Associate Professor Four Measures of System Behavior

Principles of EmergencyManagementSupplementSeptember 11, 2007Table of ContentsForeword (3)Definition, Vision, Mission, Principles (4)Definition (4)Vision (4)Mission (4)Principles (4)Principles of Emergency Management (5)1. Comprehensive (5)2. Progressive (5)3. Risk-driven (6)4. Integrated (6)5. Collaborative (7)6. Coordinated (8)7. Flexible (8)8. Professional (9)ForewordIn March of 2007, Dr. Wayne Blanchard of FEMA’s Emergency Management Higher Education Pro-ject, at the direction of Dr. Cortez Lawrence, Superintendent of FEMA’s Emergency Management Insti-tute, convened a working group of emergency management practitioners and academics to consider prin-ciples of emergency management. This project was prompted by the realization that while numerous books, articles and papers referred to “principles of emergency management”, nowhere in the vast array of literature on the subject was there an agreed upon definition of what these principles were.The group agreed on eight principles that will be used to guide the development of a doctrine of emer-gency management. This monograph lists these eight principles and provides a brief description of each.Members of the working group are:Dr. B. Wayne Blanchard, CEMHigher Education Project ManagerFEMA Emergency Management InstituteLucien G. Canton, CEM, CBCP, CPPEmergency Management ConsultantDirector of Emergency Services (retired)City and County of San Francisco, CACarol L. Cwiak, JDInstructor, Emergency Management ProgramNorth Dakota State UniversityKay C. Goss, CEMPresidentFoundation of Higher Education AccreditationDr. David A McEntireAssociate ProfessorEmergency Administration and Planning Program University of North TexasLee Newsome, CEMEmergency Response Educators and Consultants, Inc. RepresentativeNFPA 1600 Technical Advisory Committee Michael D. Selves, CEM, CPMEmergency Management and HomelandSecurity DirectorJohnson County, KansasPresidentInternational Association of Emergency Managers Eric A. SorchikAdjunct Professor, School of Administrative Science Fairleigh-Dickinson UniversityState Emergency Management Training Officer New Jersey State Police (retired)Kim StensonChief, Preparedness and RecoverySouth Carolina Emergency Management Division RepresentativeNational Emergency Managers AssociationJames E. Turner IIIDirectorDelaware Emergency Management Agency RepresentativeNational Emergency Managers AssociationDr. William L Waugh, Jr.Professor, Public Administration andUrban Studies /Political ScienceGeorgia State UniversityRepresentativeEmergency Management Accreditation Program Dewayne West, CEM, CCFIDirector of Emergency Services (retired) Johnston County, North CarolinaPast PresidentInternational Association of Emergency ManagersEMERGENCY MANAGEMENTDEFINITION, VISION, MISSION, PRINCIPLES DefinitionEmergency management is the managerial function charged with creating the framework within which communities reduce vulnerability to hazards and cope with disasters.VisionEmergency management seeks to promote safer, less vulnerable communities with the capacity to cope with hazards and disasters.MissionEmergency management protects communities by coordinating and integrating all activities necessary to build, sustain, and improve the capability to mitigate against, prepare for, respond to, and recover from threatened or actual natural disasters, acts of terrorism, or other man-made disasters. PrinciplesEmergency management must be:prehensive – emergency managers consider and take into account all hazards, all phases,all stakeholders and all impacts relevant to disasters.2.Progressive – emergency managers anticipate future disasters and take preventive and prepara-tory measures to build disaster-resistant and disaster-resilient communities.3.Risk-driven – emergency managers use sound risk management principles (hazard identifica-tion, risk analysis, and impact analysis) in assigning priorities and resources.4.Integrated – emergency managers ensure unity of effort among all levels of government andall elements of a community.5.Collaborative – emergency managers create and sustain broad and sincere relationshipsamong individuals and organizations to encourage trust, advocate a team atmosphere, buildconsensus, and facilitate communication.6.Coordinated – emergency managers synchronize the activities of all relevant stakeholders toachieve a common purpose.7.Flexible – emergency managers use creative and innovative approaches in solving disasterchallenges.8.Professional – emergency managers value a science and knowledge-based approach based oneducation, training, experience, ethical practice, public stewardship and continuous improve-ment.PRINCIPLES OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT1. ComprehensiveEmergency managers consider and take into account all hazards, all phases, all impacts, and all stake-holders relevant to disasters.Comprehensive emergency management can be defined as the preparation for and the carrying out of all emergency functions necessary to mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from emergencies and disasters caused by all hazards, whether natural, tech-nological, or human caused. Comprehensive emer-gency management consists of four related com-ponents: all hazards, all phases, all impacts, and all stakeholders.All Hazards: All hazards within a jurisdiction must be considered as part of a thorough risk assess-ment and prioritized on the basis of impact and likeli-hood of occurrence. Treating all hazards the same in terms of planning resource allocation ultimately leads to failure. There are similarities in how one reacts to all disasters. These event-specific actions form the ba-sis for most emergency plans. However, there are also distinct differences between disaster agents that must be addressed in agent or hazard-specific plans and these can only be identified through the risk assess-ment process.All Phases: The Comprehensive Emergency Man-agement Model1 on which modern emergency man-agement is based defines four phases of emergency management: mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Mitigation consists of those activities de-signed to prevent or reduce losses from disaster. It is usually considered the initial phase of emergency management, although it may be a component of other phases. Preparedness is focused on the development of plans and capabilities for effective disaster re-sponse. Response is the immediate reaction to a disas-ter. It may occur as the disaster is anticipated, as well as soon after it begins. Recovery consists of those ac-1 National Governors’ Association. 1978 Emergency Pre-paredness Project: Final Report. Washington, DC:NGA, 1978. tivities that continue beyond the emergency period to restore critical community functions and manage re-construction.2 Detailed planning and execution is re-quired for each phase. Further, phases often overlap as there is often no clearly defined boundary where one phase ends and another begins. Successful emergency management coordinates activities in all four phases.All Impacts: Emergencies and disasters cut across a broad spectrum in terms of impact on infrastructure, human services, and the economy. Just as all hazards need to be considered in developing plans and proto-cols, all impacts or predictable consequences relating to those hazards must also be analyzed and addressed.All Stakeholders: This component is closely re-lated to the emergency management principles of co-ordination and collaboration. Effective emergency management requires close working relationships among all levels of government, the private sector, and the general public.2. ProgressiveEmergency managers anticipate future disasters and take preventive and preparatory measures to build disaster-resistant and disaster-resilient communities.Research and data from natural and social scien-tists indicates that disasters are becoming more fre-quent, intense, dynamic, and complex. The number of federally declared disasters has risen dramatically over recent decades. Monetary losses are rising at ex-ponential rates because more property is being put at risk. The location of communities and the construction of buildings and infrastructure have not considered potential hazards. Environmental mismanagement and a failure to develop and enforce sound building codes are producing more disasters. There is an increased risk of terrorist attacks using weapons of mass de-struction2 William L. Waugh, Jr. Living with Hazards, Dealing with Disasters: An Introduction to Emergency Management. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2000.Emergency management must give greater atten-tion to prevention and mitigation activities. Tradition-ally, emergency managers have confined their activi-ties to developing emergency response plans and co-ordinating the initial response to disasters. Given the escalating risks facing communities, however, emer-gency managers must become more progressive and strategic in their thinking. The role of the emergency manager can no longer be that of a technician but must evolve to that of a manager and senior policy advisor who oversees a community-wide program to address all hazards and all phases of the emergency management cycle.Emergency managers must understand how to as-sess hazards and reduce vulnerability, seek the support of public officials and support the passage of laws and the enforcement of ordinances that reduce vulner-ability. Collaborative efforts between experts and or-ganizations in the public, private and non-profit sec-tors are needed to promote disaster prevention and preparedness. Efforts such as land-use planning, envi-ronmental management, building code enforcement, planning, training, and exercises are required and must emphasize vulnerability reduction and capacity build-ing, not just compliance. Emergency management is progressive and not just reactive in orientation.3. Risk-drivenEmergency managers use sound risk management principles (hazard identification, risk analysis, and impact analysis) in assigning priorities and resources.Emergency managers are responsible for using available resources effectively and efficiently to man-age risk. That means that the setting of policy and programmatic priorities should be based upon meas-ured levels of risk to lives, property, and the environ-ment. NFPA 1600 states that emergency management programs “shall identify hazards, monitor those haz-ards, the likelihood of their occurrence, and the vul-nerability of people, property, the environment, and the entity [program] itself to those hazards”3 The Emergency Management Accreditation Program (EMAP) Standard echoes this requirement for public sector emergency management programs.3NFPA 1600 Standard on Disaster/Emergency Manage-ment and Business Continuity Programs, 2007 Edition, Na-tional Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA. Section 5.3Effective risk management is based upon (1) the identification of the natural and man-made hazards that may have significant effect on the community or organization; (2) the analysis of those hazards based on the vulnerability of the community to determine the nature of the risks they pose; and (3) an impact analysis to determine the potential affect they may have on specific communities, organizations, and other entities. Mitigation strategies, emergency opera-tions plans, continuity of operations plans, and pre- and post-disaster recovery plans should be based upon the specific risks identified and resources should be allocated appropriately to address those risks.Communities across the United States have very different risks. It is the responsibility of emergency managers to address the risks specific to their com-munities. Budgets, human resource management deci-sions, plans, public education programs, training and exercising, and other efforts necessarily should focus on the hazards that pose the greatest risks first. An all-hazards focus ensures that plans are adaptable to a va-riety of disaster types and that, by addressing the haz-ards that pose the greatest risk, the community will be better prepared for lesser risks as well.4. IntegratedEmergency managers ensure unity of effort among all levels of government and all elements of a community.In the early 1980’s, emergency managers adopted the Integrated Emergency Management System (IEMS), an all-hazards approach to the direction, con-trol and coordination of disasters regardless of their location, size and complexity. IEMS integrates part-nerships that include all stakeholders in the commu-nity’s decision-making processes. IEMS is intended to create an organizational culture that is critical to achieving unity of effort between government, key community partners, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the private sector.Unity of effort is dependent on both vertical and horizontal integration. This means that at the local level, emergency programs must be integrated with other activities of government. For example, depart-ment emergency plans must be synchronized with and support the overall emergency operations plan for the community. In addition, plans at all levels of local government must ultimately be integrated with andsupport the community’s vision and be consistent with its values.Similarly, private sector continuity plans should take into account the community’s emergency opera-tions plan. Businesses are demanding greater interface with government to understand how to react to events that threaten business survival. Additionally, busi-nesses can provide significant resources during disas-ters and thus may be a critical component of the community’s emergency operations plan. In addition, given the high percentage of critical infrastructure owned by the private sector, failure to include busi-nesses in emergency programs could have grave con-sequences for the community.The local emergency management program must also be synchronized with higher-level plans and pro-grams. This is most noticeable in the dependence of local government on county, state and federal re-sources during a disaster. If plans have not been syn-chronized and integrated, resources may be delayed.Emergency management must be integrated into daily decisions, not just during times of disasters. While protecting the population is a primary responsi-bility of government, it cannot be accomplished with-out building partnerships among disciplines and across all sectors, including the private sector and the media.5. CollaborativeEmergency managers create and sustain broad and sincere relationships among individuals and organiza-tions to encourage trust, advocate a team atmosphere, build consensus, and facilitate communication.There is a difference between the terms “collabora-tion” and “coordination” and current usage often makes it difficult to distinguish between these words. Coordination refers to a process designed to ensure that functions, roles and responsibilities are identified and tasks accomplished; collaboration must be viewed as an attitude or an organizational culture that charac-terizes the degree of unity and cooperation that exists within a community. In essence, collaboration creates the environment in which coordination can function effectively.In disaster situations, the one factor that is consis-tently credited with improving the performance of a community is the degree to which there is an open and cooperative relationship among those individuals and agencies involved. Shortly after Hurricane Katrina, Governing magazine correspondent, Jonathan Walters wrote: “Most important to the strength of the inter-governmental chain are solid relationships among those who might be called upon to work together in times of high stress. ‘You don’t want to meet someone for the first time while you’re standing around in the rubble,’ says Jarrod Bernstein, a spokesman for the New York Office of Emergency Management.” 4 It is this kind of culture and relationship that collaboration is intended to establish.A commitment to collaboration makes other essen-tial roles and functions possible. Comfort and Cahill acknowledge the essential nature of collaboration within the emergency management function: “In en-vironments of high uncertainty, this quality of inter-personal trust is essential for collective action. Build-ing that trust in a multi-organizational operating envi-ronment is a complex process, perhaps the most diffi-cult task involved in creating an integrated emergency management system.”5 Thomas Drabeck6 suggests that collaboration involves three elements:1.We must commit to ensuring that we have doneeverything possible to identify all potential play-ers in a disaster event and work to involve them in every aspect of planning and preparedness for a disaster event.2.Having achieved this broad involvement, wemust constantly work to maintain and sustain the real, human, contact necessary to make the system work in a disaster event.3.Finally, our involvement of all of our “partners”must be based on a sincere desire to listen to and incorporate their concerns and ideas into our planning and preparedness efforts. This element4 Jonathan Walters. , December 1, 20055 Louise K. Comfort and Anthony G. Cahill. Managing Disaster, Strategies and Policy Perspectives. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 19886 Thomas E. Drabek. Strategies for Coordinating Disaster Responses. Boulder, CO: Program on Environment and Behavior, Monograph 61, University of Colorado, 2003.is probably the most critical because it is this sin-cere interest that engenders trust, cooperation and understanding and allows us to truly have a “team” approach to protecting our communities in times of disaster.This principle can perhaps best be encapsulated by remembering: “If we shake hands before a disaster, we won’t have to point fingers afterwards.”76. CoordinatedEmergency managers synchronize the activities of all relevant stakeholders to achieve a common purpose.Emergency managers are seldom in a position to direct the activities of the many agencies and organi-zations involved in the emergency management pro-gram. In most cases, the people in charge of these or-ganizations are senior to the emergency manager, have direct line authority from the senior official, or are autonomous. Each stakeholder brings to the plan-ning process their own authorities, legal mandates, culture and operating missions. The principle of coor-dination requires that the emergency manager gain agreement among these disparate agencies as to a common purpose and then ensure that their independ-ent activities help to achieve this common purpose.In essence, the principle of coordination requires that the emergency manager think strategically, that he or she see the “big picture” and how each stake-holder fits into that mosaic. This type of thinking is the basis for the strategic program plan required under the National Preparedness Standard (NFPA 1600) and the Emergency Management Accreditation Program. In developing the strategic plan, the emergency man-ager facilitates the identification of agreed-upon goals and then persuades stakeholders to accept responsibil-ity for specific performance objectives. The strategic plan then becomes a mechanism for assessing pro-gram progress and accomplishments.This same process can be used on a smaller scale to develop a specific plan, such as a community re-covery plan; it is also an inherent component of tacti-7 Michael D. Selves. Oral testimony before the United States House Subcommittee on Emergency Management of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, April 26, 2007. cal and operational response. The principle of coordi-nation is applicable to all four phases of the Compre-hensive Emergency Management cycle and is essen-tial for successful planning and operational activities related to the emergency management program. Ap-plication of the principle of coordination provides the emergency manager with the management tools that produce the results necessary to achieve a common purpose.7. FlexibleEmergency managers use creative and innovative ap-proaches in solving disaster challenges.Due to their diverse and varied responsibilities, emergency managers constitute one of the most flexi-ble organizational elements of government. Laws, policies and operating procedures that allow little flexibility in the performance of duties drive more tra-ditional branches of government. Emergency manag-ers are instead encouraged to developed creative solu-tions to solve problems and achieve goals.A principal role of the emergency manager is the assessment of vulnerability and risk and the develop-ment of corresponding strategies that could be used to reduce or eliminate risk. However, there can more than one potential mitigation strategy for any given risk. The emergency manager must have the flexibility to choose not only the most efficient course of action but the one that would have the most chance of being implemented.In the preparedness phase, the emergency manager uses many resources to create and maintain a well-organized community response structure. One such re-source is the development of a risk-based community emergency operations plan. While most policies and procedures in government are specific and designed to offer little room for interpretation, the emergency op-erations plan is designed to be flexible and applicable to all community emergency operations. It is based on the consequences of the event, not the promulgating action.The most dramatic phase of emergency manage-ment is response. In this phase the emergency man-ager coordinates activities to ensure overall objectives are being met. The emergency manager must be flexi-ble enough to suggest variations in tactics or proce-dures and adapt quickly to a rapidly changing and fre-quently unclear situation. The emphasis is on creative problem solving based on the event and not on rigid adherence to pre-existing plans.As part of the community team that will determine recovery priorities the emergency manager must be capable of dealing with the political, economic and social pressures in making these decisions. It is natu-ral to focus on short-term efforts in disaster recovery. However, the emergency manager cannot lose sight of the long-term needs of the community and it is this aspect of recovery that often must be driven by the emergency manager.Flexibility is a key trait of emergency management and success in the emergency management field is de-pendent upon it. Being able to provide alternate solu-tions to stakeholders and then having the flexibility to implement these solutions is a formula for success in emergency management.8. ProfessionalEmergency managers value a science and knowledge-based approach based on education, training, experi-ence, ethical practice, public stewardship and con-tinuous improvement.Professionalism in the context of the principles of emergency management pertains not to the personal attributes of the emergency manager but to a com-mitment to emergency management as a profession. A profession, as opposed to a discipline or a vocation, has certain characteristics, among which are: Code of ethics – while no single code of ethics has yet been agreed upon for the profession, the Code of Ethics of the International Association of Emergency Managers, with its emphasis on respect, commitment and professionalism, is generally accepted as the stan-dard for emergency managers.Professional associations – emergency managers seeking to advance the profession of emergency man-agement are members of professional organizations such as the National Emergency Manager’s Associa-tion (NEMA) and the International Association of Emergency Managers (IAEM). They also participate in appropriate state, local and professional associa-tions.Board certification – emergency managers seek to earn professional certification through such programs as the Certified Emergency Manager program of IAEM. Professional certification demonstrates the achievement of a minimum level of expertise and en-courages continued professional development through periodic recertification.Specialized body of knowledge– the knowledge base for emergency managers consists of three princi-pal areas. The first is the study of historical disasters, particularly as it pertains to the community for which the emergency manager is responsible. Secondly, the emergency manager must have a working familiarity with social science literature pertaining to disaster is-sues. Third, the emergency manager must be well versed in emergency management practices, standards and guidelines.Standards and best practices – the principal standards used in emergency management are NFPA 1600 and the Emergency Management Accreditation Program (EMAP) Standard. These two standards pro-vide the overarching context for the use of other stan-dards and best practices.。

