide.（植物吸收二氧化碳。
）6. abstract [ˈæbstrækt] adj. 抽象的；深奥的 n. 摘要；抽象概念。
- 例句：This is an abstract painting.（这是一幅抽象画。
）7. abundant [əˈbʌndənt] adj. 丰富的；充裕的。
- 例句：There are abundant resources in this area.（这个地区有丰富的资源。
）8. abuse [əˈbjuːz] vt. 滥用；虐待；辱骂。
- 例句：Don't abuse your power.（不要滥用你的权力。
）9. academic [ˌækəˈdemɪk] adj. 学术的；理论的；学院的。
- 例句：He has made great academic achievements.（他取得了巨大的学术成就。
并列人称代词的排列顺序1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：第二人称 -> 第三人称 -> 第一人称you -> he/she; it -> IYou, he and I should return on time.2) 复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：第一人称 -> 第二人称 -> 第三人称we -> you -> They注意：在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。
a. 在承认错误，承担责任时，公共英语三级pets3包过q17951073It was I and John that made her angry.是我和约翰惹她生气了。
b. 在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称，如：I and you try to finish it.c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时，d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。
2物主代词1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用例如：John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.约翰割破了手指，显而易见，他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。
物主代词有形容词性(my, your等)和名词性(mine, yours等)两种，形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。
名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的 --'s属格结构，例如：Jack's cap 意为 The cap is Jack's.His cap 意为 The cap is his.2) 名词性物主代词的句法功能a. 作主语，例如：May I use your pen? Yours works better.我可以用一用你的钢笔吗? 你的比我的好用。
b. 作宾语，例如：I love my motherland as much as you love yours.我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。
c. 作介词宾语，例如：Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.你应当按我所用的词义公共英语三级pets3包过q17951073去解释我说的话，而不能按你自己的意义去解释。
d. 作主语补语，例如：The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命属于你，属于你，属于你。
3双重所有格物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。
公式为：a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。
如：a friend of mine.each brother of his.4反身代词1) 列表I-myselfwe-ourselvesyou-yourselfyou-yourselvesshe-herselfhe-himselfthey-themselves2)做宾语a. 有些动词需有反身代词absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behaveWe enjoyed ourselves very much last night.我们昨晚玩得很开心Please help yourself to some fish.请你随便吃点鱼b. 用于及物动词+宾语+介词take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.I could not dress (myself) up at that time.那个时候我不能公共英语三级pets3包过q17951073打扮我自己注：有些动词后不跟反身代词， get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。
Please sit down.请坐3) 作表语; 同位语be oneself: I am not myself today.我今天不舒服The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要4) 在不强调的情况下，but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可如：No one but myself (me) is hurt.注意：a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。
(错) Myself drove the car.(对) I myself drove the car. 我自己开车。
b. 但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself 作主语。
Charles and myself saw it.5)第二人称作宾语，要用反身代词You should be proud of yourself.你应为自己感到骄傲5相互代词1)相互代词只有each other和one another两个词组他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的例如：It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other. 显而易见，不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的2) 相互代词的句法功能：a. 作动词宾语;People should love one another. 人们应当彼此相爱。
b. 可作介词宾语;Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other. 吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。
说明：传统语法认为，相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other，存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。
现代公共英语三级pets3包过q17951073英语中，两组词交替使用的实例也很多，例如：He put all the books beside each other.他把所有书并列摆放起来。
He put all the books beside one another.他把所有书并列摆放起来。
Usually these small groups were independent of each other.这些小团体通常是相互独立的。
c. 相互代词可加-'s构成所有格，例如：The students borrowed each other's notes.学生们互借笔记。
6指示代词1) 指示代词分单数(this / that)和复数(these / those)两种形式，既可作限定词又可做代词例如：单数复数限定词：This girl is Mary.Those men are myteachers.代词： This is Mary. Those are myteachers.2) 指示代词的句法功能a. 作主语This is the way to do it.这事儿就该这样做b. 作宾语I like this better than that.我喜欢这个甚至那个c. 作主语补语My point is this.我的观点就是如此d. 作介词宾语I don't say no to that.我并未拒绝那个There is no fear of that.那并不可怕说明1：指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分时只能指物，不能指人，例如：(对)That is my teacher. 那是我的老师。
( that作主语，指人)(对)He is going to marry this girl. 他要和这个姑娘结婚。
(this作限定词)(错)He is going to marry this. (this作宾语时不能指人)(对)I bought this. 我买公共英语三级pets3包过q17951073这个。
(this指物，可作宾语)说明2：That和those可作定语从句的先行词，但this和 these不能，同时，在作先行词时，只有those可指人，试比较：(对) He admired that which looked beautiful. 他赏外表漂亮的东西。
(对) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赏那些外表漂亮的人。
(those指人) (错) He admired that who danced well. (that作宾语时不能指人)(对) He admired those who danced well. 他赏跳舞好的人。
(those指人)(对) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他赏那些外表漂亮的东西。
(those指物)7关系代词1) 关系代词用来引导定语从句。
它代表先行词，同时在从句中作一定的句子成分例如：The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。
(该句中whom既代表先行词the girl，又在从句中作介词to的宾语。
)2) 关系代词有主格，宾格和属格之分，并有指人与指物之分。
在限定性定语从句中，that 可指人也可指物见表：限定性非限定性限定性指人指物指人或指物主格 who which that宾格 whomthat that属格 whose of which/whose of which/whose例如：This is the pencil whose point is broken.这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。
(whose 指物，在限定性定语从句中作定语)He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回来取他丢下的书。
(which指物，在限定公共英语三级pets3包过q17951073性定语从句中作宾语，可以省略) 3) 关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子，例如：He said he saw me there, which was a lie.他说在那儿看到了我，纯属谎言。
说明：关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略，例如：I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.我过去懂拉丁语，现在大都忘了。
