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Unit Ten The Trial That Rocked the WorldTeaching Periods: 8Teaching Object:English majors of junior yearTeaching Aims·To enable students to get better understanding of the text·To help students learn to use new words and useful expressions in the text ·To enable students to learn to paraphrase some complicated sentences·To enrich students’knowledge about American trial culture and religious culture·To help students appreciate the style and rhetoric of the textTeaching Focus:·Cultural Information·Language points and expressions·The theme of the story·Figures of speechTeaching Difficulties:·Paraphrasing some sentences·Identifying figures of speech·Appreciation of narrative style of writingTeaching Procedures·Background information·Questions to ponder·Detailed study of the text·Structural analysis·Rhetorical devices and effective writing skills·ExerciseTime Allocation: 8 periods, 360minutes·Background information (20 minutes)·Intensive study of the text (250 minutes)·Exercise (90 minutes)I. Background Information1. Charles Darwin & his The Origin of Speciesi Charles Darwin(1809-1882): British, world famous naturalist and biologist;originator of the theory of man’s evolution by natural selection; his best known works: Origin of Species(1859),Descent of Man(1871).better chance of surviving, and thus be naturally selected. From the strong principle of inheritance, any selected variety will tend to propagate its new andmodified form.”ii. The Process of Natural Selection:“As many more individuals of each species are born than can possibly survive, and as, consequently, there is a frequently recurring struggle for existence, itfollows that any being, if it vary however slightly in any manner profitable to itself, under the complex and sometimes varying conditions of life.2. about the TrialJohn Thomas Scopes came to Tennessee fresh out of college. In the spring of 1925, he had just completed his first year as science teacher and part-time football coach at the high school in the little town of Dayton.Scopes planned to return home to Kentucky for the summer. But in his words, "a beautiful blonde" distracted him and he stayed for another week hoping for a date. The decision changed his life forever.It all began when the state of Tennessee passed a law making it a crime to teach evolution in public schools. A new organization called the American Civil Liberties Union responded immediately. The ACLU placed an ad inviting a teacher to help test the law in the courts. Dayton was in an economic slump, and the town's movers and shakers thought a sensational trial would put Dayton "on the map."John Scopes was playing tennis when a group of businessmen called him to the town gathering place, Robinson's drugstore. They asked if he would be willing to be indicted for teaching evolution. Though he could not remember actually teaching Darwin's theory, Scopes believed in evolution and agreed to the plan.The trial quickly became a media circus. John Scopes was to have Clarence Darrow, America's top criminal lawyer, defend him. The famous politician and anti-evolutionist, William Jennings Bryan, volunteered to assist the prosecution. Reporters from all over the country flocked to Dayton, including an announcer from Chicago's WGN radio. It would be the first live broadcast of a trial in American history.The trial began on July 10, 1925. "The town was filled with men and women who considered the case a duel to the death," John Scopes later wrote. "Everything I did was likely to be noted. "But over the next two weeks nobody paid much attention to the defendant. Attorneys for both sides hogged the spotlight in the overheated courtroom. In the words of historian Kevin Tierney, "Scopes was being used. He was completely willing to be used. But essentially the case had been taken over by the big names."On the most sensational day of the trial, when Clarence Darrow interrogated William Jennings Bryan as an expert on the Bible, Scopes actually became a reporter for his own trial --filling in for a journalist who had left town!The trial ended in a conviction. The judge imposed a fine of $100 and John Scopes spoke for the first time. "Your honor," he said, "I feel that I have been convicted of violating an unjust statute. I will continue in the future, as I have in the past, to oppose this law in any way I can."For Scopes, the trial had been an ordeal. When it was all over, he gave up teaching and left town. He accepted a scholarship to the University of Chicago, received a master's degree in geology and took a job as a petroleum engineer in Venezuela --where no one had ever heard of him.In 1960 the defendant returned to the scene of his "crime" when the movie versionof the trial, Stanley Kramer's Inherit the Wind, premiered at a Dayton drive-in. Scopes saw himself on the big screen as Bertram Cates, defender of science and victim of intolerance. In the film he is jailed for his beliefs.In 1967 John Scopes summed up his life in his lively autobiography, Center of the Storm. "A man's fate, shaped by heredity and environment and an occasional accident," he wrote, "is