外国人在中国永久居留审批管理办法(英文版)Measures for the Administration of Examination and Approval of Foreigners' Permanent Residence in China(Approved by the State Council on December 13, 2003, and promulgated by Order No.74 of the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on August 15, 2004)Article 1 In order to standardize the examination and approval of foreigners' permanent residence in China, these Measures are formulated in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Control of Entry and Exit of Foreigners and the Detailed Rules for its implementation.Article 2 Foreigners' permanent residence in China refers to that the period of foreigners' residence in China is not limited.Article 3 The Foreigner's Permanent Residence Card is a valid ID certificate for a foreigner who has obtained permanent residence status in China and may be used independently.Article 4 A foreigner with permanent residence status in China may enter and leave China with his valid passport and Foreigner's Permanent Residence Card.Article 5 The authorities to accept the applications of foreigners for permanent residence in China are the public security organs of the people's governments of cities with subordinate districts and the public security branch bureaus and county-level bureaus of municipalities directly under the Central Government. The authorities to examine foreigners' applications for permanent residence in China are the departments and bureaus of public security of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government. The authority to examine and approve foreigners' applications for permanent residence in China is the Ministry of Public Security.Article 6 Foreigners applying for permanent residence in China must abide by Chinese laws, be in good health and without any criminal record, and must meet at least one of the following requirements:(1) having made direct investment in China with stable operation and a good tax paying record for three successive years;(2) having been holding the post of deputy general manager, deputy factory director or above or of associate professor, associate research fellow and other associate senior titles of professional post or above or enjoying an equal treatment, for at least four successive years, with a minimum period of residence in China for three cumulative years within four years and with a good tax paying record;(3) having made a great and outstanding contribution to and being specially neededby China;(4) being the spouse or unmarried child under 18 years old of a person with reference to the item(1), (2) or (3) of this paragraph;(5) being the spouse of a Chinese citizen or of a foreigner with permanent residence status in China, in a marriage relationship for at least five years, with at least five successive years of residence in China and at least nine months of residence in China each year, and having stable source of subsistence and a dwelling place;(6) being an unmarried person under 18 years old turning to his parent; or(7) being a person who is or above 60 years old, who has no direct relative abroad and is to turn to any directive relative in China, and has stayed in China for at least five successive years with at least nine- month residence in China each year, and has stable source of subsistence and a dwelling place.The periods of time in this Article mean the successive ones till the date of application.Article 7 In the case of a foreigner under item (1) of the first paragraph of Article 6 herein, the registered capital paid by him as investment in China shall meet any of the following requirements:(1) in the case of investment in any industry encouraged under the Catalogue for Guidance of Foreign Investment Industries, at least US$500,000 in total;(2) in the case of investment in the western area of China or any key county under poverty reduction and development program, at least US$500,000 in total;(3) in the case of investment in the central area of China, at least US$1 million in total; or(4) in the case of investment in China, at least US$2 million in total.Article 8 In the case of a foreigner under item (2) of the first paragraph of Article 6 herein, the entity in which he holds a post must be any of the following:(1) an institution subordinate to any department of the State Council or to the people's government at the provincial level;(2) a key college or university;(3) an enterprise or government-sponsored institution implementing a key engineering project or major scientific research project of the state; or(4) a high-tech enterprise, foreign invested enterprise in encouraged fields, technologically advanced enterprise with foreign investment or export-oriented enterprise with foreign investment.Article 9 The applicant shall faithfully fill in the Form of Application for Foreigner's Permanent Residence in China and submit the following materials:(1) a copy of his valid passport or other certificate that may be used instead of the passport;(2) a health certificate issued by a health quarantine agency designated by the Chinese government or by a foreign health quarantine agency recognized by the relevant Chinese embassy or consulate;(3) a certificate of no criminal record in the country concerned as issued by the relevant Chinese embassy or consulate;(4) four recent full-face color photos (2 by 2 inches, bareheaded) of the applicant; and(5) other relevant materials provided herein.Article 10 An applicant under Item (1) of the first paragraph of Article 6 herein shall submit a certificate of approval for the foreign-invested enterprise, certificate of registration and a joint annual inspection certificate, report on the verification capital and personal tax payment receipt in addition.In the case of a foreign-invested enterprise in encouraged fields, a letter of confirmation in respect of the foreign-invested project as encouraged by the state shall be submitted in addition.Article 11 An applicant under Item (2) of the first paragraph of Article 6 herein shall submit the following materials in addition:(1) a certificate certifying his position or professional title as issued by his employer;(2) the Foreign Expert Card or Foreigner Employment Card;(3) a certificate of registration and certificate of annual inspection of his employer, certificate of personal tax payment issued to him; where the employer is a foreign-invested enterprise, a certificate of approval for the foreign-invested enterprise and a joint annual inspection certificate is required in addition; and(4) in the case of an applicant who holds a post in an enterprise or institution that carries out a key engineering project or major scientific research project of the state, a certificate certifying the project as issued by the competent authority of the government at the provincial or ministry level; in the case of an applicant who holds a post in a high-tech enterprise, a high-tech enterprise certificate; in the case of a foreign-invested enterprise in encouraged fields, technologically advanced enterprise with foreign investment or export-oriented enterprise with foreign investment, a certificate certifying the foreign-invested enterprise in encouraged fields, advanced-tech enterprise with foreign investment or export-oriented enterprise with foreign investment.Article 12 An applicant under Item (3) of the first paragraph of Article 6 herein shall submit a letter of recommendation and the relevant certificates as issued by the competent authority of the Chinese government in addition.Article 13 An applicant under Item (4) of the first paragraph of Article 6 herein shall, in addition, submit a marriage certificate in the case of a spouse, his birth certificate or parentage certificate in the case of an unmarried child under 18 years old, and a adoption certificate in the case of an adopted child. The above-mentioned certificates as issued by a foreign agency shall be subject to the authentication of the Chinese embassy or consulate in the country concerned.Article 14 An applicant under Item (5) of the first paragraph of Article 6 herein shall, in addition, submit his (her) Chinese spouse's registered permanent residence certificate or foreign spouse's Foreigner's Permanent Residence Card, marriage certificate, and a notarized certificate of source of subsistence and house leasing certificate or muniments of title. The above-mentioned certificates as issued by a foreign agency shall be subject to the authentication of the Chinese embassy or consulate in the country concerned.Article 15 An applicant under Item (6) of the first paragraph of Article 6 herein shall, in addition, submit his Chinese parent's registered permanent residence certificate or foreign parent's Foreigner's Permanent Resident Card, his birth certificate or parentage certificate and, in the case of an adopted child, the adoption certificate in addition. The above-mentioned certificates as issued by a foreign agency shall be subject to the authentication of the Chinese embassy or consulate in the country concerned.Article 16 An applicant under Item (7) of the first paragraph of Article 6 herein shall, in addition, submit the registered permanent residence certificate of the Chinese citizen, or the Foreigner's Permanent Residence Card of the foreigner, to whom he is to turn, a notarized certificate of kindred and a certificate certifying that the applicant has no direct relative abroad, a notarized certificate certifying the applicant's financial source or notarized certificate of financial guarantee by the person to whom the applicant is to turn, and notarized house leasing certificate or muniments of title of the applicant or the person to whom the applicant is to turn. The above-mentioned certificates as issued by a foreign agency shall be subject to the authentication of the Chinese embassy or consulate in the country concerned.Article 17 An application for foreigner's permanent residence in China shall be submitted by the applicant himself or his parent if he is unmarried and under 18 years old or his attorney to the public security organ of the people's government of the city with subordinate districts, or the branch or county bureau of public security of the municipality directly under the Central Government, in the place where the principal investment was made or of long-term residence.In the case of applying through an attorney, a power of attorney issued bythe applicant shall be submitted. A power of attorney issued by the applicant abroad shall be subject to the authentication of the Chinese embassy or consulate in the country concerned.Article 18 The public security organ shall make an approval or disapproval decision within six months from the date of the acceptance of the application .Article 19 The Ministry of Public Security shall issue a Foreigner's Permanent Residence Card to the applicant whose permanent residence status in China has been approved. If the applicant is not in China, the Ministry of Public Security shall issue a Confirmation Form of Foreigner's Permanent Residence Status to the applicant, who shall apply for a "D" visa to the Chinese embassy or consulate in the country concerned by producing such Conformation Form and, within 30 days from his entry into China, get the Foreigner's Permanent Residence Card from the public security organ that accepted his application.Article 20 A foreigner who has been approved to permanently reside in China must stay in China for at least three cumulative months a year. If the foreigner is unable to stay in China for such minimum period due to any reason, he shall apply for the approval of the department or bureau of public security of the province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government where he reside in, provided that the cumulative period of his residence in China shall not be less than one cumulative year in five years.Article 21 A Foreigner's Permanent Residence Card shall be valid for five or ten years.In the case of a foreigner under 18 years old approved to permanently reside in China shall have a Foreigner's Permanent Residence Card valid for five years; those being or above 18 years old shall have one valid for ten years.Article 22 In the case of expiry of, any change of particulars in, damage to or loss of a Foreigner's Permanent Residence Card, the holder shall apply for renewal or reissue of the Card to the public security organ of the people's government of the city with subordinate districts, or the branch or county bureau of public security of the municipality directly under the Central Government in the place of his long-term residence. The public security organ shall make such renewal or reissue within one month if, upon examination, it holds that the holder still meets the requirements for a foreigner to be approved to permanently reside in China.Article 23 The holder of a Foreigner's Permanent Residence Card shall apply for a renewal of the Card within a month before the expiry of the old one, for a renewal within a month after any change of particulars in the Card, or for a renewal or reissue promptly in the case of any damage to or loss of the Card.Article 24 The Ministry of Public Security may cancel such status of him and withdraw or revoke his Foreigner's Permanent Residence Card in the case of a foreigner with permanent residence status in China under any of the following circumstances:(1) being likely to threaten the national security and interests;(2) being expelled from China by the people's court;(3) having obtained the permanent residence status in China by submitting false materials or by other illegal means; and(4) having stayed in China without approval for a period less than three cumulative months a year or less than a cumulative year in five years.Article 25 Foreigners who have been approved to permanently reside in China before the implementation of these Measures shall, within six months from the implementation, renew his Foreigner's Permanent Residence Card with the public security organ of the people's government of the city with subordinate districts or the branch and county bureau of public security of the municipality directly under the Central Government that issued the original Card or in the place of his long-term residence.Article 26 The items and rates of charge in respect of a foreigner's application for permanent residence status in China and the issue, renewal and reissue of a Foreigner's Permanent Residence Card shall conform to the relevant provisions of the departments of price control and finance of the State Council.Article 27 In these Measures:(1) "direct relative" shall include parents (spouse's parents), grandparents, child being at least 18 years old and his (her) spouse, and grandchild being at least 18 years old and his (her) spouse; and(2) both "above" and "within" shall include the given figure.Article 28 The power to interpret these Measures shall be vested in the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.Article 29 These Measures shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.。

