Predictability of the energy cascade in 2D turbulence

关于Formal Charge与Partial Charge的区别要知道，⼀种不管formal charge还是partial charge都不是实际能够直接经过实验看到的原⼦性质。

实际上分⼦不是由线将点连起来的，即使是同⼀个分⼦，不⼀样价键表达⽅式下，该分⼦中的formal charge可能定位不同（⽐如去质⼦化的羧酸，可以表⽰为开库勒式与芳⾹式，两种⽅式的formal charge定位完全不同），不⼀样的partial charge计算⽅法也会给同⼀个分⼦中的同⼀个原⼦分配不⼀样的电荷，⽐如苯环可以表⽰为[cH+]1[cH-][cH+][cH-][cH+][cH-]1。

两者的区别⾸先, 出于⽤价键表征分⼦的需要，formal charge 为整数.与原⼦价、键级以及连接性⼀起定义分⼦.第⼆，partial charge为浮点数，⽤在计算化学与分⼦模拟中。

它的值⽤来表⽰电⼦分布或分⼦的波函数，⽤⼀套分布于各个原⼦的点电荷来近似地的模拟分⼦的静电场。

Partial chargePartial atomic chargesPartial charges are created due to the asymmetric distribution of electrons in chemical bonds. The resulting partial charges are a property only of zones within the distribution, and not the assemblage as a whole. For example, chemists often choose to look at a small space surrounding the nucleus of an atom: When an electrically neutral atom bonds chemically to another neutral atom that is more electronegative, its electrons are partially drawn away. This leaves the region about that atom's nucleus with a partial positive charge, and it creates a partial negative charge on the atom to which it is bonded.In such a situation, the distributed charges taken as a group always carries a whole number of elementary charge units. Yet one can point to zones within the assemblage where less than a full charge resides, such as the area around an atom's nucleus. This is possible in part because particles are not like mathematical points--which must be either inside a zone or outside it--but are smeared out by the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics. Because of this smearing effect, if one defines a sufficiently small zone, a fundamental particle may be both partly inside and partly outside it.UsesPartial atomic charges are used in molecular mechanics force fields to compute the electrostatic interaction energy using Coulomb's law. They are also often used for a qualitative understanding of the structure and reactivity of molecules. Methods of determining partial atomic chargesDespite its usefulness, the concept of a partial atomic charge is somewhat arbitrary, because it depends on the method used to delimit between one atom and the next (in reality, atoms have no clear boundaries). As a consequence, there are many methods for estimating the partial charges. According to Cramer (2002), all methods can be classified in one of four classes: Class I charges are those that are not determined from quantum mechanics, but from some intuitive or arbitraryapproach. These approaches can be based on experimental data such as dipoles and electronegativities.Class II charges are derived from partitioning the molecular wave function using some arbitrary, orbital based scheme.Class III charges are based on a partitioning of a physical observable derived from the wave function, such as electron density.Class IV charges are derived from a semiempirical mapping of a precursor charge of type II or III to reproduceexperimentally determined observables such as dipole moments.The following is a detailed list of methods, partly based on Meister and Schwarz (1994).Population analysis of wavefunctionsMulliken population analysisCoulson's chargesNatural chargesCM1, CM2, CM3 charge modelsPartitioning of electron density distributionsBader charges (obtained from an atoms in molecules analysis)Density fitted atomic chargesHirshfeld chargesMaslen's corrected Bader chargesPolitzer's chargesVoronoi Deformation Density chargesCharges derived from density-dependent propertiesPartial derived chargesDipole chargesDipole derivative chargesCharges derived from electrostatic potentialChelpChelpG, Breneman modelMK, Merz-KollmanCharges derived from spectroscopic dataCharges from infrared intensitiesCharges from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA)Charges from X-ray emission spectroscopyCharges from X-ray absorption spectraCharges from ligand-field splittingsCharges from UV-vis intensities of transition metal complexesCharges from other spectroscopies, such as NMR, EPR, EQRCharges from other experimental dataCharges from bandgaps or dielectric constantsApparent charges from the piezoelectric effectCharges derived from adiabatic potential energy curvesElectronegativity-based chargesOther physicochemical data, such as equilibrium and reaction rate constants, thermochemistry, and liquiddensities.Formal chargesFormal chargeIn chemistry, a formal charge (FC) is the charge assigned to an atom in a molecule, assuming that electrons in a chemical bond are shared equally between atoms, regardless of relative electronegativity.The formal charge of any atom in a molecule can be calculated by the following equation:FC = V - N - B/2Where V is the number of valence electrons of the atom in isolation (atom in ground state); N is the number of non-bonding electrons on this atom in the molecule; and B is the total number of electrons shared in covalent bonds with other atoms in the molecule.When determining the correct Lewis structure (or predominant resonance structure) for a molecule, the structure is chosen such that the formal charge (without sign) on each of the atoms is minimized.Formal charge is a test to determine the efficiency of electron distribution of a molecule. This is significant when drawing structures.Examples:Carbon in methane: FC = 4 - 0 - (8÷2) = 0Nitrogen in NO2-: FC = 5 - 2 - (6÷2) = 0double bonded oxygen in NO2-: FC = 6 - 4 - (4÷2) = 0single bonded oxygen in NO2- FC = 6 - 6 - (2÷2) = -1An alternative method for assigning charge to an atom taking into account electronegativity is by oxidation number. Other related concepts are valence which counts number of electrons that an atom uses in bonding and coordination number, the number of atoms bonded to the atom of interest.Contents1 Examples2 Alternative method3 Formal Charge vs. Oxidation State4 References5 External linksExamplesAmmonium NH4+ is a cationic species. By using the vertical groups of the atoms on the periodic table it is possible to determine that each hydrogen contributes 1 electron, the nitrogen contributes 5 electrons, and the charge of +1 means that 1 electron is absent. The final total is 8 total electrons (1 × 4 + 5 − 1). Drawing the Lewis structure gives an sp3 (4 bonds) hybridized nitrogen atom surrounded by hydrogen. There are no lone pairs of electrons left. Thus, using the definition of formal charge, hydrogen has a formal charge of zero (1- (0 + ½ × 2)) and nitrogen has a formal charge of +1 (5− (0 + ½ × 8)). After adding up all the formal charges throughout the molecule the result is a total formal charge of +1, consistent with the charge of the molecule given in the first place.Note: The total formal charge in a molecule should be as close to zero as possible, with as few charges on the molecule as possibleExample: CO2 is a neutral molecule with 16 total valence electrons. There are three different ways to draw the Lewis structureCarbon single bonded to both oxygen atoms (carbon = +2, oxygens = -1 each, total formal charge = 0)Carbon single bonded to one oxygen and double bonded to another (carbon = +1, oxygen double = 0, oxygen single = −1, total formal charge = 0)Carbon double bonded to both oxygen atoms (carbon = 0, oxygens = 0, total formal charge =0)Even though all three structures gave us a total charge of zero, the final structure is the superior one because there are no charges in the molecule at all.Alternative methodAlthough the formula given above is correct, it is often unwieldy and inefficient to use. A much quicker and still accurate method is to do the following:Draw a circle around the atom for which the formal charge is requested (as with carbon dioxide, below)Count up the number of electrons in the atom's "circle." Since the circle cuts the covalent bond "in half," each covalent bond counts as one electron instead of two.Subtract the number of electrons in the circle from the group number of the element (the Roman numeral from the older system of group numbering, NOT the IUPAC 1-18 system) to determine the formal charge.The formal charges computed for the remaining atoms in this Lewis structure of carbon dioxide are shown below. Again, this method is just as accurate as the one cited above, but is much easier to use. It is important to keep in mind that formal charges are just that-formal, in the sense that this system is a formalism. Atoms in molecules do not have "signs around their necks" indicating their charge. The formal charge system is just a method to keep track of all of the valence electrons that each atom brings with it when the molecule is formed.Formal Charge vs. Oxidation StateThe concept of oxidation states constitutes a competing method to assess the distribution of electrons in molecules. If the formal charges and oxidation states of the atoms in carbon dioxide are compared, the following values are arrived at:The reason for the difference between these values is that formal charges and oxidation states represent fundamentally different ways of looking at the distribution of electrons amongst the atoms in the molecule. With formal charge, the electrons in each covalent bond are assumed to be split exactly evenly between the two atoms in the bond (hence the dividing by two in the method described above). The formal charge view of the CO2 molecule is essentially shown below:The covalent (sharing) aspect of the bonding is overemphasized in the use of formal charges, since in reality there is a higher electron density around the oxygen atoms due to their higher electronegativity compared to the carbon atom. This can be most effectively visualized in an electrostatic potential map.With the oxidation state formalism, the electrons in the bonds are "awarded" to the atom with the greater electronegativity. The oxidation state view of the CO2 molecule is shown below:Oxidation states overemphasize the ionic nature of the bonding; most chemists agree that the difference in electronegativity between carbon in oxygen is insufficient to regard the bonds as being ionic in nature.In reality, the distribution of electrons in the molecule lies somewhere between these two extremes. The inadequacy of the simple Lewis structure view of molecules led to the development of the more generally applicable and accurate valence bond theory of Slater, Pauling, et al., and thenceforth the molecular orbital theory developed by Mulliken and Hund.。

