There Is No Unmarked Woman

2024年浙江省五校联盟高三3月联考五校：杭州二中、温州中学、金华一中、绍兴一中、衢州二中命题：浙江省温州中学第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分)做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1.What part of maths is the woman bad at?A.ShapesB.Numbers.C.Angles.2.What is the probable relationship between the speakers?A.Friends.B.Brother and sister.C.Doctor and patient.3.What industry does the woman hope to work in?A.Travel.B.Finance.C.Medicine.4.Where are the speakers probably?A.In a classroomB.In the wild.C.In a hospital.5.When will the woman's mother probably arrive?A.At about12:00p.m.B.At about3:00p.m.C.At about6:00p.m.第二节(共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话或独白读两遍。

DESPERATE HOUSEWIVES 1X15ORIGINAL AIRDATE : Mon, Feb. 20th, 2005 @ 10pm (ABC)WRITTEN BY TOM SPEZIALY & MARC CHERRYDIRECTED BY LARRY SHAW==========================TRANSCRIPT:==========================Bree’s HouseBree comes down the stairs with a basket of laundry."Bree Van De Kamp believed in old-fashioned values. Things like respect for God, the importance of family, and love of country. In fact, Bree believed so strongly in her values, it was always a shock whenever she was confronted with those who didn't."As she sorts the laundry in front of the washer, she pulls out a condom from the basket. Moments later, she holds it up in front of Rex, who's paying bills at the dining room table. Rex: "It's not mine."Bree: "You promised the cheating had stopped, Rex. You promised."Rex: "Could we not yell at each other? I'm feeling really lousy today."Bree: "I want you out of the house!"Rex: "Bree, look at me. It's not mine."Bree: "Well, then, whose is it? It didn't just magically appear in my laundry basket."Rex: "Well, I'm not the only guy in this house that uses that hamper."He gets up and walks through the kitchen. Bree follows him.Bree: "No."Rex: "Sorry."Bree: "Andrew is still a child."Rex: "He's sixteen. It's not unheard of."Bree: "Honey, you have to talk to him."Rex: "And tell him what?"Bree: "Tell him that we found his condom and that he is forbidden from - y'know."Rex: "I can absolutely tell him that we think he's too young, but I don't think it's gonna do any good."Bree: "Well, then the least we can do is go search his room and if we find any more of these, we'll confiscate them."Rex: "And that will accomplish what?"Bree: "Well, if we take away his condoms, maybe--"Rex: "He's a teenage boy. We could take away his penis. He'd still try to have sex."Bree: "Well, we can't put it back in his room. I mean that would be like we're condoning him having pre-marital sex."Rex: "Bree, let me put this another way. Do you want to become a grandmother?"Cut to Bree leaving freshly-laundered clothes on Andrew's bed, then leaving his room, passing Andrew in the hallway. Andrew enters in his room."Yes, Bree believed in old-fashioned values, but she also believed it was better to be safethan sorry."Once in his room, Andrew sees the condom conspicuously left on his bed.CUT TO:CreditsCUT TO:"Each new morning in suburbia brings with it a new set of lies. Little white lies told not to hurt."A postman walks past a woman putting a bumper sticker on her car. The woman looks grumpy.Postman: "Morning Mrs. Cutchel. You look lovely today."The woman smiles after him."...but to make life more pleasant. They tell these lies to protect themselves and their reputations."The postman thumbs through the small stack of bills marked "Past Due" addressed to the Solis residence as he walks up to Carlos and Gabrielle's house. Carlos walks up the sidewalk to meet him and takes the mail.Carlos: "Oh, for God sakes, this is unbelievable. It's the last time I do my banking online." "Of course, every now and then, the day arrives when someone finally decides to tell the truth."CUT TO:Bree's HouseSusan, Gabrielle, and Bree sit at the dining room table with coffee cups in front of them. Lynette stands in the corner.Gabrielle: "He was shot? How could you not tell us about this?"Susan: "He was embarrassed. He said it was an accident. Oh, don't look at me like that. Accidents happen."Gabrielle: "We know that you want to trust Mike, but he had a dead woman's jewelry in his garage."Susan: "Now did he? We don't know that for sure. All we know is that Lynette's kids turned up with it."Bree: "So what are you saying, that the twins murdered Martha?"Lynette: "Well, I wouldn't put it past them."Susan: "I'm saying that is about as likely as Mike having done it. He's a good guy. I know him.I mean, he's, he's Mike."Lynette: "Honestly, I don't think Mike did it either, but if we don't call, we're guilty of withholding evidence."Bree: "Well, you know what? If he is innocent, this should be a simple matter to clear up." Gabrielle: "But, we will do whatever you want us to do."Susan: "Okay, call."Bree: "So should I just dial nine one one?"Gabrielle: "Well, it's not really an emergency."Lynette: "It was a murder."Bree: "Well, not recently, and I'd prefer not to tie up the line."Susan: "Will you just call?"Bree dials the phone.CUT TO:Susan's HouseThere's a knock on the door. Julie answers it. It was Zach.Zach: "Hey."Julie: "My mom will be home any minute. She'll freak if she sees you here."Zach: "Oh, I just wanted to deliver this personally. I'm having a party."Julie: "You know she doesn't want us to see each other."Zach: "Well, you gotta come. You're the reason I'm doing this."Julie: "I'll try to talk to my mom, okay? But you really gotta go."He turns and walks away.CUT TO:Outside Gabrielle's HouseGabrielle, returning home, is greeted by a young man leaning against his truck.Justin: "Hey, Mrs. Solis."Gabrielle: "I'm sorry. Do I know you?"Justin: "Yeah, I'm Justin. John's roommate? I've been waiting forever for you to show up." Gabrielle: "Really, why?"Justin: "I want to do you a favor."Gabrielle: "What kind of favor?"Justin: "Well, John says that you can't exactly afford a gardener right now, and I told him I'd be happy to do it. For free."Gabrielle: "You want to mow my lawn for free?"Justin: "Mow your lawn, water your flowers, trim your bushes. I could do everything John did for you."Gabrielle: "That's very generous of you, but I don't think so."Justin: "Why?"Gabrielle: "Because my husband is home quite a lot these days. If any bush needs trimming, he takes care of it."Justin: "Well, this is a very beautiful yard. I'm sure it could use a little extra attention." Gabrielle: "I'm flattered but no thank you."She starts to walk past, and he grabs her arm, holding on.Justin: "Mrs. Solis, please."Gabrielle: "Did I mention why my husband's home a lot? He's under house arrest."Justin: "Oh?"Gabrielle: "He has a lot of anger toward the government right now and he's just dying to find someone to take it out on."He lets go of her arm and she walks briskly towards her front door.CUT TO:Lynette's HouseTom enters the house as the boys are playing hockey in the living room.Tom: "Hey guys, this isn't a hockey rink. Can you take it outside?"Lynette: "How was your day?"Tom: "Hey. I didn't get the V.P. gig."Lynette: "Oh, Tom, I'm so sorry."Tom: "It just doesn't make any sense to me. I mean, I'm Peterson's go-to guy, so how does Tim Doogan, the biggest blow-hard in the office get promoted to vice president over me?" Lynette: "I thought you liked Tim Doogan."Tom: "I do. I just, I just, I really wanted that promotion. Boys, can you please take the Stanley Cup Finals outside?"The boys ignore him.Lynette: "Well, did you tell Mr. Peterson that you wanted the job?"Tom: "I have worked at that firm for eight and a half years. Doogan's been there for less than two. I am not going to beg."Lynette: "I'm not saying to beg. You just have to step up from time to time. You have to see your opportunity and take it. Nobody respects a shrinking violet."Tom: "There is more than one, you know, leadership style. Mine is quiet but effective." Lynette (shouting at the boys): "Take that racket outside!" (to Tom) "Well, whatever works for ya."The boys immediately stop playing and head outside.CUT TO:Outside Susan's HouseSusan is taking groceries out of her car when Mike comes up from behind her.Mike: "Susan! Hey, sexy, where you been? I called you twice. You avoiding me?"Susan: "Don't be silly. Why would I do that? No, I've just been really busy grocery shopping." Mike: "For two days? You must be pretty well stocked."From behind Mike, police officers come out of unmarked cars and quickly and quietly draw their guns and walk hurriedly towards Mike. Susan notices them and looks worried.Mike: "How 'bout dinner tonight?"Susan: "Uh, dinner, tonight?"Mike: "You okay?"One of the cops motions with his hand for Susan to get down.Susan: "Can you hold these a sec?"She hands the groceries and dives to the ground. Immediately, the cops grab Mike and push him towards Susan's car, handcuff him, and start pulling him away while reading him his rights.Cop: "Up against the car! You have the right to remain silent. Anything you do say can be used against you in a court of law..."CUT TO:Bree's HouseAt the dinner table, the four Van De Kamps eat.Andrew: "So, get this. Zach Young is throwing a pool party Saturday night and he sent out a bunch of formal invitations complete with fancy lettering."Danielle: "I'm surprised he didn't spritz them with after shave."Bree: "What is wrong with nice invitations?"Andrew: "Mom, it's a pool party."Danielle: "Why couldn't he've just pass out fliers in the quad?"Andrew: "Because he's genetically incapable of being cool?"Rex: "So, uh, you going?"Andrew: "Maybe. I mean, um, Lisa and Justin and some of the guys thought it'd be fun to swim. We can always bail if it's as lame as we think it's gonna be."Bree: "Is Lisa your friend with the pierced navel?"Andrew: "Yeah."Bree: "You've been spending a lot of time together lately, haven't you?"Andrew: "I guess."Bree: "Oh, uh, Andrew, I'm gonna want you home by eleven on Saturday."Andrew: "Eleven? Mom, it's not even a school night."Rex: "Bree, a curfew isn't gonna do any good."Bree: "You may be able to abdicate all your parental responsibility but I cannot." Andrew: "What, what's going on here? Would this have to do with the condom you left in my room?"Bree: "As a matter of fact it does, and just so we're clear, if you get Lisa pregnant, you will marry her."Andrew lets out an exasperated laugh.Bree: "Andrew, this is not funny."Andrew: "Mom, trust me. This is very funny, mostly because the condom wasn't mine."Bree stares accusingly at Rex, who in turn stares at Andrew like he knows he's lying. Andrew turns to Danielle, who, when she catches her father's eye, leans back in her chair and turns to Andrew.Danielle: "You suck, you know that?"Bree stares at Danielle, her mouth hanging open in shock.Later, Bree walks into the kitchen where Danielle is.Bree: "So obviously we need to talk."Danielle: "I'm still a virgin if that's what you want to know."Bree: "Well, good. But why on earth would you need a condom?"Danielle: "Because I'm planning on having sex and I don't want to get pregnant."Bree: "Danielle, you are president of the Abstinence Club."Danielle: "I wasn't planning on running for a second term."Bree: "Who were you planning on having sex with?"Danielle: "John."Bree: "John Rowland? I thought you broke up with him."Danielle: "No, he broke up with me. And you want to know why? Because I wouldn't do it." Bree: "Well, if that's the type of boy he is, then good riddance."Danielle: "Mom, every boy at my school is that type of boy. And besides, it's different with John. I love him."Bree: "Oh, sweetheart, just because you give a boy sex doesn't mean you'll get love in return."Danielle: "So maybe I'm being stupid. What's the big deal? It's just sex."Bree: "Honey, I am looking out for your happiness. Now, I understand what it's like to be young and feel urges, but I waited until I got married, as did your father, and it was so much better."Danielle: "Daddy ended up cheating on you."Bree: "Yes. Well -"Danielle: "And every since he moved back in, you've been miserable."Bree: "Why would you say that?"Danielle: "The walls between our bedrooms are paper thin. I hear more stuff than I probably should."Bree: "Oh."Danielle: "Look, mom, I love you a lot but you really are the last person to ever give anyone advice about sex and happiness."She gives her mom a kiss on the cheek and walks out of the room.CUT TO:Gabrielle's HouseGabrielle picks up the stack of bills and tosses them in front of Carlos.Gabrielle: "Have you