2020年9月英语六级真题及答案2020年上半年第二批次大学英语六级考试安排在9月19日下午15：00-17：25 举行，以下是是希赛网英语四六级频道为大家搜集整理的2020年9月英语六级真题及参考答案完整版。

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Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the saying What worthdoing比worthdoing well. You should write at least words but no more than 200 words.Part ⅡListening Comprehension(30 minutes )Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear t0o long comversations. At the end of eachconversation , you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marnked A), B), C) and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Ansuer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.1. A) She can devote all her life to pursuing her passion.B) Her accumulated expertise helps her to achieve her goals.C) She can spread her academic ideas on a weekly TV show.D) Her research findings are widely acclaimed in the world.2. A) Provision of guidance for nuclear labs in Europe.B) Touring the globe to attend science TV shows.C) Overseeing two research groups at Oxford.D) Science education and scientific research.3. A) A better understanding of a subject.B) A stronger will to meet challenges.C) A broader knowledge of related felds.D) A closer relationship with young people.4. A) By applying the latest research methods.B) By making full use of the existing data.C) By building upon previous discoveries.D) By utilizing more powerful computers.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.5. A) They can predict future events.C) They have cultural connotations.B) They have no special meanings.D) They cannot be easily explained.6. A) It was canceled due to bad weather.B) She overslept and missed the fight.C) She dreamed of a plane craash.D) It was postponed to the following day.7. A) They can be affected by people's childhood experiences.B) They may sometimes seem ridiculous to a rational mind.C) They usually result from people's unpleasant memories.D) They can have an impact as great as rational thinking.8. A) They call for scientifc methods to interpret.B) They mirror their long- cherished wishes.C) They reflect their complicated emotions.D) They are often related to irrational feelings.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear tuoo passages. At the end of eachpassage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions wil be spoken only once.After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Ansuer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. Questions 9 to 11 are based on the pa8sage you have just heard.9. A) Radio waves.B) Sound waves.C) Robots.D) Satellites.10. A) It may be freezing fast beneath the glacier.B) It may have micro-organisms living in it.C) It may have certain rare minerals in it.D) It may be as deep as four kilometers.11. A) Help understand life in freezing conditions.B) Help find new sources of fresh waterC) Provide information about other planets.D) Shed light on possible life in outer space.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.12. A) He found there had been lttle research on their language.B) He was trying to preserve the languages of the Indian tribes.C) His contact with a social worker had greatly aroused his interest in the tribe.D) His meeting with Gonzalez had made him eager to leam more about the tribe.13. A) He taught Copeland to speak the Tarahumaras language.B) He persuaded the Tarahumaras to accept Copeland's gifts.C) He recommended one of his best friends as an interpreter.D) He acted as an intermediary between Copeland and the villagers.14. A) Unpredictable.B) Unjustifhable.C) Laborious.D) Tedious.15. A) Their appreciation of help from the outsiders.B) Their sense of sharing and caring.C) Their readiness to adapt to technology.D) Their belief in creating wealth for themselves.Section CDirections : In this section , you will hear three recondings of letures or talks followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once. Afler you hear a question, you must choose the best ansuer from the four choices markedA), B), C) and D). Then markt the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.16. A) They tend to be silenced into submission.B) They find it hard to defend themselves.C) They will feel proud of being pioneers.D) They will feel somewhat encouraged.17. A) One who advocates violence in effecting change.B) One who craves for relentless transformations.C) One who acts in the interests of the oppressed.D) One who rebels against the existing socal order.18. A) They tried to effect social change by force.B) They disrupted the nation's social stability.C) They served as a driving force for progress.D) They did more harm than good to humanity.、Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard.19. A) Few of us can ignore changes in our immediate environment.B) It is impossible for us to be imumune from outside influence.C) Few of us can remain unaware of what happens around us.D) It is important for us to keep in touch with our own world.20. A) Make up his mind to start all over again.B) Stop making unfair judgements of others.C) Try to find a more exciting job somewhere else.D) Recognise the negative impact of his coworkers.21. A) They are quite susceptible to suicide.C) They suffer a great deal from ill health.B) They improve people's quality of life.D) They help people solve mental problems.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.22. A) Few people can identify its texture.C) Its real value is open to interpretation.B) Few people can describe it precisely.D) Its importance is often over- estimated.23. A) It has never seen any change.C) It is a well-protected govemment secret.B) It has much如o do with color.D) It is a subject of study by many forgers.24. A) People had lttle faith in paper money.C) It predicted their value would increase.B) They could last longer in circulation.D) They were more difficult to counterfeit.25. A) The stabilzation of the dollar value.C) A gold standard for American currency.B) The issuing of govermment securities.D) A steady appreciation of the U. S. dollar.Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections：In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carngfully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Ansuer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Overall, men are more likely than women to make excuses. Several studies suggest that men feel the need to appear competent in all 26______，while women worry only about the skills in which they've invested 27______ . Ask a man and a woman to go diving for the first time, and the woman is likely to jump in, while the man is likely to say he's not feeling too well.Ironically, it is often success that leads people to flirt with failure. Praise wonfor 28______ a skill suddenly puts one in the position of having everything tolose. Rather than putting their reputation on the line again, many successfulpeople develop a handicapdrinking,29______,depression- -that allows them to keep their status no matterwhat the future brings. An advertising executive 30______ for depressionshortly after winning an award put it this way:“ Without my depression, I'd be afailure now;with it, I'm a success‘on hold’”In fact, the people most likely to become chronic excuse makers are those31______ with success.Such people are so afraid of being 32______ a failureat anything that they constantly develop one handicap or another in order toexplain away failure.Though self-handicapping can be an effective way of coping with performanceanxiety now and then, in the end, researchers say, it will lead to 33______. Inthe long run, excuse makers fail to live up to their true 34______ and lose thestatus they care so much about. And despite their protests to the 35______they have only themselves to blame.Section BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statementsattached to it.Each statement contains information given in ome of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from xwhich the information is derived. Youmay choose a paragraph more than once.Fach paragraph is marked with aletter. Answer the questioms by marking thecorresponding letter om Ansuer Sheet 2.Six Potential Bain Benefits of Bilingual EducationA) Brains, brains, brains. People are fascinated by brain research. And yet it can be hard to point to places where our education system is really making use of the latest neuroscience findings. But there is one happy link where research is meeting practice: bilingual education.“In the last 20 years or so, there's been a virtual explosion of research on bilingualism ,says Judith Kroll, a professor at the University of Califonia, Riverside.B) Again and again, researchers have found,“bilingualism is an experience that shapes our brain for life," in the words of Gigi Luk, an associate professor at Harvard's Graduate School of Education.At the same time, one of the hottest trends in public schooling is what's often called dual-language ortwo-way immersion programs.C) Traditional programs for English-language leamers, or ELLs, focus on assimilating students into English as quickdy as possible. Dual-languageclassrooms, by contrast, provide instruction across subjects to both English natives and English leamers, in both English and a target language.The goal is functional bilingualism and biliteracy for all students by middle school. New York City ,North Carolina, Delaware, Utah, Oregon and Washington state are among the places expanding dual-language classrooms.D) The trend fies in the face of some of the culture wars of two decades ago , when advocates insisted on“English first” education. Most famously, Califomnia passed Proposition 227 in 1998. It was intended to sharply reduce the amount of time that English-language leamers spent in bilingual settings. Proposition 58，passed by California voters on November 8, largely reversed that decision,paving the way for a huge expansion of bilingual education in the state that has the largest population of English-language leamers.E) Some of the insistence on Englih-first was founded on research produced decades ago, in which bilingual students underperformned monolingual English speakers and had lower IQ scores. Today's scholars, like Elen Bialystok at York University in Toronto, say that research was “deeply flawed. ”“ Earlier research looked at socially disadvantaged groups, ”agrees Antonella Sorace at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland.“This has been completely contradicted by recent research'”that compares groups more similar to each other.F) So what does recent research say about the potential benefts of bilingual education? It tuns out that, in many ways, the real trick to speaking twolanguages consists in managing not to speak one of those languages at a given moment- -which is fundametally a feat of paying attention. Saying “Goodbye" to mom and then“Guten t ag" to your teacher, or managing to askfor a crayola roja instead of a red crayon, requires skills called “ inhibition”and “task switching.” These skills are subsets of an ability called executive function.G) People who speak two languages often outperform monolinguals on general measures of executive function.“ Bilinguals can pay focused attention without being distracted and also improve in the ability to switch from one task to another,”says Sorace.H) Do these same advantages beneft a child who begins learning a second language in kindergarten instead of as a baby? We don't yet know. Patterns of language learning and language. use are complex. But Gigi Luk at Harvard cites at least one brain-imaging study on adolescents that shows similar changes in brain structure when compared with those who are bilingual from bith, even when they didn't begin practicing a second language in eamest before late childhood.I) Young children being raised bilingual have to follow social cues to fngure out which language to use with which person and in what setting. As a result, says Sorace，bilingual children as young as age 3 have demonstrated a head start on tests of perspective-taking and theory of mind- -both of which are fundamental social and emotional skills.J) About 10 percent of students in the Portland, Oregon public schools are assigned by lottery to dua]-language classrooms that offer instruction in Spanish, Japanese or Mandarin, alongside English.Jennifer Steele at American University conducted a four-year, randomized trial and found that these dual-language students outperforned their peers in English-reading skills by a full school-year's worth of learning by the end of middle school. Because the effects are found in reading, not in math or science where there were few differences, Steele suggests that learning two languages makes students more aware of how language works in general.K) The research of Gigi Luk at Harvard offers a slightly different explanation. She has recently done a small study looking at a group of 100 fourth-graders in Massachusetts who had similar reading scores on a standard test, but very different language experiences. Some were foreign-language dominant and others were English natives. Here's what's interesting. The students who were dominant in a foreign language weren't yet comfortably bilingual; they were just starting to leam English.Therefore, by definition, they had a much weaker English vocabulary than the native speakers.Yet they were just as good at interpreting a text. “ This is very surprising," Luk says.