often stranger than anything the imagination may produce."3. about the persons involvedi. John Scope: the last surviving principal of the famous Tennessee “Monkey Trial”of 1925. The man whose name became synonymous with the teaching of evolution in American schools.ii. Clarence Darrow(1857-1938): American lawyer. He acted professionally in many cases against monopolies or on the side of labor; he pleaded for the Negro defendants in the Scottsboro trial (1932). He was also the president of the American League to abolish Capital Punishment.iii. William Jennings Bryan(1860-1925); American leader, editor, and popular lecturer; three times a nominee for the presidency of the US.,Secretary of State (1901-1913). Just before his death (1925) Bryan figured as one of the prosecuting attorneys and a state’s witness against the teaching of Darwinian evolution in the famed Scopes trial held at Dayton, Tennessee.II. Questions to ponder1. Can you tell some information about the Fundamentalist movement?2. Do you know Darwin’s theory of evolution?3.Would you like to tell the story of Adam and Eve?4. Would you like to tell the story of creation?III. Detailed Study of the Text1.rock: to cause great shock and surprise to2. A buzz ran through the crowd… that sweltering July day in 1925:Buzz: the vibrating sound of a bee; here it refers to the sound of many people whispering or talking excitedly in low tones.Sweltering: oppressively hot and humid; very hot, causing unpleasantness.3. The counsel for my defence…Counsel: one or more lawyers acting for someone in a court of lawCriminal lawyer: a specialist in criminal law (law related to crime or its punishment)4. Leading counsel for the prosecution… that had brought about my trial:5. Seated in court… of Harvard University:On somebody’s behalf: to benefit, support, serve the interests of somebody Distinguished: renowned, eminent, recognized for excellence in some field.6. a jury trial: a trial that had a jury ( a group of 12 responsible, impartial citizens chosen to hear the case and make the decision (reach a verdict) of guilty or not in accordance with their findings)7. “Don’t worry…” as we were waiting for the court to open:We’ll show them a few tricks:We’ll do a few things to outwit them (the prosecution); or we have some clever and unexpected tactics and we will surprise them in the trial.Reassuring arm: Obviously the arm can’t be reassuring; it means in a reassuring manner, a friendly gesture to put John at ease.8.erupt: emerge suddenly and violently; explode9. clash: conflict, disagreement10. adhere to : believe in, follow devotedly11. advance: put forward; propose12. ancestor: a person, esp. one living a long time ago, from whom another is descended13. state legislature: official body of people who pass laws. Each of the 50 states in the U.S. has a legislature. The national legislature is called the congress.14. squarely: directly15. legality: in keeping with a law, or a requirement of law16. When I was indicted… in U.S. historyindict: to charge(someone) formally with an offence in lawSnowball: grow rapidly in size or significance17. renowned: (formal) famous, distinguished, suggesting being named publicly again and again for some outstanding quality, achievement, etc.18. circus: public entertainment consisting of a variety of performances by acrobats, clowns and trained animals, often performed in large tents by a group that travels from one town to another.19.festoon: decorate; a festoon is a string of flowers, leaves, ribbons, etc. suspended ina curve between two points20. The streets… and water melons:Sprout: grow or develop quicklyRickety: liable to fall or break down because weak, shaky21. Evangelists set up tents to exhort the passersby:Evangelist: any one who preached the Christian gospel, esp. a traveling preacher Exhort: urge earnestly22. infidel: unbelievers in religious sense, meaning godless and implying being in the hands of the devil23. The presiding judge… reg’lar mountaineer jedge”:Presiding: person in charge of the proceedings, person holding position of authority Florid-faced: face flushed with rosy color; ruddy face24. Bryan, ageing and paunchy.. Tom steward:Paunchy: (derog or humor) (esp. of a man) having a fat stomach; pot-bellied25. Besides the shrewd 68-year-old Darrow… steeped in the law:Shrewd: astute, sharp, clever, not to be outwittedMagnetic: strongly attractive; said of a person. Personality etc.Steep: immerse, saturate, absorb or imbue26. agnostic: a person who questions, doubts the existence of God and claims that Hisexistence can’t be proved.27. The judge called for… “ That’s one hell of a jury!”:Call for: send forOpen the session: begin the trialunder way: in motion, in progressGrowl: complain in an angry or surly manner; utter in a gruff, rumbling voice, esp. angrily28. one hell of a jury: no jury at all; a completely inappropriate juryExamples: That was a hell of an exam.It’s been one hell of a trip.It’s a hell of a change.29. spar: (fig.) engage in argument; fight with words30. bigotry: obstinate narrow-mindedness; intolerance; prejudice31. rampant: widespread and impossible to control; spreading unchecked32.After