seen these? Five more past due notices."Carlos: "Don't worry. I'm handling it."Gabrielle: "How? How are you handling it?"Carlos: "Can I please finish my sandwich?"Gabrielle: "Have you seen our checking account lately? We're broke. And then we have the mortgage payment coming up. We have property taxes.."Carlos: "Gabby, it's going to be okay."Gabrielle: "No, it's not. We are seriously screwed, and I am freaking out that you're not freaking out."Carlos: "Look, things will turn around."Gabrielle: "When?"Carlos: "I don't know when, but we're lucky people, and we'll be lucky again."Gabrielle: "What is that?"Carlos: "It's the lawnmower. We got a new gardener today. It's not going to cost us a cent. The kid's a friend of John's."Gabrielle: "Carlos--"Carlos: "And he said that he'd do the lawn for free. Can you believe it? We are lucky people."Carlos goes back to his sandwich while Gabrielle stands in the doorway, glaring at Justin, who mows the lawn with his shirt off. He sends a triumphant smile her way.CUT TO:Baseball FieldA company softball game is in progress. In the dugout, a man walks to position to bat, while others call out his name and he waves to the crowd.Doogan: "Hey you guys, good to see you again."Tom sits on the bench, staring after him glumly. Lynette comes up to him and sits down. Lynette: "Hey! Don't look so glum. You're gonna get a hit."Tom: "It's not that. This is my hating Tim Doogan look." (in an announcer's voice) "Oh, Doogan connects. Look at the job-stealing bastard run. Doogan is really showing some of the glory-hounding, ass-kissing hustle that he is so well known for."Lynette: "I forgot how much fun you are when you're bitter."Tom: "Oh look, he's stretched for extra bases, just like he stretched for extra territoryscrewing over unsung utility player Tom Scavo."Doogan trips and falls onto the ground.Tom: "Oh, down goes Doogan. Doogan goes down. That's gotta hurt. Oh, Lord Hound is tagged out and now he's gonna have to deal with some tough dirt stains, that Tim Doogan." Lynette: "Tom..."Several of the players roll Doogan over and begin administering CPR.Tom: "Oh, no, look. I'm sure he's just grandstanding."Lynette: "Oh my God."Tom: "Holy crap."He runs out onto the field.CUT TO:Susan's HouseSusan cleans up the dishes from dinner. Julie follows her into the kitchen.Julie: "It's only a pool party. Everyone's gonna be there."Susan: "I said no."Julie: "What are you gonna do? Keep a boy freeze zone around me until I'm eighteen?" Susan: "You can see boys in a couple years, just not that boy."Julie: "Why do you hate Zach?"Susan: "I don't hate Zach. I just think he's sort of crazy."Julie: "Mom, I've heard people call you sort of crazy."Susan: "Well, I'm adorable crazy, and he's rampage crazy."A knock at the door. Susan opens it.Detective Copeland: "Susan Mayer?"Susan: "Yeah."Detective Copeland: "I'm Detective Copeland. I'm investigating the murder of Martha Huber.I need to talk to you about Mike Delfino."Later, Susan and Julie sit on the couch while Detective Copeland puts on a pair of glasses and opens up a small notebook.Detective Copeland: "Do you remember seeing Mr. Delfino on the seventh of last month?" Susan: "Is the seventh important?"Detective Copeland: "Well, we believe it was the night that Martha Huber was murdered. She was last seen at the grocery store around nine and then she didn't show up for her dentist appointment the next morning."Susan: "What day was that?"Detective Copeland: "It was a Sunday."Susan: "Oh. Oh, my God, yes. Yes, yes, I was with Mike that night."Detective Copeland: "You're sure?"Susan: "Yes, I was. It was a big night for us, relationship-wise. It was the first time that we..."Detective Copeland: "The first time you...?"Julie: "Did it. The first time they did it."Susan: "Julie!"Julie: "Well, it was."Susan: "How did you know?"Julie: "I'm not clueless. I found men's boxers in the clothes hamper."Susan: "Oh, don't write that down. Oh, but this is good. You can let Mike go. He's innocent." Detective Copeland: "Well, assuming everything you're telling me is true."Julie: "It's true. The next morning she made pancakes in the shape of little hearts. Seriously. Little hearts."Susan gives her a light slap on the leg.CUT TO:Gabrielle's BedroomGabrielle walks into her bedroom from the bathroom, tying a bathrobe around her. She turns around and gasps. Justin stands in the doorway.Gabrielle: "Justin, what are you doing up here?"Justin: "Uh, I finished the hedges. Is there anything else Mr. Solis wants done?"Gabrielle: "I don't know. He's not here. He had a meeting with his lawyer."Justin: "So, I guess that means we're all alone."Gabrielle: "No, that means I'm all alone. You're leaving."Justin: "I'm not in a hurry. C'mon, maybe we could hang out for a little while."Gabrielle: "I don't think so."Justin: "C'mon, if you just got to know me, you'd see I can be lots of fun. All my friends say so."Gabrielle: "Well, I'm not interested in becoming one of your friends. Get out of my bedroom."Justin: "C'mon, Mrs. Solis, be nice."He grabs her and leans in for a kiss. She slaps him."Justin: "You shouldn't have done that."Gabrielle: "Do you know how easy it would be for me to call my husband and tell him what you just tried to do?"Justin: "Not as easy as it'd be for me to tell him what happened between you and John. I'm sorry, Mrs. Solis, but you're gonna have to be nice to me, at least once."She stares at him in confusion as he walks off.CUT TO:Outside Mike's HouseA police car drops him off and Susan runs to greet him.Susan: "Mike! Mike, are you okay?"Mike: "Uh, yeah, yeah, I'm a little bit embarrassed. Must be the talk of the neighborhood." Susan: "No, not really, no. So guess what? I'm your alibi. I told the police that we were together the night that Mrs. Huber was killed and that I could never forget that night." Mike: "So you don't think I killed Mrs. Huber?"Susan: "No, no, of course not. I could never think you killed anybody, even I wasn't your alibi, which I am."Mike: "Okay, I'm, um, I'm gonna go take a shower. Jail is kinda gross. I'll call you later, okay?"Susan: "Sure. When?"Mike: "Later, I've just got some stuff I've got to take care of, okay?"Susan: "Okay."CUT TO:John and Justin's ApartmentJohn opens his door. Bree is standing there.John: "Mrs. Van De Kamp."Bree: "Hello, John. I'm sorry to drop by on you, unannounced. Do you have a moment?" John: "Sure. So, what can I do for you?"Bree: "Well, I'll tell you. My daughter is planning on giving you her virginity and I would consider it a personal favor if you wouldn't take it."CUT TO:Lynette's PlaceTom arrives home.Tom: "Hey."Lynette: "Hi. So, what's the word on Tim?"Tom: "He came through the triple bypass with flying colors."Lynette: "Thank god."Tom: "Course, it's not all coming up roses. He's not going to be able to come back to work for four, four and a half months."Lynette: "Oh."Tom sits down at the table with a beer, clearly very happy.Lynette: "What?"Tom: "The company still needs to expand, so I figure they need a fit, heart-smart guy like me to step up, take the ball."Lynette: "You're going after Tim Doogan's promotion?"Tom: "No. I already got it. You should've seen me. I walked straight into Peterson's office and I told him he would be a fool to hold Doogan's promotion."Lynette: "You called your boss a fool?"Tom: "I did. That was risky in retrospect, but you know what? Still, he gave me the job. Look at me. It's me, I'm the man, I got the whole west coast."Lynette: "Oh my -- what? What? The whole west coast? I thought you were going after an in-house position."Tom: "No, no, no. I'm setting up new offices from Seattle to L.A. I, I told you that." Lynette: "No. No, you didn't."Tom: "Okay, so it's gonna be a little bit more travel."Lynette: "More travel? Tom, you're barely here half the time as it is. Now you're going to have -- what, twice the work load?"Tom: "Honey? Please, don't ruin this."Lynette: "I'm sorry, but you should have consulted me."Tom: "I did. You told me to stop being a shrinking violet and to step up."Lynette: "I thought this was an in-house position."Tom: "Okay, I'm going to go shower."Lynette: "Look, wait, wait. I know what this means to you."Tom: "No, you don't. No, you don't. I am forty-one years old. If I don't make vice president now, it's never gonna happen. This is my career. It's, it's important to me."Lynette: "So was mine, but I'm here, aren't I?"Tom: "I'm gonna take the job."He goes upstairs.CUT TO:John and Justin's ApartmentBree and John sit facing each other in the living room.Bree: "She said that you broke up with her because she refused to have sex."John: "Wow. Um, okay, here's the deal. I said that, but it was just an excuse. The truth is, I wasn't that into her."Bree: "Really?"John: "And she was always so proud of never having done it, I figured, hey, this is my way out."Bree: "Well, she feels very passionately about you."John: "Well, don't get me wrong. She's nice, but the truth is, there's someone else." Bree: "Oh, are you going steady?"John: "Not exactly. We were seeing each other pretty regularly but this other lady - girl, she sorta dumped me."Bree: "Oh, I see."John: "Well, look. I'll talk to Danielle, and don't worry, I'll let her down gently."Bree: "Uh, actually, I would prefer if you didn't."John: "Huh?"Bree: "I know my daughter. She's very determined, and unless you're really firm with her, she's going to continue to think that there's hope."John: "Okay. I'll be firm."Bree: "Better still, be brutal."CUT TO:DinerMike enters and finds Mr. Shaw eating a big piece of chocolate cake. He sits down at the booth with Mr. ShawMike: "Decided to indulge your sweet tooth, huh?"Mr. Shaw: "I'll be dead inside a year. I got bigger things to worry about than my waistline. So, who's the woman they think you killed?"Mike: "Martha Huber, local busybody. I thought her murder was random."Mr. Shaw: "Nothing random about her jewelry ending up in your garage. Did you kill her?" Mike: "No. Whoever set me up did a good job, though. The cops are all over me."Mr. Shaw: "You getting close to something?"Mike: "If I'm getting close, I don't see it."Mr. Shaw: "What I'm saying is, people leave trails. One of those trails could lead to Deirdre. Whoever set you up must know that."Mike: "Yeah, maybe. But I won't be much good to you locked up."Mr. Shaw: "I'm rich, Mike. One of the best things about being rich is the security of knowing you can buy your way out of any problem. I'm not taking my money to the grave. I'm gonna use it to save your ass."CUT TO:John and Justin's ApartmentJustin opens the door. Gabrielle is on the other side.Justin: "Mrs. Solis!"Gabrielle: "Hello, Justin."Justin: "What are you doing here?"Gabrielle: "I am here to talk to your roommate."Justin: "John? I didn't think you guys talked anymore."Gabrielle: "Well, now we have something to talk about. You."Justin: "Me?"Gabrielle: "Yes, I'm gonna tell him how you're trying to blackmail me into sleeping with you.I wonder how he'll react."Justin: "Mrs. Solis --"Gabrielle: "Think he'll get violent?"Justin: "You can't talk to John about that."Gabrielle: "Oh, I can, and I will, you little worthless piece of crap."Justin: "Listen, Mrs. Solis. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. I didn't want to blackmail you."Gabrielle: "Then why did you?"Justin: "I really needed to sleep with you."Gabrielle: "Why?"Justin: "Because. I think I might be gay."Gabrielle: "Oh."CUT TO:Tom's OfficeThe boys come running in, followed by Lynette.Boys: "Daddy!"Tom: "What's up?"Lynette: "Oh, we went out for burgers and the boys knew you wouldn't be home till after, um, bedtime so we decided to pop in and visit the new V.P."Tom: "Yeah, well, check it out. I finally got an office with a window, huh?"Lynette: "Yep, it's all about the window."Tom: "Hey, guys, hey, who wants chair rides?"Boys: "Me!"Tom: "C'mon, out this way. Here we go."Tom and the boys run into the lounge area and begin playing. Lynette watches them from the other side of the glass.A woman walks into the office and grins at Lynette.Mrs. Peterson: "Checking out the new executive digs?"Lynette: "Oh, you know it."Mrs. Peterson: "Can I tell you a little secret?"Lynette: "Sure."Mrs. Peterson: "Dan wanted to hold the promotion over for Tim Doogan and I'm the one that convinced him to give it to Tom."Lynette: "Really?"Mrs. Peterson: "Uh-huh. Tom is such a workhorse and he wanted it so badly."Lynette: "Yeah, he certainly did."。

