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f22生产原理【最新版】目录1.F-22 战斗机的隐身原理2.F-22 战斗机的空气动力学设计3.F-22 战斗机的结构特点4.F-22 战斗机的先进航电系统5.F-22 战斗机的武器系统正文F-22 战斗机，全称 F-22 猛禽，是美国第五代战斗机，以其卓越的隐身性能、超音速巡航和高度机动性等性能特点，成为现代空军力量的代表。
下面我们来详细了解一下 F-22 的生产原理。
首先，F-22 的隐身原理是其最引人注目的特点之一。
F-22 采用了一种称为“蚌式”进气道的设计，可以使雷达波更难穿透其机身。
同时，F-22 的机身表面涂有特殊的吸波材料，可以进一步降低其雷达反射面积，使其在敌方雷达上几乎不可见。
其次，F-22 的空气动力学设计也是其性能的关键。
F-22 采用了一种称为“矢量推力”的技术，可以改变发动机喷口的方向，使 F-22 具有高度的机动性和控制性。
此外，F-22 的机翼采用了一种称为“菱形翼”的设计，可以减少气流对机翼的阻力，提高其飞行效率。
再者，F-22 的结构特点也值得一提。
F-22 的机身采用了一种称为“复合材料”的材料，既轻便又坚固，可以提高 F-22 的飞行性能和隐身性能。
此外，F-22 的机翼采用了一种称为“折叠式”的设计，可以在不需要时折叠起来，减少其占用的空间。
接下来，F-22 的先进航电系统也是其性能的关键。
F-22 的航电系统包括雷达、电子对抗系统、飞行控制系统等，可以实现自动化、智能化的飞行，提高 F-22 的作战效能。
最后，F-22 的武器系统也是其重要的一部分。
F-22 可以携带多种武器，包括空对空导弹、空对地导弹、炸弹等，可以满足不同的作战需求。
F-22“猛禽”（英语：F-22 Raptor）战斗机是由美国洛克希德²马丁和波音联合研制的单座双发高隐身性第五代战斗机，也是世界上第一种进入服役的第五代战斗机。
F-22于2000年代中期陆续进入美国空军服役，以取代上一代的主力机种F-15鹰式战斗机。
洛克希德²马丁为主承包商，负责设计大部分机身、武器系统和F-22的最终组装。
计划合作伙伴波音则提供机翼、后机身、航空电子综合系统和培训系统。
F-22被公认为现代十大战斗机第一名。
洛克希德²马丁公司宣称，猛禽的隐身性能、灵敏性、精确度和态势感知能力结合，组合其空对空和空对地作战能力，使得它成为当今世界综合性能最佳的战斗机。
但飞机的制造成本过高、俄罗斯和中国的第五代战斗机的计划延迟导致的缺乏清晰空对空作战任务、猛禽的出口禁令和其它使用计划（包括F-35和无人机）都使得F-22的生产计划提前终止。
2009年4月，美国国防部建议停止新订单，经国会批准最终采购187架战斗机。
“2010财年国防授权法”致使缺乏生产更多F-22的资金。
2011年12月13日最后一架F-22的上线仪式在多宾斯空军预备役基地举行。
F-22战斗机发展自上个世纪七十年代末的美国先进战术战斗机计划，旨在为美国空军开发下一代空优战斗机，以对付新出现的全球威胁，取代F-15鹰式战斗机，并要在性能上全面制衡前苏联的苏-27战斗机。
F-22采用双垂尾双发单座布局。
垂尾向外倾斜27度，恰好处于一般隐身设计的边缘。
其两侧进气口装在翼前缘延伸面（边条翼）下方，与喷嘴一样，都作了抑制红外辐射的隐形设计，主翼和水平安定面采用相同的后掠角和后缘前掠角，都是小展弦比的梯形平面形，水泡型座舱盖凸出于前机身上部，全部武器都隐蔽地挂在4个内部弹舱之中。
F-22水平面上为高梯形机翼搭配一体化尾翼的综合气动力外型，包括彼此隔开很宽和并朝外倾斜的带方向舵型垂直尾翼，且水平安定面直接靠近机翼布置。
美国F-22A“猛禽”战斗机（Raptor）F-22战斗机是美国洛克希德·马丁公司与波音公司为美国空军研制的21世纪初主力制空战斗机，主要用于替换美国空军现役的F-15战斗机，在美国空军武器装备发展中占有最优先的地位。
2002年9月，美空军正式将F-22改名为F/A-2 2，确立了F/A-22将兼顾制空与对地攻击双重任务。
2005年12月，美国空军兰利空军基地的第27战斗机中队装备的F-22率先达到初始作战能力（IOC）。
同时美国空军又恢复了F-22这一名称。
空军参谋长Michael Moseley周四称，F/ A不是空军的叫法。
他说："我们把战斗机冠以F打头，众多战斗机都继承了这种叫法。
F-111具有多任务能力，F-4、F-16也具有多任务能力，F-22这种飞机也是这样的。
该机能执行空对地、空对空任务，但同时它也是空军战斗机系列飞机。
我们把这种执行空对地和空对空任务的空中优势飞机称为F-22A"。
全球目前只有美国设计制造完成两款真正的第四代战斗机FA22、F35，欧洲和俄国的战斗机不是无法达到第四代战机的全部要求，就是还在论证测试阶段。
美国FA22战斗机代表了当今技术的最高水平，是目前作战效能最强的战斗机。
F22战机1 990年首次试飞，2005年服役。
美国FA22战斗机除了采用隐身和抑制红外辐射的方法隐身外，还采用了先进的电磁波射频管理抑制技术，因为如果不采用先进的电磁波射频管理抑制技术将反而更容易被敌方发现。
FA-22采用先进的APG-7 7有源相控阵雷达，美国APG-77雷达除了传统的雷达功能外，还集成了情报侦查、电子干扰、通信等功能，并支持无源定位探测能力。
APG-77雷达的扫描速度极快，减小了被敌方截获和识别的概率，同时符合美军低可截获(LPI)要求。
A PG-77采用的低可截获技术包括根据目标探测需要控制发射功率，伪装码扩谱等。
APG-77雷达还具有非合作目标识别能力（NCTR），可不通过容易被截获的敌我识别问答装置对远方目标进行识别分类。
雷达反射面积仅0.01米,精准度在6米以内,其性能如何?
战斗机是空军的主战战机，是当前各军事大国发展空军的重点研发方向，战斗机发展也有近百年历史，从一代到现在的五代，战斗机的性能不断提升，整体作战能力已经让的空军可单独进行作战任务，这次就来介绍下目前综合能力最强的五代机。
F-22“猛禽”为世界首款隐形五代机，也是当前综合性能最出众的五代机，“猛禽”F22的问世就像“灯塔”一样，侧面促进了后续五代机的发展，而F-22也沿袭美国一贯军工风格，高质量高标准的要求。
F-22“猛禽”拥有出色的航空电子设别，配置了大推力涡扇发动机F119，让猛禽可进行超音速航巡，最大速度为2.25马赫，时速为2400公里，有强大的机动性能，并且配置了多个外挂点，有很强的机动作战能力。
而“猛禽”最出色的是他的隐形性能，其雷达反射面积达到0.01至0.005平方米，这让当前传统脉冲雷达和大量侦查设备失效，是目前隐形性能最强的战斗机，F-22的问世也侧面奠定了美国在战斗机领域霸主的位置。
目前F-22生产线已经关闭，一共建造了187架，其原因是建造费用太高，一架F-22约在2亿美元，虽然停产，但F-22这样的数量让美国保持强大的空军实力，为美国空军主力战机。
从当前美国对空军发展定位来看，F-22猛禽大概率不会重新建造，后续空军主力以F-35多功能五代机来承担。
