Efficient separation of bitumen in oil sand extraction by using magnetic treated process water

超临界二氧化碳与原油分离一、引言超临界二氧化碳与原油分离是一项具有重要意义的技术，它在石油开采与精炼领域中的应用正在逐渐被人们所重视。

本文将深入探讨超临界二氧化碳与原油分离技术的背景、原理及其在实际应用中的优势和挑战，以帮助读者更全面、深入地了解这一领域的技术。

二、背景介绍1. 超临界二氧化碳的特性和应用超临界二氧化碳是一种具有特殊物理和化学特性的气体，在高温高压条件下可呈现液态特性，其密度高于液体状态下的二氧化碳，但又低于固态。

由于其具有良好的溶解性和可调节的密度，超临界二氧化碳在化学反应和分离过程中具有广泛的应用，如溶剂提取、超临界流体色谱等。

而在石油领域，超临界二氧化碳还被发现可以作为一种有效的原油分离剂。

2. 原油分离的重要性与现有挑战石油中存在着多种成分，包括沥青、沉淀物、杂质等，在提炼过程中常常需要进行原油分离，以得到纯净的石油产品。

传统的原油分离方法包括蒸馏、萃取、吸附等，但存在着能耗高、操作复杂、产生废弃物等问题。

寻找一种高效、环保的原油分离技术成为了行业的研究热点。

三、超临界二氧化碳与原油分离技术原理超临界二氧化碳与原油分离技术的基本原理是利用超临界二氧化碳的溶解性和可控的密度，将其与原油接触，使其能够迅速溶解原油中的沥青、沉淀物等杂质，形成超临界二氧化碳-原油混合物，然后通过调节温度和压力，使得二氧化碳以气态的形式离开混合物，从而实现分离。

1. 温度和压力的影响超临界二氧化碳与原油混合物的分离过程受到温度和压力的影响。

当温度和压力达到一定条件时，超临界二氧化碳的密度逐渐增大，能够与原油中的沥青等重组分发生相互作用，降低粘度，并使其溶解于二氧化碳中。

而当温度和压力下降时，二氧化碳逐渐转变为气态，从而与油相分离。

2. 分离效果的调控超临界二氧化碳与原油分离的效果可通过温度和压力的调控实现。

一般情况下，较高的温度和压力会加速分离过程，但同时也会增加能耗和操作难度。

在实际应用中需要权衡温度和压力的参数选择，以达到最佳的分离效果。

摘要改进了的采收率技术（IOR），给进一步从储层中驱替更多的原油提供了可能，其最终采出量可占原始地质储量的30%至60%，或者更多。

在使用表面活性剂驱提高驱采收率的过程中，最重要的标准是表面活性剂是否可以将表面张力降低到足够的程度以生产更多的原油。

在油湿性储层中提高采收率的关键问题是克服将原油束缚在岩石表面的表面张力。

然而，在水湿性储层中，在表面张力的作用下会产生油泡，流体挤过孔隙通道和曲面面积有关，当表面积增加时，这种油泡会停止运动，进而会堵塞空隙通道。

在水湿性油藏中，在界面张力的作用下会产生油泡，这种油泡会阻止油流穿过孔隙通道向较广阔位置的运动，进而堵塞孔隙通道。

这类界面张力就是为什么随着含水饱和度的上升时，相对于水来说，储层对于油的渗透率越来越差主要原因。

Ferrofluids是一种特殊的智能纳米级材料，特别是可受磁场控制的纳米流体。

在这种铁磁性的纳米微粒上涂有表面活性剂，可以防止其发生凝聚。

由于Ferrofluids的组分使得其既具有流动性也具有导磁性。

加入表面活性剂可以极大的降低表面张力，在水湿储层中Ferrofluid会破坏已形成的油珠。

同时，当铁磁性流体与油藏流体接触时，它会与原油发生反应，由于偶极距的存在，油藏流体分子将变成排状，从而减低了流动阻力。

总之，利用增强的磁流变流体的表面活性剂可以很容易达到减小表面张力进而减小流动阻力的目标。

在使用ferrofluid后，原油的极性将更强，ferrofluid将会成为表面活性剂的更好的溶剂。

总之，使用表面活性剂改性的ferrofluids可轻松的实现减小表面张力进而降低流动阻力的目标。

在使用Ferrofluids后，原油的极性将更强并且ferrofluid将会成为表面活性剂更好的溶剂。

Introduction:引言Ferrofluidsferrofluids是一种智能流体。

纳米级的铁磁性微粒悬浮在承载液中，一般来说承载液是油基或水基的。

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化工专业英语词汇reaction kinetics 反应动力学reactant 反应物purify 精制提纯recycle 循环回收unconverted reactant未转化的反应物chemical reactortransfer of heat，evaporation，crystallization结晶drying干燥screening筛选，浮选chemical reaction化学反应cracking of petroleum石油裂解catalyst催化剂，reaction zone反应区conservation of mass and energy能量与质量守衡定律technical advance 技术进步efficiency improvement 效率提高reaction 反应separation 分离heat exchange 热交换reactive distillation 反应精馏capital expenditure 基建投资setup 装置capital outlay 费用,成本，基建投资yield 产率，收率reaction byproduct 反应副产物equilibrium constant 平衡常数waste 废物feedstock 进料，原料product 产物，产品percent conversion百分比转化率ether 乙醚gasoline汽油oxygenate content 氧含量catalyst 催化剂reactant 反应物inert 惰性物，不参加反应的物质reactive distillation 反应精馏energy saving 节约能量energy efficiency 能量效率heat—sensitive material 热敏性物质pharmaceutical 制药foodstuff 食品gas diffusivity气体扩散性，气体扩散系数gas adsorption 吸收；absorption：吸附specialty chemical特殊化学品，特种化学品batch间歇的；continuous：连续的micro-reactor 微型反应器hydrogen and methane oxidation 氢气和甲烷氧化反应ethylene epoxidation 乙烯环氧化反应phosgene synthesis 光气合成.commercial proportions 商业规模replication 复制sensor 传感器,探头separation of solids 固体分离suspension 悬浮液porous medium 多孔介质filtration 过滤medium 介质filter 过滤器trap 收集，捕集Buchner funnel 布氏漏斗Vacuum 真空conical funnel 锥形漏斗filter paper 滤纸area 面积filter cake 滤饼factor 因数，因子，系数，比例viscosity 黏度density 密度corrosive property 腐蚀性particle size 颗粒尺寸shape 形状size distribution 粒度分布packing characteristics填充性质concentration 浓度filtrate 滤液feed liquor 进料液pretreatment 预处理latent heat 潜热resistance 阻力surface layer 表面层filtering medium 过滤介质drop in pressure 压降filtering surface 过滤表面filter cake 滤饼cake filtration 饼层过滤deep bed filtration 深层过滤depth 深度law 定律net flow 净流量conduction 传导convection 对流radiation 辐射temperature gradient 温度梯度metallic solid 金属固体thermal conduction 热传导motion of unbound electrons 自由电子的运动electrical conductivity 导电性thermal conductivity 导热性poor conductor of electricity 不良导电体transport of momentum 动量传递the random motion of molecules 分子无规则运动brick wall 墙壁furnace 火炉，燃烧器metal wall of a tube 金属管壁macroscopic particle 宏观的粒子control volume 控制体enthalpy 焓macroscopic phenomenon 宏观现象forces of friction 摩擦力fluid mechanics 流体力学flux（通量，流通量） of enthalpy 焓通量eddy 尾流，涡流turbulent flow 湍流natural and forced convection 自然对流和强制对流buoyancy force 浮力temperature gradient 温度梯度electromagnetic wave 电磁波fused quartz 熔化的石英reflect 反射，inflection:折射matte无光泽的，无光的temperature level 温度高低inter—phase mass transfer界相际间质量传递rate of diffusion扩散速率acetone 丙酮dissolve 溶解ammonia 氨ammonia-air mixture 氨气—水混合物physical process 物理过程oxides of nitrogen 氮氧化物nitric acid 硝酸carbon dioxide 二氧化碳sodium hydroxide 氢氧化钠actualrate of absorption 实际吸收速率two—film theory 双膜理论concentration difference 浓度差in the vicinity of 在…附近，靠近..，大约…，在…左右molecular diffusion 分子扩散laminar sub—layer 层流底层resistance 阻力，阻止boundary layer 边界层Fick’s Law 费克定律is proportional to 与…成比例concentration gradient 浓度梯度plate tower 板式塔installation 装置feed 进料bottom 底部，塔底solvent 溶剂top 顶部，塔顶partial vaporization 部分汽化boiling point 沸点equimolecular counter-diffusion 等分子反向扩散ideal system 理想系统ratio of A to B A与B的比值with the result that：由于的缘故，鉴于的结果tray 塔板packed tower 填料塔bubble—cap tower 泡罩塔spray chamber 喷淋室maintenance expense 维修费foundation 基础tower shell 塔体packing material 填料pump 泵blower 风机accessory heater 附属加热器cooler 冷却器heat exchanger 换热器solvent—recovery system 溶剂回收系统operating cost 操作费用power 动力circulating gas 循环气labor 劳动力steam蒸汽regenerate再生cooling water 冷却水solvent make-up 补充溶剂optimum 最优的unabsorbed component未吸收组分purity纯度volatility挥发性vapor pressure蒸汽压liquid mixture 液体混合物condense凝缩，冷凝binary distillation双组分精馏multi—component distillation多组分精馏stage—type distillation column级板式精馏塔mount 安装，固定conduit导流管）,downcomer 降液管gravity重力weir溢流堰vapor—liquid contacting device汽液接触装置valve tray浮阀塔板reboiler再沸器vaporization汽化condensate冷凝液,凝缩液overhead vapor塔顶汽体condenser冷凝器 ifeed tray进料板base塔底，基础bottoms product塔底产品condensation冷凝stripping section汽提段,提馏段distillate section精馏段total condense全凝器distillate product塔顶馏出产品reflux回流thermodynamic equilibrium 热力学平衡solution溶液fractional crystallization分步结晶solubility，溶解度，溶解性soluble可溶解的solvent溶剂employ采纳，利用miscible可混合的，可溶的，可搅拌的mechanical separation 机械分离）liquid-liquid extraction 液液萃取aromatic 芳香烃的paraffin石蜡，链烷烃lubricating oil润滑油decompose分解,离解，还原，腐烂penicillin青霉素streptomycin（链霉素)precipitation沉淀,沉析ethyl alcohol乙醇）extract萃取液heat requirement热负荷solute溶质extract phase萃取相baffle—plate折流挡板,缓冲挡板settling tank沉降槽centrifuge离心.离心机,离心分离emulsifying agent乳化剂density difference密度差raffinate萃余液extract 萃取液drying of Solids 固体干燥process material过程物料（相对最终产品而言的） organic有机的，有机物的benzene苯humidity湿度moisture content湿含量drying rate干燥速率critical moisture content临界湿湿含量falling—rate降速concave （凸的，凸面）or convex（凹的，凹面）approximate to:接近，趋近straight line：直线constant—rate drying period恒速干燥阶段convection drying对流干燥drying gas干燥气体falling-rate period降速干燥阶段mean value平均值vacuum drying真空干燥discolor变色，脱色sublime升华freeze drying冷冻干燥adiabatic绝热的，不传热的pressure gradientperpendicular to：与—-—-垂直counter—current逆流per unit area单位面积water-cooling tower水冷塔sensible heat（sensible heat：显热)water droplet水珠，水滴quantitative relation定量关系thermal diffusion热扩散at right angles to 与…成直角，与…垂直by virtue of 由于，根据，凭借于molecular transfer分子传递balance 抵消，平衡drag forces曳力a function of …的函数of the same order具有同一数量级eddy diffusion涡流扩散is almost inversely proportional to 几乎与…成反比Reynolds number雷诺准数fully developed turbulent flow充分发展湍流coefficient系数In principle从原理而言exothermic（放热的，endothermic吸热的,adiabatic绝热的) triple bond三健，三价nitrogen oxides氮氧化物compound化合物conversion转化,转化率protein蛋白质compress压缩reaction yield反应产率reaction speed反应速度one-pass（单程） reactorenergy input能量输入maximum最大的near toequilibrium接近平衡output产出，输出，产量fertilizer化肥urea尿素ammonium nitrate硝酸铵ammonium phosphate磷酸铵ammonium sulfate硫酸铵diammonium hydrogen phosphate磷酸二氢铵ash纯碱pyridine砒啶polymers聚合物nylon尼龙acrylics丙烯酸树脂via经,由，通过,借助于hydrogen cyanide氰化氢nitric acid硝酸bulk explosive集装炸药crude oil原油natural gas天然气bitumen沥青fossil fuel化石燃料seepage渗出物asphalt沥青oil drilling采油gasoline汽油paint涂料plastic塑料synthetic rubber合成橡胶fiber纤维soap肥皂cleansing agent清洗剂wax石蜡explosive炸药oil 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旋转电子amorphous 非定型的,非晶型的，非结晶的，玻璃状的；无一定目的的,乱七八糟chemical process safety 化工过程安全exotic chemistry 奇异化学hydrodynamic model水力学模型two—phase flow两相流dispersion model分散模型toxic有毒的release释放，排放probability of failure失效概率accident prevention事故预防hard hat 安全帽safety shoe防护鞋rules and regulations 规章制度loss prevention损失预防hazard identification 危害辩识,technical evaluation技术评估safety management support安全管理基础知识safety experience安全经验technical competence技术能力safety knowledge安全知识design engineer设计师cost engineer造价师process engineering过程工程plant layout工厂布局general service facilities公用工程plant location工厂选址close teamwork紧密的团队协作specialized group专业组storage仓库waste disposal废物处理terminology术语，词汇accountant会计师，会计，出纳final—proposal决议tangible return有形回报Empirical model 经验模型process control(过程控制）first-principles基本原理，基本规则regression model回归模型.operating condition操作条件nonlinear—equation—solving technique非线性方程求解技术process-simulation software packages过程模拟软件包least—squares—regression最小二乘法statistical technique 统计技术intensity强度,程度phenomenological model 现象模型model identification模式识别neural network神经网络a priori：先验的，既定的,不根据经验的，由原因推出结果的，演绎的,直觉的process data historian：过程数据历史编撰师qualitative定性的quantitative precision定量的精确high—fidelity高保真的computationally intensive计算量大的mathematical expressionsteady—state model稳态模型bioengineering生物工程artificial人工的hearing aid助听器artificial limb假肢supportive or substitute organ辅助或替代器官biosynthesis生物合成life scientist生命科学家agricultural engineer农艺师fermentation发酵civil engineer土木工程师sanitation卫生physiologists生理学criteria 指标human medicine人体医学medical electronics医疗电子medical instrumentation医疗器械blood—flow dynamics血液流动动力学prosthetics假肢器官学biomechanics生物力学surgeon外科医生replacement organ器官移植physiologist生理学家counterpart对应物，配对物psychology心理学self-taught自学barrier障碍物medical engineering医学工程，医疗工程health care保健diagnostic application of computers计算机诊断agricultural engineering农业工程biological production生物制品生产bionics（仿生学）human-factors engineering人类与环境工程environmental health engineering环境健康工程environmentally benign processing环境友好加工commodity or specialty通用商品或特殊化学品styrene苯乙烯ibuprofen异丁苯丙酸the Chemical Manufacturers Association化工生产协会as a whole整体而言emission释放物，排放物voluntary自愿的，无偿的,义务的；有意的，随意的；民办的in the absence of无-—-存在deactivate失活bulk chemical 大宗化工产品Fine chemical 精细化工Pharmaceutical制药segment段，片，区间,部门，部分；弓形，圆缺；分割，切断tonnage吨位，吨数，吨产量inorganic salt无机盐hydroquinone 对苯二酚demonstrate论证，证明,证实；说明，表明，显示forefront最前线,最前沿Lewis acid不可再生的路易斯酸anhydrous无水的phaseout消除HF alkylation氰氟酸烷基化catalytic oxidation催化氧化governmental regulation政府规定pharmaceutical intermediate药物中间体stereoselective立体选择性的ketone酮functional group官能团detrimental有害的chlorofluorocarbon二氯二氟化碳，氟里昂carbon tetrachloride四氯化碳straightforward简单明了的coordinating ligand配合体，向心配合体kilogram千克thermal stability热稳定性devastate破坏，蹂躏outline描绘,勾勒membrane technology膜技术production line生产线dairy牛奶water purification水净化lifetime寿命membrane module膜组件durability 耐久性,寿命，使用期限，强度chemical additive添加剂end—of—pipe solution 最终方案closed system封闭系统substitute取代，替代technical challenge技术挑战，技术困难wastewater treatment污水处理fouling污垢，发泡surface treatment表面处理applied Chemistry应用化学nomenclature of chemical compound化学化合物的命名法descriptive 描述性的prefix前缀alkane烷烃family族carbon skeleton碳骨架chain链Latin or Greek stem 拉丁或者希腊词根suffix后缀constitute取代物,取代基homologous series同系物branched chain支链烷烃parent母链，主链derivative衍生物substituent取代基locant位次，位标replicating prefix重复前缀词Gas and Liquid Chromatography气相色谱与液相色谱analytical chemistry分析化学moving gas stream移动的气流heats of solution and vaporization溶解热和汽化热activity coefficient活度系数counteract抵消milliliter毫升essential oil香精油test mixture测试混合物sample样品helium氦argon氩carrier载体injection注射stationary nonvolatile phase静止的不挥发相detector检测器fraction collector馏分收集器columnar liquid chromatography柱状液相色谱仪retention volume保留体积retention times保留时间high-performance高性能mobile phase移动相high—efficiency高效的analyte分析物plane chromatography薄层色谱capillary action毛细管作用assay分析化验fluorescence 荧光色，荧光retardation factor保留因子，延迟因子。