九年级地理环境保护英语阅读理解20题1<背景文章>Global warming is one of the most serious environmental issues facing our planet. It refers to the long-term increase in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. The phenomenon of global warming is caused by a variety of factors. One of the main causes is the increase in greenhouse gas emissions, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. These gases trap heat in the atmosphere and cause the Earth's temperature to rise.The effects of global warming are far-reaching. Rising sea levels threaten coastal areas and low-lying islands. More frequent and intense extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, floods, and droughts, can cause significant damage to human lives and property. Changes in precipitation patterns can also affect agriculture and water resources.To address global warming, we need to take action on multiple fronts. We can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by using renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power. We can also improve energy efficiency in buildings, transportation, and industry. In addition, we can protect and restore forests, which absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.1. What is global warming?A. A short-term increase in temperature.B. A long-term increase in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.C. A decrease in temperature.D. No change in temperature.答案：B。

2025年全国大学英语CET六级考试模拟试卷及解答参考一、写作（15分）Task 1: Writing (30 minutes)Part AWrite an email to your friend about a recent movie you watched. In your email, you should:1.Briefly introduce the movie and its main theme.2.Share your personal feelings about the movie.3.Recommend the movie to your friend, explaining why you think they would enjoy it.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” in stead. Do not write the address.Example:Dear [Friend’s Name],I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to share with you a movie I recently watched that I thought you might find interesting.The movie I’m talking about is “Inception,” directed by Chris topher Nolan.It revolves around the concept of dream manipulation and the layers of reality. The story follows Dom Cobb, a skilled thief who specializes in extracting secrets from within the subconscious during the dream state.I was deeply impressed by t he movie’s intricate plot and the exceptional performances of the cast. The visual effects were breathtaking, and the soundtrack was perfectly matched to the action sequences. The movie made me think a lot about the nature of reality and the power of dreams.I highly recommend “Inception” to you. I believe it will be a captivating experience, especially if you enjoy films that challenge your perceptions and make you think.Looking forward to your thoughts on this movie.Best regards,Li MingAnalysis:This example follows the structure required for Part A of the writing task. It starts with a friendly greeting and a brief introduction to the subject of the email, which is the movie “Inception.”The writer then shares their personal feelings about the movie, highlighting the plot, the cast’s performances, the visual effects, and the soundtrack. This personal touch helps to engage the reader and provide a more authentic recommendation.Finally, the writer makes a clear recommendation, explaining that theybelieve the movie would be enjoyable for their friend based on itsthought-provoking nature and entertainment value. The email concludes with a friendly sign-off, maintaining a warm and inviting tone.二、听力理解-长对话（选择题，共8分）第一题听力原文：M: Hi, Lisa. How was your trip to Beijing last weekend?W: Oh, it was amazing! I’ve always wanted to visit the Forbidden City. The architecture was so impressive.M: I’m glad you enjoyed it. By the way, did you manage to visit the Great Wall?W: Yes, I did. It was a long journey, but it was worth it. The Wall was even more magnificent in person.M: Did you have any problems with transportation?W: Well, the subway system was very convenient, but some of the bus routes were confusing. I ended up getting lost a couple of times.M: That’s a common problem. It’s always a good idea to download a map or use a GPS app.W: Definitely. I also found the people in Beijing to be very friendly and helpful. They spoke English well, too.M: That’s great to hear. I’m thinking of visiting Beijing next month. Arethere any other places you would recommend?W: Oh, definitely! I would suggest visiting the Summer Palace and the Temple of Heaven. They are both beautiful and culturally significant.M: Thanks for the ti ps, Lisa. I can’t wait to see these places myself.W: You’re welcome. Have a great trip!选择题：1、Why did Lisa visit Beijing?A. To visit the Great Wall.B. To see her friends.C. To experience the local culture.D. To study Chinese history.2、How did Lisa feel about the Forbidden City?A. It was boring.B. It was too crowded.C. It was impressive.D. It was not as beautiful as she expected.3、What was the biggest challenge Lisa faced during her trip?A. Finding accommodation.B. Getting lost.C. Eating healthy food.D. Visiting all the tourist spots.4、What other places does Lisa recommend visiting in Beijing?A. The Summer Palace and the Temple of Heaven.B. The Great Wall and the Forbidden City.C. The National Museum and the CCTV Tower.D. The Wangfujing Street and the Silk Market.答案：1、C2、C3、B4、A第二题Part Two: Listening ComprehensionSection C: Long ConversationsIn this section, you will hear one long conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will hear some questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C), and D).1.What is the main topic of the conversation?A) The importance of cultural exchange.B) The challenges of teaching English abroad.C) The experiences of a language teacher in China.D) The impact of language barriers on communication.2.Why does the speaker mention studying Chinese?A) To show his respect for Chinese culture.B) To express h is gratitude for the Chinese students’ hospitality.C) To emphasize the importance of language learning.D) To explain his reasons for choosing to teach English in China.3.According to the speaker, what is one of the difficulties he faced in teaching English?A) The students’ lack of motivation.B) The limited resources available.C) The cultural differences between Chinese and Western students.D) The high expectations from the school administration.4.How does the speaker plan to overcome the language barrier in his future work?A) By learning more Chinese.B) By using visual aids and non-verbal communication.C) By collaborating with local language experts.D) By relying on his previous teaching experience.Answers:1.C2.C3.C4.B三、听力理解-听力篇章（选择题，共7分）第一题Passage:A new study has found that the way we speak can affect our relationships and even our physical health. Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, have been investigating the connection between language and well-being for several years. They have discovered that positive language can lead to better health outcomes, while negative language can have the opposite effect.The study involved 300 participants who were monitored for a period of one year. The participants were asked to keep a daily diary of their interactions with others, including both positive and negative comments. The researchers found that those who used more positive language reported fewer physical symptoms and a greater sense of well-being.Dr. Emily Thompson, the l ead researcher, explained, “We were surprised to see the impact that language can have on our health. It’s not just about what we say, but also how we say it. A gentle tone and supportive language can make a significant difference.”Here are some examples of positive and negative language:Positive Language: “I appreciate your help with the project.”Negative Language: “You always mess up the project.”The researchers also looked at the effects of language on relationships. They found that couples who used more positive language were more likely toreport a satisfying relationship, while those who used negative language were more likely to experience relationship stress.Questions:1、What is the main focus of the study conducted by the University of California, Los Angeles?A) The impact of diet on physical health.B) The connection between language and well-being.C) The effects of exercise on mental health.D) The role of social media in relationships.2、Which of the following is a positive example of language from the passage?A) “You always mess up the project.”B) “I can’t believe you did that again.”C) “I appreciate your help with the project.”D) “This is a waste of time.”3、According to the study, what is the likely outcome for couples who use negative language in their relationships?A) They will have a more satisfying relationship.B) They will experience fewer physical symptoms.C) They will report a greater sense of well-being.D) They will likely experience relationship stress.Answers:1、B2、C3、D第二题Passage OneIn the United States, there is a long-standing debate over the best way to educate children. One of the most controversial issues is the debate between traditional public schools and charter schools.Traditional public schools are operated by government and are funded by tax dollars. They are subject to