F22 DesignThe Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor is a single-seat, twin-engine, all weather stealth tactical fighter aircraft developed for the United States Air Force (USAF). The result of the USAF's Advanced Tactical Fighter program, the aircraft was designed primarily as an air superiority fighter, but has additional capabilities including ground attack, electronic warfare, and signals intelligence roles.[6] Lockheed Martin is the prime contractor and is responsible for the majority of the airframe, weapon systems, and final assembly of the F-22, while program partner Boeing provides the wings, aft fuselage, avionics integration, and training systems.The aircraft was variously designated F-22 and F/A-22 prior to formally entering service in December 2005 as the F-22A. Despite a protracted development as well as operational issues, the USAF considers the F-22 a critical component of its tactical air power, and states that the aircraft is unmatched by any known or projected fighter. The Raptor's combination of stealth, aerodynamic performance, and situational awareness gives the aircraft unprecedented air combat capabilities.[8] Air Chief Marshal Angus Houston, former Chief of the Australian Defence Force, said in 2004 that the "F-22 will be the most outstanding fighter plane ever built."The high cost of the aircraft, a lack of clear air-to-air missions due to delays inRussian and Chinese fighter programs, a ban on exports, and development of the more versatile and lower cost F-35 led to the end of F-22 production.[N 1] A final procurement tally of 187 operational production aircraft was established in 2009 and the last F-22 was delivered to the USAF in 2012.OverviewThe F-22 Raptor is a fifth generation fighter that is considered fourth-generation in stealth aircraft technology by the USAF. It is the first operational aircraft to combine supercruise, maneuverability, stealth, and sensor fusion into a single platform. The Raptor has large shoulder-mounted diamond wings, four empennage surfaces, and a retractable tricycle landing gear. Flight control surfaces include leading and trailing edge flaps, ailerons, rudders on the canted vertical stabilizers, and all-moving horizontal tails; these control surfaces also serve as the speed brake.The aircraft's dual afterburning Pratt & Whitney F119-PW-100 turbofan engines are placed close together and incorporate pitch axis thrust vectoring nozzles with a range of ±20 degrees; each engine has a maximum thrust in the 35,000 lbf (156 kN) class. The F-22's thrust to weight ratio in typical combat configuration is nearly at unity in maximum military power and 1.25 in full afterburner. Maximum speed without external stores is estimated to be Mach 1.82 during supercruise and greater than Mach 2 with afterburners.The F-22 is among only a few aircraft that can supercruise, or sustainedsupersonic flight without using fuel-inefficient afterburners; targets can be intercepted which subsonic aircraft would lack the speed to pursue and an afterburner-dependent aircraft would lack the fuel to reach. The Raptor's high operating altitude is also a significant tactical advantage over prior fighters.[109] The use of internal weapons bays allows the aircraft to maintain comparatively higher performance over most other aircraft due to a lack of drag from external stores. The F-22's structure contains extensive amounts of high-strength materials to withstand stress and heat of sustained supersonic flight. Respectively, titanium alloys and composites comprise 39% and 24% of the aircraft's structural weight.The F-22 is highly maneuverable at both supersonic and subsonic speeds. Computerized fly-by-wire control system and full authority digital engine control (FADEC) make the aircraft highly departure resistant and enable it to remain