刘艳芳课题
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上海翻译Shanghai Journal of Translators 2011No.4[基金项目]本文是胡庚申教授主持的国家社科基金项目“生态翻译学:译学的生态视角研究”(N0.08BYY007)的一部分;亦获澳门理工学院科研项目“翻译学流派研究:‘生态翻译学学派’透视”课题的资助。
[收稿日期]2011-08-23[作者简介]思创·哈格斯,澳门理工学院客座教授,清华大学教授,国际译联翻译与文化委员会委员,国际生态翻译学研究会会长,主要研究方向:生态翻译学、国际跨文化语用学。
①见钱冠连:向世界贡献出原本没有的东西:外语研究创新略论[J ].外语与外语教学,2000(1).②“在学科理论建设方面,我们基本上还在‘照着说’和‘接着说’,缺少‘自说自话’的意愿、信心和能力。
”见杨武能:营造良好的文学翻译生态环境[J ].东方翻译,2009(创刊号).生态翻译学R&D 报告:十年研究十大进展思创·哈格斯(澳门理工学院翻译与跨文化交流研究中心/国际生态翻译学研究会秘书处)[摘要]作为一个具有显著跨学科性质的生态学翻译研究途径,生态翻译学取向于文本“生命”,关注于译者“生存”,致力于翻译“生态”,是一项利用宏观生态理性、从生态学视角对翻译进行综观的整合性研究。
近十年来,生态翻译学的理论研究和应用研究方兴未艾,持续发展。
本文将以文献与事实为依据,以时间及功能为顺序,集中报告生态翻译学十年来在中国的研究和进展,主要内容包括:(1)百余篇专题文章发表;(2)数十所高校学位通过;(3)“两岸四地”连续研讨;(4)国家级研究课题立项;(5)外语翻译期刊专栏设置;(6)高层次论坛主旨报告;(7)海内外书评连年传播;(8)国际协会应运而生;(9)国际研讨会序列举办;(10)生态翻译学学刊创刊等。
生态翻译学研究的上述进展,显示出它作为一个具有新世纪时代界碑而展开探索的研究和发展历程。
[关键词]生态翻译学;研究与发展;报告[中图分类号]H 059[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1672-9358(2011)04-0001-06引言肇始于中国的生态翻译学走过了十年历程。
生态翻译学十多年来研究发展状况总结-应用语言学论文-语言学论文——文章均为WORD文档,下载后可直接编辑使用亦可打印——生态翻译学是从生态视角对翻译进行的探索性研究。
它发轫于2001 年,发展至今已有十多年时间。
作为一门新兴的翻译学理论,其发展快影响大。
由中国学者首次提出的具有中国本土化特色的原创性翻译理论,理应受到我们更多的关注、完善和推广。
因此,有必要对生态翻译学十多年来研究发展状况进行概要的回顾与总结,以便发现其研究的不足及需改进之处,引导更多的学者从不同的角度对其进行全面系统的研究,以期提高生态翻译学的实际价值和影响力。
一、生态翻译学发展回顾在全球性生态的影响下,由于中国古代生态智慧的启发、相关领域学科发展的激励以及译学界生态取向翻译研究的促进,再加上现有译学理论研究的局限与缺失所产生的需要,生态翻译学应运而生[1] .生态翻译学的产生,不仅解决了译学理论研究的局限和缺失的问题,而且为当今踟蹰不前的翻译理论研究注入了活力。
生态翻译学起步于2001 年,全面开展于2009 年[1].据此,我们暂且按这两个阶段来分析总结。
(一)起步阶段(2001 -2008)生态翻译学的起步阶段主要表现为理论的提出和构建,以及参研的聚集与扩大。
它主要是由胡庚申教授提出并创立,构建过程也主要是由他个人完成。
在生态翻译学产生的初期,有不少学者参与到其中的讨论中来。
具体表现如下:1. 理论的提出与建构。
2001 年12 月6 日,胡教授在国际译联第三届亚洲翻译家论坛上宣读了《翻译适应选择论初探》一文,是我国学者在国际会议上宣读的关于生态翻译学方面的第一篇文章。
生态翻译学是在翻译适应选择论的基础上发展起来的,该文对翻译活动中译者适应翻译生态环境并对译文做出选择的探讨,为更系统构建翻译适应选择论铺平了道路,因而也为生态翻译学的发展奠定了基础[2]1 -6.为更系统地构建翻译适应选择论,胡庚申教授于2004 年出版专著《翻译适应选择论》[3]1,介绍了生态翻译学是如何大胆借用达尔文进化论中的适应/选择学说中的自然选择适者生存基本原理,并把这种原理引入到翻译学领域,第一次比较全面系统地讲解翻译适应选择论的产生背景、理论基础和基本理论。
篇一:屠宰废水处理工艺设计开题报告改理工学院毕业设计开题报告题目:某屠宰厂废水处理工艺学生姓名:张洵之学号: 11l04031215 专业:给排水l112班指导教师:刘艳芳(讲师)2015年 3月 20日开题报告填写要求1.开题报告(含“文献综述”)作为毕业设计(论文)答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。
此报告应在指导教师指导下,由学生在毕业设计(论文)工作前期内完成,经指导教师签署意见及所在专业审查后生效;2.开题报告内容必须用黑墨水笔工整书写或按教务处统一设计的电子文档标准格式打印,禁止打印在其它纸上后剪贴,完成后应及时交给指导教师签署意见;3.“文献综述”应按论文的格式成文,并直接书写(或打印)在本开题报告第一栏目内,学生写文献综述的参考文献应不少于10篇(不包括辞典、手册);4.有关年月日等日期的填写,应当按照国标gb/t 7408—94《数据元和交换格式、信息交换、日期和时间表示法》规定的要求,一律用阿拉伯数字书写。
如“2010年2月26日”或“2010-02-26”。
1.结合毕业设计(论文)课题情况,根据所查阅的文献资料,每人撰写2000字左右的文献综述:屠宰行业每年可产生大约 6×107 吨的污水,共带有 3×104吨的化学需氧量。
屠宰废水是一种典型的有机废水含有高浓度的生化需氧量(bod)1.512×105kg/l,化学需氧量(cod)385kg/l,氮、致病性病毒和细菌,寄生虫卵。
这些特点,使屠宰废水具有非常容易造成污染的特性。
因此,屠宰废水在其排放到受纳水体前必须经过处理,消除它对环境及人体健康的影响1关于国内外的屠宰场污水处理现状1.1 关于国内的屠宰场污水处理现状自从上世纪九十年代中期经国务院批准决定对上市的生猪实行“定点屠宰、集中检疫、统一纳税、分散经营”的管理办法实施以来,各地的生猪定点屠宰场(点)设定运行发展速度相当的迅速。
然而,对于目前在设定屠宰场(点)的运行过程中,也确实存在很多绝对不容忽视的问题,包括表现最为突出并急需解决的问题就是污水处理设施还很简陋,条件非常差的问题。