a while… to the human mind:Bigot: someone obstinately and intolerantly devoted to his own beliefs, creed or party Faggot: a bundle of sticks for firewood bound together33. snort: say in a scornful, contemptuous way as if with a snort (exhale forcibly and noisily through the nostrial, as a horse)34. warm: become more enthusiastic, animated35. brandish: wave menacingly, as a weapon36. sonorous: having a pleasantly full loud sound37. reconcile: find agreement between; make (arguments, ideas etc.) consistent, compatible etc.38. out-thrust: pushed out39. Gone was the fierce fervour … a prairie fire:Fierce fervour: ardent, extreme intensity of emotionSwept … like a prairie fire: moved quickly with the speed of a fire in a large flat grassland40. scorch: parch; wither; burn41. agency: (usu. sing.) the power or force which causes a result; influence; means; instrumentality42. hush: stillness; quiet, silence, esp. a peaceful one43. adjourn: close or suspend a meeting, usually to be resumed at another time44. entrepreneur: a person who organizes and manages a business undertaking, assuming the risk for the sake of the profit45. Spectators paid… be related:Gaze: look steadily for a period of timePonder: spend time in considering carefully46. brute: (often derog.) an animal, esp. a large one47. sulphurous: violently emotional; heated; fiery48. yokes: (humorous or derog.) naïve, gullible, narrow-minded small town or country people; hicks, bumpkins49. perch: rest, stand or sit on some elevated place, usually referring to birds50. Now Darrow… for the defense:Trump card: in some card games, a certain suit if declared trump, i.e., as outranking all other suits; the winning card; an important advantagespring his trump card: use suddenly that which is most advantageous to his cause in order to improve his position51. wily: clever in tricks, esp. for getting something one wants; crafty; sly52. repel: drive back by or as if by force53. Under Darrow’s quiet questioning … with fervent “Amens”Defiant: showing no fear or respectFervent: showing great warmth of feeling; intensely devoted or earnest54. snigger: sarcastic, somewhat stifled laugh55. twirl: swing or spin in a circle quickly56. livid: pale with rage57. slur: unfair damaging remark; any remark or action that harms or is meant to harm someone’s reputation58. quell: (poet. And rhet.) suppress, quiet59. My heart… shake Darrow’s hand:Go out to: be extended toHeart goes out to:( formal) feel sorry for; feel pity or sympathy for60. verdict: the official decision made by a jury in a court of law, declared to the judge at the end of a trial61. hail: greet; acclaim, designate62. overlook: have a view of (something or someone) from above63. The oratorical storm… passing yearsBlow up: ( of bad weather) start blowing; arrive; ariseIn its wake: following directly or close behind it; following as a consequenceIV. Structural Analysis of the Text:Section one: An introduction to the atmosphere and the characters (paras10-11): 1. Bryan (ageing and paunchy), John Butler (an ill-educated man), Tom Steward ( a brilliant lawyer, Bryan’s son ), and the multitude mostly fundamentalists2. Darrow(68year-old, shrewd, an agnostic), Dudley Field Malone(43, handsome and magnetic, a Catholic), Arthur Garfield Hays (quiet, scholarly and steeped in the law, a Jew), and my father from Kentucky3. The presiding judge: John Raulston (florid-faced, “I’m jist a reg’lar mountaineer jedge”)Section Two: First round of the debate (paras12-25):1.The first day(paras12-15):1)An open session with prayer2)The preliminary sparring over legalities3)Darrow’s opening statement2.The following day(paras16-25):1)Calling witnesses against me2)Bryan rose to address the jury(20-22)3)Dudley Field Malone popped up to reply(23-25)Section Three: The court adjourned (paras26-28)Situations on Dayton’s streetsSection Four: The Climax of the Trial (paras29-43)DarrowvsBryan: a discussion on the BibleSection Five: The verdict and my fate (paras44-46)The verdict was guilty. I got fined 100 dollars and the cost. I was offered my teaching job but I declined. I was offered a scholarship so that I could pursue the study of science at the Univercity of Chicago. Later I became a geologist for an oil company. Section Six: I went back to Dayton(paras47-49)---Changes in the small town:1. A William Jennings Bryan University on a hill-top overlooking the valley.2. The oratorial storm that Clarence Darrowand Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a fresh wind through the schools and legislative offices of the United States, Bringing in its wake a new climate of intellectual and academic freedom that has grown with the passing years.V. Rhetoric Devices & Effctive Writing Skills1) Rhetoric Devices1. simile It is a comparison between two distinctly different things and the comparisoni s indicated by the words’“as, like”.2. metaphor3. synecdoche: Synecdoche is applied when a part is substituted for the whole or the whole is substituted for a part.一辆“红旗”开了进来。