controllable at aggressive pilot inputs. The Raptor's relaxed stability and thrust vectoring allow the aircraft to turn tightly, and perform very high alpha (angle of attack) maneuvers such as the Herbst maneuver (J-turn) and Pugachev's Cobra. The F-22 is also capable of maintaining over 60°alpha while having some roll control.The F-22's aerodynamic performance, sensor fusion, and stealth work together for increased effectiveness. Altitude, speed, and advanced active and passive sensors allow targets to be spotted at considerable ranges and increase weapons range. Altitude and speed also complement stealth's effectiveness by increasing distance between the aircraft and ground defenses and giving defensive systems less time to react.AvionicsKey avionics include BAE Systems EI&S AN/ALR-94 radar warning receiver (RWR),[116] Lockheed Martin AN/AAR-56 Infra-Red and Ultra-Violet Missile Launch Detector (MLD) and Northrop Grumman AN/APG-77 Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar. The MLD features six sensors to provide full spherical infrared coverage.[84] The RWR is a passive radar detector with more than 30 antennas are blended into the wings and fuselage for all-round coverage. Tom Burbage, former F-22 program head at Lockheed Martin, described it as "the most technically complex piece of equipment on the aircraft." The range of the RWR (250+ nmi) exceeds the radar's, and can cue radar emissions to be confined to a narrow beam (down to 2° by 2° in azimuth and elevation) to increase stealth.The AN/APG-77 radar features a low-observable, active-aperture, electronically scanned array that can track multiple targets under any weather conditions. Radar emissions can also be focused to overload enemy sensors as an electronic-attack capability. The radar changes frequencies more than 1,000 times per second to lower interception probability and has an estimated range of 125–150 miles, though planned upgrades will allow a range of 250 miles (400 km) or more in narrow beams. Radar information is processed by two Raytheon Common Integrated Processor (CIP)s, each capable of processing up to 10.5 billion instructions per second. In a process known as sensor fusion, data from the radar, other sensors, and external systems is filtered and combined by the CIP into a common view, reducing pilot workload.The F-22's ability to operate close to the battlefield gives the aircraft threat detection and identification capability comparative with the RC-135 Rivet Joint, and the ability to function as a "mini-AWACS", though the radar is less powerful than those of dedicated platforms. The F-22 can designate targets for allies, and determine whether two friendly aircraft are targeting the same aircraft. This radar system can sometimes identify targets "many times quicker than the AWACS".The IEEE-1394B data bus developed for the F-22 was derived from thecommercial IEEE-1394 "FireWire" bus system. In 2007, the F-22's radar was used as a wireless data transceiver during tests, transmitting data at 548 megabits per second and receiving at gigabit speed, far faster than the Link 16 system.The F-22's software has some 1.7 million lines of code, the majority involving processing radar data. Former Secretary of the USAF Michael Wynne blamed the use of the DoD's Ada for cost overruns and delays on many military projects, including the F-22. Cyberattacks on subcontractors have reportedly raised