57.02°N 111.65°W Coordinates: 57.02°N 111.65°W∙ 1 History∙ 2 Oil sands productiono 2.1 Transportation∙ 3 Future production∙ 4 Governance∙ 5 Development∙ 6 Bitumen extractiono 6.1 Steam-assisted gravity drainage∙7 Environmental impactso7.1 Lando7.2 Watero7.3 Natural gas use and greenhouse gaseso7.4 Animals∙8 Population∙9 Estimated oil reserves∙10 Economics∙11 Geopolitical importance∙12 Indigenous peoples of the area∙13 Oil sand companies∙14 Court ordered sanctions∙15 See also∙16 Notes∙17 References∙18 Further reading∙19 Video material∙20 External linksHistory[edit source | edit beta]Major Athabasca Oil Sands Projects (as of December 2007)[29]Project Name Type Major PartnersNationalAffiliation2007Production(barrels/day)PlannedProduction(barrels/day)Albian Sands Mining Shell(60%), Chevron(20%), Marathon(20%)[30]UK/Netherlands, USA136,000 770,000MacKay River SAGD Suncor Energy Canada 30,000 190,000Fort Hills Mining Suncor Energy(60%), UTSEnergy(20%),Teck(20%)[31]Canada —140,000Foster Creek,Christina Lake[32]SAGDCenovusEnergy[33](50%), ConocoPhillips(50%)Canada, USA 6,000 400,000 [34]Surmont SAGD Total S.A.(50%), ConocoPhillips(50%)France, USA —193,000[34] Hangingstone[35]SAGD Japan Canada Oil Sands (JACOS) Japan 8,000 30,000 Long Lake SAGD Nexen(65%), OPTI Canada(35%)[36][37]Canada —240,000Horizon Miningand insituCanadian Natural Resources Limited Canada —500,000[38]Jackfish I andIISAGD Devon Energy USA ?? 70,000[39] NorthernMining Total S.A.(60%), Sinopec(40%)[40][41][42]France, China —100,000Major Athabasca Oil Sands Projects (as of December 2007)[29]Project Name Type Major PartnersNationalAffiliation2007Production(barrels/day)PlannedProduction(barrels/day)LightsKearl Mining Imperial Oil, ExxonMobil USA —300,000[43] Sunrise SAGD Husky Energy(50%), BP(50%)[44]Canada, UK —200,000[44] Tucker SAGD Husky Energy Canada ?? 30,000[45]Oil Sands Project MiningandSAGDTotal S.A.(76%), Oxy(15%), Inpex(10%)France, USA,Japan—225,000Ells River SAGD Chevron(60%), Marathon(20%), Shell(20%)USA,UK/Netherlands—100,000[46]Terre de Grace SAGD Value Creation Inc Canada —300,000[47]Kai KosDehsehSAGD Statoil Norway —200,000[48] Saleski SAGD Laricina Energy(60%), OSUM(40%)Canada —270,000[49]Black GoldMineMining? Korea National Oil Corporation South Korea — 30,000[50] Total 726,100 5,068,000In some particular circumstances the government considers agricultural land to be equivalent to forest land. Oil sands companies have reclaimed mined land to use as pasture for wood bison instead of restoring it to the original boreal forest and muskeg. Syncrude asserts they have reclaimed 22% of their disturbed land,[85] a figure disputed by other sources, who assess Syncrude more accurately reclaimed only 0.2% of its disturbed land.[86]Water[edit source | edit beta]A Pembina Institute report stated "To produce one cubic metre (m3) of synthetic crude oil (SCO) (upgraded bitumen) in a mining operation requires about 2–4.5 m3 of water (net figures). Approved oil sands mining operations are currently licensed to divert 359 million m3 from the Athabasca River, or more than twice the volume of water required to meet the annual municipal needs of the City of Calgary."[87] and went on to say "...the net water requirement to produce a cubic metre of oil with in situ production may be as little as 0.2 m3, depending on how much is recycled". Jeffrey Simpson of the Globe and Mail paraphrased this report, saying: "A cubic metre of oil, mined from the tar sands, needs two to 4.5 cubic metres of water." Though actual water withdrawals for conventional production run at even less than the 0.2 m3 needed for in situ production.The Athabasca River runs 1,231 kilometres from the Athabasca Glacier in west-central Alberta to Lake Athabasca in northeastern Alberta.[88] The average annual flow just downstream of Fort McMurray is 633 cubic metres per second[89] with its highest daily average measuring 1,200 cubic metres per second.[90]Water licence allocations total about 1% of the Athabasca River average annual flow, though actual withdrawals for all uses, in 2006, amount to about 0.4%.[91] In addition, the Alberta government sets strict limits on how much water oil sands companies can remove from the Athabasca River. According to the Water Management Framework for the Lower Athabasca River, during periods of low river flow water consumption from the Athabasca River is limited to 1.3% of annual average flow.[92] The province of Alberta is also looking into cooperative withdrawal agreements between oil sands operators.[93]Since the beginning of the oil sands development, there have been several leaks into the Athabasca River polluting it with oil and tailing pond water. The close proximity of the tailing ponds to the river drastically increases the likely hood of contamination due to ground water leakages. In 1997, Suncor admitted that their tailing ponds had been leaking 1,600 cubic meters of toxic water into the river a day. This water contains naphthenic acid, trace metals such as mercury and other pollutants. The Athabasca River is the largest freshwater delta in the world but with Suncor and Syncrude leaking tail ponds the amount of polluted water will exceed 1 billion cubic meters by 2020.[94]Natural toxicants derived from bitumen in Northern Alberta pose potential ecological and human health risks to northerners living in the area. Oil sands development contributes arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel other metal elements toxic at low concentrations to the tributaries and rivers of the Athabasca.[95] Natural gas use and greenhouse gases[edit source | edit beta]The processing of bitumen into synthetic crude requires energy, which is currently being generated by burning natural gas. In 2007, the oil sands used around 1 billion cubic feet (28,000,000 m3) of natural gas per day, around 40% of Alberta's total usage. Based on gas purchases, natural gas requirements are given by the Canadian Energy Resource Institute as 2.14 GJ (2.04 thousand cu ft) per barrel for cyclic steamstimulation projects, 1.08 GJ (1.03 thousand cu ft) per barrel for SAGD projects, 0.55 GJ (0.52 thousand cu ft) per barrel for bitumen extraction in mining operations not including upgrading or 1.54 GJ (1.47 thousand cu ft) per barrel for extraction and upgrading in mining operations.[96]A 2009 study by CERA estimated that production from Canada's oil sands emits "about 5 percent to 15 percent more carbon dioxide, over the "well-to-wheels" lifetime analysis of the fuel, than average crude oil."[97] Author and investigative journalist David Strahan that same year stated that IEA figures show that carbon dioxideemissions from the oil sands are 20% higher than average emissions from oil, explaining the discrepancy as the difference between upstream emissions and life cycle emissions.[98] He goes on to say that a US government report in 2005 suggested with current technology conventional oil releases 40 kg of carbon dioxide per barrel while non-conventional oil releases 80–115 kg of carbon dioxide. Alberta energy suggests lower releases of carbon with improving technology, giving a value of 39% drop in emissions per barrel between 1990 and 2008,[99] however only a 29% reduction between 1990 and 2009.[100]The forecast growth in synthetic oil production in Alberta also threatens Canada's international commitments. In ratifying the Kyoto Protocol, Canada agreed to reduce, by 2012, its greenhouse gas emissions by 6% with respect to 1990. In 2002, Canada's total greenhouse gas emissions had increased by 24% since 1990. Oil Sands production contributed 3.4% of Canada's greenhouse gas emissions in 2003.[101]Ranked as the world's eighth largest emitter of greenhouse gases, Canada is a relatively large emitter given its population and is missing its Kyoto targets. A major Canadian initiative called the Integrated CO2 Network (ICO2N) promotes the development of large scale capture, transport and storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a means of helping Canada to help meet climate change objectives while supporting economic growth. ICO2N members represent a group of industry participants, many oil sands producers, providing a frameworkfor carbon capture and storage development in Canada.[102]Animals[edit source | edit beta]There has been a great impact of the wildlife surrounding the Athabasca River due to pollutants entering the water system creating numerous issues. Studies have shown that hundreds to thousands of birds each year die due to the affects of tailing ponds. Many birds migrate across the country landing in waters to rest, while these birds do not realise that landing on these waters can lead to an 80-90% of death. Although there has not been any standardized research to acquire the exact number of yearly bird fatalities, there has been data recorded since the 1970s on the number of birds founds on tailing ponds.[103]There has also been a large impact on the fish that live and spawn in the area. As toxins accumulate in the river due to the oil sands, bizarre mutations, tumours and deformed fish species have begun to appear. A study commissioned by the regions health authority, found that several known toxins and carcinogens were elevated.[104] Aboriginal communities that live around the river are becoming increasingly worried about how the animals they eat and their drinking water are being affected.[105]While there has been no link yet made between the oil sands and health issues, Matt Price of Environmental Defense says the connection makes common sense. Deformities in fish and high concentrations of toxic substances in animals have also been identified.[106]The Alberta government's Energy and Utilities Board (EUB) estimated in 2007 that about 173 billion barrels (27.5×109 m3) of crude bitumen were economically recoverable from the three Alberta oil sands areas based on then-current technology and price projections from the 2006 market prices of $62 per barrel forbenchmark West Texas Intermediate (WTI), rising to a projected $69 per barrel. This was equivalent to about 10% of the estimated 1,700 billion barrels (270×109 m3) of bitumen-in-place.[2] Alberta estimated that the Athabasca deposits alone contain 35 billion barrels (5.6×109 m3) of surface mineable bitumen and 98 billion barrels (15.6×109 m3) of bitumen recoverable by in-situ methods. These estimates of Canada's reserves were doubted when they were first published but are now largely accepted by the international oil industry. This volume placed Canadian proven reserves second in the world behind those of Saudi Arabia.Syncrude's Mildred Lake mine site and plantOnly 3% of the initial established crude bitumen reserves have been produced since commercial production started in 1967. At rate of production projected for 2015, about 3 million barrels per day (480×103 m3/d), the Athabasca oil sands reserves would last over 170 years.[109] However those production levels require an influx of workers into an area that until recently was largely uninhabited. By 2007 this need in northern Alberta drove unemployment rates in Alberta and adjacent British Columbia to the lowest levels in history. As far away as the Atlantic Provinces, where workers were leaving to work in Alberta, unemployment rates fell to levels not seen for over one hundred years.[110]The Venezuelan Orinoco Oil Sands site may contain more oil sands than Athabasca. However, while the Orinoco deposits are less viscous and more easily produced using conventional techniques (the Venezuelan government prefers to call them "extra-heavy oil"), they are too deep to access by surface mining.[citation needed]Despite the large reserves, the cost of extracting the oil from bituminous sands has historically made production of the oil sands unprofitable—the cost of selling the extracted crude would not cover the direct costs of recovery; labour to mine the sands and fuel to extract the crude.Oil prices 1996–2008 (not adjusted for inflation)In mid-2006, the National Energy Board of Canada estimated the operating cost of a new mining operation in the Athabasca oil sands to be C$9 to C$12 per barrel, while the cost of an in-situ SAGD operation (using dual horizontal wells) would be C$10 to C$14 per barrel.[111] This compares to operating costs for conventional oil wells which can range from less than one dollar per barrel in Iraq and Saudi Arabia to over six in the United States and Canada's conventional oil reserves.The capital cost of the equipment required to mine the sands and haul it to processing is a major consideration in starting production. The NEB estimates that capital costs raise the total cost of production to C$18 to C$20 per barrel for a new mining operation and C$18 to C$22 per barrel for a SAGD operation. This does not include the cost of upgrading the crude bitumen to synthetic crude oil, which makes the final costs C$36 to C$40 per barrel for a new mining operation.Therefore, although high crude prices make the cost of production very attractive, sudden drops in price leaves producers unable to recover their capital costs—although the companies are well financed and can tolerate long periods of low prices since the capital has already been spent and they can typically cover incremental operating costs.However, the development of commercial production is made easier by the fact that exploration costs are very low. Such costs are a major factor when assessing the economics of drilling in a traditional oil field. The location of the oil deposits in the oil sands are well known, and an estimate of recovery costs can usually be made easily. There is not another region in the world with energy deposits of comparable magnitude where it would be less likely that the installations would be confiscated by a hostile national government, or be endangered by a war or revolution[citation needed].As a result of the oil price increases since 2003, the economics of oil sands have improved dramatically. At a world price of US$50 per barrel, the NEB estimated an integrated mining operation would make a rate return of 16 to 23%, while a SAGD operation would return 16 to 27%. Prices since 2006 have risen, exceeding US$145 in mid-2008. As a result, capital expenditures in the oil sands announced for the period 2006 to 2015 are expected to exceed C$100 billion, which is twice the amount projected as recently as 2004. However, because of an acute labour shortage which has developed in Alberta, it is not likely that all these projects can be completed.At present the area around Fort McMurray has seen the most effect from the increased activity in the oil sands. Although jobs are plentiful, housing is in short supply and expensive. People seeking work often arrive in the area without arranging accommodation, driving up the price of temporary accommodation. The area is isolated,with only a two-lane road connecting it to the rest of the province, and there is pressure on the government of Alberta to improve road links as well as hospitals and other infrastructure.[111]Despite the best efforts of companies to move as much of the construction work as possible out of the Fort McMurray area, and even out of Alberta, the shortage of skilled workers is spreading to the rest of the province.[112] Even without the oil sands, the Alberta economy would be very strong, but development of the oil sands has resulted in the strongest period of economic growth ever recorded by a Canadian province.[113]Indigenous peoples of the area include the Fort McKay First Nation. The oil sands themselves are located within the boundaries of Treaty 8, signed in 1899, which states:It does not appear likely that the conditions of the country on either side of the Athabasca and Slave Rivers or about Athabasca Lake will be so changed as to affect hunting or trapping, and it is safe to say that so long as the fur-bearing animals remain, the great bulk of the Indians will continue to hunt and to trap.—Treaty 8We had to solemnly assure them that only such laws as to hunting and fishing as were in the interest of the Indians and were found necessary in order to protect the fish and fur-bearing animals would be made, and that they would be as free to hunt and fish after the treaty as they would be if they never entered into it. (…) It does not appear likely that the conditions of the country on either side of the Athabasca and Slave Rivers or about Athabasca Lake will be so changed as to affect hunting or trapping, and it is safe to say that so long as the fur-bearing animals remain, the great bulk of the Indians will continue to hunt and to trap.—The Honourable Clifford Sifton, Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, Report of Commissioners for Treaty No. 8, Winnipeg, Manitoba, September 22, 1899The Fort McKay First Nation has formed several companies to service the oil sands industry and will be developing a mine on their territory.[118] Opposition remaining within the First Nation focuses on environmental stewardship, land rights, and health issues, like elevated cancer rates in Fort Chipewyan and deformed fish being found by commercial fishermen in Lake Athabasca.The Alberta Cancer Board published research of the cancer rates of those living in Fort Chipewyan, Alberta in 2009. While many companies argue that there is not enough chemicals and toxic material in the water due to the development of the oil sands, this report indicates that there is coincidentally a significantly higher rate of cancer within this community. There have been many speculations as to why there is a higher rate of cancer in this community; some of those speculations are contamination with the river and the oil sands as well as uranium mining that is currently in progress. The world’s largest production of uranium is produced in this area as well as along the Athabasca River allowing for easy contamination of the river.[119]∙Total S.A.'s subsidiary Deer Creek Energy is operating a SAGD project on its Joslyn lease, producing 10,000 bbl/d (1,600 m3/d). It intends on constructing its mine by 2010 to expand its production by 100,000 bbl/d (16,000 m3/d).∙Imperial Oil's 4.6 billion barrel Kearl Oil Sands Project is projected to start construction in 2008 and produce 110,000 bbl/d (17,000 m3/d) by the end of 2012. Imperial also operates a 160,000 bbl/d(25,000 m3/d) in-situ operation in the Cold Lake oil sands region.∙Synenco Energy and SinoCanada Petroleum Corp., a subsidiary of Sinopec, China's largest oil refiner, had agreed to create the 3.5 billion Northern Lights mine, projected to produce 100,000 bbl/d (16,000 m3/d) by 2009. This project has since been indefinitely deferred (as of 2007).[121]∙North American Oil Sands Corporation (NAOSC), a subsidiary of Statoil, is expected to produce in the Kai Kos Dehseh project around 100,000 bbl/d (16,000 m3/d) by 2015. It is expected to ramp up production to around 100,000 barrels per day (16,000 m3/d) by around 2015.[122]Mining ProjectsOperator Project Phase Capacity Start-up Regulatory StatusRoyal Dutch ShellJackpine 1A100,000 bbl/d(16,000 m3/d)2010 Under construction1B100,000 bbl/d(16,000 m3/d)2012 Approved2100,000 bbl/d(16,000 m3/d)2014 Applied for Muskeg River Existing155,000 bbl/d(24,600 m3/d)2002 OperatingExpansion115,000 bbl/d(18,300 m3/d)2010 Approved Pierre River 1100,000 bbl/d(16,000 m3/d)2018 Applied for2100,000 bbl/d(16,000 m3/d)2021 Applied forCanadian Natural Resources Horizon 1135,000 bbl/d(21,500 m3/d)2009 Operating2 and 3135,000 bbl/d(21,500 m3/d)2011 Approved4145,000 bbl/d(23,100 m3/d)2015 Announced5162,000 bbl/d(25,800 m3/d)2017 AnnouncedImperial Oil Kearl 1110,000 bbl/d(17,000 m3/d)2012 Approved2220,000 bbl/d(35,000 m3/d)20?? Approved3275,000 bbl/d(43,700 m3/d)20?? Approved4345,000 bbl/d(54,900 m3/d)20?? ApprovedPetro Canada Fort Hills 1165,000 bbl/d(26,200 m3/d)2011 Approved debottleneck25,000 bbl/d(4,000 m3/d)TBD ApprovedSuncor Energy Millenium294,000 bbl/d(46,700 m3/d)1967 Operatingdebottleneck23,000 bbl/d2008 Under construction(3,700 m3/d)Steepbank debottleneck 4,000 bbl/d(640 m3/d)2007 Under constructionextension 2010 ApprovedVoyageur South 1 120,000 bbl/d(19,000 m3/d)2012 Applied forSyncrude Mildred Lake &Aurora1 and 2290,700 bbl/d(46,220 m3/d)1978 Operating3 Expansion116,300 bbl/d(18,490 m3/d)2006 Operating3Debottleneck46,500 bbl/d(7,390 m3/d)2011 Announced4 Expansion139,500 bbl/d(22,180 m3/d)2015 AnnouncedSynenco Energy Northern Lights 1 57,250 bbl/d(9,102 m3/d)2010 Applied forTotal S.A.Joslyn 150,000 bbl/d(7,900 m3/d)2013 Applied for250,000 bbl/d(7,900 m3/d)2016 Applied for350,000 bbl/d(7,900 m3/d)2019 Announced。