Lesson 10 A More Perfect Nation(Part II)B ACKGROUND K NOWLEDGEJ IM C ROWB ROWN VS. B OARD OF EDUCATIONFHA mortgagesBuilding CodeReagan coalitionthe glass ceiling for womenThe O.J. trialJim Crow•The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. They mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities in Southern states of the former Confederacy, with, starting in 1890, a "separate but equal" status for African Americans. The separation in practice led to conditions for African Americans that tended to be inferior to those provided for whiteAmericans, systematizing a number of economic, educational and socialdisadvantages. De jure segregation mainly applied to the Southern United States.Northern segregation was generally de facto, with patterns of segregation inhousing enforced by covenants, bank lending practices, and job discrimination, including discriminatory union practices for decades.•Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, public places, and public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants, and drinking fountains for whites and blacks. The U.S. military was also segregated.•These Jim Crow Laws followed the 1800–1866 Black Codes, which had previously restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans with no pretense of equality. State-sponsored school segregation was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education.Generally, the remaining Jim Crow laws were overruled by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.Brown vs. Board of education Brown v. Board of Education(1954), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declaredstate laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896 which allowedstate-sponsored segregation. Handed down on May 17,1954, the Warren Court's unanimous (9–0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherentlyunequal." As a result, de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the civil rights movement.Legalized discrimination•Legal discrimination is an obvious correspondence between the old and new systems of control and oppression. A large percentage of black men are branded "felons" early in their lives, which subjects them to long periods, if not a lifetime, of legalized discrimination in many fields that often have to do with vital human necessities and citizenship rights. By legal and practical extensions, people around them, such as family members, are affected by legalized discrimination as well, which puts in this category a huge segment, in a sense the totality, of low income communities of color.Building Code•A building code, or building control, is a set of rules that specify the minimum acceptable level of safety for constructed objects such as buildings and nonbuilding structures. The main purpose of building codes are to protect public health, safety and general welfare as they relate to the construction and occupancy of buildings and structures. The building code becomes law of a particular jurisdiction when formally enacted by the appropriate authority. The major model building codes used in the United States are developed by the International Code Council (ICC).Reagan coalition•The Reagan coalition was the combination of voters that Republican Ronald Reagan assembled to produce a major political realignment with his landslide in the 1980 United States Presidential Election. In 1980 the Reagan coalition was possible because of Democrat Jimmy Carter's losses in most social-economic groups. In 1984 Reagan confirmed his support by winning nearly 60% of the popular vote and carried 49 of the 50 states.The Reagan Democrats were Democrats before the Reagan years, andafterwards, but who voted for Ronald Reagan in 1980 and 1984 (and for George H. W. Bush in 1988), producing their landslide victories. They were mostly white, socially conservative blue-collar workers, who lived in the Northeast, and were attracted to Reagan's social conservatism on issues such as abortion, and to his hawkish foreign policy. They did not continue to vote Republican in 1992 or 1996, so the term fell into disuse except as a reference to the 1980s. The term is not generally used to describe thesouthern whites who permanently changed party affiliation fromDemocrat to Republican during the Reagan administration, and they have largely remained Republican to this day.the glass ceiling•the glass ceiling is "the unseen, yet barrier that keeps minorities and women from rising to the upper career position, regardless of their qualifications or achievements." Initially, the metaphor applied to barriers in the careers of women but was quickly extended to refer to obstacles hindering the advancement of minority men, as well as women.The O.J. trial (line 168)•This refers to the trial of O.J. Simpson. O.J. Simpson is a retired African-American football player, broadcaster, spokesman and actor.He was charged in 1994 with murder of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman, both white. In 1995,Simpson was acquitted of the murder of the murder after a lengthy, internationally publicized criminal trial, which was oftencharacterized as “the trial of the century,”culminated onOctober 3, 1995 in a jury verdict of not guilty for the two murders.The verdict was seen live on TV by more than half of the U.Spopulation, making it one of the most watched events in American TV history. Immediate reaction to the verdict was notable for itsdivision along racial lines. In September 2007, Simpson wasarrested and charged with numerous felonies, including armedrobbery and kidnapping. A jury found Simpson guilty of all charges on October 3, 2008; and he was sentenced on December 5 to at least nine years in prison.