(一)Little Tom down the street calls our dog "The keep dog".Zip is a sheep dog. But when Tom tries to say" Seep", it comes out "keep". And in a way Tom is right. Zip is always bringing things hoem for us to keep! I'll tell you about some of them.Zip's first present was a shoe. It was made of green silk.We didn't know how Zip found the shoe. But after a moment Mary, my big sister, told me the shoe had a strange smell. I nodded(点头)and held my nose. "What do you think it is?""It smells like something for cleaning. I think someone tried to clean a spot (污点) off the shoe. Then he put it at the door to dry.""Along came Zip. And good-bye shoe!" I said."We should take it back.""We can't ".said my sistter."Maybe little Tom is right," Mary said. "Maybe Zip is a keep dog!"1.The writer and Mary didn't know______.A.what Zip's first present wasB.how Zip carried its first present homeC.who owned Zip's first presentD.what Zip's first present was made of2.Tom calls Zip "the keep dog"because ______.A.the dog likes keeping thingsB.the dog likes playing with shoesC.he doesn't know the dog's nameD.he can't pronounce the word "sheep"well3.What made the shoe strange was ______.A.its colourB.its smellC.its sizeD.that it was a silk one4.The word "keep"in the last sentence means "_____"A.keeping things for itselfB.bringing things for other to keepC.not letting it run aboutD.taking care of a small child5.We can know from the reading that the dog _____.A. likes to give presents to peopleB.has been kept in at the writer's homeC.has brought some troubleD.likes to be called "the keep dog"(二)Dick lived in England. One day in January he said to his wife, "I'm going to fly to New York next week because I've got some work there." "Where are you going to staythere?" his wife asked. "I don't know yet." Dick answered. "Please send me your address from there in a telegram (电报)," his wife said. "All right," Dick answered.He flew to New York on January 31st and found a nice hotel in the center of the city. He put his things in his room and then he sent his wife a telegram. He put the address of his hotel in it.In the evening he didn't have any work, so he went to a cinema. He came out at nine o'clock and said, "Now I'm going back to my hotel and have a nice dinner."He found a taxi (出租车) and the driver said, "Where do you want to go?" But Dick didn't remember the name and address of his hotel."Which hotel are my things in?" he said, "And what am I going to do tonight?" But the driver of the taxi did not know. So Dick got out and went into a post office. There he sent his wife another telegram, and in it he wrote, "Please send me my address at this post office.6. Dick flew to New York because ___.A. he went there for a holidayB. he had work thereC. he went there for sightseeing (观光)D. his home was there7. Why did his wife want a telegram from him?A. Because she didn't know his address yetB. Because she wanted to go to New York, tooC. Because she might send him another telegramD. Because she couldn't leave her husband by himself in New York8. Where did Dick stay in New York?A. In the center of the city.B. In a hotel.C. In a restaurant.D. At his friend's house.9. Who would send him the name and address of his hotel?A. The manager (经理) of his hotel.B. The police office.C. The taxi driver.D. His wife.10. Which of the following is not true?A. Dick stayed at a nice hotel in the center of the city.B. Dick didn't work on the first night of his arrival.