strict regulations and are required to follow a standardized curriculum. Teachers in traditional public schools are typically unionized and receive benefits and pensions.On the other hand, charter schools are publicly funded but operate independently of local school districts. They are free to set their own curriculum and teaching methods. Charter schools often have a longer school day and a more rigorous academic program. They are also subject to performance-based evaluations, which can lead to their closure if they do not meet certain standards.Proponents of charter schools argue that they provide more choices for parents and that they can offer a more personalized education for students. They also claim that charter schools are more accountable because they are subject to more direct oversight and can be closed if they fail to meet their goals.Opponents of charter schools argue that they take resources away fromtraditional public schools and that they do not provide a level playing field for all students. They also claim that charter schools can be more selective in their admissions process, which may lead to a lack of diversity in the student body.Questions:1、What is a key difference between traditional public schools and charter schools?A) Funding sourceB) CurriculumC) Teacher unionsD) Academic rigor2、According to the passage, what is a potential advantage of charter schools?A) They are subject to fewer regulations.B) They offer more choices for parents.C) They are more likely to receive government funding.D) They typically have a shorter school day.3、What is a common concern expressed by opponents of charter schools?A) They are less accountable for their performance.B) They may lead to a lack of diversity in the student body.C) They are more expensive for local taxpayers.D) They do not follow a standardized curriculum.Answers:1、B) Curriculum2、B) They offer more choices for parents.3、B) They may lead to a lack of diversity in the student body.四、听力理解-新闻报道（选择题，共20分）第一题News ReportA: Good morning, everyone. Welcome to today’s news broadcast. Here is the latest news.News Anchor: This morning, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that the number of confirmed cases of a new strain of the H1N1 flu virus has reached 10,000 worldwide. The WHO has declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern. Health officials are urging countries to take immediate measures to contain the spread of the virus.Q1: What is the main topic of the news report?A) The announcement of a new strain of the H1N1 flu virus.B) The declaration of a public health emergency.C) The measures taken to contain the spread of the virus.D) The number of confirmed cases of the new strain.Answer: BQ2: According to the news report, who declared the outbreak a public health emergency?A) The World Health Organization (WHO)B) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)C) The European Union (EU)D) The United Nations (UN)Answer: AQ3: What is the main purpose of the health officials’ urging?A) To increase awareness about the flu virus.B) To encourage people to get vaccinated.C) To take immediate measures to contain the spread of the virus.D) To provide financial assistance to affected countries.Answer: C第二题News Report 1:[Background music fades in]Narrator: “This morning’s top news includes a major announcement from the Ministry of Education regarding the upcoming changes to the College English Test Band Six (CET-6). Here’s our correspondent, Li Hua, with more details.”Li Hua: “Good morning, everyone. The Ministry of Education has just announced that starting from next year, the CET-6 will undergo significant modifications. The most notable change is the inclusion of a new speaking section, which will be mandatory for all test-takers. This decision comes in response to the increasing demand for English proficiency in various fields. Let’s goto the Education Depar tment for more information.”[Background music fades out]Questions:1、What is the main topic of this news report?A) The cancellation of the CET-6 exam.B) The addition of a new speaking section to the CET-6.C) The difficulty level of the CET-6 increasing.D) The results of the CET-6 exam.2、Why has the Ministry of Education decided to include a new speaking section in the CET-6?A) To reduce the number of test-takers.B) To make the exam more difficult.C) To meet the demand for English proficiency.D) To replace the written test with an oral test.3、What will be the impact of this change on students preparing for the CET-6?A) They will need to focus more on writing skills.B) They will have to learn a new type of test format.C) They will no longer need to take the exam.D) They will be able to choose between written and oral tests.Answers:1、B2、C3、B第三题You will hear a news report. For each question, choose the best answer from the four choices given.Listen to the news report and answer the following questions:1、A) The number of tourists visiting the city has doubled.B) The city’s tourism revenue has increased significantly.C) The new airport has attracted many international tourists.D) The city’s infrastructure is not ready for the influx of tou rists.2、A) The government plans to invest heavily in transportation.B) Local businesses are benefiting from the tourism boom.C) The city is experiencing traffic congestion and overcrowding.D) The city is working on expanding its hotel capacity.3、A) Th e city’s mayor has expressed concern about the impact on local culture.B) The tourism industry is collaborating with local communities to preserve traditions.C) There are concerns about the negative environmental effects of tourism.D) The city is implementing strict regulations to control tourist behavior.Answers:1.B) The city’s tourism revenue has increased significantly.2.C) The city is experiencing traffic congestion and overcrowding.3.B) The tourism industry is collaborating with local communities to preserve traditions.五、阅读理解-词汇理解（填空题，共5分）第一题Read the following passage and then complete the sentences by choosing the most suitable words or phrases from the list below. Each word or phrase may be used once, more than once, or not at all.Passage:In the past few decades, the internet has revolutionized the way we communicate and access information. With just a few clicks, we can now connect with people from all over the world, share our thoughts and experiences, and even conduct business transactions. This rapid advancement in technology has not only brought convenience to our lives but has also raised several challenges and concerns.1、_________ (1) the internet has made it easier for us to stay connected with friends and family, it has also led to a decrease in face-to-face interactions.2、The increasing reliance on digital devices has raised concerns about the impact on our physical and mental health.3、Despite the many benefits, there are also significant_________(2) associated with the internet, such as privacy breaches and cybersecuritythreats.4、To mitigate these risks, it is crucial for individuals and organizations to adopt robust security measures.5、In the future, we need to strike a balance between embracing technological advancements and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.List of Words and Phrases:a) convenienceb) challengesc) privacy breachesd) physicale) significantf) mentalg) privacyh) embracei) reliancej) face-to-face1、_________ (1)2、_________ (2)第二题Reading PassagesPassage OneMany people believe that a person’s personality is established at birthand remains unchanged throughout life. This view is supported by the idea that personality is determined by genetic factors. However, recent studies have shown that personality can be influenced by a variety of environmental factors as well.The word “personality” can be defined as the unique set of characteristics that distinguish one individual from another. It includes traits such as extroversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness. These traits are often measured using psychological tests.According to the passage, what is the main idea about personality?A. Personality is solely determined by genetic factors.B. Personality remains unchanged throughout life.C. Personality is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.D. Personality is determined by a combination of psychological tests.Vocabulary Understanding1、The unique set of characteristics that distinguish one individual from another is referred to as ________.A. personalityB. genetic factorsC. environmental factorsD. psychological tests2、The view that personality is established at birth and remains unchanged throughout life is ________.A. supportedB. challengedC. irrelevantD. misunderstood3、According to the passage, traits such as extroversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness are part of ________.A. genetic factorsB. environmental factorsC. personalityD. psychological tests4、The passage suggests that personality can be influenced by ________.A. genetic factorsB. environmental factorsC. both genetic and environmental factorsD. neither genetic nor environmental factors5、The word “personality” is best defined as ________.A. the unique set of characteristics that distinguish one individual from anotherB. the genetic factors that