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSI MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSLine45: who we see standing on street corners or languishing in our prisons.Languish: (verb) means people are forced to remain and suffer in an unpleasant situation Example: No one knows for certain how many refugees wander the world today, or languish in camps.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSL53:But it does find voice in the barbershop or the beauty shop or around the kitchen table. Barbershop: (n.)a shop where men can get their hair cut.Example: She opened up a barbershop of her own.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSL55: At times, that anger is exploited by politicians, to gin up votes along racial lines, or to make up for a politician's own failings. Gin up:(v.) arouse, evokeExample: If so, developers are happy to gin up an antidote by applying more of the same.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSL60:The fact that so many people......simply reminds us of the old truism that the most segregated......Truism:(n.)an obvious truthExample:It is a truism that we never really know the value of something until we lose it.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSLine93Talk show hosts and conservative commentators built entire careers unmasking bogus claims of racism while dismissing legitimate discussions of racial injustice and inequality as mere political correctness or reverse racism.Bogus: fraudulent; having a misleading appearance Example: The telegram turned out to have been bogus.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSLine100：A Washington dominated by lobbyists and special interests.Lobbyist: someone who is employed to persuade legislators to vote for legislation that favors the lobbyist's employerExample: Her husband is a lobbyist, and familiar with almost every senator.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSLine 145: What we have already achieved gives us hope -the audacity to hope -for what we can and must achieve tomorrow.Audacity: fearless daringExample: I admire your audacity for what others are afraid of taking this difficult task.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSBut if we do, I can tell you that in the next election, we’ll be talking about some other distraction.(para.46, line 179-180) Distraction:a thing that takes your attention away from what you are doing or thinking about.Example: I find it hard to work at home because there are too many distractions.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSline 243:or Hispanics who were coming into the country illegally.Hispanics: a person whose first language is Spanish, especially one from a Latin American country living in the US or Canada.Eg: Hispanics are people of Spanish ancestry.T EXT A NALYSISStructure•Para. 26-36 Reality: complexity of the race issue 26-33 : reality of the black community34-36: reality of the white community•Para.37-43 solution : what we (the black and the white) need toWhat the black people need to do: their current problemWhat the white people need to do•Para. 44-51 choices•Para. 52-60 a story and conclusionPara. 26-35Complexity of the racial issueRealityBlack community VS. White Community26-33 : reality of the black community•Education•Legalized discrimination•Community ---erosion of family, cycle•People ---Reverend Wright generation/young people/ those who made it / who could not made it•Emotion: angerBut we do need to remind ourselves that so many of the disparities that exist in the African-American community today can be directly traced to inequalities passed on from an earlier generation that suffered under the brutal legacy of slavery and Jim Crow.(Para. 27) The gap resulted from the long-transmitted inequality between the black and the white•Segregated schools were, and are, inferior schools; We still haven’t fixed them, fifty years after Brown v. Board of Education.(Para.28)•the inferior education they provided, then and now, helps explain the pervasive achievement gap between today’s black and white studentsPara. 29. Legalized discrimination •What is it ?•Be prevented from owning property. Loans…not access… be excluded from•What is the consequence?•The black families could not amass any meaningful wealth to bequeath to future generations•The black families could not accumulate their wealth and to pass on enough wealth to their future generations.Para. 31-32•They came of age in the late fifties and early sixties, a time when segregation was still the law of the land and opportunity was systematically constrict ed.•When these black people grew up , they found segregation was still in force and the opportunity to them were quite limited due to their colorPara. 