“You would expect the reading comprehension performance to mirror the vocabulary- -it's a cormerstone of comprehension.*L) How did the foreign-language dominant speakers manage this feat? Well, Luk found, they also scored higher on tests of executive functioning. So, even though they didn't have huge mental dictionaries to draw on, they may havebeen great puzzle- solvers, taling into account higher-level concepts such as whether a single sentence made sense within an overall story line. They got to the same results as the monolinguals, by a different path.M) American public school classrooms as a whole are becoming more segregated by race and class.Dual-language programs can be an exception.Because they are composed of native English speakers deliberately placed together with recent immigrants， they tend to be more ethnically andeconomically balanced. And there is some evidence that this helps kids of all backgrounds gain comfort with diversity and different cultures.N) Several of the researchers also pointed out that, in bilingual education, non-English- dominant students and their families tend to feel that their home language is heard and valued,compared with a classroom where the home language is left at the door in favor of English. This can improve students' sense of belonging and increase parents' involvement in their children's education,including behaviors like reading to children. “ Many parents fear their language is an obstacle,a problem, and if they abandon it their child will integrate better," says Antonella Sorace of the University of Edinburgh.“We tell them they're not doing their child a favor by giving up their language.”O) One theme that was striking in speaking to all these researchers was just how strongly they advocated for dual-language classrooms. Thomas and Collier have advised many school systems on how to expand theirdual-language programs, and Sorace runs “ Bilingualism Matters," aintermational network of researchers who promote bilingual education projects. This type 0 advocacy among scientists is unusual; even more so becausethe“bilingual advantage hypothesis" is being challenged once again.P) A review of studies published last year found that cognitive advantages failed to appear in 83 percent of published studies , though in a separateanalysis , the sum of effects was still signifcantly positive.One potential explanation offered by the researchers is that advantages that are measurable in the very young and very old tend to fade when testing young adults at the peak of their cognitive powers. And, they countered that no negative effects of bilingual education have been found.So,even if the advantages are small, they are still worth it. Not to mention one obvious, outstanding fact:“ Bilingual children can speak two languages! ' '36. A study found that there are similar changes in brain structure betweenthose who are bilingual from birth and those who start leaming a secondlanguage later.37. Unlike traditional monolingual prograns, bilingual classrooms aim atdeveloping students' ability to use two languages by middle school.38. A study showed that dual-language students did significantly better thantheir peers in reading English texts.39. About twenty years ago, bilingual practice was strongly discouraged,especially in California.10. Ethnically and economically balanced bilingual classooms are found to be helpful for kids to get used to social and cultural diversity.41. Researchers now claim that earlier research on bilingual education was seriously flawed.42. According to a researcher , dual-language experiences exert a lifelong influence on one's brain.43. Advocates of bilingual education argued that it produces positive effects though they may be limited.44. Bilingual speakers often do better than monolinguals in completing certain tasks because they can concentrate better on what they are doing.45. When their native language is used, parents can become more involved in their children's education.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.It is not controversial to say that an unhealthy diet causes bad health. Nor are the basic elements of healthy eating disputed. Obesity raises susceptibility tocancer, and Britain is the sixth most obese country on Earth. That is a public health emergency. But naming the problem is the easy part. No one disputesthe costs in quality of life and depleted health budgets of an obese population, but the quest for solutions gets diverted by ideological arguments aroundresponsibility and choice. And the water is muddied by lobbying from the industries that profit from consumption of obesity-inducing products.Historical precedent suggests that science and politics can overcome resistance from businesses that pollute and poison but it takes time, andsuccess often starts small. So it is heartening to note that a programme inLeeds has achieved a reduction in childhood obesity, becoming the first UK city to reverse a fattening trend. The best results were among younger children and in more deprived areas.When 28% of English children aged two to 15 are obese, a national shift on the scale achieved by Leeds would lengthen hundreds of thousands of lives. A significant factor in the Leeds experience appears to be a scheme called HENRY,which helps parents reward behaviours that preyent obesity in children.Many members of parliament are uncomfortable even with their own govemment's anti-obesity strategy,since it involves a“sugar tax" and a ban on the sale of energy drinks to under-16s. Bans and taxes can be blunt instruments, but their harshest critics can rarely suggest better methods.These critics just oppose regulation itself.The relationship between poor health and inequality is too pronounced for govermments to be passive about large-scale intervention. People living in the most deprived areas are four times more prone to die from avoidable causes than counterparts in more affluent places. As the structural nature of publichealth problems becomes harder to ignore,the complaint about overprotective govenment loses potency.In fact, the polarised debate over public health interventions should have been abandoned long emment action works when individuals are motivatedto respond. Individuals need govemments that expand access to good choices.The HENRY programme was delivered in part through children's centres. Closing such centres and cutting council budgets doesn't magically increase reserves of individual self-reliance. The function of a well-designed state intervention is not to deprive people of liberty but to build social capacity and infrastructure that helps people take responsibility for their wellbeing. The obesity crisis will not have a solution devised by leit or right ideology- -but experience indicates that the private sector needs the incentive of regulation before it starls taling public health emergencies seriously.46. Why is the obesity problem in Britain so difficult to solve?A) Goverment health budgets are depleted.B) People disagree as to who should do what.C) Individuals are not ready to take their responsibilties.D) Industry lobbying makes it hard to get healthy foods.47. What can we learmn from the past experience in tacking public health emergencies?A) Govemments have a role to play.B) Public health is a scientifc issue.C) Priority should be given to deprived regions.D) Businesses' responsility should be stressed.48. What does the author imply about some critics of bans and taxes concerning unhealthy drinks?A) They are not aware of the consequences of obesity.B) They have not come up with anything more constructive.C) They are uncomfortable with parliament's anti obesity debate.D) They have their own motives in opposing govermment regulation.49. Why does the author stress the relationship between poor health and inequality?A) To demonstrate the dilemma of people living in deprived areas.B) To bring to light the root cause of widespread obesity in Britain.C) To highlight the area deserving the most attention from the public.D) To justify govermment intervention in solving the obesity problem.50. When will govermment action be effective?A) When the polarised debate is abandoned.B) When ideological differences are resolved.C) When individuals have the incentive to act accordingly.D) When the private sector realises the severity of the crisis.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Home to virgin reefs, rare sharks and vast numbers of exotic fish, the Coral Sea is a unique haven of biodiversity off the northeastem coast of Australia. If a proposal by the Australian govemment goes ahead, the region will also become the world's largest marine protected area, with restrictions or bans on fishing, mining and marine farming.The Coral Sea reserve would cover almost 990 000 square kilometres and stretch as far as 1100 kilometres from the coast. Unveiled recently by environment minister Tony Burke，the proposal would be the last in a series of proposed marine reserves around Australia's coast.But the scheme is attracting criticism from scientists and conservation groups,who argue that the govemment hasn't gone far enough in protecting the Coral Sea, or in other marine reserves in the coastal network.HughPossingham,director of the Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions at the University of Queensland, points out that little more than half of the CoralSea reserve is proposed as“no take" area, in which all fishing would be banned. The world's largest existing marine reserve,established last year by the British govemment in the Indian Ocean, spans 554 000 km2 and is a no-take zone throughout. An alliance of campaigning conversation groups argues that more of the Coral Sea should receive this level of protection.“I would like to have seen more protection f or coral reefs," says Tery Hughes, director of the Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies at James CookUniversity in Queensland.“More than 20 of them would be outside the no-take area and vulnerable to catch- and-release fshing” .As Nature went to press, the Australian govemment had not responded to specifc criticisms of the plan. But Robin Beaman, a marine geologist at James Cook University, says that the reserve does“broadly protect the range of habitats”in the sea.“I can testify to the huge effort that govemment agencies and other organisations have put into trying to understand the ecological values of this vast area," he says. .Reserves proposed earlier this year for Australia's southwester and northwesterm coastal regions have also been criticised for failing to give habitats adequate protection. In August,173 marine scientists signed an open letter to the govemment saying they were“greatly concemed" that the proposals for the southwestem region had not been based on the“ core science principles”of reserves-the protected regions were not, for instance , representative of all the habitats in the region, they said.Critics say that the southwestem reserve offers the greatest protection to the offishore areas where commercial opportunities are fewest and where there is lttle threat to the environment,a contention also levelled at the Coral Sea plan.51. What do we learn from the passage about the Coral Sea?A) It is exceptionally rich in marine life.B) It is the biggest marine protected area.C) It remains largely undisturbed by humans.D) It is a unique haven of endangered species.52. What does the Australian govemment plan to do according to Tony Burke?A) Make a new proposal to protect the Coral Sea.B) Revise its conservation plan owing to criticisms.C) Upgrade the established reserves to protect marine life.D) Complete the series of marine reserves around its coast.53. What is scientists' argument about the Coral Sea proposal?A) The govemment has not done enough for marine protection.B) It will not improve the marine reserves along Australia's coast.C) The govemment has not consulted them in drawing up the proposal.D) It is not based on suffcient investigations into the ecological system.54. What does marine geologist Robin Beaman say about the Coral Sea plan?A) It can compare with the British govemment's effort in the Indian Ocean.B) It will result in the establishment of the world's largest marine reserve.C) It will ensure the sustainability of the fishing industry around the coast.D) It is a tremendous joint effort to protect the range of marine habitats.55. What do critics think of the Coral Sea plan?A) It will do more harm than good to the environment.B) It will adversely affect Australia's fishing industry.C) It will protect regions that actually require lttle protection.D) It will win lttle support from environmental organisations.Part IV Translation(30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allonwed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should wrrite your answer on Ansuer Sheet 2. 《西遊记》(Joumey to the West)也许是中国文学四大经典小说中最具影响力的一部,当然也是在国。