专业英语四级模拟试卷92(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. DICTATION 2. LISTENING COMPREHENSION 3. CLOZE 4. GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY 5. READING COMPREHENSION 6. WRITINGPART I DICTATION (15 MIN)Directions: Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be read at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and third readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be read at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work. You will then be given 2 minute 1．正确答案：The religion of about one eighth of the world’s people, Buddhism, is the name for a complex system of beliefs developed around the teachings of a single man. The Buddha lived 2,500 years ago in India. There are now dozens of different schools of Buddhist philosophy throughout Asia. These schools, or sects, have different writings and languages and have grown up in different cultures. There is no one single “Bible”of Buddhism, but ail Buddhists share some basic beliefs. Buddhism is a western word. The religion is known in the East as the Buddha-Dharma, or the teaching of the Buddha. These teachings, based on his personal experience of Enlightenment, or Awakening, form the foundation of Buddhism. For every Buddhist the religion is both a discipline and a body of beliefs: that is Buddhists share beliefs about the nature of the world and how to act within it.PART II LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 MIN)Directions: In Sections A, B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your answer sheet.SECTION A CONVERSATIONSDirections: In this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow.听力原文：Man: We are having a debate on advertising tomorrow and I have to take part.Woman: That’s interesting. I should like to hear what young people think about advertising.Man: Well, (1 [B]) we wouldn’t know what there is to buy if we didn’t have advertisement.Woman: Yes, that’s true —up to a point. Advertisements provide information we need. If someone has produced a new article, naturally the seller wants to tell us about it.Man: Yeah, and advertisements tell us which product is the best. Woman: Do they? I don’t think so. Every manufacturer says that theirproduct is the best, or at least tries to give us that impression. Only one can be the best, so the others are misleading us, aren’t they?Man: Well, in a way, I suppose, but we don’t have to believe them, do we?Woman: Are you saying that advertisements aren’t effective? (3[B]) (3[A]) I don’t think that intelligent business people would spend millions of dollars on advertising if nobody believed advertisements, do you?Man: Perhaps not, but after all, it is their money that they are spending.Woman: Is it? Maybe not. (2[C]) The cost of advertising is added to the price of the goods. You and I and ail the other people who buy these goods pay for the advertising!Man: Ok, I suppose we get something for our money some information.Woman: Yes, (3[C]) but don’t forget it is often misleading information, and sometimes harmful.2．What is the main subject of the debate?A．The popularity of advertisement.B．The function of advertisement.C．The ways of advertisement.D．Benefits of advertisement.正确答案：B解析：主旨题。