化工专业英语词汇reaction kinetics 反应动力学reactant 反应物purify 精制提纯recycle 循环回收unconverted reactant未转化的反应物chemical reactortransfer of heat,evaporation,crystallization结晶drying干燥screening筛选，浮选chemical reaction化学反应cracking of petroleum石油裂解catalyst催化剂，reaction zone反应区conservation of mass and energy能量与质量守衡定律technical advance 技术进步efficiency improvement 效率提高reaction 反应separation 分离heat exchange 热交换reactive distillation 反应精馏capital expenditure 基建投资setup 装置capital outlay 费用，成本，基建投资yield 产率，收率reaction byproduct 反应副产物equilibrium constant 平衡常数waste 废物feedstock 进料，原料product 产物，产品percent conversion百分比转化率ether 乙醚gasoline汽油oxygenate content 氧含量catalyst 催化剂reactant 反应物inert 惰性物，不参加反应的物质reactive distillation 反应精馏energy saving 节约能量energy efficiency 能量效率heat-sensitive material 热敏性物质pharmaceutical 制药foodstuff 食品gas diffusivity气体扩散性，气体扩散系数gas adsorption 吸收；absorption：吸附specialty chemical特殊化学品，特种化学品batch间歇的；continuous：连续的micro-reactor 微型反应器hydrogen and methane oxidation 氢气和甲烷氧化反应ethylene epoxidation 乙烯环氧化反应phosgene synthesis 光气合成.commercial proportions 商业规模replication 复制sensor 传感器，探头separation of solids 固体分离suspension 悬浮液porous medium 多孔介质filtration 过滤medium 介质filter 过滤器trap 收集，捕集Buchner funnel 布氏漏斗Vacuum 真空conical funnel 锥形漏斗filter paper 滤纸area 面积filter cake 滤饼factor 因数，因子，系数，比例viscosity 黏度density 密度corrosive property 腐蚀性particle size 颗粒尺寸shape 形状size distribution 粒度分布packing characteristics填充性质concentration 浓度filtrate 滤液feed liquor 进料液pretreatment 预处理latent heat 潜热resistance 阻力surface layer 表面层filtering medium 过滤介质drop in pressure 压降filtering surface 过滤表面filter cake 滤饼cake filtration 饼层过滤deep bed filtration 深层过滤depth 深度law 定律net flow 净流量conduction 传导convection 对流radiation 辐射temperature gradient 温度梯度metallic solid 金属固体thermal conduction 热传导motion of unbound electrons 自由电子的运动electrical conductivity 导电性thermal conductivity 导热性poor conductor of electricity 不良导电体transport of momentum 动量传递the random motion of molecules 分子无规则运动brick wall 墙壁furnace 火炉，燃烧器metal wall of a tube 金属管壁macroscopic particle 宏观的粒子control volume 控制体enthalpy 焓macroscopic phenomenon 宏观现象forces of friction 摩擦力fluid mechanics 流体力学flux（通量，流通量）of enthalpy 焓通量eddy 尾流，涡流turbulent flow 湍流natural and forced convection 自然对流和强制对流buoyancy force 浮力temperature gradient 温度梯度electromagnetic wave 电磁波fused quartz 熔化的石英reflect 反射，inflection:折射matte无光泽的，无光的temperature level 温度高低inter-phase mass transfer界相际间质量传递rate of diffusion扩散速率acetone 丙酮dissolve 溶解ammonia 氨ammonia-air mixture 氨气-水混合物physical process 物理过程oxides of nitrogen 氮氧化物nitric acid 硝酸carbon dioxide 二氧化碳sodium hydroxide 氢氧化钠actualrate of absorption 实际吸收速率two-film theory 双膜理论concentration difference 浓度差in the vicinity of 在…附近，靠近..,大约…，在…左右molecular diffusion 分子扩散laminar sub-layer 层流底层resistance 阻力，阻止boundary layer 边界层Fick’s Law费克定律is proportional to 与…成比例concentration gradient 浓度梯度plate tower 板式塔installation 装置feed 进料bottom 底部，塔底solvent 溶剂top 顶部，塔顶partial vaporization 部分汽化boiling point 沸点equimolecular counter-diffusion 等分子反向扩散ideal system 理想系统ratio of A to B A与B的比值with the result that：由于的缘故，鉴于的结果tray 塔板packed tower 填料塔bubble-cap tower 泡罩塔spray chamber 喷淋室maintenance expense 维修费foundation 基础tower shell 塔体packing material 填料pump 泵blower 风机accessory heater 附属加热器cooler 冷却器heat exchanger 换热器solvent-recovery system 溶剂回收系统operating cost 操作费用power 动力circulating gas 循环气labor 劳动力steam蒸汽regenerate再生cooling water 冷却水solvent make-up 补充溶剂optimum 最优的unabsorbed component未吸收组分purity纯度volatility挥发性vapor pressure蒸汽压liquid mixture 液体混合物condense凝缩，冷凝binary distillation双组分精馏multi-component distillation多组分精馏stage-type distillation column级板式精馏塔mount 安装，固定conduit导流管）,downcomer 降液管gravity重力weir溢流堰vapor-liquid contacting device汽液接触装置valve tray浮阀塔板reboiler再沸器vaporization汽化condensate冷凝液，凝缩液overhead vapor塔顶汽体condenser冷凝器ifeed tray进料板base塔底，基础bottoms product塔底产品condensation冷凝stripping section汽提段,提馏段distillate section精馏段total condense全凝器distillate product塔顶馏出产品reflux回流thermodynamic equilibrium 热力学平衡solution溶液fractional crystallization分步结晶solubility，溶解度，溶解性soluble可溶解的solvent溶剂employ采纳，利用miscible可混合的，可溶的，可搅拌的mechanical separation 机械分离）liquid-liquid extraction 液液萃取aromatic 芳香烃的paraffin石蜡，链烷烃lubricating oil润滑油decompose分解，离解，还原，腐烂penicillin青霉素streptomycin（链霉素）precipitation沉淀，沉析ethyl alcohol乙醇)extract萃取液heat requirement热负荷solute溶质extract phase萃取相baffle-plate折流挡板，缓冲挡板settling tank沉降槽centrifuge离心.离心机，离心分离emulsifying agent乳化剂density difference密度差raffinate萃余液extract 萃取液drying of Solids 固体干燥process material过程物料(相对最终产品而言的） organic有机的，有机物的benzene苯humidity湿度moisture content湿含量drying rate干燥速率critical moisture content临界湿湿含量falling-rate降速concave （凸的，凸面）or convex（凹的，凹面）approximate to：接近，趋近straight line：直线constant-rate drying period恒速干燥阶段convection drying对流干燥drying gas干燥气体falling-rate period降速干燥阶段mean value平均值vacuum drying真空干燥discolor变色，脱色sublime升华freeze drying冷冻干燥adiabatic绝热的，不传热的pressure gradientperpendicular to：与----垂直counter-current逆流per unit area单位面积water-cooling tower水冷塔sensible heat（sensible heat：显热）water droplet水珠，水滴quantitative relation定量关系thermal diffusion热扩散at right angles to 与…成直角，与…垂直by virtue of 由于，根据，凭借于molecular transfer分子传递balance 抵消，平衡drag forces曳力a function of …的函数of the same order具有同一数量级eddy diffusion涡流扩散is almost inversely proportional to 几乎与…成反比Reynolds number雷诺准数fully developed turbulent flow充分发展湍流coefficient系数In principle从原理而言exothermic（放热的，endothermic吸热的,adiabatic绝热的）triple bond三健，三价nitrogen oxides氮氧化物compound化合物conversion转化，转化率protein蛋白质compress压缩reaction yield反应产率reaction speed反应速度one-pass（单程） reactorenergy input能量输入maximum最大的near toequilibrium接近平衡output产出，输出，产量fertilizer化肥urea尿素ammonium nitrate硝酸铵ammonium phosphate磷酸铵ammonium sulfate硫酸铵diammonium hydrogen phosphate磷酸二氢铵 ash纯碱pyridine砒啶polymers聚合物nylon尼龙acrylics丙烯酸树脂via经，由，通过，借助于hydrogen cyanide氰化氢nitric acid硝酸bulk explosive集装炸药crude oil原油natural gas天然气bitumen沥青fossil fuel化石燃料seepage渗出物asphalt沥青oil drilling采油gasoline汽油paint涂料plastic塑料synthetic rubber合成橡胶fiber纤维soap肥皂cleansing agent清洗剂wax石蜡explosive炸药oil shale油页岩deposit沉积物aquatic plant 水生植物sedimentary rock沉积岩sandstone砂岩siltstone泥岩tar sand沥青石chain-shaped链状的methane甲烷paraffin石蜡，烷烃ring-shaped（环状的）hydrocarbon naphthene环烷烃naphtha石脑油tarry柏油的，焦油的，焦油状的asphaltene沥青油impurity杂质pollutant 污染物combustion燃烧capillarity毛细现象，毛细管力viscous resistance粘性阻力barrel桶(国际原油计量单位)tanker油轮kerosene煤油heavy gas oil重瓦斯油reforming重整cracking裂化octane number of gasoline汽油辛烷值branched-chain（带支链的）materials science材料科学mechanical, thermal, chemical, electric, magnetic, and optical behavior. （机械性能、热学性能、化学性能、电学性能、磁性能、光学性能）Amalgam 汞齐，水银；混合物，交叉solid state physics固体物理学metallurgy 冶金学，冶金术magnet 磁铁，有吸引力的人或物insulation 绝缘catalytic cracking 催化裂化structural steels 结构钢computer microchip 计算机芯片Aerospace 航空Telecommunication 电信information processing 信息处理nuclear power 核能energy conversion 能量转化internal structure 内部结构defect structure 结构缺陷crystal flaw 晶体瑕疵vacant atomic site 原子空位dislocation 错位precipitate 沉淀物semiconductor 半导体mechanical disturbance 机械扰动ductility 延展性brittleness 脆性spinning electrons 旋转电子amorphous 非定型的，非晶型的，非结晶的，玻璃状的；无一定目的的，乱七八糟chemical process safety 化工过程安全exotic chemistry 奇异化学hydrodynamic model水力学模型two-phase flow两相流dispersion model分散模型toxic有毒的release释放，排放probability of failure失效概率accident prevention事故预防hard hat 安全帽safety shoe防护鞋rules and regulations 规章制度loss prevention损失预防hazard identification 危害辩识，technical evaluation技术评估safety management support安全管理基础知识safety experience安全经验technical competence技术能力safety knowledge安全知识design engineer设计师cost engineer造价师process engineering过程工程plant layout工厂布局general service facilities公用工程plant location工厂选址close teamwork紧密的团队协作specialized group专业组storage仓库waste disposal废物处理terminology术语，词汇accountant会计师，会计，出纳final-proposal决议tangible return有形回报Empirical model 经验模型process control（过程控制）first-principles基本原理，基本规则regression model回归模型.operating condition操作条件nonlinear-equation-solving technique非线性方程求解技术process-simulation software packages过程模拟软件包least-squares-regression最小二乘法statistical technique 统计技术intensity强度，程度phenomenological model 现象模型model identification模式识别neural network神经网络a priori：先验的，既定的，不根据经验的，由原因推出结果的，演绎的，直觉的process data historian：过程数据历史编撰师qualitative定性的quantitative precision定量的精确high-fidelity高保真的computationally intensive计算量大的mathematical expressionsteady-state model稳态模型bioengineering生物工程artificial人工的hearing aid助听器artificial limb假肢supportive or substitute organ辅助或替代器官biosynthesis生物合成life scientist生命科学家agricultural engineer农艺师fermentation发酵civil engineer土木工程师sanitation卫生physiologists生理学criteria 指标human medicine人体医学medical electronics医疗电子medical instrumentation医疗器械blood-flow dynamics血液流动动力学prosthetics假肢器官学biomechanics生物力学surgeon外科医生replacement organ器官移植physiologist生理学家counterpart对应物，配对物psychology心理学self-taught自学barrier障碍物medical engineering医学工程，医疗工程health care保健diagnostic application of computers计算机诊断agricultural engineering农业工程biological production生物制品生产bionics（仿生学）human-factors engineering人类与环境工程environmental health engineering环境健康工程environmentally benign processing环境友好加工commodity or specialty通用商品或特殊化学品styrene苯乙烯ibuprofen异丁苯丙酸the Chemical Manufacturers Association化工生产协会as a whole整体而言emission释放物，排放物voluntary自愿的，无偿的，义务的；有意的，随意的；民办的in the absence of无---存在deactivate失活bulk chemical 大宗化工产品Fine chemical 精细化工Pharmaceutical制药segment段，片，区间，部门，部分；弓形，圆缺；分割，切断tonnage吨位，吨数，吨产量inorganic salt无机盐hydroquinone 对苯二酚demonstrate论证，证明，证实；说明，表明，显示forefront最前线，最前沿Lewis acid不可再生的路易斯酸anhydrous无水的phaseout消除HF alkylation氰氟酸烷基化catalytic oxidation催化氧化governmental regulation政府规定pharmaceutical intermediate药物中间体stereoselective立体选择性的ketone酮functional group官能团detrimental有害的chlorofluorocarbon二氯二氟化碳，氟里昂carbon tetrachloride四氯化碳straightforward简单明了的coordinating ligand配合体，向心配合体kilogram千克thermal stability热稳定性devastate破坏，蹂躏outline描绘，勾勒membrane technology膜技术production line生产线dairy牛奶water purification水净化lifetime寿命membrane module膜组件durability 耐久性，寿命，使用期限，强度chemical additive添加剂end-of-pipe solution 最终方案closed system封闭系统substitute取代，替代technical challenge技术挑战，技术困难wastewater treatment污水处理fouling污垢，发泡surface treatment表面处理applied Chemistry应用化学nomenclature of chemical compound化学化合物的命名法descriptive 描述性的prefix前缀alkane烷烃family族carbon skeleton碳骨架chain链Latin or Greek stem 拉丁或者希腊词根suffix后缀constitute取代物，取代基homologous series同系物branched chain支链烷烃parent母链，主链derivative衍生物substituent取代基locant位次，位标replicating prefix重复前缀词Gas and Liquid Chromatography气相色谱与液相色谱analytical chemistry分析化学moving gas stream移动的气流heats of solution and vaporization溶解热和汽化热activity coefficient活度系数counteract抵消milliliter毫升essential oil香精油test mixture测试混合物sample样品helium氦argon氩carrier载体injection注射stationary nonvolatile phase静止的不挥发相detector检测器fraction collector馏分收集器columnar liquid chromatography柱状液相色谱仪retention volume保留体积retention times保留时间high-performance高性能mobile phase移动相high-efficiency高效的analyte分析物plane chromatography薄层色谱capillary action毛细管作用assay分析化验fluorescence 荧光色，荧光retardation factor保留因子，延迟因子。