职衔职称的英语表达法广播员，报幕员Announcer立法机关LEGISLATURE中华人民共和国主席/副主席President/Vice President, the People’s Republic of China 全国人大委员长/副委员长Chairman/Vice Chairman, National People’s Congress秘书长Secretary-General主任委员Chairman委员Member（地方人大）主任Cha irman, Local People’s Congress人大代表Deputy to the People’s Congress政府机构GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION国务院总理Premier, State Council国务委员State Councilor秘书长Secretary-General（国务院各委员会）主任Minister in Charge of Commission for（国务院各部）部长Minister部长助理Assistant Minister司长Director局长Director省长Governor常务副省长Executive Vice Governor自治区人民政府主席Chairman, Autonomous Regional People’s Government地区专员Commissioner, prefecture香港特别行政区行政长官Chief Executive, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 市长/副市长Mayor/Vice Mayor区长Chief Executive, District Government县长Chief Executive, County Government乡镇长Chief Executive, Township Government秘书长Secretary-General办公厅主任Director, General Office（部委办）主任Director处长/副处长Division Chief/Deputy Division Chief科长/股长Section Chief科员Clerk/Officer发言人Spokesman顾问Adviser参事Counselor巡视员Inspector/Monitor特派员Commissioner外交官衔DIPLOMATIC RANK特命全权大使Ambassador Extraordinary and plenipotentiary公使Minister代办Charge d’Af faires临时代办Charge d’Affaires ad Interim参赞Counselor政务参赞Political Counselor商务参赞Commercial Counselor经济参赞Economic Counselor新闻文化参赞Press and Cultural Counselor公使衔参赞Minister-Counselor商务专员Commercial Attaché经济专员Economic Attaché文化专员Cultural Attaché商务代表Trade Representative一等秘书First Secretary武官Military Attaché档案秘书Secretary-Archivist专员/随员Attaché总领事Consul General领事Consul司法、公证、公安JUDICIARY,NOTARY AND PUBLIC SECURITY 人民法院院长President, People’s Courts人民法庭庭长Chief Judge, People’s Tribunals审判长Chief Judge审判员Judge书记Clerk of the Court法医Legal Medical Expert法警Judicial Policeman人民检察院检察长Procurator-General, People’s procuratorates监狱长Warden律师Lawyer公证员Notary Public总警监Commissioner General警监Commissioner警督Supervisor警司Superintendent警员Constable政党POLITICAL PARTY中共中央总书记General Secretary, the CPC Central Committee政治局常委Member, Standing Committee of Political Bureau, the CPC Central Committee 政治局委员Member, Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee书记处书记Member, secretariat of the CPC Central Committee中央委员Member, Central Committee候补委员Alternate Member…省委/市委书记Secretary,…Provincial/Municipal Committee of the CPC党组书记secretary, Party Leadership Group社会团体NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION会长President主席Chairman名誉顾问Honorary Adviser理事长President理事Trustee/Council Member总干事Director-General总监Director工商金融INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL AND BANKING COMMUNITIES 名誉董事长Honorary Chairman董事长Chairman执行董事Executive Director总裁President总经理General Manager; C.E.O(Chief Executive Officer)经理Manager财务主管Controller公关部经理PR Manager营业部经理Business Manager销售部经理Sales Manager推销员Salesman采购员Purchaser导演Director演员Actor画师Painter指挥Conductor编导Scenarist录音师Sound Engineer舞蹈编剧Choreographer美术师Artist制片人Producer剪辑导演Montage Director配音演员Dubber摄影师Cameraman化装师Make-up Artist舞台监督Stage Manager售货员Sales Clerk领班Captain经纪人Broker高级经济师Senior Economist高级会计师Senior Accountant注册会计师Certified Public Accountant出纳员Cashier审计署审计长Auditor-General, Auditing Administration 审计师Senior Auditor审计员Auditing Clerk统计师Statistician统计员Statistical Clerk厂长factory Managing Director车间主任Workshop Manager工段长Section Chief作业班长Foreman仓库管理员Storekeeper教授级高级工程师Professor of Engineering高级工程师Senior Engineer技师Technician建筑师Architect设计师Designer机械师Mechanic化验员Chemical Analyst质检员Quality Inspector高级农业师Senior Agronomist农业师Agronomist助理农业师Assistant Agronomist农业技术员Agricultural Technician中国科学院院长President, Chinese Academy of Sciences 主席团执行主席Executive Chairman科学院院长President(Academies)学部主任Division Chairman院士Academician大学校长President, University中学校长Principal, Secondary School小学校长Headmaster, Primary School学院院长Dean of College校董事会董事Trustee, Board of Trustees教务主任Dean of Studies总务长Dean of General Affairs注册主管Registrar系主任Director of Department/Dean of the Faculty 客座教授Visiting Professor交换教授Exchange Professor名誉教授Honorary Professor班主任Class Adviser特级教师Teacher of Special Grade研究所所长Director, Research Institute研究员Professor副研究员Associate Professor助理研究员Research Associate研究实习员Research Assistant高级实验师Senior Experimentalist实验师Experimentalist助理实验师Assistant Experimentalist实验员Laboratory Technician教授Professor副教授Associate Professor讲师Instructor/Lecturer助教Assistant高级讲师Senior Lecturer讲师Lecturer助理讲师Assistant Lecturer教员Teacher指导教师Instructor主任医师（讲课）Professor of Medicine 主任医师（医疗）Professor of Treatment 儿科主任医师Professor of Paediatrics主治医师Doctor-in-charge外科主治医师Surgeon-in-charge内科主治医师Physician-in-charge眼科主治医师Oculist-in-charge妇科主治医师Gynaecologist-in-charge 牙科主治医师Dentist-in-charge医师Doctor医士Assistant Doctor主任药师Professor of Pharmacy主管药师Pharmacist-in-charge药师Pharmacist药士Assistant Pharmacist主任护师Professor of Nursing主管护师Nurse-in-charge护师Nurse Practitioner护士Nurse主任技师Senior Technologist主管技师Technologist-in-charge技师Technologist技士Technician总编辑Editor-in-chief高级编辑Full Senior Editor主任编辑Associate Senior Editor编辑Editor助理编辑Assistant Editor高级记者Full Senior Reporter主任记者Associate Senior Reporter 记者Reporter助理记者Assistant Reporter编审Professor of Editorship编辑Editor助理编辑Assistant Editor技术编辑Technical Editor技术设计员Technical Designer校对Proofreader译审Professor of Translation翻译Translator/Interpreter助理翻译Assistant Translator/Interpreter广播电视RADIO AND TELEVISION电台/电视台台长Radio/TV Station Controller 播音指导Director of Announcing主任播音员Chief Announcer播音员Announcer电视主持人TV Presenter电台节目主持人Disk Jockey省级机构有关人员职衔规范译法（英语）一、中国共产党山西省委员会Shanxi Provincial Committee of the CPC书记Secretary副书记Vice Secretary常务委员Member of the Standing Committee委员Member秘书长Secretary-General常务副秘书长Executive Vice Secretary-General副秘书长Deputy Secretary-General二、山西省人民代表大会常务委员会The Standing Committee of the People’s Congress of Shanxi Province 主任Chairman副主任Vice-Chairman秘书长Secretary-General副秘书长Deputy Secretary-General委员Member三、省政府及有关部门山西省人民政府The People’s Government of Shanxi Province省长Governor常务副省长Executive Vice Governor副省长Vice Governor秘书长Secretary-General常务秘书长Executive Vice Secretary-General副秘书长Vice Secretary-General厅长（局长、主任）Director-General副厅长（副局长、副主任）Deputy Director-General 巡视员Counsel助理巡视员Assistant Counsel处长Director of Division副处长Deputy Director调研员Consultant助理调研员Assistant Consultant科长Section Chief副科长Deputy Section Chief主任科员Principal Staff Member副主任科员Senior Staff Member科员Staff Member办事员Clerk四、中国人民政治协商会议山西省委员会Shanxi Provincial Committee of the CPPCC主席Chairman副主席Vice Chairman常务委员Member of the Standing Committee委员Member秘书长Secretary-General副秘书长Deputy Secretary-General五、山西省高级人民法院The Higher People’s Court of Shanxi Province院长President常务副院长Executive Vice-President副院长Vice-President审判委员会委员Member of the Judicial Committee审判员Judge助理审判员Assistant Judge书记员Clerk六、山西省人民检察院The People’s Procuratorate of Shanxi Province检察长Procurator-General副检察长Deputy Procurator-General检察委员会委员Member of the Procuratorial Committee 检察员Procurator助理检察员Assistant Procurator书记员Clerk山西省政府机构英文译名山西省政府机构英文译名师晓华山西省人民政府：The People’s Government of Shanxi Province山西省人民政府办公厅：General Office of the People’s Government of Shanxi Province省政府组成部门省发展计划委员会：Development Planning Commission of Shanxi Province省经济贸易委员会：Economic and Trade Commission of Shanxi Province省教育厅：Department of Education of Shanxi Province省科学技术厅：Department of Science and Technology of Shanxi Province省公安厅：Department of Public Security of Shanxi Province省国家安全厅：Department of State Security of Shanxi Province省监察委员会（省纪检委）：Supervision Commission of Shanxi Province ( Shanxi Commission for Discipline Inspection)省民政厅：Department of Civil Affairs of Shanxi Province省司法厅：Department of Justice of Shanxi Province省财政厅：Department of Finance of Shanxi Province省人事厅：Department of Personnel of Shanxi Province省劳动和社会保障厅：Department of Labour and Social Security of Shanxi Province 省国土资源厅：Department of Land Resources of Shanxi Province省建设厅：Department of Construction of Shanxi Province省交通厅：Department of Communications of Shanxi Province省水利厅：Department of Water Resources of Shanxi Province省农业厅：Department of Agriculture of Shanxi Province省林业厅：Department of Forestry of Shanxi Province省商务厅：Department of Commerce of Shanxi Province省文化厅：Department of Culture of Shanxi Province省卫生厅：Department of Public Health of Shanxi Province省计划生育委员会：Family Planning Commission of Shanxi Province省审计厅：Department of Audit of Shanxi Province省政府工作部门省地方税务局：Bureau of Local Taxation of Shanxi Province省环保局：Bureau of Environmental Protection of Shanxi Province省广播电视局：Administration of Radio and Television of Shanxi Province省体育局：Administration of Sports of Shanxi Province省统计局：Statistics Bureau of Shanxi Province省工商行政管理局：Administration of Industry and Commerce of Shanxi Province省新闻出版局；Administration of Press and Publication of Shanxi Province省质量技术监督局：Administration of Quality and Technology Supervision of Shanxi Province 省药品监督管理局：Drug Administration of Shanxi Province省旅游局：Tourism Administration of Shanxi Province省民族宗教事务局：Bureau of Ethnic and Religious Affairs of Shanxi Province省粮食局：Grain Administration of Shanxi Province省乡镇企业管理局：Township Enterprises Administration of Shanxi Province省文物局：Cultural Relics Bureau of Shanxi Province省国防科学技术工业办公室：Office of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense of Shanxi Province省政府外事办公室：Foreign Affairs Office of the People’s Government of Shanxi Province省政府机关事务管理局：Government Offices Administration of Shanxi Province省农业机械管理局：Bureau of Agricultural Machinery Administration of Shanxi province省物价局：Price Control Administration of Shanxi Province省煤炭工业局：Bureau of Coal Industry of Shanxi Province省法制办公室：Legislativ e Affairs Office of the People’s Government of Shanxi Province省政府参事室：Counselor’s Office of the People’s Government of Shanxi Province省监狱管理局：Prison Administrative Bureau of Shanxi Province省公安厅交通管理局（交警总队）：Traffic Administration of Shanxi Public Security Department (Traffic Police Headquarters)省地方铁路局：Local Railways Administration of Shanxi Province省人民防空办公室：Civil Air Defense Office of Shanxi Province省档案局：Archives Administration of Shanxi Province省测绘局：Bureau of Surveying and Mapping of Shanxi Province省公路局：Highway Bureau of Shanxi Province省机械设备成套局：Machinery & Equipment Complete Sets Bureau of Shanxi Province省万家寨引黄工程管理局：Administration Bureau of Wanjiazhai Yellow River Diversion Project of Shanxi Province省地质勘查开发局：Bureau of Geological Surveys and Explorations of Shanxi Province省煤田地质局：Bureau of Coal Geology of Shanxi Province省煤炭基本建设局：Bureau of Coal Basic Construction of Shanxi Province省改革和发展研究中心：Research Center of Reform and Development of Shanxi Province省招生考试管理中心：Enrolment and Examination Administrative Center of Shanxi Province省行政学院（省委党校）：School of Administration of Shanxi Proince (Party School of CPC Shanxi Provincial Committee)山西日报社：Shanxi Daily Agency省社会科学院：Shanix Academy of Social Sciences省农业科学院：Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences省社会主义学院：Socialism Institute of Shanxi Province中央部属单位：新华社山西分社：Shanxi Xinhua News Agency财政部驻山西财政监察专员办事处：Shanxi Resident Financial Supervision Office of Ministry of Finance审计署驻太原特派办：Taiyuan Resident Audit Office of CNAO (China National Audit Office)中国证监会驻太原特派办：Taiyuan Resident Office of China Securities Regulatory Commission 省通信管理局：Telecommunications Administration of Shanxi Province省邮政局：Post Bureau of Shanxi Province省气象局：Meteorological Bureau of Shanxi Province省地震局：Seismological Bureau of Shanxi Province省国税局：Shanxi Provincial Administration of State Bureau省出入境检验检疫局：Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of Shanxi Province中国民航山西省管理局：Civil Aviation Administration of China, Shanxi Branch省煤矿安全监察局：Coal Mine Safety Supervision Bureau of Shanxi Province。

称谓英文名称大全中英文词语对照校长（大学）president of Beijing University校长（中小学）principal/headmaster of Donghai Middle School院长（大学下属）dean of the Graduate School系主任（大学学院下属）chair/chairman of the English Department会长/主席（学/协会）president of the Student Union, Shanghai University厂长（企业）director of the Machine Tools Manufacturing Plant院长（医院）director of Huandong Hospital主任（中心）director of the Business Center主任（行政）director of Foreign Affairs Office行长（银行）president of the Bank for International Settlements董事长（企业）chairman of the Board of Directors董事长（学校）Chairmen of the Board of Trustees首席长官的汉语称谓以“总……”表示，而表示首席长官的英语称谓语则常带有chief, general, head, managing 这类词，因此当翻译冠以“总”字的头衔时，需遵循英语头衔的表达习惯：总书记general secretary总工程师chief engineer总会计师chief accountant总建筑师chief architect总编辑chief editor; editor-in-chief; managing editor总出纳chief cashier; general cashier总裁判chief referee总经理general manager; managing director; executive head总代理general agent总教练head coach总导演head director总干事secretary-general; commissioner总指挥commander-in-chief; generalissimo总领事consul-general总监chief inspector; inspector-general; chief impresario总厨head cook;chef有些部门或机构的首长或主管的英译，可以一些通用的头衔词表示，例如下列机构的负责人可以用director, head, 或chief来表示：司（部属）department厅（省属）department署（省属）office （行署为administrative office）局bureau所institute处division科section股section室office教研室program/section例：局长director of the bureau, head of the bureau, bureau chief国务院the State Council 属下的部为ministry, 所以部长叫做minister。

美国教授的学术等级排名- 英文版）特别说明：一般情况下，Assistant Professor 等级以上的都是被授予终身职位的，但其他职位不是。

而且不是助理教授级别以上的职位并不能保证能拿到全职40小时一周的工作。

这个帖子是按从高到低顺序排列。

Professor Emeritus (男) or Professor Emerita (女) 名誉退休教授（职称说明：一位对大学或在其学术领域做出突出贡献的教授会在退休时被授予“名誉退休教授”的称号。