Section A CONVERSATIONSIn this section, you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that followQuestions 1 to 3 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the conversation.1.What is the conversation mainly about?A.Checking in at a hotel.B. making a room reservation.C. Looking for a restaurant.D. checking out at a hotel.2. What is said about Mrs. Woods?A. she has gone to Seattle for two days.B. she is coming to the hotel tomorrow.C. she booked a room with twin beds.D. she made a room reservation for her husband.3. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. the restaurant is on the top floor.B. the room has a private bath.C. the cafeteria is on the first floor.D. the bar is beside the lobby.Questions 4 to 6 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the conversations.4. What does the fish hook refer to according to the conversation?A. Giving up smoking.B. Warming of the risk of smoking.C. Forbidding smoking.D. Addicting to cigarettes.5. What does the woman think of the advertisement?A. it is fit for people all ages.B. it isn’t fit for olds.C. it isn’t fit for young children.D. it is only fit for young children.6. What does the man think the role of the advertisement?A. it will be more effective with adults than young people.B. it will be more effective young people than adults.C. it will be ineffective with all smoking people.D. it will be effective with all smoking people .Questions 7 to 10 are based on the following conversation. At the end of this conversation, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the conversation.7. Why is the woman excited according to the conversation?A. Because she will act as a proof-reader.B. Because she will be prompted to an assistant editor.C. Because she was praised by the editor-in-chief.D. Because she will visit the library festival.8. What can we learn about the editor for the literary criticism column?A. she will be sacked.B. she is going to resign.C. she will be on maternity leave.D. she will be .change a new post.9. How often do the woman’s articles come out?A. Once a month.B. Twice a week.C. Twice a month.D. Once two weeks.10. What will the woman and the man do?A. They will sell her magazines.B. They will eat out to celebrate.C. They will prepare for the library festival.D. The y will go to the local bookshop.SECTION B PASSAGESIn this section, you will hear several passages. Listen to the passage carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 11 to 14 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the passage.11. WHO says more than a billion people are short ofA. clean water resources.B. water recycling technology.C. water purifying equipment.D. money to pay for water bills.12. Who use the most water resources for agriculture?A. Agricultural countries.B. Poorest countries.C. Developed countries.D. African countries.13. The lack of clean drinking water makes peopleA. turn to unsafe water.B. abandon their farmland.C. move to other countries.D. vulnerable to disasters.14. The Millennium Development Goals for 2015 hopes toA. Make more people have safe water.B. guide more people to use sanitary equipment.C. set up more aid organizations for poor people.D. help UN to be more informed about the water problem.Questions 15 to 17 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be Given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the passage.15. Which of the following statement about street art is CORRECT?A. Street art is in various forms.B. Street art first appeared in poor areas.C. Street art spreads fastest on Internet.D. Street art never gets into museums.16. it’s hard to define street art becauseA. it is an illegal form of art world wide.B. street artists keep their techniques a secret.C. most street artists can’t work publicly.D. the development of street art is different worldwide.17. Street artists express_____ through their works.A. intension to destroyB. traditional culturesC. political beliefsD. business mindQuestions 18 to 20 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be Given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the passage.18. why does the speaker say the expression “work like a dog” doesn’t make much sense?A. because dogs are not strong enough to labor for manB. because most dogs are pets and don’t work hardC. because dog owners won’t allow their dogs to workD. because dogs are not famous for their diligence19. A guide dogA. helps his owner a lotB. retires rather earlyC. live a life leisureD. performs amusing tricks20. We can learn from the passage that guide dogsA. are well disciplinedB. have to work all day and all nightC. do not exist in some countriesD. are loved by people worldwideSECTION CIn this section, you will hear several news items. Listen to them carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 21 and 22 are based on the following news. At the end of the news items, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the news.21. Those who killed al-Baghdadi disguised themselves asA. official from Interior MinistryB. reports from other TV stationsC. civilians who have news cluesD. intelligence officers22. The young journalist al-Baghdadi was killedA. inside his bedroomB. outside his houseC. in the downtown areaD. at the TV stationQuestions 23 to 25 are based on the following news. At the end of the news items, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the news.23. The new technique scientists have developed can decide the suspect’sA. blood typeB. heightC. weightD. age24. the scientists made known their findings to the publicA. through a published articleB. on a TV showC. through the policeD. at a news conference25. Scientists developed the technique byA. looking into the crime scene carefullyB .counting the number of T cellsC. studying the invading bacteria and virusesD. examining the number of the circular DNA moleculesD. followed the wrong procedure in solving the case.Questions 26 and 27 are based on the following news. At the end of the news items, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the news.26. Miners in Chile were trapped more than ___undergroundA. half a kilometerB. one kilometerC. two kilometersD. three kilometers27. The miners were trapped underground whereA. it was very hotB. vegetables were unavailableC. communication was limitedD. it was quite darkQuestion 28 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 5 seconds to answer the question.Now listen to the news.28. Which of the following is NOT caused by Cyclone Yasi?A. many people being killedB. damange to homesC. destroying of transportationD. bad harvest of cropsQuestions 29 to 30 are based on the following news. At the end of the news items, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the news.29. who will attend the talks opened on Tuesday?A. Military officersB. AmbassadorsC. Trade delegationsD. Public representatives30. If the talks on Tuesday are successful,A. the tension between the countries will be easedB. there will be no more attacks in PyongyangC. higher-level talks will be heldD. previous agreement will be carried outPART III CLOZE (15 MIN)Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the Corresponding blanks. Mark the best choice for each blank on ANSWER SHEET TOW.The Kalinago tribe, on the island of Dominica, is under some historic population pressure,The(31)___ majority of the West Indies' natives died (32)____ disease, murder or suicide during the first few hundred years of colonization. The Kalinago ( 33 )____as a tribe because of their less(34)____ for colonial ranches.Today, Kalinago are among the poorest on Dominica，so many young people leave (35)____ studies or work and never return. It has become clear(36)____ the future of the Kalinago people will be endangered if more of its (37)___ don’t decide to stay.One radical proposal for ( 38)___the tribe came in 2008 from then-chief Charles Williams. He suggested making marnage to other tribal members(39)___ in order to preserve the bloodline ofthe tribe’s estimated 1,500 “ pure “ natives. The suggestion was not(40)___, but it generated heated debate among the natives.“There’s no way you’re going to stop marriage with people on the outside. (41)___ ，it was a.good gesture in this situation . If we Kalinago people want to preserve our (42)___ and culture, we should at least look at that (43)___,” said 26- year-old Kalinago native Jacob Frederick. Dominican anthropologist Lennox Honeychurch said, “1t would be (44)___ impossible to try imposing any kind of restrictions (45)___ what a person looks like. This is not a living museum or a zoo.”But the concept of a living museum is one the tribe has ( 46 )___ . In 2006, community members have revived dances and. even some of the mother tongue through song, all while(47)___much-needed income from curious tourists.(48)___, the Kalinago's current leader, Chief Ganet Joseph, is exploring other options for putting ( 49 )___ directly into the hands of his people.In the end, the debate and. experience of economic survival sheds important light on what tribal preservation (50)___means.31. A. broad B. vast C. slim D. small32. A. from B. with C. on D. for33. A. revived B. lived C. surrendered D. survived34. A. appealing B. appalling C. adjacent D. adequate35. A. for B. at C. in D. with36. A. what B. that C. who D. when37. A. peoples B. individuals C. inhabitants D. citizens38. A. reserving B. preserving C. storing D. saving39. A. compulsory B. impulsive C. comprehensive D. voluntary40. A. approached B. advocated C. adopted D. adapted41. A. Therefore B. Additionally C. Namely D. Still42. A. heredity B. inheritance C. heritage D. ingredient43. A. equivalent B. opportunity C. substitute D. option44. A. virtually B. barely C. genuinely D. variably45. A. impressed on B. based on C. related about D. engaged in46. A. embraced B. rejected C. contained D. emancipated47. A. causing B. discovering C. generating D. inventing48. A. Meanwhile B. However C. Usually D. Consequently49. A. sources B. resources C. origins D. properties50. A. universally B. temporarily C. ultimately D. permanentlyPART IV GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY (15 MIN)There are thirty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.51. Which of the following sentences is CORRECT?A. The party ended at about midnight.B. The party ended about midnightC. The party ended about at midnight.D. The party ended in midnight.52. Given more attention, the crops___ better．A. would have grownB. could growC. should growD. grew53. He admired___ who specialized in sophisticated technology in national defence.A. thatB. thisC. theseD. those54. The pressure___ causes many employees to be over active, but it also earns them more opportunities to succeed.A. to competeB. competingC. to be competedD. having competed55. Which italicized part in the following sentences indicates CONDITION?A. Mocked at by everybody, he had my sympathy.B. Gone from home so long, they joyously embraced each other.C. United, we stand; divided, we fall.D. This done, we went home56. He___ have passed the exam, but he was too careless.A. canB. may C．must D. could57. In this book the word is used in its original sense___ otherwise stated.A. sinceB. whenC. whileD. unless58. They talked for about an hour of things and persons___ they remembered in the school.A. whoB. thatC. whichD. whom59. One day they crossed the___ bridge behind the palace.A. old Chinese stoneB. Chinese old stoneC. old stone ChineseD. Chinese stone old60. The strength of the new material is___ it can stand heavy loads at high temperature.A. thatB. such thatC. whatD. so that61. His insides had come back again. It felt as if they___ with lead in their absence.A. had been filledB. were filledC. be filledD. have been filled62. In the sentence “It is the cake burning”, the italicized word is___A. an attributeB. an adverbialC. an object complementD. an subject complement63. An average of 3,000 letters a month___ received by the newspaper's office.A．are B. is C. was D．be64. ___more about the experiment, it wouldn't have turned out to be a failure.A. Had you caredB. If you caredC. Should you caredD. Were you cared65. Here is our breakfast menu___, as you have advised, is full of nutritious food.A. thatB. which C．what D. in which66. Something complicated happened between them, so I advise you not to___ in their affairs.A. interveneB. interruptC. interfereD. disturb67. He made a ___ decision to save money for his old age.A. radicalB. judicialC. ridiculousD. judicious68. He responded to the donation in an impressively expansive___.A. attitudeB. mannerC. airD. conduct69. She's not a baby in arms any longer. She’s___ do whatever she wants to.A. about toB. entitled toC. subject toD. accustomed to70.___all the problems, it was a valuable experience.A.AtB.ForC.InD.Except71. This machine has been___ adapted for using underwater.A. specificallyB. particularlyC. speciallyD. especially72. The project,___ which the board finally assented, turned out to be a complete failure.A. withB. atC. inD. to73. She is far and away one of the best actresses in the country. The underlined part, means___A. doubtfullyB. graduallyC. definitelyD. abroad74. This event reflects a universal___ and an urgent demand of the international community for the prevention of such an arms race.A. inspirationB. respirationC. aspirationD. perspiration75. Is there anything like management ___ for temporary renting the office?A. feeB. fareC. costD. payment76. The___ in teeth is mostly caused by eating too much sugar, which causes decay.A. caveB. vacancyC. cavityD. cavern77. She was always friendly to his___ officers.A. secondaryB. minorC. subordinateD. inferior78. Chinese national folk music is an important part of human intangible cultural heritage. The underlined word means ___.A. hypotheticalB. valuableC. nonmaterialD. unchangeable79. To succeed as an artist one must___ talent and discipline.A. associateB. combineC. mergeD. ally80. He is the only person who can___ in this case, because the other witnesses were killed mysteriously.A. proveB. certifyC. rectifyD. testifyPART Ⅴ READING COMPREHENSION (25 MIN)In this section there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answer marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.TEXTAMention Colombia, and most people think of cocaine, kidnappings and guerrilla violence. These have served to keep all but the most danger-loving tourists away for decades. But under Álvaro Uribe, Colombia's president since 2002, violence has fallen steadily and many parts of the country have become safe. Now the government is trying to replace conventional images of Colombia with different ones: white-sand beaches, colonial cities, jungle-clad mountains and placid coffee farms.The tourism campaign has begun at home. This month, during the mid-year school holidays, thousands of Colombians have enjoyed the newly-recovered freedom to travel, using specially policed routes from major cities to favourite holiday spots. The aim now is to convince foreigners. With a promotional budget of just $4m this year, the tourism agency is concentrating its efforts on tour operators and cruise and airline executives. This spring, it invited 130 of them to see the country's beaches, its coffee farms and the Amazon region.Mr. Uribe has himself lobbied bosses of cruise-ship firms. This seems to have paid off. In May, Royal Caribbean announced that from next year some of its ships would call at Cartagena, a colonial walled port on the north coast. The Florida Caribbean Cruise Association held its annual meeting in the city last week.Tourism officials expect 1.5m foreign visitors this year, more than 50% up from the 925,000 in 2005. Mexico, Latin America's top tourist destination, attracts 20m foreigners a year. Lonely Planet, a travel publisher, has chosen Colombia as one of its top ten travel hotspots for 2006, in large part because of the improvement in safety.But care is still needed. Lonely Planet advises tourists to steer clear of Chocó on the Pacific coast, Putumayo in the far south and “anywhere east of the Andes”, where there are still guerrillas. America's State Department and the British Foreign Office also warn travellers against wandering into rural areas.Even so, groups of foreign hikers have recently taken to visiting Ciudad Perdida, one of the largest and oldest pre-Columbian settlements in the Americas, in the jungles of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. The area is still home to leftist guerrillas and remnants of their arch-enemies, the right-wing paramilitary militias. But the fact that many other parts of what is a large and physically beautiful country are now safe to visit amounts to progress.81. To most people, Colombia is a place full ofA. attraction.B. stimulus.C. surprise.D. hazard.82. It can be inferred from the passage thatA. Colombians wished to travel around the country for long.B. travel lines are guarded by the police to ensure safety.C. a large number of foreigners will be attracted to Colombia.D. the promotional budget for tourism will increase next year.83. The phrase “paid off” in paragraph Three probably meansA. come off.B. fallen through.C. been expensive.D. been possible.84. Which of the following is a safer place for travelers to go to?A. Chocó.B. Mexico.C. Putumayo.D. Ciudad Perdida.85. The best title for the passage isA. Colombian’s Travel.B. The Beautiful Colombia.C. Come to Sunny Colombia.D. The Future of Colombia.TEXTBI know now that the man who sat with me on the old wooden stairs that hot summer night over thirty-five years ago was not a tall man. But to a five-year-old, he was a giant. We sat side by side, watching the sun go down behind the old Texaco service station across the busy street. A street that I was never allowed to cross unless accompanied by an adult or at the very least, an older sibling.Cherry-scented smoke from Grampy's pipe kept the hungry mosquitoes at bay while gray, wispy swirls danced around our heads. Now and again, he blew a smoke ring and laughed as I tried to target the hole with my finger. I, clad in a cool summer nightie, and Grampy, his sleeveless T-shirt, sat watching the traffic. We counted cars and tried to guess the color of the next one to turn the corner.Once again, I was caught in the middle of circumstances. The fourth born of six children, it was not uncommon that I was either too young or too old for something. This night I was both. While my two baby brothers slept inside the house, my three older siblings played with friends around the corner, where I was not allowed to go. I stayed with Grampy, and that was okay with me. I was where I wanted to be. My grandfather was baby-sitting while my mother, father and grandmother went out.“Thirsty?" Grampy asked, never removing the pipe from his mouth“Yes," was my reply. " How would you like to run over to the gas station there and get yourself a bottle of coke?"I couldn't believe my ears. Had I heard right? Was he talking to me? On my family's modest income, coke was not a part of our budget or diet. A few tantalizing sips was all I had ever had, and certainly never my own bottle."Okay," I replied shyly, already wondering how I would get across the street. Surely Grampy was going to come with me.Grampy stretched his long leg out straight and reached his huge hand deep into the pocket. I could hear the familiar jangling of the loose change he always carried. Opening his fist, he exposed a mound of silver coins. There must have been a million dollars there. He instructed me to pick out a dime. After he deposited the rest of the change back into his pocket, he stood up. "Okay," he said, helping me down the stairs and to the curb, " I'm going to stay here and keep an ear out for the babies. I'll tell you when it's safe to cross. You go over to the coke machine, get your coke and come back out. Wait for me to tell you when it's safe to cross back."My heart pounded. I clutched my dime tightly in my sweaty palm. Excitement took my breath away.86. We can infer from the first two paragraphs that the authorA. had brothers or sisters.B. was a friend of the man’sC. enjoyed sitting on stairs.D. like Grampy’s way of smoking.87. The author stayed with Grampy becauseA. he had nothing to do.B. he was forced to do it.C. he did’t like his brothers.D. he was allowed to go nowehere.88. It can be inferred from the passage thatA. the author’s parents are strict with him.B. the author was born of a poor family.C. Grampy liked buying things for the author.D. Grampy didn’t like the author’s brothers.89. According to the passage, which of the following might be an exaggeration?A. But to a five-year-old, he was a giant.B. I clutched my dime tightly in my sweaty palm.C. There must have been a million dollars there.D. Surely Grampy was going to come with me.TEXTCAs John Updike once sourly but accurately observed, these days we are all conditioned to accept newness, whatever it costs. Very soon, no doubt, Apple’s tablet will seem as an essential tool of modern living to us as the electric trouser-press did to our grandparents. At least, it will until someone manufactures an even smarter, thinner and more essential tablet. Which, if recent history is any guide, will be in approximately six months’ time.And that’s the bewildering thing, isn’t it? Turn your back for a moment and you fin d that every electronic item in your possession is as dated as a tombstone, Which wouldn’t be so bad in itself. Why should you care if people snigger because you use a mobile phone that actually predates Barack Obama’s presidency?But try getting the thin g repaired when it goes wrong. It’s like walking into a pub and asking for a lemonade. You will be made to feel like some sort of time-traveller from the 1970s. “Don’t you want an upgrade?” you will be asked, incredulously. “It’s not worth repairing that old thing.”The enormous number of electronic items now regularly chucked out by British families is clearly one big problem. But this ceaseless discarding of gadgets has other consequences. It contributesgreatly, I think, to the uneasy feeling that modern life is whizzing by faster than we can keep up. By the time I’ve learnt how to use a gadget it’s already broken, lost or redundant.I don’t lament the pace of change. On the contrary, I’m dazzled by those high-tech designers who can somehow fit a camera, music-player, computer, phone and satellite navigation system into a plastic slab no bigger than a packet of fags. If the geniuses who dreamt up that could also find a way to keep the Tube running on the first snowy day of winter, they would be making real progress for humanity.What I do regret, however, is the built-in instant obsolescence of so many household items. My parents bought a wooden wireless in 1947, the year they were married. If 1973, the year I went to university, it was still pumping out Family Favourites and The World at One. It sat in the kitchen like an old friend—which, in a way, it was. It certainly spoke to us more than we spoke to each other on some grumpy mornings.True, it had idiosyncrasies. You had to know exactly how to tickle its knobs or tweak its dials to conjure discernible speech and music from the crackle. But that was its mystique. When my mum replaced it with a new-style radio that could also play cassette-tapes I felt a real sense of loss. Such is the frenetic turnover of 21st-century technology that there’s no time to forge emotional bonds. Even if Apple’s new wonder-toys turn out to be the most significant tablets since the big ones that Moses dragged down the mountain, I very much doubt that they will resist the here-today-gone-tomorrow trend.90. The author’s attitude towards the popularity of Apple’s tablet isA. skeptical.B. passive.C. hostile.D. affirmative.91. It can be inferred from the passage that if you use an outdated mobile phoneA. you probably will be laughed at.B. you will be advised to change it.C. you will feel uneasy yourself.D. you will be interested in new models.92. The phrase “chucked out” in Paragraph Four probably meansA. thrown up.B. hunted downC. broken off.D. cast off.93. According to the author, many new inventionsA. should be changed to serve the development of society.B. should be evaluated mainly in terms of their utility.C. don’t contribute greatly to the advancement of mankind.D. hinder the advancement of mankind to a certain degree.94. Which of the following statements is NOT true of the wooden wireless?A. The author probably missed it after it was replaced.B. It accompanied the author9s family for many years.C. The author enjoyed tickling its knobs very much.D. It had been used for dozens of years before it was replaced.95. According to the author, Apple's new wonder-toysA. prevent people from social contact.B. are likely to go out of date soon.C. will be as popular as other tablets.D. are bound to win over the big tablets.96. The passage aims to tell us that the authorA. misses the old things he used in the past.B. wants some new technology that lasts.C. foresees the future of Apple's tablet.D. worries about the direction of new technologyTEXTDHundreds of millions of Indians cannot prove they exist. They have no birth certificate, no driving licence, no social-security number. So they find it hard to open a bank account, borrow money or draw on government services.Nandan Nilekani, an Indian software billionaire, volunteered to give every one of his 1.2 billion compatriots an identity number tied to biometric data. The Indian government thought this a wonderful idea, but there was a snag. The proposed database was ten times larger than the largest biometric database in existence. How was a poor country going to build it?Mr. Nilekani turned to the Indian diaspora for help. He called up ethnic Indians who had done well in Silicon Valley. Before long they were calling their friends and urging them to join in. The overseas Indians brought oodles of useful experience. Raj Mashruwala had helped to set up the number-crunching system for the New York Stock Exchange. Srikanth Nadhamuni had helped set up Healtheon, a big health IT firm. The team assembled in Bangalore, set up a whiteboard in a rented apartment and started brainstorming.The programme went from start-up to roll-out in little more than a year, with the first identity numbers allocated in October 2010. If everything works as planned, poor Indians will for the first time be able to prove who they are, thus making themselves more creditworthy.Mr. Nadhamuni thinks all sorts of services can be grafted onto the national ID system. A migrant labourer with no bank account will be able to wire money to his mother by sending it to her ID number. His mother will be able to pick up the cash at her local village shop, which will have a miniature scanner for her fingerprints. The shopkeeper will charge a small fee for the service. Villagers will no longer have to waste days trekking to the nearest town to get to a bank.Brainy globetrotters are rarely rootless. Even the most cosmopolitan usually feel an affinity with others who share the same language, culture or heritage. That is why diaspora networks are so powerful, and why some of the world’s most influential people rely on them so heavily.Some diasporas are vast and global. For example, there are an estimated 25m non-resident Indians and 60m overseas Chinese, including significant numbers in nearly all countries. They create a web of cross-border connections. Boffins are 30-50% more likely to cite a paper by someone of their own ethnicity than you would expect if such ties made no difference, according to William Kerr of Harvard Business School. Diaspora networks speed the flow of information, the lifeblood of science and commerce.They also foster trust. A Lebanese trader in west Africa will feel safe doing business with a Lebanese trader in Latin America because one man’s high-school friend knows the family of the other’s wife back in Beirut. That means they can seal big deals with a single phone call. If one cheats the other, he will be shut out of the entire Lebanese diaspora trading network.97. The word "snag" in Paragraph Two probably meansA. rumor.B. barrier.C. matter.D. business.98. Which of the following statements is TRUE of Mr. Nilekani's programme?A. It will benefit most of the poor Indians without identity.B. It was launched a year ago and will be completed soon.C. Many overseas experts volunteered to join it.D. Many experienced experts were involved in it.99. It can be inferred from the passage that in India,A. banks are hardly found in rural areas of it.。