determine personalityC. the environmental factors that influence personalityD. the psychological tests used to measure personalityAnswers:1、A2、A3、C4、C5、A六、阅读理解-长篇阅读（选择题，共10分）First QuestionPassage:In the digital age, technology has transformed almost every aspect of our lives, including education. One significant impact technology has had on learning is through online platforms that offer a wide variety of courses and educational materials to anyone with internet access. This democratization of knowledge means that individuals no longer need to rely solely on traditional educational institutions for learning. However, while online learning provides unprecedented access to information, it also poses challenges such as ensuring the quality of the content and maintaining student engagement without the structure of a classroom setting. As educators continue to adapt to these changes, it’s clear that technology will play an increasingly important role in s haping the future of education.1、According to the passage, what is one major advantage of online learning?A) It guarantees higher academic achievements.B) It makes educational resources more accessible.C) It eliminates the need for traditional learning methods entirely.D) It ensures that all students remain engaged with the material.2、What challenge does online learning present according to the text?A) It makes it difficult to assess the quality of educational content.B) It increases the reliance on traditional educational institutions.C) It decreases the amount of available educational material.D) It simplifies the process of student engagement.3、The term “democratization of knowledge” in this context refers to:A) The ability of people to vote on educational policies.B) The equal distribution of printed books among citizens.C) The process by which governments control online information.D) The widespread availability of educational resources via the internet.4、How do educators respond to the changes brought about by technology in education?A) By rejecting technological advancements in favor of conventional methods.B) By adapting their teaching practices to incorporate new technologies.C) By insisting that online learning should replace traditional classrooms.D) By ignoring the potential benefits of online learning platforms.5、Based on the passage, which statement best reflects the future outlook for education?A) Traditional educational institutions will become obsolete.B) Technology will have a diminishing role in the education sector.C) Online learning will complement but not completely replace traditional education.D) Students will no longer require any form of structured learning environment.Answers:1.B2.A3.D4.B5.CThis is a fictional example designed for illustrative purposes. In actual CET exams, the passages and questions would vary widely in topic and complexity.第二题Reading PassagesPassage OneGlobal warming is one of the most pressing environmental issues facing the world today. It refers to the long-term increase in Earth’s average surface temperature, primarily due to human activities, particularly the emission of greenhouse gases. The consequences of global warming are far-reaching, affecting ecosystems, weather patterns, sea levels, and human health.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has warned that if global warming continues at its current rate, we can expect more extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, droughts, and floods. Additionally, rising sealevels could displace millions of people, leading to social and economic instability.Several measures have been proposed to mitigate the effects of global warming. These include reducing greenhouse gas emissions, transitioning to renewable energy sources, and implementing sustainable agricultural practices. However, despite the urgency of the situation, progress has been slow, and many countries have failed to meet their commitments under the Paris Agreement.Questions:1、What is the primary cause of global warming according to the passage?A、Natural climate changesB、Human activitiesC、Ecosystem changesD、Increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere2、Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a consequence of global warming?A、Extreme weather eventsB、Rising sea levelsC、Improved crop yieldsD、Increased global biodiversity3、What is the IPCC’s main concern regarding the current rate of global warming?A、It is causing a decrease in Earth’s average surface temperatu re.B、It is leading to more extreme weather events.C、It is causing the Earth’s magnetic field to weaken.D、It is causing the ozone layer to thin.4、What are some of the proposed measures to mitigate the effects of global warming?A、Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, transitioning to renewable energy sources, and implementing sustainable agricultural practices.B、Building more coal-fired power plants and expanding deforestation.C、Increasing the use of fossil fuels and reducing the number of trees.D、Ignoring the issue and hoping it will resolve itself.5、Why has progress in addressing global warming been slow, according to the passage?A、Because it is a complex issue that requires international cooperation.B、Because people are not concerned about the consequences of global warming.C、Because scientists do not have enough information about the issue.D、Because the Paris Agreement has not been effective.Answers:1、B2、C3、B4、A5、A七、阅读理解-仔细阅读（选择题，共20分）First QuestionPassage:In the age of rapid technological advancement, the role of universities has shifted beyond traditional academic pursuits to include fostering innovation and entrepreneurship among students. One such initiative taken by many institutions is the integration of technology incubators on campus. These incubators serve as platforms where students can turn their innovative ideas into tangible products, thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice. Moreover, universities are increasingly collaborating with industry leaders to provide practical training opportunities that prepare students for the challenges of the modern workforce. Critics argue, however, that this shift might come at the cost of undermining the foundational academic disciplines that have historically formed the core of higher education.Questions:1、What is one key purpose of integrating technology incubators in universities according to the passage?A) To reduce the cost of university education.B) To bridge the gap between theory and practice.C) To compete with other universities.D) To focus solely on theoretical knowledge.Answer: B) To bridge the gap between theory and practice.2、According to the text, how are universities preparing students for the modern workforce?A) By isolating them from industry professionals.B) By providing practical training through collaboration with industry leaders.C) By discouraging entrepreneurship.D) By focusing only on historical academic disciplines.Answer: B) By providing practical training through collaboration with industry leaders.3、What concern do critics raise about the new initiatives in universities?A) They believe it will enhance foundational academic disciplines.B) They fear it could undermine the core of higher education.C) They think it will make universities less competitive.D) They are worried about the overemphasis on practical skills.Answer: B) They fear it could undermine the core of higher education.4、Which of the following best describes the role of universities in the current era as depicted in the passage?A) Institutions that strictly adhere to traditional teaching methods.B) Centers that foster innovation and entrepreneurship among students.C) Organizations that discourage partnerships with industries.D) Places that prevent students from engaging with real-world challenges.Answer: B) Centers that foster innovation and entrepreneurship among students.5、How does the passage suggest that technology incubators benefit students?A) By ensuring they only focus on theoretical studies.B) By giving them a platform to turn ideas into products.C) By limiting their exposure to practical experiences.D) By encouraging them to avoid modern workforce challenges.Answer: B) By giving them a platform to turn ideas into products.This set of questions aims to test comprehension skills including inference, detail recognition, and understanding the main idea of the given passage. Remember, this is a mock example and should be used for illustrative purposes only.Second QuestionReading Passage:The Future of Renewable Energy SourcesIn recent years, there has been a growing interest in renewable energy sources due to their potential to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and mitigate the effects of climate change. Solar power, wind energy, and hydropower have all seen significant advancements in technology and cost-efficiency. However, challenges remain in terms of storage and distribution of these energy sources. For solar energy to become a viable primary energy source worldwide, it must overcome the limitations posed by weather conditions and geographical location. Wind energy faces similar challenges, particularly in areas with low wind speeds. Hydropower, while more consistent than both solar and wind energies, is limited。