有的学校缺老师的时候是会返聘退休的教授的，视情况而定。

）University Professor or Institute Professor or Regents Professor (a special title not used by all universities) 学院或协会教授（职称说明：这个一般不常见，有些大学会给对它们做出突出贡献的教授授予这种称号，但不一定非要等到教授退休。

）Distinguished Professor (usually a "Named Chair"; not used by all universities) 特聘或杰出教授（职称说明：这个也不常见，只有对大学或在其学术领域做出很多贡献的教授才会获得这种称号，有时一年评一次。

但特聘教授做出的贡献比名誉退休教授的要少。

）Professor ("Full Professor", a tenured rank; this title is used by all institutions) 正教授（职称说明：一位教授要在其学术领域权威性的期刊上发表很多文章，并经过学校一系列的考核才能成为正教授。

）Professor of Practice (also Associate Professor of Practice, and Assistant Professor of Practice; non-tenure positions for professionals without traditional academic credentials and/or career paths, but instead recruited for their practical experience and expertise) （没听说过）Associate Professor (generally a tenured rank; some institutions award tenure only to Full Professors但这种学术机构不常见.)副教授（职称说明：和正教授差不多，可能经验还不到，权威文章发的没有正教授多，才是副教授。

外国人在永久居留审批管理规定英文CKBOOD was revised in the early morning of December 17, 2020.外国人在中国永久居留审批管理办法（英文版）Measures for the Administration of Examination and Approval of Foreigners' Permanent Residence in China(Approved by the State Council on December 13, 2003, and promulgated by Order No. 74 of the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on August 15, 2004)Article 1 In order to standardize the examination and approval of foreigners' permanent residence in China, these Measures are formulated in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Control of Entry and Exit of Foreigners and the Detailed Rules for its implementation. Article 2 Foreigners1 permanent residence in China refers to that the period of foreigners， residence in China is not limited・Article 3 The Foreigner1 s Permanent Residence Card is a valid ID certificate for a foreigner who has obtained permanent residence status in China and may be used independent1y.Article 4 A foreigner with permanent residence status in China may enter and leave China with his valid passport and Foreigner^ s PermanentResidence Card.Article 5 The authorities to accept the applications of foreigners for permanent residence in China are the public security organs of the people's governments of cities with subordinate districts and the public security branch bureaus and county-level bureaus of municipalities directly under the Central Government・The authorities to examine foreigners' applications for permanent residence in China are the departments and bureaus of public security of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government ・The authority to examine and approve foreigners' applications for permanent residence in China is the Ministry of Public Security・Article 6 Foreigners applying for permanent residence in China must abide by Chinese laws, be in good health and without any criminal record, and must meet at least one of the following requirements:(1)having made direct investment in China with stable operation and a good tax paying record for three successive years:(2)having been holding the post of deputy general manager, deputy factory director or above or of associate professor, associate research fellow and other associate senior tities of professional post or above or enjoying an equal treatment, for at least four successive years, with a minimum period of residence in China for three cumulative years within four years and with a good tax paying record;(3)having made a great and outstanding contribution to and being specially needed by China;(4)being the spouse or unmarried child under 18 years old of a person with reference to the item(l), (2) or (3) of this paragraph:(5)being the spouse of a Chinese citizen or of a foreigner with permanentresidence status in China, in a marriage relationship for at least five years, with at least five successive years of residence in China and at least nine months of residence in China each year, and having stable source of subsistence anda dwelling place:(6)being an unmarried person under 18 years old turning to his parent; or(7)being a person who is or above 60 years old, who has no direct relative abroad and is to turn to any directive relative in China, and has stayed in China for at least five successive years with at least nine- month residence in China each year, and has st able source of subsistence and a dwelling place・The periods of time in this Article mean the successive ones till the date of application.atleastUS$2 Article 7 In the case of a foreigner under item (1) of the firs t paragraph of Article 6 herein, the registered capital paid by him as investment in China shall meet any of the following requirements ：(1) in the case of investment in any industry encouraged under the Catalogue for Guidance of Foreign Investment Industries, at least US$500, 000 in total;(2) in the case of investment in the western area of China or any key county under poverty reduction and development program, at least US$500, 000 in total;(3) in the case of investment in the central area of China, at least US$1 million in total; or(4) in the case of investment in China, Article 8 In the case of a foreigner underitem (2) of the first paragraph of Article 6 herein, the entity in which he holds a post must be any of the following:(1) an institution subordinate to any department of the State Council or to the people's government at the provincial level:(2) a key college or university;of the state;(2) a ahealthembasrecord in the country concerned as(3)an enterprise or government-sponsored institution implementing a key engineering project or major scientific research project(4) a high-tech enterprise, foreign invested enterprise in encouraged fields, technologically advanced enterprise with foreign investment or export-oriented enterprise with foreign investment・Article 9 The applicant shall faithfully fill in the Form of Application for Foreigner's Permanent Residence in China and submit the following materials: (1) a copy of his valid passport or other certificate that may be used instead of the passport;issued by the relevant Chinese embassy or consulate;(4)four recent full-face color photos (2 by 2 inches, bareheaded) of the applicant; and(5)other relevant materials provided herein.Article 10 An applicant under Item (1) of the first paragraph of Article 6 hereininstitution that carries outshall submit a certificate of approval for the foreign-invested enterprise, certificate of registration and a joint annual inspection certificate, report on the verification capital and personal tax payment receipt in addition. In the case of a foreign-invested enterprise in encouraged fields, a letter of confirmation in respect of the foreign-invested project as encouraged by the state shall be submitted in addition.Article 11 An applicant under Item (2) of the first paragraph of Article 6 herein shall submit the following materials in addition ：(1) a certificate certifying his position or professional title as issued by his employer;(2) the Foreign Expert Card or Foreigner Employment Card;(3) a certificate of registration and certificate of annual inspection of his employer, certificate of personal tax payment issued to him; where the employer is a foreign-invested enterprise, a certificate of approval for the foreign-invested enterprise and a joint annual inspection certificate is required in addition; and(4) in the case of an applicant who holds a post in an enterprise orkey engineering project or major scientificresearch project of the state, a certificatecertifying the project as issued by thecompetent authority of the government at the provincial or ministry level; inthe case of an applicant who holds a post in a high-tech enterprise, a high-tech enterprise certificate; in the case of a foreign-invested enterprise in encouraged fields, technologically advanced enterprise with foreign investment or export- oriented enterprise with foreign investment, a certificate certifying the foreign-invested enterprise in encouraged fields, advanced-tech enterprise with foreign investment or export-oriented enterprise with foreign investment・Article 12 An applicant under Item (3) of the first paragraph of Article 6 herein shall submit a letter of recommendation and the relevant certificates as issued by the competent authority of the Chinese government in addition.Article 13 An applicant under Item (4) of the first paragraph of Article 6 herein shall, in addition, submit a marriage certificate in the case of a spouse, his birth certificate or parentage certificate in the case of an unmarried child under 18 years old, and a adoption certificate in the case of an adopted child ・ The above-mentioned certificates as issued by a foreign agency shall be subject to theauthentication of the Chinese embassy or consulate in the country concerned ・Article 14 An applicant under Item (5) of the first paragraph of Article 6 herein shall, in addition, submit his (her) Chinese spouse's registered permanent residence certificate or foreign spouse's Foreigner's Permanent Residence Card, marriage certificate, and a notarized certificate of source of subsistence and house leasing certificate or muniments of title. The above-mentioned certificates as issued by a foreign agency shall be subject to the authentication of the Chinese embassy or consulate in the countzry concerned ・Article 15 An applicant under Item (6) of the first paragraph of Article 6 herein shall, in addition, submit his Chinese parent'sregistered permanent residence certificate or foreign parent's Foreigner^ s Permanent Resident Card, his birth certificate or parentage certificate and, in the case of an adopted child, the adoption certificate in addition. The above-mentioned certificates as issued by a foreign agency shall be subject to the authentication of the Chinese embassy or consulate in the country concerned・Article 16 An applicant under Item (7) of the first paragraph of Article 6 herein shall, in addition, submit the registered permanent residence certificate of the Chinese citizen, or the Foreigner'sPermanent Residence Card of the foreigner, to whom he is to turn, a notarized certificate of kindred and a certificate certifying that the applicant has no direct relative abroad, a notarized certificate certifying the applicant's financial source or notarized certificate of financial guarantee by the person to whom the applicant is to turn, and notarized house leasing certificate or muniments of title of the applicant or the person to whom the applicant is to turn. The above- mentioned certificates as issued by a foreign agency shall be subject to the authentication of the Chinese embassy or consulate in the country concerned・Article 17 An application for foreigner's permanent residence in China shall be subm it ted by the applicant himself or his parent if he is unmarried and under 18 years old or his attorney to the public security organ of the people's government of the city with subordinate districts, or the branch or county bureau of public security of the municipality directly under the Central Government, in the place where the principal investment was made or of long-term residence・In the case of applying through an attorney, a power of attorney issued bythe applicant shall be submitted・A power of attorney issued by the applicant abroad shall be subject to the authentication of the Chinese embassy or consulate in the country concerned・Article 18 The public security organ shall make an approval or disapproval decision within six months from the date of the acceptance of the application ・Article 19 The Ministry of Public Security shall issue a Foreigner，s Permanent Residence Card to the applicant whose permanent residence status in China has been approved・If the applicant is not in China, the Ministry of Public Security shall issue a Confirmation Form of Foreigner's Permanent Residence Status to the applicant, who shall apply for a visa to the Chinese embassy or consulate in the country concerned by producing such Conformation Form and, within 30 days from his entry into China, get the Foreigner's Permanent Residence Card from the public security organ that accepted his application.Article 20 A foreigner who has been approved to permanently reside in China must stay in China for at least three cumulative months a year・If the foreigner is unable to stay in China for such minimum period due to any reason, he shall apply for the approval of the department or bureau of public security of the province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government where he reside in, provided that the cumulative period of his residence in China shall not be less than one cumulative year in five years・Article 21 A Foreigner's Permanent Residence Card shall be valid for five or ten years・In the case of a foreigner under 18 years old approved to permanently reside in China shall have a Foreigner's Permanent Residence Card valid for five years; those being or above 18 years old shall have one valid for ten years・Article 22 In the case of expiry of, any change of particulars in, damage to or loss of a Foreigner1 s Permanent Residence Card, the holder shall apply for renewal or reissue of the Card to the public security organ of the people's government of the city with subordinate distzricts, or the branch or county bureau of public security of the municipality directly under the Central Government in the place of his long-term residence・The public security organ shall make such renewal or reissue within one month if, upon examination, it holds that the holder still meets the requirements for a foreigner to be approved to permanently reside in China・Article 23 The holder of a Foreigner^ s Permanent Residence Card shall apply for a renewal of the Card within a month before the expiry of the old one, for a renewal within a month after any change of particulars in the Card, or for a renewal or reissue promptly in the case of any damage to or loss of the Card ・Article 24 The Ministry of Public Security may cancel such status of him and withdraw or revoke his Foreigner，s Permanent Residence Card in the case of a foreigner with permanent residence status in China under any of the following circumstances：(1)being likely to threaten the national security and interests;(2)being expelled from China by the people's court;(3)having obtained the permanent residence status in China by submitting false materials or by other illegal means; and(4)having stayed in China without approval for a period less than three cumulative months a year or less than a cumulative year in five years・Article 25 Foreigners who have been approved to permanently reside in China before the implementation of these Measures shall, within six months from the implementation, renew his Foreigner^ s Permanent Residence Card with the public security organ of the people's government of the city with subordinate districts or the branch and county bureau of public security of the municipality directly under the Central Government that issued the original Card or in the place of his longterm residence.Article 26 The items and rates of charge in respect of a foreigner's application for permanent residence status in China and the issue, renewal and reissue of a Foreigner^ s Permanent Residence Card shall conform to the relevant provisionsof the departments of price control and finance of the State Counci1.Article 27 In these Measures:(1)"direct relative" shall include parents (spouse's parents), grandparents, child being at least 18 years old and his (her) spouse, and grandchild being at least 18 years old and his (her) spouse: and(2)both "above" and "within〃shall include the given figure・Article 28 The power to interpret these Measures shall be vested in the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs・Article 29 These Measures shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.。