石油相关词汇(英文)石油专业词汇ancestral petroleum 原石油 araeo picnometer 石油比重计 arctic oil 北极地区用油；靠近北极区开采的石油aromatic petroleum solvent 芳族石油溶剂artificial asphalt 人造石油沥青 asphalt base petroleum 沥青基石油base royalty 石油产地使用费 bergbalsam 石油black gold of Transylvania 石油 black gold 石油bloom 花；兴旺时期；石油荧光；喷霜 BO 石油桶数blue sky peddler 不倦的石油业发起人boom town 石油城；发展快的城市 brown petroleum 褐石油bubble point oil 饱和石油 bulk plant 油库；石油销售站 burning waters 石油 cheap oil 廉价石油chemofining 石油加工化学；石油化学合成cold-test oil 低凝点石油 conventional oil 常规石油coplusory oil stock obligations 强制石油储备cut oil 乳化石油 dark petroleum oils 暗色石油油料degraded oil 降解石油 doctor sweet 脱除硫醇的石油产品dollar oil 美元石油 domestic oil 国产石油economically recoverable oil 经济上有开采价值的石油exploitable oil 可采石油 fossil oil 石油field control of petroleum products 石油产品质量的现场控制fixed designation of standard test 石油产品标准试验法编号freak oil 非商品性石油产品；中间产品freak stocks 非商品性石油产品 fresh oil 新采石油gas family 石油气族 gas liquids 液化石油气gas-oil fluid viscosity 含溶解气石油的粘度general petrochemical works 石油化工总厂genesis of oil 石油的成因 geoline 凡士林；石油gushing gold 石油 habitat of oil 石油产地heavy asphalt crude 沥青基重质石油home petroleum industry 本国石油工业hybrid-base oil 混合基石油 hydrocarbon black 石油炭黑immature oil 不成熟石油 in-situ oil viscosity 地下石油粘度inactive oil 不旋光石油 Independent Oil Company 独立石油公司Independents 独立石油公司 index of oil price 石油价格指数 initial oil in place 原始石油地质储量inoil payment 以石油支付 inspissated oil 风化石油Institute of Petroleum 石油学会 integrated oil company 一体化石油公司international oil cartel 国际石油卡特尔international petroleum market 国际石油市场jug 检波器；水罐；小型地震仪；储存天然气或其它石油产品的垂直溶洞 ligarine 石油醚 light petroleum 石油醚liquefied petroleum gas 液化石油气 live oil 含气石油losses of petroleum products 石油产品损耗low-density oil 轻质石油 low-grade oil 低级石油LPG 液化石油气 LPG-air mixtures 液化石油气与空气混合物mahogany sulfonate 石油磺酸盐 Major Oil Company 国际大石油公司malthenes 石油脂 manus tester 石油闪点测定器marine oil 海洋石油 markovnikite 富萘石油marine petroleum exploitation 海洋石油开采mayberyite 富硫石油 methane oil 甲烷族石油micrococcus petrol 石油菌 migration of oil 石油的运移migratory oil 运移的石油 mineral earthoil 石油mineral ether 石油醚 mineral spirit 石油溶剂油mixed asphaltic base oil 混合沥青基石油mixed base oil 混合基石油 mother oil 原生石油mixed oil drilling rig 复合式石油钻井钻机naphthabitumen 石油沥青 naphthenic base oil 环烷基石油 naphthology 石油学 nascent oil 初生石油national petroleum reserve 国家石油储备needle coke 针状结晶石油焦 neo-petroleum 新生石油non-asphaltic base oil 非沥青基石油non-paraffinous oil 不含蜡石油 nonoil 非石油的nonrecoverable oil 不可采出的石油 off-test product 未经检验的石油产品offshore oil exploitation 海上石油开采offshore oil 海上石油offshore petroleum resources 海洋石油资源oil accumulation 石油积聚 oil asphalt 石油沥青oil base 油基；石油特性 oil boom 拦油栅；石油热oil boycott 石油抵制 oil broker 石油经纪人oil cold test 石油产品浊点或凝固点测定oil company 石油公司 oil concession 石油特许权oil conservation 石油资源保护 oil consuming countries 石油消费国oil country tubular goods 石油管材 oil crisis 石油危机oil deficit 石油逆差 oil dehydrating 石油脱水oil dehydrator 石油脱水器 oil delivery 石油输送oil demand 石油需求 oil deposit 石油矿床oil development 石油开发 oil dewaxing 石油脱蜡oil distillate 石油馏分 oil dollar 石油美元oil embargo 石油禁运 oil emplacement 石油侵位oil engineer 石油工程师 oil entrapment 石油捕集作用oil equipment 石油设备 oil exchange 石油交易所oil exploration 石油勘探 oil exportiog countries 石油出口国oil extraction 石油抽提 oil finder 石油勘探工作者oil fire 石油火焰；石油燃烧造成的火灾oil fuel 石油燃料 oil gas tar 石油裂解焦油oil gas 石油裂解气 oil gasification 石油气化oil gauge 油表；油尺；油面指示器；石油比重计oil generation zone 石油生成带 oil generation 石油生成oil genesis 石油成因 oil geology 石油地质oil glut 石油过剩 oil gradient line 石油梯度线oil hydrometer 石油比重测定仪 oil in situ 原地石油储量oil in reserve 储存油；尚未能利用的石油储量oil indication 石油显示 oil industry 石油工业oil initially in place 原始石油地质储量oil jetty 石油码头 oil magnate 石油大王oil market simulation 石油市场模拟oil marketer 石油销售商 oil measurement 石油计量oil meter 石油计量器 oil migration 石油运移oil mining method 石油采矿法 oil money 石油资金oil origin 石油成因 oil package 石油产品容器oil patch 含油岩屑；油斑；石油勘探、开采和油田管道铺设所涉及的地域；油田oil payment 产量提成；以石油支付 oil permit 石油装载许可证oil pitch 石油沥青 oil pollution 石油污染oil potential 潜在石油储量 oil power 石油动力；石油动力机oil producer 石油生产商；产油井 oil product 石油产品oil production 石油开采；采油量 oil properties 石油性质oil promoter 石油推销人；卖油再钻新井油商oil prospecting 石油勘探 oil puncher 石油经纪商oil reserves 石油储量 oil resources 石油资源oil royalty 石油矿区使用费 oil search 石油普查oil selfsufficiency 石油自给 oil share markets 石油股票市场 oil shock 石油冲击 oil shortage 石油不足oil shrinkage loss 石油收缩损失 oil shrinkage 石油收缩oil stock market 石油股票市场 oil storage 石油储存；储油库oil storing 石油储存 oil trap 石油圈闭；隔油池oil vapour 石油蒸汽 oil weapon 石油武器oil 油；石油 oil-fuel depot 石油燃料库oil-impregnation 石油浸染 oil-rich 富含石油的oil-transferring 石油输送；油传送onshore oil terminal 陆岸石油集输终端origin of oil 石油成因 origin of petroleum 石油生成original oil volume factor 原始石油体积系数paper barrel 纸面石油 pet 石油Pet.Engr. 石油工程师 pet.pord 石油产品petro-technology 石油技术 petrobitumen 石油沥青petrochemical complex 石油化工 petrochemical equipment 石油化工设备petrochemical plant 石油化工厂 petrochemical process 石油化工过程petrochemical processing 石油化学加工petrochemical unit 石油化工装置petrochemical waste disposal 石油化学废料处置petrochemical 岩石化学的；石油化学的；石油化学产品petrochemicals 石油化学产品 petrochemistry 岩石化学；石油化学 petrodollars 石油美元 petrogenic gas 石油气petrolene 石油烯；软沥青petroleum accumulation 石油聚集 petroleum additive 石油添加剂petroleum aromatics 石油芳烃 petroleum asphalt 石油沥青petroleum base rust preventive 石油基防锈剂petroleum base 石油基 petroleum benzine 石油醚petroleum bitumen 石油沥青 petroleum black 石油烟黑petroleum bloom 石油萤光 petroleum chemicals 石油化学品petroleum cloud point tester 石油浊点测定仪petroleum coal 固体石油 petroleum coke 石油焦petroleum composition 石油组成 petroleum contract 石油合同petroleum convertibility 石油可逆性petroleum cuts 石油馏分 petroleum demand 石油需求petroleum derivative 石油衍生物 petroleum drilling 石油钻井petroleum emulsion breaker 石油破乳装置petroleum energy elasticity 石油能源弹性值petroleum engineer 石油工程师 petroleum engineering 石油工程petroleum engineering economics 石油工程经济学petroleum ester 石油酯 petroleum ether insolubles 石油醚不溶物petroleum ether 石油醚 petroleum exhaust 石油废气petroleum exploration hydrodynamics 石油勘探流体动力学petroleum exploration-oriented hydrodynamic evaluation 石油勘探水动力评价petroleum fermentation process 石油发酵过程petroleum fermentation 石油发酵petroleum fraction 石油馏分 petroleum gas oil 石油气体油petroleum gas 石油气 petroleum genesis 石油形成petroleum geochemistry 石油地球化学petroleum geologist 石油地质学家petroleum geology 石油地质学 petroleum geophysics 石油地球物理学petroleum hydrocarbon 石油烃 petroleum hydrogeology 石油水文地质学petroleum industry 石油工业 petroleum jelly 石油膏petroleum microbiology 石油微生物学petroleum microorganism 石油微生物 petroleum migration 石油运移 petroleum mining machinery 石油机械 petroleum operation 石油作业petroleum nitrogen base 石油中的含氮碱petroleum origin 石油生成 petroleum pipe line 石油管道 petroleum pitch enamel 石油沥青漆 petroleum processing 石油加工 petroleum production act 石油生产法 petroleum products 石油产品 petroleum prospecting 石油勘探 petroleum refinery 石油炼厂petroleum refining 石油加工 petroleum regulation 石油管理法规petroleum reserves 石油储量 petroleum resin 石油树脂petroleum resources 石油资源 petroleum revenue tax 石油所得税petroleum series 石油系列 petroleum solvent 石油溶剂petroleum spirit 石油溶剂 petroleum transport 石油运输 petroleum sulfonate flood 石油磺酸盐溶液驱油petroleum trap 石油圈闭 petroleum vapor 石油蒸气petroleum 石油 petroleum-associated water 石油伴生水petroleum-in-place 石油地质储量petroleum-like hydrocarbon 类石油烃petrolic 石油的 petroligenic natural gas 石油天然气petrolite 石油岩 petrolwum tar sand 含石油沥青的岩石或砂petromoney 石油资金 petronol 液体石油脂petroporphyrin 石油卟啉；岩卟啉 petropower 石油权力petroprotein 石油蛋白 physical oil 实物石油posted oil price 石油标价 prospective oil 远景石油储量products pipeline operation 石油成品的顺序输送postlithifaction oil 岩化期后石油prelithifaction oil 岩化期前石油protopetroleum 原生石油 pteroleum base 石油基地rationing of petroleum products 石油产品定量分配real oil losses 实际石油损耗 recoverable oil 可采石油remaining recoverable oil in place 地下剩余可采石油reservoir oil viscosity 储层石油粘度rock oil 石油 royalty oil 政府拥有的石油saponated petroleum 皂化石油 search for oil 勘查石油semi-asphaltic flux 半石油沥青 sherwood oil 石油醚single train LPG plant 单套液化石油气装置solid petroleum 固态石油 specifications API 美国石油学会规范sponge coke 海绵状石油焦 spot oil market 石油现货市场spot sample 个别试样；代表在容器一定水平面上的石油产品质量的试样 sterling oil 英磅石油 sticky oil 高粘度石油stone oil 石油 storage jug 地下液化石油气储穴strategic oil inventory 石油战略储备strategic oil reserve 石油战略储备stripped oil 脱去汽油的石油 sulfur-bearing oil 含硫石油supplementary petroleum duty 补充石油税surplus of oil production 石油生产过剩syngenetic oil 同生石油 tail of tender 石油成品管输时的尾部tank volume 储罐容积；油罐中油的体积；换算成标准条件下的石油体积 Tertiary crudes 第三纪石油theory of inorganic origin 石油无机成因说theory of organic origin 石油有机成因说thinned oil 稀释石油 trading oil 纸面石油transit revenues from oil 石油过境税trapping of oil 石油圈闭作用 travel of oil 石油运移trinascol 稠硫沥青石油uncompensated drainage 无赔偿的石油流失underground liquefied petroleum gas storage 地下液化石油气库；液化石油气地下储存unrecovered oil 残留石油 vaseline 石油冻；矿脂；凡士林 venturaite 富氮石油 virgin oil 未开采的石油virgin tank oil 换算成地面条件下的未开采石油warrenite 含石蜡和异构石蜡混合物的气态或液态沥青；石蜡石油wax containing asphalt 含蜡石油沥青 wet barrel 实物石油white spirit 石油溶剂 younger oil 初期石油。