小学上册英语第一单元全练全测(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.Galaxies can collide and merge with ______.2.The scientific study of matter and its changes is called _______.3.What is the name of the famous mountain range in Europe?A. RockiesB. HimalayasC. AlpsD. Andes4.An endothermic reaction requires _____ from its surroundings.5.What do we call a shape with four equal sides?A. RectangleB. SquareC. TriangleD. Pentagon答案:B6.His favorite sport is ________.7.I like to help my dad in the ____.8.The _______ of an object can affect its movement.9.My teacher helps me with ____.10.Which of these colors is made by mixing blue and yellow?A. RedB. GreenC. PurpleD. Orange答案:B11. A _____ (植物网络) can connect enthusiasts globally.12.An ecosystem includes living and non-living ______.13.I enjoy playing with my ______ (玩具车) in the living room. It goes ______ (快).14. A pendulum swings back and ______ (forth).15.Which language is spoken in Brazil?A. SpanishB. PortugueseC. FrenchD. Italian答案:B16.The garden is ________ (美丽).17.中国的________ (legends) 经常包含神话与历史交织的故事。

2023年12月英语六级听力原文及参考答案听力稿原文section AConversation 1气候变化和全球经济发展W: Professor Henderson could you give us a brief overview of what you do, where you work and your main area of research？M: Well the Center for Climate Research where I work links the science of climate change to issues around economics and policy。

Some of our research is to do with the likely impacts of climate change and all of the associated risks。

W: And how strong is the evidence that climate change is happening that it‘s really something we need to be worried about。

M: Well most of the science of climate change particularly that to do with global warming is simply fact。

But other aspects of the science are less certain or at least more disputed。

And so we‘re really talking about risk what the economics tells us is thatit’s probably cheaper to avoid climate change to avoid the risk than it has to deal with the likely consequences。

小学上册英语下册试卷(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The symbol for molybdenum is _____.2.The cat loves to explore _____ new places.3.The chemical formula for silver bromide is _______.4.I like to ride my ________ (摩托车) on weekends.5.In a chemical reaction, the rearrangement of atoms leads to the formation of new_____.6.The moon is ___. (full)7.What is the name of the longest river in the world?A. AmazonB. NileC. YangtzeD. Mississippi8.What is the capital of Italy?A. RomeB. VeniceC. FlorenceD. Milan答案:A9.The ancient Romans used _____ to entertain their citizens.10.The _____ (火烈鸟) is a beautiful bird.11.The __________ is a large lake located in Canada. (安大略湖)12.The invention of the printing press revolutionized the spread of __________. (知识)13.I enjoy playing __________ with my family. (游戏)14.The ____ lives in the wild and is very fast.15.What is the name of the famous American singer known for "Ain't No Mountain High Enough"?A. Diana RossB. Aretha FranklinC. Tina TurnerD. Whitney Houston答案:A16. c Ocean is found near the ________ (北冰洋位于________附近). The Arct17. A solution that has a higher concentration of solute than the solvent is called a______ solution.18.The __________ (历史的记录者) document our journeys.19.I can ______ (solve) math problems quickly.20. e of Liberty was a gift from ________ to the United States. The Ston21.I enjoy _____ (购物).22.My cousin is a ______. She loves to help others succeed.23.What do you call a person who plays music?A. MusicianB. SingerC. PerformerD. All of the above答案:D24.What do we call a young guinea pig?A. PupB. KitC. CalfD. Baby答案:D Baby25. A _____ (植物历史) can provide context for their importance.26.What do we call the main character in a play or story?A. ProtagonistB. AntagonistC. Supporting characterD. Narrator27.Egypt is famous for its ancient ________ (埃及以其古老的________) and pyramids.28.Let’s go ________ to eat ice cream.29.I see a _______ (fox) in the distance.30.The process of ______ can change the landscape over time.31.The Earth's surface is constantly changing due to a variety of ______.32.The ________ is important for navigation on the seas.33.My aunt is a ______. She loves to teach children.34.My ________ (玩具名称) is a fantastic way to learn.35.The ________ was a major event that led to the founding of the United Nations.36.My ______ loves to explore new technologies.37.My mom always gives me __________ (鼓励) when I'm down.38.Which shape has three sides?A. SquareB. TriangleC. RectangleD. Circle答案:B39.The measure of how much space an object occupies is called ______.40.The __________ is part of the brain that controls movement.41. A __________ (化学职业) offers diverse opportunities in various fields.42.The __________ (非洲) has many diverse cultures and languages.43.I think technology is amazing, especially __________ because __________.44.What is the boiling point of water?A. 50°CB. 100°CC. 150°CD. 200°C答案:B45.What kind of animal is a frog?A. MammalB. ReptileC. AmphibianD. Fish答案:C46.What do we use to write on paper?A. PaintB. PencilC. GlueD. Tape47.There are many __________ in the garden.48. A _______ (小狼) learns to hunt from its parents.49.The ________ is a small, quiet creature.50.I like to watch the ______ at night.51.What do we call the place where we watch movies?A. TheaterB. ParkC. MallD. Playground52.My pet parrot can _________ (说话).53.What is the capital of Greece?A. AthensB. RomeC. IstanbulD. Cairo54.What is the primary color of a lime?A. YellowB. GreenC. RedD. Orange55.What do you call a baby dog?A. KittenB. PuppyC. CubD. Foal56.My cat loves to chase after ______ (光点).57.My best friend is _______ (funny/sad).58.The chemical formula for ammonia is ______.59.Which shape has three sides?A. SquareB. TriangleC. CircleD. Rectangle答案:B60.We hear ___ (birds/planes) flying.61.What do you call a large body of saltwater?A. LakeB. SeaC. OceanD. River62.The backbone protects the ______ in animals.63.What do you call the story of someone's life?A. NovelB. BiographyC. FantasyD. Poem答案:B64.What shape is a basketball?A. SquareB. TriangleC. CircleD. Oval答案:C65.We have a ______ (有趣的) discussion in class.66.I love to watch _____ (小动物) explore their surroundings.67.The chemical symbol for yttrium is ______.68.What do we call the warm-blooded animals that lay eggs?A. MammalsB. ReptilesC. BirdsD. Fish答案:C Birds69.The owl's exceptional hearing allows it to hunt effectively in ________________ (黑暗).70.We celebrate ________ (New Year) with fireworks.71. A lever can help lift a ______.72.What do we call a person who studies the past?A. HistorianB. ArchaeologistC. AnthropologistD. Sociologist73.Which animal is known for its long neck?A. ElephantB. GiraffeC. Polar BearD. Kangaroo答案:B74. A turtle can live for many ______ (年).75.The chemical symbol for bromine is ______.76.Which beverage is made from leaves?A. CoffeeB. TeaC. JuiceD. Soda77. A _____ (植物监测) program helps track plant health.78.What type of animal is a dolphin?A. FishB. MammalC. ReptileD. Bird79.The ancient Greeks held ________ in honor of their gods.80.What do we use to brush our teeth?A. ShampooB. ToothbrushC. SoapD. Comb答案:B81.I have a toy _______ that can change shapes and forms for fun.82.The __________ is the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid.83.The ________ has a sharp smell.84.Bubbles forming in a solution may indicate a ________ reaction.85.The _______ of sound can be amplified with a speaker.86.I enjoy cooking ______ (传统) dishes from my culture.87.The ______ is a key part of the food chain.88.What is the name of the popular board game where you try to take over the world?A. RiskB. MonopolyC. Settlers of CatanD. Clue答案:A89.My toy ____ can play music and dance! (玩具名称)90.Astrobiology studies the possibility of ______ life in the universe.91.The children are _____ at the playground. (playing)92.I enjoy painting with ______ (水彩) because it creates beautiful ____________ (色彩).93.I enjoy _______ (参加) science clubs.94.What do you call the center of an atom?A. NeutronB. ProtonC. NucleusD. Electron答案:C95.canopy) of a forest is formed by the tops of trees. The ____96.What color is the sky?A. BlueB. GreenC. RedD. Yellow97.What is the color of snow?A. BlueB. YellowC. WhiteD. Green答案:C98.The chemical symbol for cobalt is __________.99.What is the name of the popular animated film about a girl who becomes a princess?A. MoanaB. CinderellaC. FrozenD. Snow White答案:C100.What do you call a young goat?A. KidB. CalfC. LambD. Puppy答案:A。