(三)Bob and Jim once worked in the same factory. One day, Bob lent Jim ten dollars, but then Jim left his work and went to work in another town without paying back the money.Bob didn't see Jim for a year, and then he knew from another friend that Jim was in another town and staying at a hotel. So he went there to see him late in the evening. When he got to Jim's room, he saw his shoes near the door. "Well, he must be in," he thought, and knocked again, and said, "I know you are in, Jim. Your shoes are out here.""I've gone out in my boots," answered Jim.11. Bob and Jim once worked in different factories.12. One day Jim borrowed ten dollars from Bob.13. Jim paid back the money to Bob and went to work in another town later.14. Bob hadn't seen Jim for a year when he learned that Jim was in another town.(四)In England, people often talk about the weather because they can experience (经历) four seasons in one day. In the morning the weather is warm just like in spring. An hour later black clouds come and then it rains hard. The weather gets a little cold. In the late afternoon the sky will be sunny, the sun will begin to shine, and it will be summer at this time of a day.In England, people can also have summer in winter, or have winter in summer. So in winter they can swim sometimes, and in summer sometimes they should take warm clothes.When you go to England, you will see that some English people usually take an umbrella (伞)or a raincoat with them in the sunny morning, but you should not laugh at them.If you don't take an umbrella or a raincoat, you will regret (后悔) later in the day.15. Why do people in England often talk about the weather?A. Because they may have four seasons in one dayB. Because they often have very good weatherC. Because the weather is warm just like in springD. Because the sky is sunny all day16. From the story we know that when _________come, there is a heavy rain.A. sunshine and snowB. black cloudsC. summer and winterD. spring and autumn17. "People can also have summer in winter." Means "it is sometimes too ______in winter."A. warmB. coolC. coldD. rainy18. In the sunny morning some English people usually take a raincoat or an umbrella with them because ________.A. their friends ask them to do soB. it often rains in EnglandC. they are going to sell themD. they are their favourite things19. The best title (标题)for this passage is ________.A. Bad SeasonsB. Summer or WinterC. The Weather in EnglandD. Strange English People(五)Mr Brown was going away for a week. Before he left, he said to his son, "if anyone asks for me, you can tell him that your father has been out for doing something, and will be back in a week, then be sure to ask him to sit down for a cup of tea.""OK, Dad," said his son. But he was afraid his son couldn't remember this, he wrote these words down on a piece of paper and gave it to him. His son put it into his small pocket, took it out and looked at it every now and then.Four days passed, but no one came to see his father. The boy thought that there was no man to come and that the piece of paper was of no more use for him, so he burnt it that evening.The next afternoon, someone knocked at the door. The boy opened it. A man was standing at the door and said, "Where is your father?" The boy put his hand into his pocket at once and looked for the piece of paper. He could not find it. He suddenly remembered he had burnt it, so he shouted, "No more."The man was very surprised. He asked, "No more? I met your father last week. When did it happen?""Burnt yesterday evening."20. Mr Brown told his son that _____.A. he would be away from home for four daysB. he would be back in seven