Aabsolute datum 绝对基面abutment 桥台abutment pier 制动墩acceleration lane 加速车道accidental load 偶然荷载accommodation lane 专用车道acoustic barrier 隔音墙acting circles of blasting 爆破作用圈additional stake 加桩adjacent curve in one direction 同向曲线admixture 外加剂admixture 反坡安全线aerial photogrammetry 航空摄影测量aerophoto base 航摄基线aerophoto interpretation 航摄像片判读ageing 老化aggregate 集料（骨料）air hardining 气硬性alignment design ( 城市道路) 平面设计，线形设计alignment element 线形要素alligator cracking 路面龟裂allowable rebound deflection 容许( 回弹）弯沉alternative line 比较线anchored bulkhead abutment 锚锭板式桥台anchored bulkhead abutment 锚锭板式挡土墙anchored retaining wall 锚杆式挡土墙anionic emulsified bitumen 阴离子乳化沥青ann l average daily traffic 年平均日交通量anti—creep heap ( 厂矿道路) 挡车堆anti-dizzling screen 防炫屏( 遮光栅)antiskid heap （厂矿道路）防滑堆approach span 引桥aquitard 隔水层arch bridge 拱桥arch culvert 拱涵arch ring 拱圈arterial highway 干线公路arterial road ( 厂内）主干道, （城市) 主干路asphalt distributor 沥青洒布车asphalt mixing plant 沥青混合料拌和设备asphalt remixer 沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt remixer 复拌沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt sand 沥青砂asphalt sprayer 沥青洒布机asphaltic bitumen 地沥青at—grade intersection 平面交叉auxiliary lane 附加车道average consistency （of soil) 土的) 平均稠度average gradient 平均纵坡aximuth angle 方位角Bbalance weight retaining wall 衡重式挡土墙base course 基层base line 基线basic traffic capacity 基本通行能力beam bridge 梁桥beam level deflectometer 杠杆弯沉仪bearing 支座bearing angle 象限角bearing pile 支承桩bearing platform 承台bed course 垫层bench mark 水准点benched s grade 台口式路基bending strength 抗弯强度Benkelman beam 杠杆弯沉仪（贝克曼弯沉仪) bent cap 盖梁berm 护坡道binder 结合料binder course 联结层bitumen 沥青bitumen （沥青混合料）抽提仪bitumen—aggregate ratio 油石比bituminous concrete pavement 沥青混凝土混合料bituminous concrete mixture 沥青混凝土路面bituminous concrete moxture 沥青碎石混合料bituminous macadam pavement 沥青碎石路面bituminous moxture 沥青混合料bituminous pavement 沥青路面bituminous penetration pavement 沥青贯入式路面biuminous surface treatment ( 沥青) 表面处治blasting crater 爆破漏斗blastion for loosening rock 松动爆破blasting for throwing rock 抛掷爆破blasting procedure 土石方爆破bleeding 泛油blind ditch 盲沟blind drain 盲沟block pavement 块料路面block stone 块石blow up 拱胀boring 钻探boring log ( 道路) 地质柱状图boring machine 钻孔机borrow earth 借土borrow pit 取土坑boundary frame on crossing 道口限界架boundary frame on road 道路限界架boundary line of road constr tion 道路建筑限界bowstring arch bridge 系杆拱桥box culvert 箱涵branch pipe of inlet 雨水口支管branch road ( 城市）支路, ( 厂内) 支道bridge 桥梁bridge decking 桥面系bridge deck pavement 桥面铺装bridge floor expantion and contraction installation traction installation 桥面伸缩装置bridge gerder erection equpment 架桥机bridge on slope 坡桥bridge site 桥位bridle road 驮道broken chainage 断链broken stone 碎石broken back curve 断背曲线buried abutment 埋置式桥台bus bay 公交( 车辆）停靠站bypass 绕行公路Ccable bent tower 索塔cable saddle 索鞍cable stayed bridge 斜拉桥( 斜张桥)Cableway erecting equipment 缆索吊装设备California bearing ratio (CBR）加州承载比(CBR) California bearing ratio tester 加州承载比(CBR）测定仪camber cruve 路拱曲线cantilever beam bridge 悬臂梁桥cantilever beam bridge 悬臂式挡土墙capacity of intersection 交叉口通行能力capacity of network 路网通行能力capillary water 毛细水carriage way 车行道（行车道）cast-in-place cantilever method 悬臂浇筑法cationic emulsified bitumen 阳离子乳化沥青cattle—pass 畜力车道cement concrete 水泥混凝土cemint concrete pavement 水泥混凝土混合料cement concrete pavement 水泥混凝土路面center-island 中心岛center lane 中间车道center line of raod 道路中线center line survey 中线测量center stake 中桩central reserve 分隔带channelization 渠化交通channelization island 导流岛channelized intrersection 分道转弯式交叉口chip 石屑chute 急流槽circular curve 圆曲线circular curve 环路circular test 环道试验city road 城市道路civil engineering fabric 土工织物classified highway 等级公路classified highway 等级道路clay—bound macadam 泥结碎石路面clearance 净空clearance above bridge floor 桥面净空clearce of span 桥下净空climatic zoning for highway 公路自然区划climbing lane 爬坡车道cloverleaf interchange 苜蓿叶形立体交叉coal tar 煤沥青cobble stone 卵石coefficient of scouring 冲刷系数cohesive soil 粘性土cold laid method 冷铺法cold mixing method 冷拌法cold—stretched steel bar 冷拉钢筋column pier 柱式墩combination-type road system 混合式道路系统compaction 压实compaction test 击实试验compaction test apparatus 击实仪compactness test 压实度试验composite beam bridge 联合梁桥composite pipe line 综合管道（综合管廊) compound curve 复曲线concave vertical curve 凹形竖曲线concrete joint cleaner ( 水泥混凝土) 路面清缝机concrete joint sealer （水泥混凝土）路面填缝机concrete mixing plant 水泥混凝土( 混合料) 拌和设备concrete paver 水泥混凝土（混合料) 摊铺机concrete pump 水泥混凝土（混合料) 泵concrete saw （水泥混凝土）路面锯缝机cone penetration test 触探试验conflict point 冲突点conical slope 锥坡consistency limit (of soil) ( 土的）稠度界限consolidated s soil 加固地基consolidation 固结constr tion by swing 转体架桥法constr tion height of bridge 桥梁建筑高度constr tion joint 施工缝constr tion load 施工荷载constr tion survey 施工测量continuous beam bridge 连续梁桥contourline 等高线contraction joint 缩缝control point 路线控制点converging 合流convex vertining wall 凸形竖曲线corduroy road 木排道counterfout retaining wall 扶壁式挡土墙counterfort abutmen 扶壁式桥台country road 乡村道路county road 县公路（县道) ，乡道creep 徐变critical speed 临界速度cross roads 十字形交叉cross slope 横坡cross walk 人行横道cross-sectional profile 横断面图cross—sectional survey 横断面测量crown 路拱crushed stone 碎石crushing strength 压碎值culture 地物culvert 涵洞curb 路缘石curb side strip 路侧带curve length 曲线长curve widening 平曲线加宽curved bridge 弯桥cut 挖方cut corner for sight line （路口）截角cut—fill transition 土方调配cut-fill transition 土方调配图cutting 路堑cycle path 自行车道cycle track 自行车道Ddeceleration lane 减速车道deck bridge 上承式桥deflection angle 偏角deflection test 弯沉试验degree of compaction 压实度delay 延误density of road network 道路（网）密度depth of tunnel 隧道埋深design elevation of s grade 路基设计高程design freqncy ( 排水) 设计重现期design hourly volume 设计小时交通量design of evevation ( 城市道路）竖向设计design of vertical alignment 纵断面设计design speed 计算行车速度( 设计车速)design traffic capacity 设计通行能力design vehicle 设计车辆design water level 设计水位desiged dldvation 设计高程designed flood freqncy 设计洪水频率deslicking treatment 防滑处理Deval abrasion testion machine 狄法尔磨耗试验机（双筒式磨耗试验机）diamond interchange 菱形立体交叉differential photo 微分法测图direction angle 方向角directional interchange 定向式立体交叉diverging 分流dowel bar 传力杆drain opening 泄水口drainage by pumping station ( 立体交叉）泵站排水drainage ditch 排水沟dressed stone 料石drop water 跌水dry concrtet 干硬性混凝土d tility （of bitumen）（沥青）延度d tilometer （沥青）延度仪dummy joint 假缝dynamic consolidation 强夯法Eeconomic speed 经济车速econnomical hauling distance 土方调配经济运距element support 构件支撑elevation 高程( 标高）embankment 路堤emergency parking strip 紧急停车带emulsified bitumen 乳化沥青erecting by floating 浮运架桥法erection by longit inal pulling method 纵向拖拉法erection by protrusion 悬臂拼装法erection with cableway 缆索吊装法evaporation pond 蒸发池expansion bearing 活动支座expansive soil 膨胀土expansion joint 胀缝expressway （城市）快速路external distance 外( 矢) 距Ffabricated bridge 装配式桥fabricated steel bridge 装拆式钢桥factories and mines road 厂矿道路factory external transportation line 对外道路factory-in road 厂内道路factory—out road 厂外道路fast lane 内侧车道faulting of slab ends 错台feeder highway 支线公路ferry 渡口fibrous concrete 纤维混凝土field of vision 视野fill 填方filled spandrel arch bridge 实腹拱桥final survey 竣工测量fineness 细度fineness modulus 细度模数fixed bearing 固定支座flare wing wall abutment 八字形桥台flared intersection 拓宽路口式交叉口flash 闪点flash point tester (open cup method) 闪点仪( 开口杯式）flexible pavement 柔性路面flexible pier 柔性墩floor system 桥面系flush curb 平缘石foot way 人行道ford 过水路面forest highway 林区公路forest road 林区道路foundation 基础free style road system 自由式道路系统free way 高速公路free—flow speed 自由车速freeze road 冻板道路freezing and thawing test 冻融试验frost boiling 翻浆frozen soil 冻土full depth asphalt pavement 全厚式沥青( 混凝土）路面function planting 功能栽植Ggeneral scour under bridge opening 桥下一般冲刷geological section ( 道路) 地质剖面图geotextile 土工织物gradation 级配gradation of stone ( 路用）石料等级grade change point 变坡点grade compensation 纵坡折减grade crossing 平面交叉grade length limitation 坡长限制grade of side slope 边坡坡度grade separation 简单立体交叉grade-separated junction 立体交叉graded aggregate pavement 级配路面brader 平地机grain composition 颗粒组成granular material 粒料gravel 砾石gravity pier （abutment) 重力式墩、台gravity retaining wall 重力式挡土墙green belt 绿化带gridiron road system 棋盘式道路系统ground control—point survey 地面控制点测量ground elevation 地面高程ground stereophoto grammetry 地面立体摄影测量g rd post 标柱g rd rail 护栏g rd wall 护墙gully 雨水口gutter 街沟( 偏沟）gutter apron 平石gutter drainage 渠道排水Hhalf-through bridge 中承式桥hard shoulder 硬路肩hardening 硬化hardness 硬度haul road 运材道路heavy maintenance 大修hectometer stake 百米桩hedge 绿篱height of cut and fill at ceneter stake 中桩填挖高度high strength bolt 高强螺栓high type pavement 高级路面highway 公路highway landscape design 公路景观设计hill-side line 山坡线( 山腰线）hilly terrain 重丘区horizontal alignment 平面线形horizontal curve 平曲线hot laid method 热铺法hot mixing method 热拌法hot stability （of bitumen) ( 沥青）热稳性hydraulic computation 水力计算hydraulic computation 水硬性Iimaginary intersection point 虚交点immersed tunnelling method 沉埋法inbound traffic 入境交通incremental launching method 顶推法industrial district road 工业区道路industrial solid waste ( 路用）工业废渣industrial waste base course 工业废渣基层inlet 雨水口inlet s merged culvert 半压力式涵洞inlet uns merged culvert 无压力式涵洞inorganic binder 无机结合料instrument station 测站intensity of rainstorm 暴雨强度intercepting detch 截水沟interchange 互通式立体交叉interchange woth special bicycle track 分隔式立体交叉intermediate maintenance 中修intermediate type pavement 中级路面intersection ( 平面) 交叉口intersection angle 交叉角，转角intersection entrance 交叉口进口intersection exit 交叉口出口intersection plan 交叉口平面图intersection point 交点intersection with widened corners 加宽转角式交叉口Jjack-in method 顶入法Kkilometer stone 里程碑Lland slide 坍方lane 车道lane-width 车道宽度lateral clear distance of curve （平曲线）横净距lay—by 紧急停车带level of service 道路服务水平leveling course 整平层leveling survey 水准测量light—weight concrete 轻质混凝土lighting facilities of road 道路照明设施lime pile 石灰桩line development 展线linking-up road 联络线，连接道路liquid asphaltic bitumen 液体沥青liquid limit 液限living fence 绿篱load 荷载loading berm 反压护道lading combinations 荷载组合loading plate 承载板loading plate test 承载板试验local scour near pier 