2024年福建省专升本考试真题英语全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇12024 Fujian Province Higher Education Self-taught Examination English TestPart I Listening Comprehension (30 points)Section A (10 points)1. What is the man’s major problem?A. He can’t find his bus pass.B. He’s missed his bus.C. He needs a ride to the bus station.2. What are the speakers mainly discussing?A. The woman’s travel plans.B. The man’s new car.C. The woman’s job interview.Section B (20 points)3. What does the woman suggest doing?A. Canceling the trip.B. Renting a car.C. Taking a train.4. What does the man think about the weather today?A. It’s pleasant.B. It’s cold.C. It’s rainy.5. What does the woman want to do this weekend?A. Study for exams.B. Visit a museum.C. Watch a baseball game.Part II Reading Comprehension (40 points)Passage OneAccording to the passage, what is true about dolphins?A. They have natural enemies.B. They can breathe in and out very quickly.C. They get along well with other animals.Passage TwoWhat does the passage mainly discuss?A. The benefits of exercise.B. The harmful effects of a sedentary lifestyle.C. The different types of sports.Passage ThreeAccording to the passage, what is an important factor in building self-confidence?A. Physical appearance.B. Positive thinking.C. Academic achievements.Part III Cloze Test (30 points)Cloze Test Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then write your choice on the Answer Sheet.Traveling is an amazing way to experience new cultures, cuisines and customs, but it can also be quite 31 __________, both physically and mentally. It’s important to take care of yourselfwhile on the road, so here are some 32 __________ for staying healthy and happy during your travels.First and foremost, make sure to stay hydrated. 33 __________ you’re exploring a hot desert or a cold mountain, your body needs 34 __________ to function properly. Carry a reusable water bottle and fill it up whenever you get the chance. This will not only 35 __________ you from getting dehydrated, but will also save you money on buying bottled water.Another important tip is to get enough rest. 36 __________ you’re jet-lagged from a long flight or just exhausted from a day of sightseeing, it’s cruc ial to listen to your body and give it the rest it needs. Take naps when you can and try to get a full night’s sleep whenever possible.Exercise is also key to maintaining your health while traveling. Even if you’re on a tight schedule, try to 37 __________ in some physical activity every day, whether it’s a morning jog, a yoga session or a quick swim. Not only will this keep you in 38 __________ shape, but it will also help you relax and destress.Lastly, don’t forget about the importance of 39 __________ a balanced diet. While it’s tempting to indulge in local delicacies and treats, it’s important to nourish your body with healthy foods as well. Try to 40 __________ a balance between eating outand cooking your own meals, and make sure to incorporate plenty of fruits and vegetables into your diet.Remember, taking care of yourself while traveling is essential to enjoying your trip to the fullest. By following these tips, you can stay healthy and happy wherever your travels take you.31. A. challenging B. exciting C. relaxing D. exhausting32. A. suggestions B. solutions C. advice D. tips33. A. Whether B. If C. Since D. Because34. A. water B. food C. sleep D. exercise35. A. prevent B. protect C. stop D. save36. A. Whether B. Whether C. If D. While37. A. squeeze B. put C. fit D. engage38. A. great B. good C. excellent D. perfect39. A. having B. eating C. following D. maintaining40. A. carry B. take C. strike D. achievePart IV Writing (100 points)Write an essay in about 300-350 words on the following topic:The Importance of Learning a Second LanguageIn today’s globalized world, learning a second language has become more important than ever before. There are countless reasons why learning a second language is beneficial, both personally and professionally.First and foremost, learning a second language can open up a world of opportunities for travel and cultural exchange. Being able to communicate in another language allows you to connect with people from different backgrounds and experiences, and to truly immerse yourself in a new culture. Whether you’re traveling for business or pleasure, knowing a second language can enhance your experience and make it more enjoyable.Additionally, learning a second language can boost your cognitive abilities and improve your memory. Studies have shown that bilingual individuals have better problem-solving skills, heightened creativity, and a greater ability to multitask. By challenging your brain to learn a new language, you can strengthen your mental faculties and ward off cognitive decline as you age.From a professional standpoint, being bilingual can give you a competitive edge in the job market. Many employers value language skills and seek out candidates who are proficient inmultiple languages. Being able to communicate with clients, colleagues, and partners in their native language can help you build stronger relationships and make a positive impression in the workplace.In conclusion, the benefits of learning a second language are vast and wide-ranging. Whether you’re looking to expand your horizons, improve your cognitive abilities, or advance your career, learning a second language is a valuable investment in yourself. So, why wait? Start learning a new language today and discover all the amazing benefits it has to offer.篇22024 Fujian Provincial Higher Education Self-taught ExaminationEnglish ExaminationPart I Reading Comprehension (50 points)Directions: In this part, there are five passages with questions or incomplete statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. you should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1A popular saying goes, "Knowledge is power." And indeed, education is key to success in today's highly competitive world. In recent years, online education has emerged as a convenient and flexible way for people to acquire knowledge and skills.One major advantage of online education is its accessibility. People from all over the world can access online courses regardless of their location. This means that individuals can improve their skills and boost their qualifications without having to travel long distances to attend traditional classes.Another benefit of online education is its flexibility. Learners can study at their own pace and at times that are convenient for them. They can also choose from a wide range of courses and programs that suit their interests and career goals.In addition, online education is often more affordable than traditional education. With lower tuition fees and the ability to study from home, online learners can save money on transportation, accommodation, and other costs associated with attending physical classes.Despite these advantages, online education also has its limitations. Some people may find it challenging to stay motivated and disciplined while studying online. In addition, thelack of face-to-face interaction with instructors and fellow students can make it difficult for some learners to fully engage and collaborate.Nevertheless, online education has become increasingly popular in recent years, with more and more people choosing to pursue their educational goals through online courses and programs.1. The author suggests that online education is advantageous because ____A. it is more affordable than traditional educationB. it allows people to improve their skills from homeC. it provides face-to-face interaction with instructorsD. it requires learners to travel long distances2. According to the passage, some people may struggle with online education because ____A. they lack interest in the coursesB. they have to study at a set paceC. they find it challenging to stay disciplinedD. they are unable to access online courses3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a limitation of online education?A. Lack of face-to-face interactionB. Difficulty staying motivatedC. High tuition feesD. Limited collaboration with fellow studentsNow Choose the right answers:1. B2. C3. CPassage 2Climate change is a pressing issue that threatens the future of our planet. Rising global temperatures, extreme