英语词汇论文：浅议英语词汇中的性别歧视【摘要】语言不但是一种交际工具，更是反映社会文化的一面镜子，因此，社会中的性别歧视现象在语言中亦有明显体现。

本文从词汇方面入手分析了英语中的性别歧视现象。

【关键词】英语词汇性别歧视产生原因绪论语言是人们交际的常用工具，承载着人类的文明、思想和智慧，并伴随和促进着人类社会和历史的发展和进步。

性别歧视作为一种普遍而持久的社会现象，是人们在人类社会发展中传统观念的沉淀和积蕴，理所当然地亦会反映在承载人类文化的语言当中。

词汇是语言的基础，也是彰显性别歧视显著部分。

研究人类语言词汇中所体现的性别歧视现象，不仅有助于我们知晓语言、社会和文化相互关系，还有助于我们在实际的交际过程中做到真正的男女平等，从而达到和谐、有效的沟通效果。

鉴于此，本文对英语词汇中的性别歧视现象进行了深入探讨。

一、性别歧视的概念性别歧视，从狭义上来讲，是指一种性别成员对另一种性别成员的不平等对待，尤其指男性对女性的不平等对待。

就广义而言，可以泛指人类社会中任何的因为性别差异所造成的待遇差别的不公平现象。

性别歧视自古有之，中西兼具。

在古代父系氏族社会中，女性被视为“软弱群体”，并会受到过度保护，传承之现代，就形成了实际意义上的对女性不能公平对待的状态，即性别歧视现象。

例如，中国的古语“惟小人与女子难养也”中，将女人与小人相提并论；英美国家女性在婚后从丈夫的姓氏，如，现任美国国务卿希拉里，本名hillary diane rodham（希拉里黛安罗德姆），在嫁给克林顿以后，被称为hillary diane rodham clinton（希拉里黛安罗德姆克林顿），简称为hillary clinton（希拉里克林顿）；就连所谓的西方现代文明中的“lady first”礼仪，亦可理解成“将女性视为‘需要被照顾的弱势群体’的一种对女性的歧视”。

性别歧视起源于社会，传承于文化，而语言与文化又相辅相成、不可分割，也必然留有性别歧视的深刻烙印。

英语专四语法词汇真题-2001 年答案及解析41.I can't go—for one thing,I have no money,and___ I have too much work.A.what's moreB.as wellC. for anotherD.in addition41.C 本题考查对固定搭配的掌握。

what's more意为"更甚的是";as well意为"也";for one thing…for another…意为"一则……再则……";in addition*此外"。

根据句意，选项C为正确答案。

句意∶我不能去，一则我没钱，再则我手头上的事情太多。

42.Even as a girl,___to be her life,and theater audiences were to be her best teacher.A. performing by Melissa wereB. it was known that Melissa's performances wereC. knowing that Melissa's performances wereD. Melissa knew that performing was42.D 本题为语法题，考查对句式结构的理解。

从整个句子没有找到主语，由Even as a girl可知a girl 是主语的同位语，主句中的主语应与其保持一致，只有D 项符合语法和句式要求。

句意∶即使在她还是一个小姑娘的时候，梅丽莎就知道表演将成为她的生活，戏剧观众将成为她最好的老师。

43.___ him tomorrow?A. Why not to call onB. Why don't call onC. Why not calling onD. Why not call on43.D 本题考查对习惯用法的掌握。

性别标记的非对称现象龚云娟(重庆师范大学外国语学院重庆400047)摘要其中包括语音语法本文运用标记理论从而揭示了隐藏在这些现象背后的社会关键词H03 文献标识码这个现象的背后蕴涵着丰富的理论与实践内容也为我们描写和分析与性别问题有关的语言现象指明了实践道路markedness沈家煊22标记理论正是运用有标记/无标记这一组对立的概念来分析语言中的非对称现象当其中某一个单位被认为是缺少与其相对单位的语言特征语法unmarkedmarked有标记项与无标记项在意义上并不纯粹是和之间的对立有无例如英语中的man和woman的对立但只有后者肯定了特征乎更多一些如法官医生都是对男性而言的也都不言而喻是对男性而言的就有专门的修饰语标明从而使女性职业名词的外在形式呈现出有标志性“女司机女科学家女律师”之类的提法在日常生活中会经常遇到往往要在女性代表的姓名后特别加注“女”以表明代表的特别身份带女性性别特征标记的用法只在需要特别强调女性性别时才出现而有些卑微的职业护士秘书妓女则通常在他们前面用男性标记词修饰男护士, male baby-sitter等除了名词性词语的形式标记以外形容词及动词等的形式标记从以上英汉两种语言中的对立组合中绝大多数表示男性的词没有特别的形式标记有不少表示男性的词和表女性的词在词源上有派生关系语义标记的非对称语义标记的非对称现象指的是无标记项和有标记项在意义上的不等值性别限制1也就是说它们所指的主体或对象带有明显的性别标记是人生来具备的“分娩”等等反之亦然语言中除了普通适用的中性表达外比如汉语中形容外貌好的时候俊朗高大挺拔”,指女则说“美丽窈窕此外个别的带有表示女性性属的形式标记娇羞绰约娥眉人老珠黄淫荡等这是因为“不论哪一个国家在其发展过程中它们在人类生活的许多方面都有所反映宋海燕女性应该是美丽含蓄好哭的无力的有力的主动的敢作敢为的这些社会心理中的刻板印象反映在语言里如鲜花可爱的水果就只能用来形容女子指向他们的表达多和高大挺拔的树木2也就是说褒贬意义不一致带有女性特征形式标记或者语义标记的词语有不少是含有贬义的妖嫌一望而知就知道其含有贬义根据林杏光简明汉语义类词典指称女性的词语有7个男女均可使用的有8个除“仆”表示自谦外“女人”词条下收词52个王德春其中至少有27个带贬低色彩79例如汉语中的则讽刺懦弱的男子如果具有男性标记的词语指称女性再如男褒女贬的现象表现得更加明显conductor-conductress两个词的区别不仅仅在性别特征方面屈尊俯就若称一个女学生为undergradustte通常是为了贬损她则是在hack 一词原来的侮辱含义上再加一份侮辱“单身汉”和在英汉两种文化中绝对不是一对标准的正反义词BACHELOR SPINSTERSemantic Denotation Social Connotation Semantic Denotation Social Connotation +animate +easy-going +animate +over-tidy +human +energetic +human +stale +male +happy -male +particular -married +/-handsome -married -attractiveFig:A comparative study of the semantic & social meanings of bachelor & spinster由此可见往往是有不同的引申含义多含有贬损女性的社会底蕴则显得宽容大度正如Spender所有的词不论其来源如何因为这是以男性为中心社会里的一条重要的语义规则Spender18这表现在两个方面从语义的概观程度上看宽泛而有标记项的意义则较具体属下位词在英汉两种语言中都是非常普通的现象例如在没有明确具体的性别所指或者同时指称男女两性时一般都使用无标记形式如我们很难担保他有勇气78One should do the best he can.第二许多最初表示中性含义的词语用于女性所指时常演变为贬义词语semantic derogation最初仅有的意思接着又可用来泛指的对象竟沦为的代名词22如lemanviragohussy等等词语三按照标记理论我们在谈到语义范围一节时曾加以阐述此外英语中与性别有关的凝固词组很多汉语中也存在类似的凝固结构夫妻儿女男女老少重男轻女夫唱妇随男耕女织如果将男女两性颠倒来念在中国女性婚后从夫姓排序中也能感觉到这种次序规则的存在叶刘淑仪等正如H.Weil(1987)指出的肖建安男尊女卑的思想是人类社会几千年来的文化积淀的凸显1991所说的体现恶劣尊卑名分在男性为主流的社会里人们的经验结构使之产生了一种心理定势肖建安英语中的凝固词也有ladiesand gentleman, bride and groom的语序排列礼貌规约与汉语中的之说一样把自己看成是女性的从而形成了以上少数凝固词组结语本文运用标记理论的基本原理重点讨论了语词系统中的构成两性对立的词语所反映的性别标记的非对称现象不但有语言任意性的因素存在杨永林249它反映出长久以来女性因受大男子主义权势的影响这些消极语言现象的大量存在不可避免地产生误导障碍作为语言工作者结合语言发展的基本规律找出充分的理据和一些切实可行的操作方法净化语言参考文献[1]Spender, D. 1980. Man Made Language [M]. Lon-don: Routledge & Kegan Paul [2]李正国.生态汉语学[M].吉林1991[3]沈家煊.不对称和标记论[M].南昌1999[4]宋海燕.性别原型及其在两性言语交际能力中的反映[J].外国语22000孙汝建.社会心理语言学[M].上海1992[7]肖建安.论英汉性别标记言语的象似性[J].外语教学3称谓上海外语教育出版社。