桥墩局部冲刷local traffic 境内交通location of line 定线location survey 定测lock bolt support with shotcrete 喷锚支护loess 黄土longit inal beam 纵梁longit inal gradient 纵坡longit inal joint 纵缝loop ramp 环形匝道Los Angeles abrasion testing machine 洛杉矶磨耗试验机Mmachine （搁板式磨耗试验机）low rype pavement 低级路面main beam 主梁main bridge 主桥maintenance 养护maintenance period 大中修周期manhole 检查井marginal strip 路缘带marshall stability apparatus 马歇尔稳定度仪Marshall stability test 马歇尔试验masonry bridge 圬工桥maximum ann l hourly volume 年最大小时交通量maximum dry unit weight （标准）最大干密度maximum longit inal gradient 最大纵坡mine tunnelling method 矿山法mineral aggregate 矿料mineral powder 矿粉mini-roundabout 微形环交minimum height of fill （路基) 最小填土高度minimum longit inal gradient 最小纵坡minimum radius of horizontal curve 最小平曲线半径minimum turning radius 汽车最小转弯半径mixed traffic 混合交通mixing method 拌和法mixture 混合料model split 交通方式划分modulus of elasticity 弹性模量modulus of resilience 回弹模量modulus ratio 模量比monthly average daily traffic 月平均日交通量motor way 高速公路mountainous terrain 山岭区movable bridge 开启桥m 淤泥multiple-leg intersection 多岔交叉mational trunk highway 国家干线公路（国道) matural asphalt 天然沥青Nnatural scour 自然演变冲刷natural s soil 天然地基navigable water level 通航水位nearside lane 外侧车道net—shaped cracking 路面网裂New Austrian Tunnelling Method 新奥法Oobservation point 测点one—way ramp 单向匝道open cut method 明挖法open cut tunnel 明洞open spandrel arch bridge 空腹拱桥opencast mine road 露天矿山道路operating speed 运行速度optimum gradation 最佳级配optimum moisture content 最佳含水量optimum speed 临界速度organic binder 有机结合料origin—destination st y 起迄点调查outbound traffic 出境交通outlet s merged culvert 压力式涵洞outlet inlet main road 城市出入干道overall speed 区间速度overlay of pavement 罩面overpass grade separation 上跨铁路立体交叉overtaking lane 超车车道overtaking sight distance 超车视距Ppaper location 纸上定线paraffin content test 含蜡量试验parent soil 原状土parking lane 停车车道parking lot 停车场parking station 公交（车辆) 停靠站part out—part fill s grade 半填半挖式路基pass 垭口passing bay 错车道patrol maintenance 巡回养护paved crossing 道口铺面pavement 路面pavement depression 路面沉陷pavement recapping 路面翻修pavement slab pumping 路面板唧泥pavement spalling 路面碎裂pavement strengthening 路面补强pavement str ture layer 路面结构层pavemill 路面铣削机( 刨路机)peak hourly volume 高峰小时交通量pedestrian overcrossing 人行天桥pedestrian underpass 人行地道penetration macadam with coated chips 上拌下贯式( 沥青) chips 路面penetration method 贯入法penetration test apparatus 长杆贯入仪penetration (of bitumen）( 沥青) 针入度penetrometer （沥青) 针入度仪periodical maintenance 定期养护permafrost 多年冻土permanent load 永久荷载perviousness test 透水度试验petroleum asphaltic bitumen 石油沥青photo index 像片索引图( 镶辑复照图）photo mosaic 像片镶嵌图photogrammetry 摄影测量photographic map 影像地图pier 桥墩pile and plank retaining wall 柱板式挡土墙pile bent pier 排架桩墩pile driver 打桩机pipe culvert 管涵pipe drainage 管道排水pit test 坑探pitching method 铺砌法plain stage of slope 边坡平台plain terrain 平原区plan view （路线) 平面图plane design ( 城市道路）平面设计plane sketch ( 道路）平面示意图planimetric photo 综合法测图plant mixing method 厂拌法plasticity index 塑限plasticity index 塑性指数poisson's ratio 泊松比polished stone val石料磨光值pontoon bridge 浮桥porosity 空隙率portable pendulum tester 摆式仪possible traffic capacity 可能通行能力post-tensioning method 后张法pot holes 路面坑槽preliminary survey 初测preloading method 预压法prestressed concrete 预应力混凝土prestressed concrete bridge 预应力混凝土桥prestresed steel bar drawing jack 张拉预应力钢筋千斤顶pretensioning method 先张法prime coat 透层prod tive arterial road 生产干线prod tive branch road 生产支线profile design 纵断面设计profilometer 路面平整度测定仪proportioning of cement concrete 水泥混凝土配合比protection forest fire—proof road 护林防火道路provincial trunk highway 省干线公路（省道）Rrailroad grade crossing ( 铁路) 道口ramp 匝道rebound deflection 回弹弯沉reclaimed asphalt mixture 再生沥青混合料reclaimed bituminous pavement 再生沥青路面reconnaissance 踏勘red clay 红粘土reference stake 护桩reflection crack 反射裂缝refuge island 安全岛regulating str ture 调治构造物reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete bridge 钢筋混凝土桥reinforced concrete pavement 钢筋混凝土路面reinforced earth retaining wall 加筋土挡土墙relative moisture content （of soil）（土的）相对含水量relief road 辅道residential street 居住区道路resultant gradient 合成坡度retaining wall 挡土墙revelling of pavement 路面松散reverse curve 反向曲线reverse loop 回头曲线ridge crossing line 越岭线ridge line 山脊线right bridge 正交桥right bridge 正桥rigid frame bridge 刚构桥rigid pavement 刚性路面rigid—type base 刚性基层ring and radial road system 环形辐射式道路系统ripper 松土机riprap 抛石road 道路road alignment 道路线形road appearance 路容road area per citizen ( 城市）人均道路面积road area ratio ( 城市）道路面积率road axis 道路轴线road bed 路床road bitumen 路用沥青road condition 路况road condition survey 路况调查road crossing ( 平面) 交叉口road crossing design 交叉口设计road engineering 道路工程road feasibility st y （道路工程）可行性研究road improvement 改善工程road intersection 道路交叉( 路线交叉)road mixing method 路拌法road network 道路网road network planning 道路网规划road planting 道路绿化road project （道路工程）方案图road trough 路槽road way 路幅rock breaker 凿岩机rock filled gabion 石笼roller 压路机rolled cement concrete 碾压式水泥混凝土rolling terrain 微丘区rotary interchange 环形立体交叉rotary intersection 环形交叉roundabout 环形交叉route development 展线rout of road 道路路线route selection 选线routine maintenance 小修保养r ble 片石running speed 行驶速度rural road 郊区道路Ssaddle back 垭口safety belt 安全带safety fence 防护栅salty soil 盐渍土sand 砂sanddrain (sand pile) 砂井sand gravel 砂砾sand hazard 沙害sand mat of s grade 排水砂垫层sand patch test 铺砂试验sand pile 砂桩sand protection facilities 防沙设施sand ratio 砂率sand sweeping 回砂sand sweeping equipment 回砂机sandy soil 砂性土saturated soil 饱和土scraper 铲运机seal coat 封层secondary trunk road （厂内）次干道，（城市) 次干路seepage well 渗水井segregation 离析semi—rigid type base 半刚性基层separate facilties 分隔设施separator 分隔带sheep—foot roll 羊足压路机( 羊足碾)shelter belt 护路林shield 盾构( 盾构挖掘机)shield tunnelling method 盾构法shoulder 路肩shrinkage limit 缩限side ditch 边沟side slope 边坡side walk 人行道sieve analysis 筛分sight distance 视距sight distance of intersection 路口视距sight line 视线sight triangle 视距三角形silty soil 粉性土simple supported beam bridge 简支梁桥singl direction thrusted pier 单向推力墩single—sizeaggregat 同粒径集料siphon culvert 倒虹涵skew bridge 斜交桥skew bridge 斜桥skid road 集材道路slab bridge 板桥slab culvert 盖板涵slab staggering 错位slide 滑坡slope protection 护坡slump 坍落度snow hazard 雪害snow plough 除雪机snow protection facilities 防雪设施soft ground 软弱地基soft soil 软土softening point tester （ring ball）( 沥青) 软化点议仪method （环- 球法)softening point （of bitumen）沥青）软化点sol ility (of bitumen）（沥青）溶解度space headway 车头间距space mean speed 空间平均速度span 跨径span by span method 移动支架逐跨施工法spandrel arch 腹拱spandrel str ture 拱上结构special vehicle 特种车辆speed—change lane 变速车道splitting test 劈裂试验spot speed 点速度spreading in layers 层铺法springing 弹簧现象stabilizer 稳定土拌和机stabilized soil base course 稳定土基层stage for heating soil and broken rock 碎落台staggered junction 错位交叉stand axial loading 标准轴截steel bridge 钢筋冷墩机steel bridge 钢桥steel extension machine 钢筋拉伸机stiffness modulus 劲度stone coating test 石料裹覆试验stone crusher 碎石机stone spreader 碎石撒布机stopping sight distance 停车视距stopping tr k heap （厂矿道路) 阻车堤street 街道street drainage 街道排水street planting 街道绿化street trees 行道树strengthening layer 补强层strengthening of str ture 加固stringer 纵梁striping test for aggregate 集料剥落试验str tural approach limit of tunnel 隧道建筑限界s —high type pavement 次高级路面s grade 路基s grade drainage 路基排水s mersible bridge 漫水桥s sidence 沉陷s soil 地基s str ture 下部结构super elevation 超高super elevation runoff 超高缓和段superstr ture 上部结构supported type abutment 支撑式桥台surface course 面层surface evenness 路面平整度surface frostheave 路面冻胀surface permeameter 路面透水度测定仪surface roughness 路面粗糙度surface slipperinness 路面滑溜surface water 地表水surface—curvature apparatus 路面曲率半径测定仪surrounding rock 围岩suspension bridge 悬索桥swich—back curve 回头曲线TTintersection 丁字形交叉（T 形交叉) T—shaped rigid frame bridge 形刚构桥tack coat 粘层tangent length 切线长tar 焦油沥青technical standard of road 道路技术标准Telford 锥形块石Telford base ( 锥形）块石基层terrace 台地thermal insulation berm 保温护道thermal insulation course 隔温层thirtieth highest ann l hourly 年第30 位最大小时volume 交通量through bridge 下承式桥through traffic 过境交通tie bar 拉杆timber bridge 木桥time headway 车头时距time mean speed 时间平均速度toe of slope （边) 坡脚tongand groove joint 企口缝top of slope ( 边) 坡顶topographic feature地貌topographic map 地形图topographic survey 地形测量topography 地形township road 乡公路( 乡道）traffic assignment 交通量分配traffic capacity 通行能力traffic composition 交通组成traffic density 交通密度traffic distribution 交通分布traffic flow 交通流traffic generation 交通发生traffic island 交通岛traffic mirror 道路反光镜traffic planning 道路交通规划traffic safety device 交通安全设施traffic sq re 交通广场traffic stream 车流traffic survey 交通调查traffic volume 交通量traffic volume observation station 交通量观测站traffic volume 交通量预测traffic volume survey 交通量调查transition curve 缓和曲线transition slab at bridge head 桥头搭板transition zone of cross section 断面渐变段transition zone of curve widening 加宽缓和段transitional gradient 缓和坡段transverse beam 横梁transverse joint 横缝traverse 导线traverse survey 导线测量trencher 挖沟机triaxial test 三轴试验trip 出行trjoint 真缝trumpet interchange 喇叭形立体交叉trunk highway 干线公路truss bridge 桁架桥tunnel （道路) 隧道tunnel boring machine 隧道掘进机tunnel ling 衬砌tunnel portal 洞门tunnel support 隧道支撑turnaround loop 回车道，回车场turning point 转点two—way curved arch bridge 双曲拱桥two—way ramp 双向匝道type of dry and damp soil base 土基干湿类型UU-shaped abutment U 形桥台under-ground pipes comprehensive design 管线综合设计\underground water 地下水underground water level 地下水位underpass grade separation 下穿铁路立体交叉universal photo 全能法测图urban road 城市道路Vvalley line 沿溪线variable load 可变荷载vehicle stream 车流vehicular gap 车( 辆）间净距verge 路肩vertical alignment 纵面线形vertical curb 立缘石（侧石）vertical curve 竖曲线vertical profile map （路线）纵断面图viameter 路面平整度测定仪vibratory roller 振动压路机viscosimeter （沥青) 粘度仪viscosity (of bitumen）( 沥青) 粘( 滞) 度void ratio 孔隙比Wwashout 水毁waste 弃土waste bank 弃土堆water cement ratio 水灰比water content 含水量water level 水位water red ing agent 减水剂water stability 水稳性water—bound macadam 水结碎石路面wearing course 磨耗层weaving 交织weaving point 交织点weaving section 交织路段wheel tracking test 车辙试验width of s grade 路基宽度workability 和易性YY intersection 形交叉。