weather events, and melting ice caps are just some of the consequences of human activities that have led to the warming of the Earth's climate.One of the main contributors to climate change is the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas. These sources of energy release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, trappingheat and causing the Earth's temperature to rise. As a result, we are witnessing more frequent and severe droughts, floods, and hurricanes that are putting millions of lives at risk.To address the challenges of climate change, it is essential for individuals, communities, and governments to take action. This includes reducing our carbon footprint by using renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind, and hydropower, and adopting sustainable practices in agriculture, transportation, and other sectors.In addition, raising awareness about the impacts of climate change and the importance of conservation is crucial for mobilizing public support for environmental protection initiatives. Education plays a key role in empowering individuals to make informed decisions and take meaningful action to mitigate the effects of climate change.4. According to the passage, what is one of the main contributors to climate change?A. DeforestationB. Use of renewable energyC. Burning of fossil fuelsD. Melting ice caps5. What is the importance of raising awareness about climate change?A. Mobilizing public support for environmental protection initiativesB. Reducing the Earth's temperatureC. Educating individuals about renewable energy sourcesD. Encouraging more severe droughts, floods, and hurricanes6. How can individuals reduce their carbon footprint?A. Using more fossil fuelsB. Adopting sustainable practicesC. Increasing greenhouse gas emissionsD. Ignoring the impacts of climate changeNow Choose the right answers:4. C5. A6. BPart II Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)Directions: There are twenty incomplete sentences in this part. For each, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.7. I ___________ you will enjoy the concert.A. hopeB. hopingC. hopedD. hopes8. Peter is ___________ student in our class.A. tallestB. the tallestC. tallerD. the taller9. The new movie, ___________ last week, has already becomea box office hit.A. releasedB. being releasedC. releasingD. having been released10. It is ___________ that he will arrive on time for the meeting.A. possiblyB. possibleC. possibilitiesD. possibility11. When I was a child, I ___________ a lot of time playing in the park.A. spentB. am spendingC. was spendingD. had spent12. My brother received a ___________ in Physics from a prestigious university.A. degreeB. majorD. mark13. The unicorn is a mythical creature that is said to have a ___________ horn on its forehead.A. sharpB. strongC. magicalD. bright14. The students were ___________ to participate in the school's annual talent show.A. invitedB. inclinedC. encouragedD. admitted15. It is important to ___________ a healthy lifestyle by eating well and exercising regularly.A. holdB. maintainD. retain16. The company has decided to ___________ its production of electric vehicles.A. expandB. decreaseC. reduceD. extend17. She was unable to ___________ the password to her computer.A. recallB. rememberC. remindD. retain18. The committee ___________ a plan to reduce carbon emissions in the city.A. developedB. developingC. is developingD. has developed19. The ___________ of the new restaurant attracted a lot of customers.A. openingB. serviceC. managerD. staff20. ___________for your help, I would have never been able to finish the project on time.A. ExceptB. WithoutC. UnlessD. DespiteNow Choose the right answers:7. A8. B9. A10. B11. A12. A13. C14. C15. B16. A17. A18. D19. A20. BPart III Cloze Test (30 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Choosing a career path is one of the most important decisions you will make in your life. It is important to __21__ carefully about your interests, skills, and goals when __22__ acareer. Some people are __23__ their passion from a young age, while others may take longer to find their __24__.When considering different career options, it is important to research the __25__ requirements, job prospects, and potential salary. You should also seek advice from __26__ and professionals in the field to gain insights into the __27__ of the job.In addition to considering the __28__ aspects of a career, it is important to think about the __29__ impact of your work. Many people find fulfillment in careers that allow them to make a positive __30__ on society, such as healthcare, education, or environmental conservation.Ultimately, the __31__ of your career should align with your personal values and aspirations. It is important to __32__ a career path that will bring you satisfaction and happiness in the long run.Choosing a career is not an easy task, but with careful consideration and planning, you can __33__ a path that is fulfilling and rewarding.21. A. thinkB. considerC. planD. decide22. A. choosingB. selectedC. selectingD. decide23. A. bornB. madeC. discoveredD. found24. A. wayB. roadC. pathD. course25. A. educateB. educationalC. educationD. educateive26. A. mentorsB. teachersC. educatorsD. instructors27. A. dailyB. dailysC. dailiesD. day28. A. financialB. financiallyC. financesD. financials29. A. long-termB. long-termsC. longtermD. longterms30. A. liveB. lifeC. livingD. livesNow Choose the right answers:21. B22. A23. C24. C25. B26. A27. D28. A29. A30. BPart IV Reading Comprehension (50 points)Directions: In this part, there are ten reading passages with questions or incomplete statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on thebest choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1The Great Wall of China is one of the most famous landmarks in the world. It stretches over 13,000 miles and was built over a period of several centuries to protect the Chinese Empire from invasions by nomadic tribes.The construction of the Great Wall began in the 7th century B.C. and continued into the 17th century A.D. It is estimated that over a million workers were involved in building the wall, using materials such as stone, brick, and wood.Today, the Great Wall is a popular tourist attraction, drawing millions of visitors from around the world each year. It is considered a symbol of China's rich history and cultural heritage.34. In what century did the construction of the Great Wall begin?A. 7th centuryB.C.B. 17th century B.C.C. 7th century A.D.D. 17th century A.D.35. What materials were used in the construction of the Great Wall?A. Stone, brick, and woodB. Steel and concreteC. Glass and aluminumD. Plastic and rubber36. Why is the Great Wall considered a symbol of China's rich history?A. Because it stretches over 13,000 milesB. Because it was built to protect the Chinese EmpireC. Because it was built by over a million workersD. Because it is a popular tourist attractionNow Choose the right answers:34. A35. A36. BPassage 2The Amazon rainforest is the largest tropical rainforest in the world, covering an area of over 2 million square miles in South America. It is home to a diverse range of plant and animal species, many of which are found nowhere else on Earth.The Amazon rainforest plays a crucial role in regulating the Earth's climate by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen into the atmosphere. It is often referred to as the "lungs of the planet."However, the Amazon rainforest is facing threats from deforestation, illegal logging, and climate change. These activities are destroying habitats and endangering the survival of countless species that rely on the rainforest for their survival.37. Where is the Amazon rainforest located?A. AfricaB. AsiaC. South AmericaD. Europe38. What is the Amazon rainforest often called?A. The heart of the planetB. The lungs of the planetC. The brain of the planetD. The stomach of the planet39. What are some of the threats facing the Amazon rainforest?A. PollutionB. Climate changeC. DeforestationD. All of the aboveNow Choose the right answers:37. C38. B39. DPart V Translation (50 points)Directions: In this part, there are three passages in Chinese. Translate them into English and write your translation on the Answer Sheet.40. 我们应该珍惜自然资源，保护环境，让地球变得更美好。