英美关于职位、职称的称呼一、教授体系（一）美国教授体系美国的教授体制，显著的特点就是终身教授制度(tenure)。

一般能晋升为副教授，即意味着拿到了终身教职，也就意味着以后不会因学术考核而被学校解聘了。

美国的教授职称，分为教学研究型和纯研究型职称。

前者类似国内的教授体系，后者类似于研究员体系。

美国教授的教学研究型职称，主要包括四个阶段：1. 助理教授(assistant professor)。

助理教授一般是三到六年的试用期。

试用期后，如果工作出色，经过评选可以晋升为拥有终身教职的副教授。

否则，卷铺盖走人。

目前随着博士毕业生的数量增加，而全美的助理教授岗位有限，因此助理教授职位的竞争也日益激烈。

于是，出现了获得博士学位后，需要经历多站的博士后研究，方能达到一定的学术能力，去应聘助理教授的职位。

到此时，平均年龄差不多35岁上下了。

大约有一般的助理教授最终能够获得终身教职，不过在一些顶尖大学里，这个比例可能低至10%。

因此，在助理教授期间，是工作科研最为拼命的时候，也是学术论文的高产期。

经过这么六年左右的“煎熬”，很多人的头发都会逐渐变白，以及明显的掉发，甚至秃顶。

漫步在美国一流大学里，碰见的研究人员大多十有八九头发变白即是此理。

如果拿到终身教职的人，头发依旧乌黑，不外乎两种可能：一是染发了，二是该学者是出奇地厉害，可能二十出头就完成了科研及学术论文的积累，早早过了助理教授这个阶段。

2. 副教授(associate professor)。

经过那水生火热的六年左右助理教授期，如果成功获得终身教职，那么可以晋升为副教授。

评判标准一般都是在助理教授期间有大量的学术成就，比如发表了影响力较大的专著，以及大量的学术论文，拿到了研究项目，对所在部门有突出的教学或服务。

该评判标准又因所在学校不同，所要求的标准和严格程度也不同。

一般副教授都是终身教职。

但是，也有人以副教授职位进行聘请后还没有终身职位的，这一般是从外部引入的人才。

梅河口市第五中学2023-2024学年高二下学期开学考试英语试卷学校：___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、阅读理解Bristol Old VicWhen the Theatre Royal (now Bristol Old Vic) was built, electricity hadn’t been discovered. For over 250 years the people who have owned, worked inside and visited the theatre have kept records about their activity. These are kept safe at the University of Bristol Theatre Collection, and you’ll discover a range of documents which record the history of the theatre, from its foundation in 1764 up until the present day. Here are some of them. BEGINNINGIn 1764 businessmen Alexander Edgar and Thomas Symons suggested building a new theatre between Baldwin Street and the back of Coopers’ Hall in King Street. The estimated cost was f2, 000 to be split among 40 subscribers, but the building work cost more than expected. Owning shares allowed them to influence decisions about the theatre.SILVER TICKETEach of the original Bristol Old Vic shareholders was given a silver ticket that promised sight of any performance held at the theatre. As the holders were clever businessmen, they insisted that the silver tickets could be loaned or traded. This enabled them to make some extra money but made it extremely difficult for the theatre managers to keep track of who was allowed to see shows for free.250TH BIRTHDAYIn May 2016, the theatre celebrated its 250th birthday! As the oldest continuously-working theatre in the English-speaking world, it deserved a proper party, so Bristol-based Limbic Cinema was hired to create a film of the theatre’s historical highlights which was projected (放映) onto the theatre itself.1．Where can you find the three mentioned documents?A. At Baldwin Street.B. At Coopers’ Hall in King Street.C. At Bristol-based Limbic Cinema.D. At the University of Bristol Theatre Collection.2．How was the theatre’s 250th birthday celebrated?A. By creating a film about its history.B. By building Bristol-based Limbic Cinema.C. By releasing silver ticket in memory of the birthday.D. By making a film projected in theatres across England.3．What’s the purpose of the text?A. To compare the theatre and others.B. To change people’s view on Bristol Old Vic.C. To introduce some information of Bristol Old Vic.D. To recommend a movie related to the theatre.For many runners, a marathon can often be a challenge — but sometimes what gets a runner through the tough 26.2 miles is looking out into the crowd and seeing his or her loved one holding up a sign and shouting words of encouragement. For one mom, though, her loved one was a bit more hands-on.While running the REVEL Big Cottonwood Marathon in Salt Lake City, Courtney Rich, a self-taught baker and mother of two, was beginning to run out of energy just yards from the end when she was suddenly joined by her 10-year-old daughter, Avery.The touching moment, caught on video and posted on social media, shows Avery running to her mother’s side to support her as she approached the end of the race. Rich’s face lit up when Avery joined her and helped her cross the finish line.Rich later said in the video’s caption that being joined by her daughter to finish the race was “a moment I hope neither of us ever forget”. Rich said that her daughter could tell she was struggling after a phone call near the end of the race. “She knew I had struggled the last few miles,” Rich said. “She saw tears in my eyes when I called on mile 24.”In the video, Rich’s facial expression changes from tiredness to a smile after seeing her daughter emerge from the crowd to join her. Then, Rich and her daughter ran hand-in-hand to the finish line. “Nothing could have prepared me for the moment my 10-year-old daughter would jump out of the crowd and run with me to the finish line,” she said. When the race was done, the two hugged each other at the finish line. The video ends with a final caption, “And then she just held me. She held me.”In the past, the REVEL Big Cottonwood Marathon has had other memorable moments of mothers caring for their children, but perhaps not as hands-on as this one.4．What happened to Rich when she was coming to the finish line?A. She fell down all of a sudden.B. She was far behind others.C. She felt herself struggling.D. She was interrupted by Avery.5．How did Avery react to the accident?A. She helped Rich run to the finish line.B. She tried to call for help at once.C. She ran the rest in place of Rich.D. She shouted encouraging words to Rich.6．How did Rich feel about Avery’s response?A. Doubtful.B. Content.C. Concerned.D. Expected.7．What can be the best title for the text?A. A Mother Would Never Give Up On Her Marathon DreamB. A Mother Encouraged Her Daughter To Pursue Her DreamC. A Daughter Got Involved In Her Mother’s Race By MistakeD. A Daughter Cheered For Her Mother By Joining In Her RaceWithin the beautiful scenery of Wisconsin’s Lake Chippewa lies a natural wonder that is a unique challenge for the local community. This hidden wonder is exactly a giant floating island. The island, made up of plants and trees, sometimes floats around the lake, causing a major inconvenience by blocking (阻塞) an important bridge. Later, the local people came up with a solution to this problem. Every year, local boat owners work together and push the island away from the bridge.Lake Chippewa was born in 1923 when a vast bog (沼泽) was changed through flooding. Soon after that, many of the dark bogs started rising to the surface and became perfect growing places for plants, with seeds carried by wind and wild birds to this floating place. Over the years, these bogs have grown plants and trees and turned into full islands. As time goes by, plants take root, and the oldest islands even have trees that act as sails (船帆) when the wind blows, moving the entire floating island around the lake.Although the years-old floating island does not relocate (重新迁移) so often, when it does, it causes trouble for the community by blocking the important bridge that serves as the only passage between the lake’s East and West sides. The only solution is to gather a group of boats, and not just one or two, but dozens of boats working together to push the island away. “It takes a community’s effort, and you must have the winds at your back to push them in,” said a resident. Moving the island also requires precision (精确), as just relocating it a short distance may result in its return within days.Some people have suggested destroying the floating islands to get rid of the problem. However, the big bog in Lake Chippewa has been around for many years, and during thattime a variety of animal and plant species have made it their home. Therefore, local government advises they be dealt with in a way that won’t do harm to wildlife, paying more attention to the fine-drawn balance between human convenience and environmental protection. The annual tradition of relocating Lake Chippewa’s floating island is evidence to the coexistence of man and nature, a heartwarming display of community unity, and a reminder of the importance of preserving the unique areas that enrich our world.8．What does the underlined word “solution” in paragraph 1 refer to?A. Building a new bridge.B. Moving the floating island away.C. Transforming the vast bog.D. Rebuilding the local community.9．What can we know from paragraph 2?A. The formation of the floating island.B. The history of flooding in Lake Chippewa.C. The varieties of species in Lake Chippewa.D. The impact of the wind on the floating island.10．Which of the following statements is true about the relocation work from paragraph 3?A. It is usually finished within days.B. It is a must in cooperation and precision.C. It can only be carried out during windless days.D. It greatly disturbs the community residents’ lives.11．Why has the local government refused to destroy the island?A. To save costs for local people.B. To ensure the safety of residents.C. To improve the bond between communities.D. To protect the wildlife species on the island.Like so many other good things in life, sleep is best at a right length. A multi-year study of older adults found that both short and long sleepers experienced greater cognitive (认知的) decline than people who slept a proper amount, even when the effects of early Alzheimer's disease were taken into account.“Our study suggests that there is a middle range, or ‘sweet spot’, for total sleep time where cognitive performance is stable over time. Short and long sleep time is associated with worse cognitive performance,” said first author Brendan Lucey, an associate professor of the Washington University Sleep Medicine Center. “An unanswered question is if we can intervene to improve sleep, would that have a positive effect on their cognitive performanceso they no longer decline? We need more further data to answer this question.”Lucey and colleagues turned to volunteers who participate in Alzheimer's studies through the university's Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center. Such volunteers experienced annual clinical and cognitive assessments, and provided a blood sample to be tested. For this study, each participant slept with a tiny EEG monitor attached to their heads for four to six nights to measure their brain activities during sleep.The researchers found a U-shaped relationship between sleep and cognitive decline. Overall, cognitive scores declined for the groups that slept less than 4.5 or more than 6.5 hours per night while scores stayed stable for those in the middle of the range.The U-shaped relationship held true for measures of specific sleep phases, including rapid-eye movement (REM), or dreaming sleep and non-REM sleep. Moreover, the same is true even after adjusting for factors that can affect both sleep and cognition, such as age, sex, levels of Alzheimer's proteins. “It was particularly interesting to see that not only those with short amounts of sleep but also those with long amounts of sleep had more cognitive decline,” said Professor Be au M. Ances.“Each person's sleep needs are unique, and people who wake up feeling rested on short or long sleep schedules should not feel forced to change their habits,” said co-senior author David Holtzman, MD. “But those who are not sleeping well should be aware that sleep problems often can be treated.”12．What's the passage mainly about?A. The effects of Alzheimer's disease.B. The benefits of best sleep.C. The influence of sleep time on cognition.D. The good things in life.13．According to the passage, which sleep time is suitable?A. 4 hours.B. 6 hours.C. 7 hours.D. 7. 5 hours.14．What can we know about U-shaped relationship?A. The sleep time has no connection with cognitive scores.B. The longer sleep time is, the higher cognitive scores are.C. Cognition is related to different sleep phases.D. It is not effective when age, sex, and so on are considered.15．What does David Holtzman's words imply?A. Quality of sleep is the key.B. Long time sleepers do not have cognitive decline.C. Short sleep schedules must change their habits.D. Both long time and shot time sleepers have sleep problems.二、七选五16．When gardeners grow varieties of plants in their beautiful gardens, they are happy to see beneficial insects like bees and butterflies surrounding the flowers. But as they take a closer look, they may find some plants are covered in black dots and filled with harmful insects or pests. Some gardeners may immediately reach for chemicals. ①_________ Although it may stop the insect problem, it will also threaten bees and butterflies which help the plants reproduce.If you are wise gardeners, you should first take preventive measures to control the harmful insects. ② _________ Only when there are too many harmful insects, should pest control be considered. The first defense should always be the safest method available. PreventionAs a rule, prevention is the best treatment. Inspect plants closely, including their leaves, before buying them from the store. ③ _________When planting, space plants out to permit them to grow to their full size. Plants too close together can breed harmful organisms, like bacteria.④ _________ They invite pests if permitted to remain on the ground. When you do see pests, wash them away. Use rubbing alcohol to remove some insects, or pick them off the plants.PesticidesIf you decide a pesticide is necessary, choose it carefully and follow the directions and warnings on the product. Avoid using pesticides in extreme heat, on windy days, or when the plants are wet. ⑤ _________ At the time, beneficial insects are inactive. You can consider removing flowers from the plants to lessen the risk that beneficial insects will come in contact with the pesticides.A. But this is not wise.B. In most cases, chemicals don’t help.C. Treat the plants early in the morning or at night.D. Also do remember the plants need nutrition and care.E. Keep your garden free of fallen leaves, fruits and other wastes.F. Do not bring any plants home that show signs of disease or pests.G. The process starts with the idea that having some pests is acceptable.三、完形填空（15空）Margaret Thompson and her husband, Kenneth, stretched their legs together on walking holidays in Switzerland. In Interlaken, they would head up the mountain and watch the paragliders (滑翔伞运动员) 1 themselves into the sky. Back in town, in a large park, they watched them return to the 2 . “Some day I’d love to do that,” Thompson told Kenneth.But there was always so much to do in Interlaken. 3 , Thompson didn’t know if Kenneth would have 4 it. “He was not so keen on heights as I was,” she said. So she 5 to watch the gliders take flight and land.Kenneth died in 2005. Eleven years later, Thompson 6 took to the skies herself, in a paraglider at the age of 80. Although some people get scared while flying, she said she just feels 7 . Thompson did her second paraglide when she turned 85.Thompson asked the organizers about the age 8 for paragliding. They said: “Any age, as long as you’re 9 .” Thompson, now 86, plans her third flight for when she is 90.Thompson 10 living above her parents’ shop in Belfast. At 18, she help ed in the shop while 11 for her music diplomas (文凭) in Stranmillis, south Belfast. She started to 12 piano to local children, and at the height of her teaching she gave 70 13 a week. She still has 15 pupils on her books.Is s he scared of getting older? “Fear? No. People say: ‘Isn’t getting old 14 ?’ I say: ‘No. You are free to do more things that you want to do,’” Thompson said.“People might worry about falling, it being the end of them. But that doesn’t 15 me at all. When it’s your time, it’s your time. No matter where you are,” Thompson added. 17．A. launch B. move C. push D. pull18．A. space B. ocean C. earth D. sky19．A. Therefore B. Besides C. However D. Instead20．A. cared B. enjoyed C. remembered D. needed21．A. pretended B. determined C. continued D. tried22．A. quietly B. immediately C. patiently D. finally23．A. safe B. free C. lucky D. ready24．A. standard B. difference C. group D. limit25．A. fit B. full C. brave D. calm26．A. settled down B. grew up C. went on D. turned up27．A. writing B. acting C. studying D. searching28．A. teach B. offer C. sell D. show29．A. skills B. tasks C. lessons D. performances30．A. necessary B. possible C. harmful D. awful31．A. threaten B. bother C. control D. surprise四、短文填空32．An exhibition titled Symbiosis of the Chinese Zodiac (生肖) opened at the Tocumen International Airport in Panama on Dec 19 and would run until Jan 20.Sally Huang, ① _________ Chinese Panamanian artist and a doctor of art from Beijing Normal University, presented thirteen paintings, ②_________combined the freehand brushstrokes of traditional Chinese paintings with the beautiful colors of Latin America, and presented the zodiac animals. Also there were some sculptures (雕刻品) of zodiac animals ③_________ display, which were created by Chinese artist Zhang Yong, graduating from the Central Academy of Fine Arts.The exhibition ④ _________ (include) in the project Painting Our Canals (运河), which was sponsored by the Beijing Culture and Arts Fund this year. The Beijing Culture and Arts Fund is a nonprofit fund ⑤ _________ (found) by the Beijing Bureau of Culture and Tourism to provide support in the three major fields of stage art, cultural exchange ⑥ _________ the cultivation (培养) of art talents.The lead institution applying for the project was Beijing Normal University, ⑦_________ (feature) a series of events themed on the canal culture in both China and Panama, also inviting artists from both countries ⑧_________ (attend) the exhibition as well as hosting academic forums.The opening ceremony was joined by representatives from both countries, such as the Chinese ambassador to Panama and the vice-minister of culture in Panama.The ambassador expressed some ⑨_________ (message) congratulating the artists in his speech, while emphasizing that China and Panama should work together to promote ⑩_________ (globe) peace and development.五、书面表达33．上个月你校举办了一年一度的读书月活动，现校报正在以“The Book I Like Most”为题进行征文比赛，请你就读过的一本书写一篇评论。