doubts about the security of the F-22's systems and combat-effectiveness. In 2009, former Navy Secretary John Lehman considered the F-22 to be safe from cyberattack, citing the age of its IBM software.CockpitCockpit of the F-22, showing instruments, head up display and throttle topThe F-22 has a glass cockpit with all-digital flight instruments. The monochrome head-up display offers a wide field of view and serves as a primary flight instrument; information is also displayed upon six color liquid crystal display (LCD) panels. The primary flight controls are a force-sensitive side-stick controller and a pair of throttles. The USAF initially wanted to implement direct voice input (DVI) controls, but this was judged to be too technically risky and was abandoned. The canopy's dimensions are approximately 140 inches long, 45 inches wide, and 27 inches tall (355 cm x 115 cm x 69 cm) and weighs 360 pounds.The F-22 has integrated radio functionality, the signal processing systems are virtualized rather than as a separate hardware module. There has been several reports on the F-22's inability to communicate with other aircraft, and funding cuts have affected the development of the MADL data link. Voice communication is possible, but not data transfer.The integrated control panel (ICP) is a keypad system for entering communications, navigation, and autopilot data. Two 3 in × 4 in (7.6 cm × 10.2 cm) up-front displays located around the ICP are used to display integrated caution advisory/warning data, communications, navigation and identification (CNI) data and also serve as the stand-by flight instrumentation group and fuel quantity indicator. The stand-by flight group displays an artificial horizon, for basic instrument meteorological conditions. The 8 in ×8 in (20 cm ×20 cm) primary multi-function display (PMFD) is located under the ICP, and is used for navigation and situation assessment. Three 6.25 in × 6.25 in (15.9 cm × 15.9 cm) secondary multi-function displays are located around the PMFD for tactical information and stores management.The ejection seat is a version of the ACES II (Advanced Concept Ejection Seat) commonly used in USAF aircraft, with a center-mounted ejection control.[135] The F-22 has a complex life support system, which includes the on-board oxygen generation system (OBOGS), protective pilot garments, and a breathing regulator/anti-g (BRAG) valve controlling flow and pressure to the pilot's mask and garments. The protective garments are designed to protect against chemical/biological hazards and cold-water immersion, to counter g-forces and low pressure at high altitudes, and to provide thermal relief. It was developed under the Advanced Technology Anti-G Suit (ATAGS) project.[136] Suspicions regarding the performance of the OBOGS and life support equipment have been raised by several mishaps, including a fatal crash.ArmamentAIM-120 AMRAAM (right) fitted in a weapons bay of an F-22The Raptor has three internal weapons bays: a large bay on the bottom of the fuselage, and two smaller bays on the sides of the fuselage, aft of the engine intakes. It can carry six medium range missiles in the center bay and one short–range missile in each side bay; Four of the medium range missiles can be replaced with two bomb racks that can each carry one medium-size or four smaller bombs. Carrying armaments internally maintains the aircraft's stealth and minimizes additional drag. Missile launches require the bay doors to be open for less than a second, during which hydraulic arms push missiles clear of the aircraft; this is to reduce vulnerability to detection and to deploy missiles during high speed flight.The F-22 can also carry air-to-surface weapons such as bombs with Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) guidance and the Small-Diameter Bomb, but cannot self-designate for laser-guided weapons.