仰望天空化工专业英语词汇及翻译B 2012年6月25日1/10化工专业英语词汇及翻译Bbaeyer villiger rearrangement 拜尔维利格重排baeyer reaction 拜尔反应baeyer reagent 拜尔试药b stage resin b 阶尸baby dryer 小烧缸bacillus 杆菌bacitracin 杆菌肽back bond 反向键back flow condenser 回龄凝器back mixing 逆向混合back pressure 反压back reaction 逆反应back sweetening 返回脱硫法back titration 回滴定backfire 回火backflash 反闪backscattering 后方散射backward motion 反向运动backwash 回洗bacteriolysis 溶菌酌bacteriostasis 抑菌酌baddeleyite 斜锆石baffle 挡板bag filter 袋滤器bacterial incubator 细菌培育箱bacteria 细菌bacterial fertilizer 细菌肥料bactericide 杀细菌剂bacteriochlorophyll 菌叶绿素bagasse 甘蔗渣bakelite 酚醛塑料baking 烧制baking enamel 烘烤搪瓷baking powder 发粉baking varnish 烤漆balance 平衡balance bar 平衡杆balance beam 平衡杆balance pan 天平盘balance rider 游码balata 巴拉塔矢ball clay 块状粘土ball hardness 钢球硬度ball mill 球磨机ball valve 球阀ball viscosimeter 落球式粘度计balloon tire 低压轮胎balsam 香脂banana oil 香蕉油band brake 带式制动器band dryer 带式干燥机band spectrum 带光谱barbital 巴比妥barbituric acid 巴比土酸barilla 海草灰苏打barite 重晶石barium 钡barium acetate 醋酸钡barium bioxide 二氧化钡barium carbonate 碳酸钡barium chlorate 氯酸钡barium chloride 氯化钡barium chromate 铬酸钡barium crown glass 钡钙玻璃barium cyanate 氰酸钡barium dioxide 二氧化钡barium flint glass 钡火石玻璃barium fluoride 氟化钡barium hydroxide 氢氧化钡barium manganate 锰酸钡barium nitrate 硝酸钡barium nitrite 亚硝酸钡barium oxide 氧化钡barium perchlorate 高氯酸钡barium peroxide 过氧化钡barium sulfate 硫酸钡barium sulfide 硫化钡barium thiosulfate 硫代硫酸钡barium titanate 钛酸钡barium yellow 钡黄barkometer 液比重计barley malt大麦芽barley sugar大麦糖barm酒母barometer气压计barometric condenser气压冷凝器barrel桶;卷筒barrier penetration势垒穿透barrier separation膜分离baryta氧化钡baryta paper钡地纸baryta water氢氧化钡水溶液baryta yellow钡黄baryte重晶石basal metabolic rate基础代谢率basal metabolism基础代谢basalt玄武岩base碱base catalysis碱催化酌base exchange碱交换base line基线base metal贱金属base solution底液basic acetate碱式乙酸盐basic bismuth carbomate碱式碳酸铋basic bismuth nitrate碱式硝酸铋basic converter碱性转炉basic dye碱性染料basic function基础函数basic lead carbonate碱式碳酸铅basic material基本材料basic open hearth process碱性平炉法basic oxide碱性氧化物basic reaction碱性反应basic refractory碱性耐火材料basic salt碱性盐basic slag碱性炉渣basicity碱度basil罗勒basket strainer篮过滤器bast fiber韧皮纤维batch distillation分批蒸馏batch extraction分批萃取batch mixer分批混合器batch process分批法batch rectification分批精馏batchwise operation分批操作bath ratio 液比bath solution电解液bath voltage浴电压bathochrome深色基团bathochromic effect增色效应bathochromic shift红移bating软化battery蓄电池battery acid蓄电池用酸battery plate蓄电池极板baudish's reagent铜铁灵baume degree波美度baume hydrometer波美比重计bauxite铝土矿bauxite brick铝矾土砖bauxite treating铝土处理bayer's method拜尔法bayer's process拜尔法bead polymerization粒状聚合bead reaction熔珠反应bead tube熔珠管beadlet珍珠beaker杯bean oil豆油bearing metal轴承合金beater打浆机bebeerine比比林beckmann rearrangement贝克曼转位beckmann thermometer贝克曼温度计becquerel rays贝壳勒尔射线beer wort麦芽汁beer yeast啤酒酵母beer's law贝尔定律beeswax蜂蜡beet sugar甜菜糖behenic acid辣木子油酸behenyl alcohol二十二醇beilstein's method贝尔斯登方法belite b盐bell metal钟铜bellmetal ore黄锡矿2/10belt conveyor带式运输机bemegride贝美格bending strength弯曲强度benedict reagent本尼迪特试剂bengal isinglass琼脂benne oil芝麻油bentonite膨润土benzal亚苄benzal chloride苄叉二氯benzalaniline苄叉苯胺benzaldehyde苯醛benzamide苯酰胺benzanilide苯酰替苯胺benzanthracene苯并蒽benzanthrone苯并蒽酮benzene苯benzene complex苯络合物benzene diazonium chloride氯化重氮苯benzene hexachloride六六六benzene nucleus苯核benzene ring苯环benzene series苯系benzene sulfinic acid苯亚磺酸benzene sulfonic acid苯磺酸benzhydrol二苯基甲醇benzidine联苯胺benzidine rearrangement联苯胺重排benzidine sulfate硫酸联苯胺benzidine yellow联苯胺黄benzil苯偶酰benzilic acid二苯乙醇酸benzine轻质汽油benzoate苯甲酸盐benzoazurine苯并天青精benzoic acid苯酸benzoic anhydride苯酸酐benzoin苯偶姻benzoin condensation苯偶姻缩合benzoin gum安息香胶benzoinoxime苯偶姻肟benzol苯benzole苯benzonaphthol苯酰萘酚benzonitrile苄腈benzophenone二苯甲酮benzopurpurin苯紫红素benzoquinone苯醌benzotrichloride苄川三氯benzotrifluoride三氟甲苯benzoyl chloride苯酰氯benzoyl peroxide过氧化苯甲酰benzoylaminoacetic acid马尿酸benzoylation苯酰化酌benzoylglycine苯甲酰基甘氨酸benzyl acetate醋酸苄酯benzyl alcohol苄醇benzyl benzoate苯酸苄酯benzyl bromide苄基溴benzyl cellulose苄基纤维素benzyl chloride苄基氯benzyl cinnamate肉桂酸苄酯benzyl formate甲酸苄酯benzyl mercaptane苄硫醇benzyl salicylate水杨酸苄酯benzyl thiocyanate硫氰酸苄酯benzylamine苄胺benzylaniline苄基苯胺benzylation苄化benzylcarbinol苯基乙醇benzylidene acetone亚苄基丙酮benzylidene chloride苄叉二氯benzylpenicillin苄青霉素benzyne苯炔berbamine小蘖胺berberine小蘖碱berberine sulfate硫酸小蘖碱bergamot oil佛手柑油berger agent贝格尔试药berger mixture贝格尔混合物bergius'process伯吉乌斯过程bergmann rearrangement伯格曼换位berkelium锫berlin blue普鲁士蓝bernoulli's theorem伯努利定理berthelot's principle贝特洛原理berthollet salt贝托莱盐beryl绿柱石3/10beryllate铍酸盐beryllia氧化铍beryllium铍beryllium acetate醋酸铍beryllium bronze铍青铜beryllium carbonate碳酸铍beryllium chloride氯化铍beryllium fluoride氟化铍beryllium hydroxide氢氧化铍beryllium metaphosphate偏磷酸铍beryllium nitrate硝酸铍beryllium nitride氮化铍beryllium oxide氧化铍bessel's differential equation贝塞耳微分方程bessemer converter贝赛麦转炉beta brass黄铜beta decay衰变beta endorphin内啡肽beta rays射线betaine甜菜碱betatron电子回旋加速器biamperometry双安培滴定biaxial crystal双轴晶体bible paper印度纸bibliometer吸水性能测定仪bibulous paper吸墨纸bicarbonate碳酸氢盐bichromate重铬酸盐bichromate cell重铬酸盐电池bichromate titration重铬酸盐滴定bichromated gelatine铬煤bicolorimeter双色比色计bicomponent fiber双组分纤维bicyclic compound二环化合物bicyclic terpene双环萜烯bidalotite直闪石biformity二形bile acid胆汁酸biliprotein胆蛋白质bilirubin胆红素biliverdin胆绿素bimetal双金属bimetallic instrument双金属仪器bimetallic temperature regulator双金属温度第器bimetallic thermometer双金属温度计bimolecular reaction双分子反应binary acid二元酸binary alloy二元合金binary compound二元化合物binary electrolyte二元电解质binary mixture二元混合物binary separation二元分离binary solution二元溶液binary system二元体系binder粘合剂binding energy键能binding material粘合剂binding protein结合蛋白质bingham flow宾汉怜binocular microscope双目显微镜binomial distribution二项式分布binomial theorem二项定理binuclear complex双核络合物binuclear metallic complex salt双核金属络合物盐bioassay生物测定biocatalysis生物催化biocatalyst生物触媒biocatalyzer生物催化剂biochemical analysis生物化学分析biochemical oxygen demand生化需氧量biochemical reaction生物化学反应biochemical reactor生化反应器biochemistry生物化学biocide杀虫剂biocleaner生物洗涤剂biocollochemistry生物胶体化学biocolloid生物胶体biocomputer生物计算机biocytin生物胞素biocytinase生物胞素酶bioenergetics生物能学biogen酵母促生物原4/10biogeochemistry生物地球化学biological assay生物测定biological ceramics生物陶瓷biological chemistry生物化学biological half life生物半衰期biological microscope生物显微镜biological oxidation生物氧化biological value生物值bioluminescence生物性光biomass energy生物质能biophile element亲生物元素biopolymer生物高聚物biopotency生物效能biorheology生物龄bios酵母促生物biose乙糖biosensor生物传感器生物感测器biosurfactant生物表面活性剂biosynthesis生物合成biosynthesis of fatty acids脂肪酸生物合成biothermochemistry生物热化学biotin生物素biotin complex of yeast酵母生物素络合物biotite黑云母biphenyl联二苯bipyridyl联吡啶biradical双基birefringence双折射birotation双旋光biscuit firing素烧bisilicate二硅酸盐bismarck brown俾斯麦棕bismuth铋bismuth chloride氯化铋bismuth compound铋化合物bismuth glance辉铋矿bismuth hydroxide水氧化铋bismuth iodide碘化铋bismuth nitrate硝酸铋bismuth ochre糸矿bismuth oxide氧化铋bismuth oxychloride氯氧化铋bismuth subcarbonate碱式碳酸铋bismuth sulfate硫酸铋bismuth sulfide硫化铋bismuth telluride碲化铋bismuthate铋酸盐bismuthic acid铋酸bismuthine辉铋矿bismuthinite辉铋矿bismutite泡铋矿bistable system双稳态系bisulfate硫酸氢盐bisulfite亚硫酸氢盐bitartrate酒石酸氢盐bithionol硫双二氯酚bitter almond oil苦杏仁油bitter almond water苦杏仁水bitter salt泻盐bitter spar白云石bittern盐卤bitumen地沥青bitumen emulsion沥青乳浊液bituminization沥青化bituminous coal烟煤bituminous coating沥青涂层bituminous varnish沥青清漆biuranate重铀酸盐biuret缩二脲biuret reaction缩二脲反应bivalence二价bivalent二价的bixin胭脂嗜blaching liquor漂白液black amber黑琥珀black ash黑灰black ash furnace黑灰炉black body黑体black body radiation黑体辐射black body temperature黑体温度black copper粗铜black damp窒息气black diamond黑金刚石black jack闪锌矿black liquor黑液5/10black phosphorus黑磷black pigment黑色颜料black powder黑火药black power黑色火药blaine permeability method布莱因比面决定法blanc fixe硫酸钡粉blank test空白试验blast furnace高炉blast furnace cement高炉水泥blast furnace dust高炉灰blast furnace gas高炉煤气blast furnace slag高炉矿渣blasting agent爆炸剂blasting cap雷管blasting explosive爆炸剂blasting fuse导火线blasting gelatine炸胶blaze火焰bleach漂白bleach degree漂白度bleaching agent漂白剂bleaching clay漂白土bleaching earth漂白土bleaching powder漂白粉bleaching solution漂白液blende闪锌矿blender混合机blending naphtha迪石脑油blister泡blister copper粗铜blistering起泡block copolymer嵌段共聚物block diagram方框图block polymerization本体聚合blocked operation轮换操作blood albumin血白朊blood charcoal血炭blood coal血炭blood group血型blood plasma血浆blood serum血清blood sugar血糖blotting paper吸墨纸blowback逆吹blowdown吹除blower鼓风机blowing agent发泡剂blowpipe吹管blowpipe analysis吹管分析blowpipe assay吹管分析blowpipe reaction analysis吹管反应分析blowpipe test吹管试验blue glass蓝玻璃blue john蓝荧石blue pigment蓝色颜料blue powder锌粉blue print蓝晒图blue print paper蓝图纸blue shift蓝移位blue spar天蓝石blue water gas蓝水煤气blueprint machine晒图机bluing发蓝处理blushing雾浊board纸板boat蒸发皿boat conformation船式构象body centered cubic lattice体心立方晶格body centered cubic structure体心立方结构body centered lattice体心晶格boehmite伯姆石bog iron ore沼铁矿bohr radius玻尔半径bohr's atomic model玻尔原子模型bohr's theory玻尔理论boiled oil沸炼油boiler锅炉boiler cleaning锅炉清洗boiler compound锅炉清洁剂boiler incrustation锅炉垢boiler scale锅炉垢boiling沸腾boiling apparatus蒸煮器boiling heat蒸发热boiling point沸点boiling point curve沸点线boiling point depression沸点降低6/10boiling point elevation沸点升高boiling point method沸点升高法boiling range沸腾范围boiling stone沸腾石boiling surface沸腾面boiling tube沸腾管bolometer测辐射热器bolter筛bolting cloth筛布boltzmann constant波耳兹曼常数boltzmann statistics玻耳兹曼统计boltzmann velocity distribution law玻耳兹曼速度分布定律boltzmann's principle波耳兹曼原理bolus alba瓷土bomb炸弹bomb calorimeter弹式量热器bond键bond energy键能bond formation键生成bond length键长bond moment键矩bond order键级bond refraction键折射bond strength键强度bonding粘合bonding agent键合剂bonding orbital成键轨道bonding strength键强度bone ash骨灰bone black骨炭bone breaker骨头粉碎机bone china骨灰瓷bone fertilizer骨粉肥料bone glass乳色玻璃bone manure骨粉肥料bone meal骨粉bone superphosphate骨粉过磷酸钙bone tallow骨脂boord reaction伯尔德反应booster升压机boosting transformer升压变压器borane甲硼烷borate硼酸盐borax硼砂borax bead硼砂珠borax bead reaction硼砂珠反应borax glass硼砂玻璃borazine硼唑borazol硼唑bordeaux mixture波耳多液boric acid硼酸boric anhydride硼酸酐boride硼化物bornane莰烷borneol龙脑莰醇bornite斑铜矿bornyl acetate醋酸冰片酯bornyl chloride氯化冰片bornyl formate甲酸冰片酯bornyl isovaleriate异戊酸冰片酯bornyl salicylate水杨酸冰片酯boroethane乙硼烷borofluorhydric acid氟硼酸borofluoric acid氟硼酸boron硼boron carbide 碳化硼boron chloride氯化硼boron fertilizer硼肥料boron fluoride氟化硼boron hydride氢化硼boron nitride一氮化硼boron oxide氧化硼boron tribromide三溴化硼borosilicate硼硅酸盐borosilicate glass硼硅玻璃bose einstein's statistics玻色爱因斯坦统计bottle brush洗瓶刷bottle filler装瓶机bottle glass瓶玻璃bottle washer洗瓶机bottler装瓶机bottom ash底灰bottom fermentation底层发酵bottom oil残余油7/10bottom steam塔底蒸汽bottom yeast底酵母bottoms蒸馏残渣bound charge束缚电荷bound electron束缚电子bound water结合水boundary condition边界条件boundary layer边界层boundary line境界线boundary value problem边值问题bournonite车轮矿bouveault blanc reaction玻沃布兰反应bouveault blanc reduction玻沃布兰还原boyle gay lussac's law玻意耳盖吕萨克定律boyle mariotte's law玻意耳马里奥特定律boyle temperature玻意耳温度bradykinin血管舒缓激肽bragg's formula布雷格公式branch分支branched chain支链branching coefficent支化度branching ratio分支比brass黄铜brass plating镀黄铜brassicasterol芜莆甾醇brassidic acid巴惟酸brassinolide黄铜质braun tube布朗管bravais space lattice布拉维空间晶格brazilein巴戊brazilin巴戊木红breadth of spectral line谱线幅breaker破碎机breaking load断裂载重breaking stress破坏应力breaking test破坏试验breakthrough concentration突破浓度breathing通风breeze焦粉bremen blue布勒门蓝bremsstrahlung韧致辐射brewing酿造brick砖brick for sintering zone烧结带用砖brick kiln烧砖炉bridge wall隔墙bridged bond桥键bridged complex桥络体bridged linkage桥键bridging交联bridging ligand架桥配位体bright coal亮煤bright plating光亮电镀bright stock精制润滑油brightener抛光剂brightness亮度brilliant yellow亮黄brimstone硫黄石brine盐水brinell hardness布里涅耳硬度brinell hardness tester布氏硬度试验机briquet压制成块briquet coke煤砖焦炭briquetting machine压块机brisance爆炸威力brittle fracture脆裂brittle temperature脆化温度brittleness脆性bromal溴醛bromate溴酸盐bromate titration溴酸盐滴定bromatimetry溴酸盐滴定bromic acid溴酸bromide溴化物bromimetry溴滴定bromination溴化bromine溴bromine fluoride氟化溴bromine number溴值bromine value溴值bromine water溴水bromoacetic acid溴乙酸bromoacetone溴丙酮bromobenzene溴苯bromobenzoic acid溴苯甲酸bromocamphor溴代樟脑bromochloroethane溴氯乙烷8/10bromocresol purple溴甲酚红紫bromodiethylacetylurea邻溴代殊己酰脲bromoform溴仿bromometry溴滴定bromophenol溴苯酚bromophenol blue溴酚蓝bromopicrin硝基溴仿bromostyrene溴苯乙烯bromosuccinic acid溴代丁二酸bromothymol blue溴百里酚蓝bromyrite溴银矿bronze青铜bronze plating镀青铜bronzing镀青铜brown coal褐煤brown pigment褐色素brown ring reaction棕环试验brown ring test棕环试验brown sugar黄糖brownian motion布朗运动brownian movement布朗运动broxyquinoline二溴羟喹brucine二甲氧基马钱子碱brucite水滑石brunauer emmett teller equation布鲁诺埃梅特特勒方程式brunswick blue布仑司维克蓝bubble气泡bubble cap泡罩bubble chamber泡沫箱bubble cleaning of gas泡沫式气清洗bubble gauge气泡指示器bubble plate泡罩板bubble point始沸点bubbling起泡buchner flask布氏玻璃瓶buchner funnel布氏漏斗bucket conveyer斗式运输器bucket elevator斗式提升机budbreak发芽buffer缓冲剂buffer action缓冲酌buffer battery缓冲电池buffer capacity缓冲能力buffer salts缓冲盐buffer solution缓冲溶液buffer tank缓冲柜bufotalin蟾蜍他灵built up film累积膜bulk density体积密度bulk factor体积因素bulk modulus体积弹性模量bulk polymerization本体聚合bulking agent填充剂bumping崩沸bunker oil船用油bunsen burner本生灯bunsen cell本生氏电池buoyancy浮力buret量管buret clamp滴定管夹buret clamp pincers滴定管夹buret stand滴定管架burner灯burning furnace燃烧炉burning point燃烧点burning rate燃烧速率burning velocity燃烧速度burning zone燃烧区burnt alum烧茂burnt gypsum烧石膏burnt lime生石灰bursting charge爆裂药bursting test破裂试验butadiene丁二烯butadiene acrylonitrile rubber丁二烯丙烯腈橡胶butadiene rubber丁二烯橡胶butadiene styrene rubber丁二烯苯乙烯橡胶butane丁烷butanedioic acid琥珀酸butanediol丁二醇butanoic anhydride丁酐butanol丁醇butanone丁酮9/10butene丁烯butenediol丁烯二醇butine丁炔butter奶油butyl acetate醋酸丁酯butyl alcohol丁醇butyl benzoate苯酸丁酯butyl benzyl phthalate酞酸丁苄酯butyl bromide丁基溴butyl chloride丁基氯butyl cyanide戊腈butyl formate甲酸丁酯butyl iodide碘丁烷butyl lactate乳酸丁酯butyl oleate油酸丁酯butyl rubber丁基橡胶butyl stearate硬脂酸丁酯butylamine丁胺butylation丁基化butylene丁烯butylene glycol丁烯二醇butylene oxide丁撑氧butynediol丁炔二醇butyral resin聚乙烯醇缩丁醛butyraldehyde丁醛butyrate丁酸酸盐butyric acid丁酸butyric anhydride丁酐butyroin丁偶姻butyrolactone丁内酯butyrometer乳脂计butyrone酪酮butyronitrile丁腈butyryl丁酰by pass pipe旁通管by product副产物bytownite倍长石10/10。