金华“PEP”2024年小学三年级英语第6单元自测题考试时间：80分钟（总分:100）B卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、听力题：The symbol for cadmium is _____.2、填空题：The ______ (植物的形状) can affect light absorption.3、听力题：The first successful test of an atomic bomb was in _______.4、What do we call the story of someone's life?A. BiographyB. NovelC. FictionD. Poetry5、听力题：My friend is a ______. He enjoys learning about space.6、听力填空题：School is a place where I learn many things. My favorite subject is __________ because I find it __________. I especially enjoy __________ during our lessons. My teacher,__________, always encourages us to __________. She believes that learning should be fun and exciting.7、填空题：I like to collect different kinds of ________ (玩具类型).8、What do we call the act of exploring new places?A. TravelingB. ExploringC. AdventuringD. All of the above答案: D. All of the above9、填空题：_____ (乡村生活) often revolves around plants and agriculture.10、听力题：His favorite movie is a ________.11、填空题：We built a _____ (沙堡) at the beach.12、What is the largest mammal in the world?a. Elephantb. Blue Whalec. Giraffed. Hippopotamus答案:b13、听力题：My sister is a ______. She loves to create art installations.14、填空题：We need to _______ (改善) our community.15、What is the hardest natural substance on Earth?A. GoldB. DiamondC. IronD. Quartz答案:B16、What do we call the time of year when leaves fall from trees?A. SpringB. SummerC. FallD. Winter答案: C. Fall17、Which continent is known for its deserts?A. AsiaB. AfricaC. EuropeD. Antarctica答案:BOxidation reactions involve the ________ of electrons.19、填空题：I love to ______ (尝试) new hobbies.20、填空题：Orchids are known for their beautiful ______ (花).21、听力题：The process of separating mixtures is called ______.22、What is the name of the famous bridge in San Francisco?A. Brooklyn BridgeB. Golden Gate BridgeC. London BridgeD. Sydney Harbour Bridge23、听力题：The _____ of an element is determined by the number of protons in its nucleus.24、听力题：A precipitate forms when two liquids ______.25、填空题：In _____ (巴西), Carnaval is a major celebration.26、听力题：Chemical changes often involve the formation or breaking of ________.27、填空题：The _____ (果实) of the apple tree is very sweet.28、填空题：A rabbit's diet is primarily made up of ________________ (草和蔬菜).29、听力题：Chlorine is used to disinfect _____ (water) in pools.30、听力题：The kids are _____ in the park. (running)31、听力题：The _____ (leaf) is green.The country famous for its lakes is ________ (加拿大).33、What do you call a baby zebra?A. ColtB. CalfC. KitD. Pup34、选择题：What is the name of the famous character known for his long hat and green jacket?A. The Cat in the HatB. The GrinchC. WaldoD. Peter Pan35、填空题：A stingray glides along the ________________ (海底).36、填空题：I like to play with my ________ (玩具名称) after school.37、填空题：The __________ is the capital city of Canada. (渥太华)38、填空题：The __________ (历史的再现) can evoke powerful emotions.39、听力题：The __________ Ocean is located between Europe and Asia.40、填空题：My grandmother tells me __________. (故事)41、填空题：He _______ (喜欢) playing soccer after school.42、听力题：My cousin is a ______. She enjoys solving problems.43、听力题：The dog is ________ in the park.44、What is the smallest continent?A. AsiaB. AfricaC. AntarcticaD. Australia答案:D45、听力题：The capital of Tuvalu is _______.46、听力题：A chemical that donates electrons is called a ______.47、What do you call the process of water turning into vapor?A. EvaporationB. CondensationC. PrecipitationD. Freezing答案:A48、听力题：A __________ is a geological feature that can shape human activities.49、听力题：The ______ helps with the coordination of movements.50、听力题：The chemical symbol for zinc is __________.51、What is the capital of the United Kingdom?A. LondonB. ParisC. RomeD. Berlin答案:A52、填空题：I enjoy ________ (晨跑) in the park.53、填空题：A ______ (植物资源管理) is vital for sustainability.54、What is the color of a typical chocolate bar?A. BrownB. WhiteC. BlackD. Purple答案:AI call my friend’s sister __________. (妹妹)56、听力题：The _______ of an object can be calculated using its volume.57、听力题：A sound wave can be represented by a ______ wave.58、听力题：My brother is a ______. He enjoys playing video games.59、填空题：The ________ is soft and warm.60、填空题：The museum is very _______ (有教育意义的).61、填空题：The _______ (小乌鸦) caws loudly in the tree.62、听力题：A ____ is often seen in gardens hopping around.63、听力题：The chemical formula for samarium(II) oxide is _____.64、填空题：A __________ day is good for hiking. (晴朗的)65、听力题：The _______ tells us the number of protons in an atom.66、填空题：The filmmaker produces amazing _____ (电影).67、填空题：The sun is shining ________ (明亮).68、What is the name of the famous painting by Leonardo da Vinci?A. The Last SupperB. Mona LisaC. The Starry NightD. The Scream答案:BThe _______ can be very colorful in the spring.70、填空题：The scientist, ______ (科学家), studies animals and plants.71、填空题：I saw a ________ jump over a fence.72、What is the name of the famous mountain in Asia?A. Mount EverestB. Mount KilimanjaroC. Mount FujiD. Mount McKinley答案:A73、填空题：The ancient Romans were known for their ________ and architecture.74、填空题：After the rain, the grass looks __________. (湿润的)75、What do you call a baby pig?A. CalfB. PigletC. LambD. Kid答案:B76、听力题：A polar molecule has regions of _______ charge.77、填空题：My pet rabbit has soft _______ (毛) that I like to pet.78、What is the name of the first female astronaut?A. Sally RideB. Mae JemisonC. Valentina TereshkovaD. Eileen Collins答案:C79、填空题：My puppy enjoys rolling in the ______ (草地).Which sport is played with a bat and ball?A. SoccerB. BasketballC. BaseballD. Swimming81、填空题：A wolverine is a strong ______ (动物).82、What is the name of the fairy tale character who loses her glass slipper?A. Snow WhiteB. CinderellaC. JasmineD. Belle答案: B83、填空题：The ________ was a significant trade route in Asia.84、填空题：The __________ (历史的探索) continues to reveal new truths.85、听力题：The __________ can reveal the history of tectonic plate movements.86、What do we call the study of animals in their natural habitat?A. EthologyB. EcologyC. ZoologyD. Botany答案: B87、听力题：The first person to summit Mount Everest was _______ Hillary.88、What is the main function of leaves on a plant?A. To growB. To photosynthesizeC. To bloomD. To shed答案:B89、听力题：The rabbit is ___ (eating) a carrot.My grandma knitted me a ________ (毛线玩具). It’s a cute little ________ (兔子).91、选择题：What do we call a person who studies astronomy?A. AstronomerB. AstrophysicistC. CosmologistD. All of the above92、填空题：My sister's favorite toy is a _____.93、What is the term for the distance around a circle?A. DiameterB. RadiusC. CircumferenceD. Area答案:C94、听力题：The girl is wearing a ________ dress.95、填空题：A __________ (无机化合物) does not primarily contain carbon.96、填空题：The frog jumps into the ______ (水). It makes a big ______ (水花).97、听力填空题：I enjoy going to the farmer's market to buy __________.98、What do we call the process of plants absorbing sunlight?A. RespirationB. PhotosynthesisC. TranspirationD. Combustion99、What do you call the main character in a comic book?A. HeroB. VillainC. SidekickD. Comic relief答案:AThe bear forages for food in the dense ____.。

六年级未来科技英语阅读理解25题1<背景文章>In the future, smart robots will play an important role in our homes. They can help us with many tasks. For example, they can clean the house, do the laundry, and even cook meals. Smart robots can also talk to us and answer our questions. They can play games with us and tell us stories. With the help of smart robots, our lives will become more convenient and comfortable.1. Smart robots can do many things in the future. Which one is NOT mentioned in the passage?A. Clean the house.B. Do the homework.C. Cook meals.D. Do the laundry.答案：B。

解析：文章中提到了智能机器人可以打扫房子、洗衣服和做饭，但是没有提到可以做家庭作业。

2. What can smart robots do besides helping with tasks?A. Sing songs.B. Dance.C. Talk to us and answer our questions.D. Draw pictures.答案：C。

解析：文章中提到智能机器人可以和我们交谈并回答我们的问题，其他选项文章中未提及。

3. With the help of smart robots, our lives will become ______.A. more difficultB. more boringC. more convenient and comfortableD. more tiring答案：C。