1. There is no ___ in the world for her children.A. love greater than a motherB. love greater than that of a motherC. love greater as a motherD. great love as that of a mother2. I didn't see her in the meeting-room this afternoon. She ___ at the meeting.A. mustn't have spokenB. shouldn't have spokenC. needn't have spokenD. couldn't have spoken3. Pop music is such an important part of society ___ it has even influenced our language.A. asB. thatC. whichD. where4. Just as the builder is skilled in the handling of his bricks, ___ the experienced writer is skilled in the handling of his words.A. asB. soC. thusD. like5. __ it may be, there is no place like home.A. As humbleB. Though humbleC. Humble asD. If humble6. New ideas sometimes have to wait for years __ they are fully accepted.A. whenB. beforeC. afterD. where7. Which of the following is INCORRECT?A. Many a boy and many a girl have seen the film before.B. He said he would go to Shanghai on business the next day.C. I forgot to bring your umbrella with me.D. His father has left his homeland for fifty years.8. He must have lived a happy life a few years ago, ___ he?A. didn'tB. hasn'tC. mustn'tD. can't9. What does "You cannot give him too much money" mean?A. You shouldn't give him too much money.B. The more money you give him, the better.C. You can't give him a lot of money.D. You ought to give him less money.10. He never hesitates to make __ criticisms __ are considered helpful to others.A. so... thatB. so... asC. such.., thatD. such.., as11. The followings are all correct responses to "Do you mind my smoking here?" EXCEPTA. No, do it please.B. No, of course not.C. I'm sorry.D. Yes, go ahead.12. The reason why he has been such a success is ___ he never gives up.A. whatB. thatC. becauseD. how13. One is not guilty until he __A. has provedB. has been provedC. is provedD. will be proved14. Paper produced every year is four times __ the weight of the world's production of vehicles.A. /B. that ofC. whichD. of15. If you are a member of a club, you must __ to the rules of that club.A. conformB. appealC. referD. access16. I tried to relax because I knew I would use up my oxygen sooner, __A. the more excited I gotB. I got excited moreC. and more I got excitedD. and I got more excited17. The toy maker produces a __ copy of the space station, exact in every detail.A. minimalB. minimumC. miniatureD. minor18. I should like to rent a house, modem, comfortable and __ in a quiet neighborhood.A. all in allB. above allC. after allD. over all19. Some parents are only concerned __ their children's grades in studies.A. ofB. atC. aboutD. for20. This disease __ itself in yellowness of the skin and eyes.A. manifestsB. modifiesC. magnifiesD. exposes21. Dr. Wang has made much contribution to the theories of modem physics at the __ of his health.A. costB. disposalC. mercyD. expenditure22. If I take this medicine three times a day, it should __ my cold.A. healB. cureC. treatD. recover23. Crisis would be the right term to describe the __ in many animal species.A. abolitionB. restrictionC. descentD. decline24. Up until that time, his interest had focused almost__ on fully mastering the skills and techniques of his craft.A. restrictivelyB. radicallyC. inclusivelyD. exclusively25. In the___ of human life the honors and rewards fall to those who show their good qualities in action.A. ringB. terraceC. arenaD. ground26. On January 1st many people make a New YearA. intentionB. determinationC. dedicationD. resolution27. Bill assured his boss that he would __ all his energies in doing this new job.A. call forthB. call atC. call onD. call off28. We had a __ lesson in ideological education yesterday and were deeply impressed.A. profoundB. deepC. extremeD. shallow29. Despite technical progress, some food production is still completely __ on weather.A. reliableB. dependableC. dependentD. inseparable30. His speech rambled for half an hour, but the___ of what he had said was that too many people has too little money.A. aimB. purposeC. essenceD. content1．[B]【译文】世界上没有比母爱更伟大的爱了。