水油分离实验英语作文Title: Experiment on Water and Oil Separation。

Abstract:In this experiment, the phenomenon of water and oil separation was investigated through a series of procedures. The objective was to understand the principles behind the separation of immiscible liquids and explore the factors affecting the efficiency of separation. The experiment involved the use of common household materials and simple techniques to achieve separation.Introduction:Water and oil are immiscible liquids, meaning they do not mix to form a homogeneous solution. This property forms the basis for various industrial processes and everyday applications where separation of these two liquids is necessary. Understanding the methods and factorsinfluencing their separation is crucial for optimizing these processes.Materials and Methods:Materials used in this experiment included water, cooking oil, a glass beaker, a stirring rod, and a separating funnel. The procedure involved pouring a mixture of water and oil into the glass beaker and agitating it gently with the stirring rod to facilitate the formation of distinct layers. Subsequently, the mixture was transferred to a separating funnel, and the separation process was observed.Results:Upon pouring the mixture into the separating funnel, two distinct layers formed due to the difference in densities of water and oil. Water, being denser, settled at the bottom, while oil floated on the surface. The separating funnel allowed for the easy extraction of each layer by opening the stopcock and draining them intoseparate containers.Discussion:The separation of water and oil in this experiment is attributed to the principle of density. Since water is denser than oil, it tends to settle at the bottom, whileoil remains on top. The use of a separating funnel facilitated the process by providing a means to extract each layer without disturbing the separation.Factors influencing the efficiency of water and oil separation include the density difference between the two liquids, the agitation level during mixing, and the size of the separating funnel's opening. Increasing the density difference or minimizing agitation can improve the efficiency of separation. Additionally, using a separating funnel with a larger opening allows for faster drainage and better separation.Conclusion:In conclusion, the experiment demonstrated the principle of water and oil separation and highlighted factors affecting its efficiency. By understanding these principles, one can optimize separation processes for various applications, ranging from industrial processes to household chores. Further research could explore alternative methods and materials for achieving efficient separation.。