31-32 People •What’s remarkable is not how many failed in the face of discrimination, but rather how many men and women overcame the odds, how many were able to make a way out of no way for those like me who would come after them•It is no surprising that most black people failed because of the difficult situation caused by the discrimination. It is something remarkable if any black men or women could achieve something in spite of the slim chances for the black and make a way for their later generation.Para. 31-32 People•But for all those who scratched and clawed their way to get a piece of the American Dream, there were many who didn’t make it—those who were ultimately defeated, in one way or another, by discrimination •Although there were some black people who struggled to make their dreams come true, there were millions of others who were defeated by discriminationPara. 31-32 People•That legacy of defeat was passed on to future generations—those young men and increasingly young women who we see standing on street corners or languishing in our prisons, without hope or prospects for the future.•Obama is pointing out a truth ---those who could make it is only a minority of the black population . The majority of the black people could only repeat the miserable story of their ancestor.。
Unit 10 The Trial That Rocked the World震撼世界的审判John Scopes 约翰•司科普斯01. A buzz ran through the crowd as I took my place in the packed court on that sweltering July day in 1925. The counsel for my defence was the famous criminal lawyer Clarence Darrow. Leading counsel for the prosecution was William Jennings Bryan, the silver-tongued orator , three times Democratic nominee for President of the United States, and leader of the fundamentalist movement that had brought about my trial.在一九二五年七月的那个酷热日子里，当我在挤得水泄不通的法庭里就位时，人群中响起一阵嘁嘁喳喳的议论声。
我的辩护人是著名刑事辩护律师克拉伦斯•达罗。
担任主控官的则是能说会道的演说家威廉•詹宁斯•布莱恩，他曾三次被民主党提名为美国总统候选人，而且还是导致我这次受审的基督教原教旨主义运动的领导人。
Language Points — Para. 1 (cf: 对比)1. buzz: [bʌz] a noise of a low hum, low confused whisper 低语，（蜂等）嗡嗡叫2. sweltering: very hot, causing unpleasantness, torrid['tɔ:rid], sultry['sʌltri] 闷热的，热得发昏的；酷热3. counsel: ['kaunsəl] a group of one or more lawyers (barristers['bæristə]) acting for someone in a court of law律师、辩护人eg: The judge asked counsel for the defence to explain his point.法官要求律师辩解他的观点。
1 This day, devoted to the memory of Robert Frost, offers an opportunity for reflection which is prized by politicians as well as by others and even by poets. For Robert Frost was one of the granite figures of our time in America. He was supremely two things—an artist and an American.今天死纪念罗伯特弗罗斯特的日子，同时它提供了一个反思机会，政治家、其他人、甚至诗人都珍视这一天。
因为＊是美国最引人注目的人物之一。
他有两种极端的特质，一个是艺术家，另一个美国人。
2 A nation reveals itself not only by the men it produces, also by the men it honors, the men it re-members.一个国家不仅通过它产生的人来揭示自己，还有这个民族在纪念谁，记得谁。
3 In America our heroes have customarily run to men of large accomplishments. But today this college and country honors a man whose contribution was not to our size but to our spirit; not to our political beliefs but to our insight; not to our self-esteem, but to our self-comprehension.在美国，我们的英雄通常都是追求成就的人。
第十课 The Trial that Rocked the World目录一、词汇(V ocabulary)--------------------------------------------------------------------------1二、课文解释------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5三、补充练习及答案--------------------------------------------------------------------------22一、词汇(Vocabulary)sweltering ( adj.): that swelters or suffers from the heat；very hot；sultry热得发昏的；酷热----------------------------------------------------------------------------------counsel ( n.): a lawyer or group of lawyers giving advice about legal matters and representing clients in court辩护律师；法律顾问；辩护人----------------------------------------------------------------------------------silver-tongued ( adj.): eloquent；persuasive雄辩的；口才流利的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------orator ( n.): a skilled，eloquent public speaker雄辩家----------------------------------------------------------------------------------jury ( n.): a group of people sworn to hear the evidence and inquire into the facts in a law case，and to give decision in accordance with their findings陪审团----------------------------------------------------------------------------------erupt ( v．): burst forth or out，as from some restraint进发；爆发；喷出----------------------------------------------------------------------------------clash ( n.): a sharp disagreement；conflict抵触；冲突；意见不一致；对立----------------------------------------------------------------------------------fundamentalism ( n.): religious beliefs based on a literal interpretation of everything in the Bible and regarded as fundamental to Christian faith and morals原教旨主义(相信《圣经》所记载的传统的基督教信仰，反对较为近代的教义)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------legislature ( n.): a body of persons given the responsibility and power to make laws for a country or state(esp. the lawmaking body of a state，corresponding to the U．S．