[141] Internal air-to-surface ordnance is limited to 2,000 lb.[142] An internally mounted M61A2 Vulcan 20 mm cannon is embedded in the right wing root with the muzzle covered by a door to maintain stealth.[143] The radar projection of the cannon fire's path is displayed on the pilot's head-up display.F-22 with external weapons pylonsThe F-22's high cruise speed and altitude increase the effective ranges of its munitions, it has 50% greater employment range for the AIM-120 AMRAAM than prior platforms, and range will be further extended with the eventual introduction of the AIM-120D. While specifics are classified, it is expected that JDAMs employed by F-22s will have twice or more the effective range of legacy platforms. In testing, an F-22 dropped a 1,000 lb (450 kg) JDAM from 50,000 feet (15,000 m) while cruising at Mach 1.5, striking a moving target 24 miles (39 km) away.While the F-22 typically carries weapons internally, the wings include four hardpoints, each rated to handle 5,000 lb (2,300 kg). Each hardpoint has a pylon that can carry a detachable 600 gallon fuel tank or a launcher holding two air-air missiles. The use of external stores degrades the F-22's stealth, maneuverability and speed. The two inner hardpoints are "plumbed" for external fuel tanks; the hardpoints can be jettisoned in flight to maximize the aircraft's stealth after exhausting external stores. A stealth ordnance pod and pylon is being developed to carry additional weapons internally.StealthFor stealth, the F-22 carries weapons in internal bays. The doors for the center and side bays are open; note the six LAU-142/A AMRAAM Vertical Ejection Launchers The F-22 was designed to be highly difficult to detect and track by radar. Measures to reduce its radar signature include airframe shaping such as planform alignment of edges, fixed-geometry serpentine inlets that prevent line-of-sight of the engine faces from any exterior view, use of radar absorbent material (RAM), and attention to detail such as hinges and pilot helmets that could provide a radar return. The F-22 was also designed to have decreased radio, heat and noise emissions as well as reduced visibility to the naked eye. The aircraft's flat thrust vectoring nozzle reduces infrared emissions to mitigate the threat of infrared homing ("heat seeking") surface-to-air or air-to-air missiles.[150] Additional measures to reduce the infrared signature include special paint and active cooling of leading edges to manage the heat buildup from supersonic flight.Compared to previous stealth designs like the F-117, the F-22 is less reliant on RAM, which are maintenance-intensive and susceptible to adverse weather conditions. Unlike the B-2, which requires climate-controlled hangars, the F-22 can undergo repairs on the flight line or in a normal hangar. The F-22 features a Signature Assessment System which delivers warnings when the radar signature is degraded and necessitates repair.