RESEARCHThe Medical Journal of Australia ISSN:0025-729X 4 August 2003 179 3 130-133©The Medical Journal of Australia .au Research A S THE A USTRALIAN POPULATION ages, changes in the distribution of disa-bility and morbidity will lead to changes in healthcare needs and costs of care for older people.1,2 To appropriately planhealth services we need reliable projec-tions of disability in both the entire population and in older people.The most recent (1998) national Sur-vey of Disability, Ageing and Carers (SDAC) in 1998 by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) estimated that 3.6 million Australians (19%) had some form of disability.3 Of these, 2.8million (78%) had a core activity restriction — in self-care, mobility or communication — caused by their disa-bility.4 The ABS further defines core activity restrictions as profound, severe,moderate or mild.3 People with a pro-found restriction are unable to perform a core activity, such as eating or dress-ing, or always require assistance from another person. People with severe restriction sometimes need assistance to perform a core activity, while those with moderate restriction do not need assist-ance but have difficulty performing a core activity. People with mild restric-tion use aids because of their disability,but have no difficulty in performing a core activity.The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 5 has recently presented projections of the numbers of people with either profound or severe core activity restrictions for the years 2000–2031, based on the disability preva-lences in the SDAC.3 However, the main health conditions underlying disa-bility were not considered.Our aim was to provide detailed pop-ulation projections for disability and the common health conditions underlyingdisability in older people for the period 2006–2031. Our study is a secondary analysis of data collected by the ABS and extends the work done by the Aus-tralian Institute of Health and Welfare.5METHODSABS population projections for 2006 to 2031 were taken from the most recently published series.6 We used the ABS projection Series I, II and III to com-pare the projections of disability with a range of assumptions for fertility, migra-tion and mortality. All three series assume life expectancy at birth will increase over the projection period.Series II most closely reflects current fertility and migration levels. Series I (high population growth) and III (lowpopulation growth) are presented to contrast the results obtained from the medium series for the percentage change in disability. We also used the 1998 ABS Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers Confidentialised Unit Record File 7 to derive estimates of the prevalence of disability and selected main health conditions associated with disability. Some additional data break-downs for the oldest age groups (ie, 85–94 and 95+) were provided by the ABS.Established procedures 5,8 were used to derive projections of disability:■Data from the 1998 SDAC were used to derive age-group and sex-spe-cific prevalence rates of (i) disability and (ii) underlying health conditions;■These rates were applied to the pro-jected 2006–2031 age and sex distribu-tions of the Australian population,using Series I, II and III from the ABS projections.RESULTSThe prevalence of disability by category of core activity restriction in 1998 is summarised in Box 1. A sex differenceDisability in older Australians: projections for 2006–2031Lynne C Giles, Ian D Cameron and Maria CrottyABSTRACTObjectives: To provide detailed projections for the prevalence of disability andassociated common health conditions for older Australians for the period 2006–2031.Design: Secondary analyses of datasets (national 1998 Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers; and projections of Australia’s population from 2006–2031) collected by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.Outcome measures: (i) The projected number of people with differing levels ofdisability (core activity restrictions in self-care, mobility or communication) up to 2031; (ii) The projected number of people with the main health conditions associated with disability in 2006 and 2031.Results: Projections indicate a 70% increase in the number of older people with profound disability over the next 30 years. The main conditions associated with profound or severe core activity restriction in older Australians are musculoskeletal, nervous system, circulatory and respiratory conditions and stroke.Conclusions: In the future, there will be many more older Australians requiring assistance because of disability. This will present a challenge to families, friends, volunteers and paid service providers. The Australian planning ratio for residential aged-care services and community aged care services should be changed to take MJA 2003; 179: 130–133account of the shift to an older population with greater need of support.Department of Rehabilitation and Aged Care, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA.Lynne C Giles, MPH, AStat, Clinical Epidemiologist and Research Manager; Maria Crotty, PhD, FAFRM (RACP), Professor, and Head.Rehabilitation Studies Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW.Ian D Cameron, PhD, FAFRM (RACP), AssociateProfessor, and Head.Reprints will not be available from the authors. Correspondence: Professor Maria Crotty, Department of Rehabilitation and Aged Care, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001. *******************.gov.auRESEARCHRESEARCHRESEARCHRESEARCHAn increase in the number of older people with disability has major societal and economic implications. While peo-ple with disability who require assist-ance often obtain this assistance from informal providers, more than 50% of older people also receive formal paid assistance.4 Our projections imply that there will be a greater need for both informal and formal assistance.The current planning ratio for resi-dential aged-care services, based only on the population over 70 years of age, will become progressively more inequi-table, because the age-specific preva-lence of profound disability (associated with a need for residential care) increases from about 5% at age 70 years to 50% at age 90 years. In other coun-tries with ageing populations (eg, Ger-many and Japan), the response has been to introduce insurance for long-term care, and such approaches need to be debated. The Australian planning ratio for residential aged care services and community aged care packages should be changed to take account of the shift to an older population with greater sup-port needs.There are difficulties associated with collecting data by self-report — the method used for determining the main conditions underlying disability in the SDAC. For example, nervous system disorders (including “Alzheimer’s dis-ease” and “dementia”) were reported as the main condition underlying disability by around 16% in the 85 years and older group. Estimates of the point prevalence of dementia alone in this age group using DSM-III-R criteria11 have varied between 21% and 30%.12,13 This raises the question of whether self-report is the best method for these surveys.Another potential limitation is that surveys such as the SDAC combine transient disability (such as that associ-ated with a fall) and chronic disability (such as that associated with dementia) and assume that disability is a static rather than dynamic attribute. Longitu-dinal studies14,15 identify older individu-als who recover from disability and show that their condition does not nec-essarily deteriorate.16There has been debate about the trends in disability with ageing. Data from the 1980s and 1990s have shown increases in the period of disability-freelife.14,17 For example, the prevalence ofchronic disability in older people in theUnited States was shown to havedeclined by 0.47% per annum over thepast decade.18 If a similar trendoccurred in Australia over the next 30years, then the disability prevalence onwhich our projections are based woulddecrease from about 54% in 1998 (Box 1[value weighted by the estimated popu-lation in each age group]) to 38.5% ofolder Australians in 2031. In absolutenumbers this would still represent 2.1million people with a disability, which isfar in excess of the comparable 1998figure of 1.2 million people. However,analyses by the Australian Institute ofHealth and Welfare5 suggest that short-term changes in disability prevalence inAustralia do not follow the reported UStrend. Moreover, its analyses show thatdisability prevalence in persons aged 65years and older may have increased by0.2% per year from 1981 to 1998.5Some caution must be exercised wheninterpreting our projections. The ABSpopulation projections are based on cur-rent knowledge, and our estimates ofdisability prevalence were based on 1998data. Thus, our projections are likely tobe robust if the assumptions regardingmortality, migration and fertility under-pinning the population projections holdin the future, and the prevalence ofdisability remains constant. We repeatedall analyses using the three projectionseries and very similar estimates werederived from each series, lending confi-dence to our findings.It may be possible to reduce the pro-jected increase in profound disabilitylate in life. There is evidence that treat-ing chronic health impairments (eg,self-management approaches for arthri-tis and diabetes) prevents disability.Environmental risks for disability,including social support, health systemfactors, and community support inter-ventions, are a neglected and crucialarea.19 There is an urgent need thattranscends organisational boundaries todevelop effective approaches to deliver-ing care and maintaining older people inthe community.Even if the projected increase in totalprevalence of disability can be mitigated,a greater number of older Australians inthe future will have a disability, andmany will require assistance.COMPETING INTERESTSNone identified.REFERENCES1.Fried LP, Bush TL. Morbidity as a focus of preventivehealth care in the elderly. Epid emiol Rev 1988; 10:48-64.2.Guralnik JM, Fried LP, Salive ME. Disability as apublic health outcome in the aging population. AnnuRev Public Health 1996; 17: 25-46.3.Australian Bureau of Statistics. 1998 Disability, Age-ing and Carers: Summary of findings. Canberra:ABS, 1999.4.Australian Bureau of Statistics. 1998 Disability, Age-ing and Carers: Disability and long term healthconditions. Canberra: ABS, 1999.5.Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Disabilityand ageing: Australian population patterns andimplications. Canberra: AI HW, 2000. (AI HW Cata-logue No. DIS 19.)6.Australian Bureau of Statistics. Population projec-tions Australia: 1999 to 2101. Canberra: ABS, 2000.(Catalogue No. 3222.0.)7.Australian Bureau of Statistics. 1998 Disability, Age-ing and Carers, Australia: Confidentialised UnitRecord File. Technical paper. Canberra: ABS, 1999.8.Badley EM, Crotty M. An international comparisonon the estimated effect of the aging of the populationon the major cause of disablement, musculoskeletaldisorders. J Rheumatol 1995; 22: 1934-1940.9.Fries JH. Aging, natural death, and the compressionof morbidity. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 130-135.10.Penning MJ, Strain LA. Gender differences in disa-bility, assistance, and subjective well-being in laterlife. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 1994; 49:S202-S208.11.American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic andstatistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd editionrevised (DSM-III-R). Washington, DC: APA, 1987.12.Henderson AS, Jorm AF, MacKinnon A, et al. Asurvey of dementia in the Canberra population:experience with ICD-10 and DSM-III-R criteria. Psy-chol Med 1994; 24: 473-482.13.Skoog I, Nilsson L, Andreasson L-A, Svanborg A. Apopulation-based study of dementia in 85-year-olds.N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 153-158.14.Freedman V, Martine L. Understanding trends infunctional limitations among older Americans. Am JPublic Health 1998; 88: 1457-1462.15.Strawbridge WJ, Kaplan GA, Camacho T, CohenRD. The dynamics of disability and functionalchange in an elderly cohort: results for the AlamedaCounty study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992; 40: 799-806.16.Guralnik JM, Ferruci L. Underestimation of disabilityoccurrence in epidemiologic studies of older peo-ple: is research on disability still alive? J Am GeriatrSoc 2002; 50: 1599-1601.17.Crimmins EM, Saito Y, Ingegneri D. Trends in disabil-ity free life expectancy in the United States 1970-1990. Popul Dev Rev 1997; 23: 555-572.18.Manton KG, Gu X. Changes in the prevalence ofchronic disability in the United States black andnonblack population above age 65 from 1982 to1999. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98: 6354-6359.19.Jette AM. Disentangling the process of disablement.Soc Sci Med 1999; 48: 471-472.(Received 26 Nov 2002, accepted 16 May 2003)❏。