daysC. he would be back in a monthD. he liked a cup of tea21. Mr Brown wrote the words down on ________.A. the wallB. the doorC. a piece of paperD. his son's pocket22. A man came to visit the boy's father on ________.A. the second dayB. the third dayC. the fourth dayD. the fifth day23. The man was very surprised because _________.A. he thought the child's father was deadB. the child didn't ask him to sit downC. the child gave him a cup of teaD. he couldn't find that piece of paper24. What was burnt? ___________.A. The piece of paperB. Mr SmithC. The visitorD. The boy(六)One of the things to be learnt in a foreign language is guessing all the time what kind of thing to come when listening to someone talking. People do this all the time in their own language, so it is necessary (必要的) to do this in a foreign language, too. Here are some examples.1. "What's the matter?" "I went to a party last night, so I…"2. "I feel so tired these days."" I think you'd better…"3."Of course, she never stops talking. She is one of the most…"You can see from the above three examples that the context (上下文) helps a lot in understanding what is being talked about. So "guessing "is very important in understanding English, especially (尤其)spoken English.25.This passage tells us mainly about _________.A. the importance of "guessing " in learning a foreign languageB. how to guess what one is going to talk aboutC. some examples of right guessingD. how important it is to guess all the time26.from the context, we can see maybe the finished answer in EXAMPLE I is _________.A. "…so I didn't have a good time."B. "…so I went to bed very late."C. "…. So I felt unhappy."D. "…so I got up very early."27. Maybe the finished answer in EXAMPLE 2 is ________.A. "I think you'd better have a good rest and take good care of yourself."B. "I think you'd better have something to drink."C. "I think you'd better get some help from your friends."D. "I think you'd better be more careful."28. Maybe the finished answer in EXAMPLE 3 is ______.A. "…she is one of the most famous film stars."B. "…she is one of the most beautiful women."C. "…she is one of the most famous speakers."D. " .. she is one of the most talkative women."29. From the passage we can infer (推断) that guessing is _______in learning a foreign language.A. the only wayB. more important in spoken English than in written EnglishC. more important than any other wayD. more important in written English than in spoken English(七)Uncle Li and Uncle Wang are good friends. They live next to each other and their farms are both at the foot of the mountain. So they can help each other. But neither of them likes to use his head. They're both poor though they work hard. Most villagers have built new houses, but they still live in the low and broken houses. They never find out why.Once Uncle Li went to town to buy some medicine for his wife. In the town heheard the apples in a city were expensive. He told Uncle Wang about it as soon as he went back. They decided to carry some apples to the city. They borrowed some money from their friends and bought nearly 1,000 kilograms of apples in the villages and carried them to the city on a tractor. Bad luck! A lot of apples has already been carried there when they arrived. A few days later they had to sell them at a low price (价格)。