[109] The F-22's exact radar cross-section (RCS) is classified; however, in 2009 Lockheed Martin released information indicating it has an RCS (from certain angles) of −40 dBsm – equivalent to the radar reflection of a "steel marble".[152] Effectively maintaining the stealth features can decrease the F-22's mission capable rate to 62–70%.The effectiveness of the stealth characteristics is difficult to gauge. The RCS value is a restrictive measurement of the aircraft's frontal or side area from the perspective of a static radar. When an aircraft maneuvers it exposes a completely different set of angles and surface area, potentially increasing radar observability. Furthermore, the F-22's stealth contouring and radar absorbent materials are chiefly effective against high-frequency radars, usually found on other aircraft. The effects of Rayleigh scattering and resonance mean that low-frequency radars, employed by weather radars and ground warning stations, are more likely to detect the F-22 due to its physical size. However, such radars are also large, conspicuous, and less precise. Additionally, while faint or fleeting radar contacts make defenders aware that a stealth aircraft is present, reliably vectoringinterception to attack the aircraft is much more challenging.[155] According to the USAF an F-22 surprised an Iranian F-4 Phantom II that was attempting to intercept an American UAV, despite Iran's claim of having military VHF radar coverage over the Persian Gulf.Specifications (F-22A)Orthographically projected diagram of the F-22AF-22 Raptor tail feathersUSAF poster of key F-22 features and armamentData from USAF, F-22 Raptor Team web site Manufacturers' dataAviation Week, and Journal of Electronic DefenseGeneral characteristicsCrew: 1Length: 62 ft 1 in (18.92 m)Wingspan: 44 ft 6 in (13.56 m)Height: 16 ft 8 in (5.08 m)Wing area: 840 ft² (78.04 m²)Airfoil: NACA 64A?05.92 root, NACA 64A?04.29 tipEmpty weight: 43,340 lb (19,700 kg)Loaded weight: 64,840 lb (29,410 kg)Max. takeoff weight: 83,500 lb (38,000 kg)Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney F119-PW-100 pitch thrust vectoring turbofans Dry thrust: 26,000 lb (116 kN) eachThrust with afterburner: 35,000+ lb (156+ kN) eachFuel capacity: 18,000 lb (8,200 kg) internally, or 26,000 lb (12,000 kg) with two external fuel tanksPerformanceMaximum speed:At altitude: Mach 2.25 (1,500 mph, 2,410 km/h)Supercruise: Mach 1.82 (1,220 mph, 1,960 km/h)Range: >1,600 nmi (1,840 mi, 2,960 km) with 2 external fuel tanksCombat radius: 410 nmi (with 100 nmi in supercruise) (470 mi, 760 km)Ferry range: 2,000 mi (1,740 nmi, 3,220 km)Service ceiling: >65,000 ft (20,000 m)Wing loading: 77.2 lb/ft² (377 kg/m²)Thrust/weight: 1.08Maximum design g-load: −3.0/+9.0 gArmamentGuns: 1× 20 mm (0.787 in) M61A2 Vulcan 6-barrel Gatling cannon in right wing root, 480 roundsAir to air loadout:6× AIM-120 AMRAAM2× AIM-9 SidewinderAir to ground loadout:2× 1,000 lb (450 kg) JDAM or 8× 250 lb (110 kg) GBU-39 Small Diameter Bombs2× AIM-120 AMRAAM2× AIM-9 SidewinderHardpoints: 4× under-wing pylon stations can be fitted to carry 600 U.S. gallon drop tanks or weapons, each with a capacity of 5,000 lb (2,270 kg).AvionicsAN/APG-77 radar: 125–150 miles (200–240 km) against 1 m2 (11 sq ft) targets (estimated range)AN/AAR-56 Missile Launch Detector (MLD)AN/ALR-94 radar warning receiver (RWR): 250 nmi (463 km) or more detection rangeMJU-39/40 flares for protection against IR missiles。