英语中的性歧视The Sexism in English1.IntroductionLanguage is a mirror that reflects the reality . On one side , it reflects the culture —language is an important carrier of culture ;on the other side , it reflects the society —it’s a tool to maintain social order . Sexism has been a kind of social phenomenon for thousands of years .Sexism is common in English and many other languages. In social and cultural life , people will say what and how to say them is directly depended on the society . With people’s thoughts embodied in the language and culture , sexism can be represented as “language of women” and “language about women” . The former one is the result of the requirement that women should speak accaording to their own roles . The later one is the unequal phenomenon that women are discriminated and and suppressed .In the broad sense , sexism is the descrimination against women or men (Wardhaugh , 1986) . The Oxford English Dictionary defines “sexism” as : descrimination based on gender , especially descrimination against women . Merrians Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (the 10th edition) has the similar definition : sexism is the bias or descrimination against women caused by sex differences .In English , sexism exists in its morphology , syntax , semantics and pragmatics . The ways words are formed , the sentence structures , the meanings of words , and also , the using of words all give evidence that sexism is existant and popular .2. Sexism in Morphology, Syntax , Semantics and Pragmatics2.1 Sexism in MorphologyMorphologically, people use words which represent male to indicate female . On the condition that the gender of the person refferred to is unknown , English people are inclined to use the third person pronoun (he , his ,him) to represent the person . In this case , “he”, “his” ,and “him” can represent both the gender male and female . Usually , the neutral person pronoun for “he” and “she” is “he”. For example , We hope the audience will make up his own mind . Everybody must do his best . According to the data , the persentage of “he” and “she”used in documents is 4:1 , “he” is used to indicate the meaning of “she” , “his” also includes the meaning of “her” , which shows the domination of male in social society .Moreover , words as “man”, “mankind”and those wods ended up with “—man”can represent both genders . “Man” can not only represent male and adult male , but also can be used to represent every person . But “woman” can not be used like that . Many nouns that indicates careers can use “—man”as their suffix , thouth that kind of work is done by women . For example , chairman , mailman , workman , postman , freeman , etc . Men have lived here for years . Thouth some words have both the form of “—man” and “—woman” , such as , policeman/policewoman , workman/workwoman, while the gender is unknown , people use the form of “—man”without exception . Sometimes , even people know the person’s gender is female , people often use the male words , for example , He was punished severely by policeman for dangerous driving .Besides , when people are writing a letter , they always use the male appellation ,such as , Dear Sir , Dear Gentleman , to represent the person with unknown gender .In English , women are subordinated to men . The female nouns are formed by affixing the male nouns . For example , hero/heroine , steward/stewardess, male/female , waiter/waitress, etc. This means that the male nouns are recognized as unmarked , they are the nouns themselves . While the female nouns are marked , which means that they are formed by adding affix to the male nouns .The male words can be used to refer both the genders . If people want to use them to referto female , they have to use the words , such as , “lady” or “women” to emphasize . Lexically , the nouns ended with “—er” , “—or” are neutral words , but people treat them as male nouns . That’s why people have to add “ woman” to indicate female , for example , a woman doctor .In common case , the nouns that refer to lower social careers have both the male and female form . But if people want to refer to the higher socail positions , they only have the concept of male . People have to use “lady”, “woman”, “female”,etc . to emphasize the female concept . For example , a lady—doctor , a woman lawer , etc . That is because the positions themselves are recognized as men’s careers with respect . In other cases , the nouns , such as , male baby—sister , and male nurse , the word “male” added here just because these careers are recognized as humble ,and they must be done by women .2.2 Sexism in SyntaxIn syntax , there is also sexism . Traditionally , people think that male is superior to female both physically and mentally . In daily talk and writing , when a male and a female appear at the same situation , the male nouns are used in front of the female nouns . For example , boys and girls , men and women , prince and pricess , Mr and Mrs etc. But the polite greeting “ladies and gentlemen” is an exception . That is a fixed word order in social situations and that doesn’t mean that women’s position has been raised . Tracing back to the ancient times , high officials and noble lords always have their wives accompany them in parties . But the ladies were considered to be weak and delicate . Therefore, when entering or exiting the door , the gentlemen always let the ladies go first . That’s the origin that “lady first” comes from . And gradually , people were accustomed to say “ladies and gentlemen”in speakings and toasts .Besides , the sentence structure also embodies sexism . Because women’s social status and powers are inferior to men , women are inclined to use mild and implicit sentences to express relaxed tone . The tag question is a typical feature , for example , He won’t come today , will he ? What’s more , women always use Model Auxiliaries and Parenthesis to show uncertainty . For example , I was wondering if you could possibly do me a favour .In semantics , there are four kinds of sexism . The first one , is the degradation of female words. Some of the female words were only used to describe those women with higher social status , but now these words have been made popular . Paralelly , The male words haven’t changed over time . A typical example is “lord” and “lady” . In the past , “lady” represents the graceful and superior woman , but now, it doesn’t contain the meaning of “lord” . In shops , people call the female “salesladies”, and the male “salesmen”instead of “saleslord”or “salesgentlemen” . Therefore , “lord” and “gentlemen” still keep the meaning of superior and respect . But “lady” becomes more and more popular . The second one , is that female words are usually associated with negative meaning . There is a trend that the female words are deteriorating , while the male words are being honored . In usual situation , male words have positive meanings , while female words have negative meanings . Take bachelor and spinster as an example , both of them mean the unmarried person . Bachelor implies the meaning decent , independent and sex free , while spinster implies ugly , sexless and incapable . Though some words are similar in their forms , their inherent meanings are different . Take governor and governess as an example , governor means the person appointed to govern a province or state (esp . a colony abroad ) . But governess means the woman employed to teach young children in their home ( usu . living in as the member of the household ) . The third one is that , even the same word can have positive or negative meaning when it is used to represent male or female . For example , tramp means the person with no fixed home or occupation who wanders from place to place . It keeps the meaning when used to refer to a male person . When it is used to refer to the female person , it means a whore . The fourth one is , the words which are used to describe a female who loses her virgin are far more than that are used to describe a male . According to the statistics , in English , people express their descrimination against women by smearing the female nouns . There are about 520 words being used to mean a woman with a messed sex—life . To certain degree , Almost every female word has the negative meaning . The negative meaning of lady , queen , madam , mistress etc. is female cat , procuress .In pragmatics , the sexism is also obvious and common . After the marriage of a girl , she has to change her family name and ues her husband’s family name . There is no lack of this kind of example . In daily life , male has no need to state clear whether he is married or unmarried , while female has to use Mrs and Miss to distinguish if she is married or not . In English , people are used to using names of objects to refer to men and women . The connotation and emotion are different from each other . Food is for eating , and the names of food are usually used to refer to women . This shows the inferior position of women , such as , cheesecake(naked woman) , cheery(a virgin) , tomato(beautiful woman) . When using the names of animals as a metaphor to women , they always have the negative meaning of stubborn , rude , unreasonable , and dissolute . For example , “dragon”has the meaning of shrew , “cow” means the lazy and stupid woman , “hen” means the gossip woman who likes to poke her nose into other people’s business . On the contrary , the metaphors to men have little negative meanings . “Stub” , “buck” , “wolf” symbolize power and domintion . People also compare a cunny man as a “fox” , and a kind of respect is contained in the meaning .3.Main Causes of SexismEnglish is a kind of language with sexism , Dale Spender (1985) pointed out men monopolize English , they have never given up the control to this language . This leads to women’s passive and inferior position . Eckert and Mc Monnel—Cinet (1992:90) think that the female language reflects women’s desire to ascend to the higher class , their lack of sense of security and their obedience . The male language reflects men’s strength , their will of competing , their ability of being independent , and their management and domination of the whole society . There are three main causes for sexism in English —culture , society and psycology .3.1 The Cultural CausesLanguage is an important part of culture . English embodies English culture . Religion is a concentrated reflection of culture , it influences the development of language . The Bible is the basis of western culture . In the Bible , men are described as pure and noble , and women are related with sex . On the positive aspect , women are the spokesmen of virgin , while on the negative aspect , women are the substitutes of whore . In the traditional religion and custom , women are always descriminated and repelled . Either in the New Testament or the Old Testament, women have no status at all . For example , as Jesus’s ancesters , the daughters of Jacob—Rebecca , Lea , Rachel , Diana were not mentioned at all . Even some women were mentioned , they were described as the substitutes and property of men . There was a description in the Bible of how human beings are created :And the LORD GOD said , it is not good that the man should be alone ; I will make him a help meet for him .And out of the ground the LORD GOD formed every beast of the field , and every fowl of the air ; and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them : and whatsoever Adam called every living creature , that was the name of thereof .And Adam gave names to all cattle , and to the fowl of the air and to every beast of the field ; but for Adam there was not found a help meet for him .And the Lord GOD caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam , and he slept ; and he tooks one of his ribs , and closed up the interested thereof .And the rib , which the LORD GOD had taken from man , made her a woman , and brought her unto the man .And Adam said this is now now bone of my bones ,and flesh of my fleshes : she shall be called Woman , becase she was taken out of man .(Holy Bible ,1978, Cenesis , 2:18—24) From the above description , we can clearly see that women are substituted to men . Men come to the world first , then women were created because they were needed by men . What’s more tragic is that women were created because all the other animals could not satisfy men . For the Bible , women can be defined as one part of men .In Exodus , women are the same as other animals , they are belonged to men , and they are the property of men : “Thou shalt not covet them neighbor’s house , thou shalt covet thyneighbor’s wife nor his manservant , nor his ox , nor his ass , nor anything that is thy neighbor’s .” The New Testament described women in this way : Wives , submit yourselves unto your husband , as unto the lord . For the husband is the head of wife , even as Christ is the Church --- Therefore as the Church is s ubject unto Christ , so let the wives are to their own husbands in everything . (Ephesiand 5:22—24) . In the Bible , almost all the influencing people are men , not women , such as JesusChrist , Moses , Abraham .Besides , some theories about sex difference have appeared recently . Some scientists boasted that their theories were based on science , but in certain degree , their theories are deceiving . Floyd pointed that women has three main caracters : passive , self—admiring , being maltreated . Therefore women are born with self—abased , jealous caracters . Unlike women , men are persistent and just .Moreover , in European countries , the education for women has been neglected for a long time . Women had no chance to get enough education . This caused their ignorance . Actually , they are not unwishing to fight , but are unable to fight .3.2 The Social CausesIn social life , because of different social divisions of labor , the sexism appears . There are huge differences in the divisions of labor between men and women . Feminists think that it’s a society of men , the society exists for men , and men control the whole society . The male chauvinists claim that they are the men are the perfect standard , women must be judged by this standard . Simone de Beauvoir (quoted in William Kornblum and Joseph Julia , 1992) wrote in her article “Women as Other”that women were different according to men’s standard , they were secondary and subordinated . Men were absolutely the dominators. Therefore , according to this kind of logic , women earn little money , they have no power and they are the secondary citizens . Their contributions to literature , art , and science can not get the praise they deserve . In the early time of human history , our society was devided to maternal society and paternal society . In maternal society , women were superior to men . With the development of productive force , men were gradually liberated from fishing and hunting , and they began to do agricutural work . Because men were stronger than womenphysically , and women had to spend more time and energy taking care of the baby , so men become more and more important in social life . Eventually , men began to control women , and women had to rely on men . This is the turning point in history . From then on , in the Paternal Society , in Feudalism , in the Slave Society and in the Capitalism , women all lived at the bottom of the society . The cause is just the differences in division of socail labor . The sociolinguist Bollisger (1980) think that the cause of the descrimination lied in that women were always considered to be the merchandise and property of men . He used two examples to illustrate that : 1 . Our people are the best gamblers in the galaxy . We compete for power , fame and women . 2 . The brave pioneers crossed the plains with their wives , their children and their cattle . When people read these two sentences , the immediate impression is that women are the property of men , they equal the cattle .People would be socialized since the day when they were born . Especially the girls , they would wear either the blue or pink clothes . This is the earliest way to distinguish them from boys . Though children don't know the conotation of the colours , the adults kown . Based on this point , people can separate the sex roles . Parents always teach children what is “male”and what is “female” in their life . This makes the children have strong sense of gender . And this sense can be consolidated by further learning and experiencing . Influened by the life and media , people gradually form the idea of men and women .Simone de Beauvoir described how girls were endowed with the socialized role in his book “The Second Sex” (1961). These roles made the girls realize that women can not match with the men anyway . That’s to say , people would not encourage girls to learn some challenging courses , such as maths and phylosophy . On the contrary , people expected girls to learn some skills like cooking , taking care of children and their husband , and doing housework . For example , Micheal Lewis (1972) discovered that the degree that parents take care of the newly born baby would influence the girls to form socialized roles .From the early age , girl infants are looked at and talked to more than boy infants . For the first six months or so , boy infants have more physical contact than girl infants , but by the time they are six months old , this reverses and girls get more physical contact and more non —touching contact . The motive appears to be cultural ; mothers believe that boys should be more independent than girls and that they should be encouraged to explore and master theworld .Lewis thought that the inclination that mothers liked to talk with girls could be explained why girls were good at talking skills . When they were six months old , boy infants got less and less care from their parents , and they had less chance to communicate with parents . Therefore , when they were grown , they become more independent than women . Compared with women , they were not so good at expressing their feelings .H·Barry and some other sicentists have explored 110 kinds of culture . They found some similarities in the separation of men and women . Few societies would consider men and women equally , in many aspects , there were different requirements for the socialization of men and women . For example , 82% societies demanded women to do housework , and none of these societies had the same demand for men . 87% societies required men to be successful , only 3% societies had the same requirements for women . 85% societies encourage men to be independent , none of the societies required women to do so . Some other scientists discovered that most culture endowed men with higher social value while were bias against women . So it is common to see that men are superior than women .Education is also a formal social form . The main aim of education is to endow people with different social roles . Children spent plenty of time at school , they inevitably get influence from the education they get . Many studies show that school education will strenthen children’s senses of roles , and children will traditionalize these senses of roles . The most powerful form of education is literary works . In many literary works , men are described as “brave , positive”figures , while women as “timid , passive”figures . Swann(1992) comprehaensively annalyzed the functions that sexism language played in the forming of sex roles .Textbook is another important cause of sexism in English because it will bing direct influence to children . For example , in the book “Science” , large quantities of examples all have men as the dominator . This can be a hint to girls : science is the business of men , it has nothing todo with women . Not only textbook , but also teachers’ words show the unjust in education . For example , the way teachers talk to students can also cause unequality between girls and boys . Levi (1995) once pointed out that men slways used such a comment “ last one across is a big girl’ blouse” . The influence of this comment is that people do not encouragewomen to take outdoor activities .Mass media is also an important way of socialization . No matter adults or children , people spend much time watching TV . People all watch the cartoons SnowWhite and Cinderella . The reason why snowwhite and deleila are loved by the audience is that they are kind , beautiful , timid , tamed , passive , and they are the subordinates of men . Because of this , they can gain the favor of men , and they can live a happy life ever since . In fact , from the advertisements we can find that : 1. women are supposed to stay at home . 2. women can not make decisions for big envents 3. women are substitued to men , they need men’s protction . 4. women are only the sex accopanies of men .3.3 The Psycological CausesPsychologically , women get more social restrictions than men . There are countless restrictions for women about their dressing , their way of walking and talking . Therefore , women are made self—abased and self—denying psychologically . Though some women have made success in politics and science , people also think that they are inferior to men .4.The Way to Eliminate Sexism in EnglishLanguage can not only be used to exchange ideas , but also to create a harmonious atmosphere amoung communicators . Any kind of sexism in English can hurt the feelings of communicators . Nowadays , with the development of society and women’s social status , especially with the upsurge of the feminism in America , the demand for the elimination of sexism in English becomes more urgent . There are two key problems : how to eliminate the sexist words in English ; how to avoid using third person pronouns that could cause sexism .4.1 The way to eliminate the sexist wordsThere are some methods to change the sexist words to non—sexist words :First of all , use the words that include both genders —the non-sexist words . Such as , immigrant , wroter , officer , coach , church member , grandparent , employee , testee .The second one , if there is no refer in particular to the male or female , people should use synonyms to replace words with –girl , -women , -wife , -man as suffix . For example , calendar girl →calendar model , flag girl →flag bearer , flower girl →flower seller , house wife →house worker , midwife →birth attender , chairman →chairperson , seaman →sailor .The third one , avoid using words with the suffix -ess , -ette , -rix , -enne but use words with non-sexist suffix –or , -an , -er , -ist . For example , actress →actor , administratrix →administrator , usherette →usher , comedienne →comedian .The fourth one , when writing a letter , if the receiver’s gender is unknown , it is better to avoid the traditional use of Dear Sir , Dear Gentleman , Dear Madam . People can use the title of the receiver . For example , Dear friends of the library ,Dear Madams and Sirs , Dear personnel officer , Dear Committee Member , Dear Agent , Dear Director .The fifth one , try to acoid citing the quotations with man , men . If have to , here are some suggestions : Do not cite directely , but to explain the quotation . Sexist : W . Philips said : “ The best use of laws is to teach men to trample bad laws under their feet .”Revised : W . Philips suggested that the best use of laws is to trample bad ones under their feet . Besides, people can only cite part of the quotation . For example , W . Philips said the best use of laws was to teach people “to trample bad laws under their feet”.The last one , make some modifications in phrases . For example , All men are created equal →All persons are created equal . Jack of all trades →persons of all trades , Man in the street →Person/Average/Ordinary person in the street , Good will to men →Good will to all .4.2 The Way to Avoid Using Third Person PronounsTo avoid the third person pronouns which will cause sexism . There are several ways : The first one , use the plural forms . For example , Sexist : When bathing a baby , never leave him unattended . Revised : When bathing a baby , never leave them unattended .The second way , paraphrese the sentence with we/us/our . Sexist : From each according to his abilities , to each according his needs . Revised : From each of us according to ourabilities , to each of us according to our needs .The third one , use the second person . Sexist : No man knows his true character until he has run out of gas , purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolesent . Revised : You don’t know what your true character is until you have run out of gas , purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolesent .The forth one , use the passive voisce . Sexist : One who , when he has the choice of two evils , chooses both . Revised : One who , when given the choice of two evils , chooses both .The fifth one , omit the pronouns . Sexist : What a person thinks of after he becomes a departee ? Revised : What a person thinks of after becoming adepartee ?The last method , use the articles to replace them . Sexist : Can a critic give his opinion of an omelette without being asked to make one ? Revised : Can a critic give an opinion of an omelette without being asked to make one ?5. ConclutionLanguage is the cell of the society . The sexism in English reflects the substituted statues of women and the descrimination against them . The sexism in English has close connections with cultural backgrounds , traditions and customs , religion and people’s phsychology . Sexism has been a kind of cultural feature in the development of English . It certainly will be a tough job to eliminate seism in English in a short time . Sexism has been popular and common in peple’s mind for the domination of men in the society . To eliminate sexism drastically , the change of the language itself and the elimination of the sexist words and expressions are far from enough . The key to eliminate sexism in English is to eliminate the unequal statues between men and women in the society . People have to change the wrong idea that women are inferior to men and to raise women’s status in the society . Only when the sexism in the society has been eliminated , the sexism in English can be eliminated . Therefore , the elimination of sexism in English is a tough job and will cost a lot of time . The whole society have to do their best anf cooperate with each other .References:1.Eckert , P .and McConnell-Ginet , S .1992 .Communities of Practice : Where Language ,Gender and Power All Live . Berkeley , CA : Berkeley Women and Language Group , University of California –Berkeley2.Gumperz , J .Language and Social Identity. Cambridge : Cambridge UniversityPress .19823.Holy Bible . 1978 . Nashvill, Tennessee : National Publishing Companying , USA4.Spender , Dale . Man Made Language [M] . London : Routledge and Kegan Paul ,19805.Wardhaugh , R . 1986 . An Introduction to Sociolingustics , New York6.戴炜栋，何兆熊. 《新编简明英语语言学教程》上海：上海外语教育出版社，20027.邓炎昌，胡文仲. 《语言与文化》北京：外语教学与研究出版社，19928.刘丹. 英语中性别歧视现象及女权运动对它的影响[J] . 榆西学院学报，2002，（2）9.穆凤良，李秀萍. 英语中的性歧视与中性化[J] . 《外语与外语教学》（大连外国语学院学报），1998（5）：17-1910.王海杰毕小栋．英语语言中的性别歧视现象及其成因初探．黑龙江教育学院学报，2006，（2）。