Congress)立法机构(尤指美国的州议会)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------prohibit ( v．): refuse to permit；forbid by law or by an order禁止；不准----------------------------------------------------------------------------------legality ( n.) : quality，condition，or instance of being legal or lawful；conformity with the law 合法性----------------------------------------------------------------------------------indict ( v．) : accuse；charge with the commission of a cime; esp. make formal accusation against on the basis of positive legal evidence usually said of the action of a grand jury控告，控诉；指控，告发，对……起诉----------------------------------------------------------------------------------prosecute (v．) : institute legal proceedings against，or conduct criminal proceedings in court against对……起诉----------------------------------------------------------------------------------festoon ( v．) : adorn or hang with festoons饰以(或悬挂)花彩，结彩于----------------------------------------------------------------------------------sprout (v．) : grow or develop rapidly迅速生长，迅速发展----------------------------------------------------------------------------------rickety ( adj.) : 1iable to fall or break down because weak；shaky易倒的；易垮的；不结实的；不稳固的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------evangelist ( n.) : anyone who evangelizes(esp. a traveling preacher or a revivalist)福音传教士(尤指巡回说教者或信仰复兴者)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------exhort ( v．) : urge earnestly by advice，warning，etc．规劝，劝告，劝戒----------------------------------------------------------------------------------infidel ( n.) : a person who holds no religious belief无宗教信仰者，不信宗教者----------------------------------------------------------------------------------florid ( adj. ) : flushed with red or pink(said of the complexion)(脸色)红润的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------paunchy ( adj. ) : [derog. or humor](esp. of a man)having a fat stomach[贬或幽](尤指男性)大腹便便的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------attorney ( n.) : any person legally empowered to act as agent for. or in behalf of，another(esp. a lawyer) (被当事人授权的法律事务中的)代理人----------------------------------------------------------------------------------shrewd ( adj.) : keen—witted，clever，astute or sharp in practical affairs机敏的；精明的；伶俐的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------magnetic ( adj.) : powerfully attractive(said of a person，personality，etc．)有吸引力的；有魅力的(指人或个性等)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------steep ( v．) : immense，saturate，absorb，or imbue(esp. used as steeped锄：thoroughly filled or familiar with)沉浸；埋头于(尤用作steeped in充满着；沉湎于；精通)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------agnostic ( n.) : a person who believes that the human mind cannot know whether there is a God or an ultimate cause，or anything beyond material phenomena；atheist不可知论者----------------------------------------------------------------------------------growl (v．) : complain in an angry or surly manner牢骚满腹地说----------------------------------------------------------------------------------spar ( v. ) : wrangle or dispute争论；争吵----------------------------------------------------------------------------------drawl ( v．) : speak slowly，prolonging the vowels慢慢吞吞地说----------------------------------------------------------------------------------bigotry ( n.) : the behavior，attitude，or beliefs of a bigot：intolerance；prejudice偏执的行为(或态度、信念等)；偏执；顽固；偏见----------------------------------------------------------------------------------rampant ( adj. ) : spreading unchecked；widespread蔓延的；猖獗的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------faggot ( n.) : a bundle of sticks，twigs，or branches(esp. for use as fuel)柴捆；柴把----------------------------------------------------------------------------------contaminate ( v．) : make impure，infected，corrupt，etc．使感染，传染，毒害----------------------------------------------------------------------------------mammal ( n.) : any of a large class of warm—blooded. usually hairy vertebrates whose off springs are fed with milk secreted by female mammary glands哺乳动物----------------------------------------------------------------------------------snort ( v．) : wave，shake. or exhibit in a menacing, challenging，or exultant way(威胁地、挑战似地、狂喜地)挥舞----------------------------------------------------------------------------------denounce ( v．) : condemn strongly as evil谴责，指责，痛斥----------------------------------------------------------------------------------sonorous ( adj. ) : having a powerful，impressive sound(声音)响亮的；洪亮的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------reconcile ( adj. ) : settle(a quarrel，etc．)or compose(a difference，etc．)调解；调和；使一致；使相符----------------------------------------------------------------------------------divine ( adj. ) : given or inspired by God；holy；sacred神授的，天赐的；神圣的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------fervour ( n.) : great warmth of emotion；ardor；zeal；passion热烈；热情，热心，热诚----------------------------------------------------------------------------------arena ( n.) : any sphere of struggle or conflict竞争场所；活动场所----------------------------------------------------------------------------------prairie ( n.) : a large area of level or slightly rolling grassland大草原----------------------------------------------------------------------------------scorch (v．) : char，discolor，or damage the surface of sth. by superficial burning；burn；make a caustic attack on；assail scathingly；excoriate烧焦；烤焦；挖苦；严厉指责(或批评)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------pop ( v．) : [colloq．]arise；happen or arrive unexpectedly[口]突然发生，突然出现，突然来到----------------------------------------------------------------------------------duel ( n.) : any contest or encounter suggesting such a fight，usually between two persons(常指两人间的)争斗，冲突，斗争----------------------------------------------------------------------------------hush ( n.) : absence of noise；quiet；silence寂静，平静，安静；默不作声，沉默----------------------------------------------------------------------------------adjourn ( v. ) : close a session or meeting for the day or for a time休会，闭会；延期----------------------------------------------------------------------------------swarm (v．) : be filled or crowded；teem(with)充满，被挤满(常与with连用)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------hawker ( n.) : a person who hawks goods in the street；peddle；huckster(沿街叫卖的)小贩----------------------------------------------------------------------------------entrepreneur ( n.) : [Fr．]a person who organizes and manages a business undertaking．assumingthe risk for the sake of the profit[法语]企业家----------------------------------------------------------------------------------ape ( n.) : any of a family(Pongidae)of large，tailless monkeys that can stand and walk in an almost erect position猿----------------------------------------------------------------------------------ponder ( v．) : weigh mentally；think deeply about；consider carefully默想；深思；考虑----------------------------------------------------------------------------------cower ( v．) : shrink and tremble，as from someone's anger，threats，or blow(因别人发怒、威胁或打击而)畏缩；发抖，哆嗦----------------------------------------------------------------------------------sulphurous ( adj.) : violently emotional；heated；fiery异常激动的；激烈的；暴怒的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------dispatch ( n.) : a news story sent to a newspaper，radio station，etc．，as by a special reporter or news agency(特派记者或新闻社发给报社、电台的)(新闻)电讯，电文，通讯----------------------------------------------------------------------------------yokel ( n.) : [a contemptuous term]a person living in a rural area；rustic；country bumpkin[贬]乡巴佬，土包子----------------------------------------------------------------------------------perch ( v．) : alight or rest on or as on a perch栖息；停歇；坐在高处----------------------------------------------------------------------------------gawk ( v．) : stare like a gawk，in a stupid way(像呆子般)呆呆地盯着，呆视----------------------------------------------------------------------------------wily ( adj.) : full of wiles；crafty；sly狡猾的；狡诈的；诡计多端的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------repel ( v．) : drive or force back；hold or ward off击退；抵挡住----------------------------------------------------------------------------------fervent ( adj.) : having or showing great warmth of feeling；intensely devoted or earnest；ardent；passionate热烈的，满怀热情的，热心的，深表热诚的；强烈的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Genesis ( n.) : the first book of the Bible，giving an account of the creation of the universe《创世纪》(《圣经·旧约》的首卷)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------snigger ( n.) : a sly，derisive，partly stifled laugh窃笑；暗笑----------------------------------------------------------------------------------twirl (v．) : rotate rapidly；spin(使)快速旋转，(使)迅速转动----------------------------------------------------------------------------------serpent ( n.) : a snake，esp. a large or poisonous one蛇(尤指大蛇或毒蛇)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------livid ( adj.) : grayish—blue；pale；lead—colored青灰色的；铅色的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------slur ( n.) : any remark or action that harms or is meant to harm someone's reputation；aspersion，reproach，stigma，etc．诽谤；污辱；诋毁，中伤，破坏……的名誉----------------------------------------------------------------------------------gavel ( n.) : a small mallet rapped on the table by a presiding officer in calling for attention orsilence or by an auctioneer(会议主席、法官或拍卖商用以敲击桌子的)小木槌，议事槌----------------------------------------------------------------------------------quell ( v．) : crush；subdue；put an end to镇压；平息----------------------------------------------------------------------------------hubbub ( n.) : a confused sound of many voices；noise；uproar；tumult吵闹声，喧哗，喧嚣；鼎沸；骚动----------------------------------------------------------------------------------forlorn (adj.) : abandoned or deserted被抛弃的；被遗弃的；孤独的，寂寞的／forlornly adv．----------------------------------------------------------------------------------verdict ( n.) : the formal and unanimous finding of a jury on the matter submitted to them in a trial 裁定；判决----------------------------------------------------------------------------------conviction ( n.) : a convicting 0r being convicted证明有罪；(被)判罪；定罪----------------------------------------------------------------------------------短语(Expressions)adhere to : continue to obey or maintain(esp，a rule，standard or belief)坚持，忠于例：She adheres to her principles throughout her teaching career. 她在整个教学生涯中始终坚持自己的原则。