英语中性别标记的非对称现象***第26卷第2期V o1.26No.2绥化学院JournalofSuihuaUniversity2006年4月Apr.2006英语中性别标记的非对称现象胡悦宏(黄冈师范学院外国语学院湖北黄岗436100)摘要:本文运用标记理论的基本原理从形式标记,语义标记和分布标记三个方面对英语语词系统中构成两性对立的词语对立所反映的性别标记的非对称现象进行了探讨,指出这种现象是语言发展不平衡性的一个表现,说明在运用语言的过程中应尊重语言的内在规律,正确对待语言中性别标记的非对称现象.关键词:标记理论;性别标记;非对称;形式标记;语义标记;分布标记中图分类号:/4314.1文献标识码:A文章编号:1004—8499(2006)o2—0135～02根据标记理论,在一对语言单位中,如果某一单位缺少与其相对单位的语言特征(语音,语义,语法等)时,这一单位便被认为是无标记单位(unmarked),与其相对的就是有标记单位(marked).通常无标记项的组合形式更简单,意义概括程度和使用频率更高,分布更加广泛.具体说来,在语言的性别标记中,表示男性的词更多的属于无标记项,用得更广,褒义含义更多,与表女性的词形成一种非对称现象,主要表现在形式标记,语义标记和分布标记三个方面.一,形式标记的非对称形式标记指的是词的外部特征,英语中形式标记的非对称性主要表现在一些名词的构成和代词的使用上.(一)构词上的非对称.当男性词和女性词成对出现时,指男性的词汇大多数情况下是无标记的,而指女性的词汇则通过在男性词后加一个词缀而构成.英语中常用的阴性后缀有"一ess.一ette,一ine"血Ⅱ,hos【—一hostess,8D(卜_-goddess, priTlc广princess,ushe广usherene,undergraduatzunderg. raduette,hero—hemine等.英语中一些表示职业地位较高的名词,如president,doe-tor,lawyer,professor,cnglnot~r等在用于女性时通常需使用复合法在这些词前加上woman,,female,lady,madam之类的修饰语,从而使女性职业名词的外在形式呈现出有标记性,如, womanlawyer,giftdoctor,madamchairman等.这反映出地位较高的职业为男子垄断,而瑚瑚ker,nutBe,sec咖等常与女性联系在一起,要表男性则需加上m明,male,如m明nuIBe, malesecretary.探讨英语中的女性名词的构成.可以发现,男性名词是常用的,普遍的,阴性后缀的使用意味着女性名词是男性名词的派生,具有次要或者劣等地位,这一点可以反映出语言对男性的偏爱,对女性的轻视.(--)代词使用上的非对称.现代英语中没有一个单数代词形式可任意指代男性和女性,因此作为不定代词80mebo曲, everybody,nobody等的替换词,或用于泛指表达通性时,人们往往使用he,his,himself这一阳性代词指代男女双性,产生代词使用上的非对称性,这无疑也是对女性的忽视.如."Oh.whatalovelybaby!IsheaboyOFagift?" Everymanhashisself-??esteem:heprovide~himselfonhisgood Wewillhirethebest—qualifiedpersonregardless0fhissex.(三)词语数量上的非对称.许多英语词语仅有表示男性的用法,没有体现女性存在的形式(反之亦然),或者在描述同一概念时男女所拥有的同义词的数量相差较大.如英语中有专指男性的cllaiⅡnan,ManoftheY ear,BerIli-hal,virile等褒义词语,却没有与之对应的女性用词.有sbrew,virago,bitchy,wanton等对女性表贬义的词汇.却没有相[收稿日期]2005—10—29[作者简介]胡?t~(1967一),女,湖北鄂州人.黄岗师范学院外国语学院讲师.研究方向:语言学及应用语言学,二语习得.l35应的表男子一方的贬义说法.据Muriel$chulz研究,英语中表示"性生活乱七八糟"的女子的词多达320个,如hussy,broad,coquette等;象fallen,Wall—ton,unchaste,loosewomall,onthe等表"妓女""卖淫"含义的同义词竟有500个之多,但用于男性的词语远没如此之丰富,"嫖客"的同义词只有65个.二,语义标记的非对称语义标记的非对称指的是无标记项和有标记项在意义上的不等值,主要表现在语义的褒贬上,在构成男女性别对立的词语组合中,褒贬意义不统一.一般说来,男性词汇作为无标记项更多地具有褒义,而女性词汇尤其具有贬化的趋势.(一)语义搭配.英语中,同一个词与男性或女性词搭配其所指意义和蕴含语义也会不同.一般说来是男褒女贬.如,professional用来指男性职业时,其蕴含语义为"该职业是受人尊敬的专门职业,"如教练,艺人等;而用来指女性时虽然该女性也是"专职人员",但却含有"从事最传统的娼妓行当"之意.imposing修饰不同的性别会产生不同的效果.an.imposingn瑚是指给人印象深刻,令人钦佩的男人;而明imposingwomall则很可能指令人生畏,冷漠无情的女人,即所谓"barde—axe"(泼妇).loose似乎是个对男女并无偏见的形容词,但如果说a loosewonlfl/I,人们很容易想到的是"awomanconsideredtobe sexuallypromiscuous"意即"放荡的女人",如,Heedtokeep awayfromlooseworTlen(CollinsCOBUILDEn.shlanguageDictionary).而谈起alooseman,一般都理解为"acasualperson",即一个生活随便,对一切抱无所谓态度的男人(《新英汉词典>). Tramp一词在《朗文美语词典》中被定义为"…aperson tllriohomeorj0b,whowanderfromplacetOp1ace"or"awoms.n consideredtobesexuallyirrmaoral(esp.inAI/I~PAIHEnglish)"客观上, 尽管男女都可能沦为穷困潦倒,无家可归,无业可就的人.但是人们习惯上把amaletramp理解为amanhavingnOiobornO home(失业者或流浪汉);而把afemaletramp理解为aloose woman(行为放荡的女人).(--)语义变化.从语义演变的角度分析性别词汇,会发现很多成对词中女性词的内涵意义常发生较大变化,几乎都是由褒到贬,而男性词的内涵意义基本保持不变.如,.这两个词本都指"ne0IIewhoposses.se8and,orhaspoweroverSo11R~neorsomethingelse",即为主人或主宰者,但现在misuesa却指"a舢withwhoman瑚hasa sexualmlatiomhip,usuallynotasociallyacceptableone"('朗文美语词典)),而master词义基本未变.136bachdo广spinster.这一对词在语义的褒贬上也是不对称的.《朗曼英语词典》对它们的编释分别如下:bachd0一肌unmarriedmall(eligiblebachelor=whoisregardedasverysuit—abletObechosenasahusband);mte广一(帅眦血n鹄derogato- ry)明unnmrriedwoman,usu.Onewhoisnolongeryoungand/or嗍unlik由tomarry.从定义中可看出,同指未婚之人,但baehdor却有积极的含义,可能是个快乐的单身汉,似乎是一种值得夸耀的身份,暗含不少有利条件;而spinster却有着强烈的贬义,她的未婚可能因为自身的缺陷而没有魅力,暗示该女性的不完善或令人讨厌,与oldmaid一样,是那种行为怪异. 待人冷淡,不受欢迎的嫁不出去的"老处女".G0veIT10广商DveⅡless都是由动词govern派生来的名词. 在古英语中分别指某领地,某地区行使主权的男女首领.现代英语中前者词义基本没变,后者虽可作"女统治者,女管理者,总督或州长夫人"解,但更多情况下则指被某个家庭雇佣来照顾孩子生活或教育的女教师或保姆,地位远菲其男性对应词那么显赫.英语中还有一些成对词如广一gid,嘲z,rnale_—rnale,kirIg—qlleen,nIle嘲n—lad),;单个词如lewd,gossip,tart,broad等,指女性的名词的语义都被缩小或贬降而带有贬义,与男性词形成语义上的不对称.三,分布标记的非对称分布标记指的是有,无标记项的使用和分布情况.按照标记理论,无标记项的分布范围通常大于有标记项.英语中性别标记词的使用正证明了这一点.作为无标记项的表男性的词汇往往可以用来指代任何人,包括女性在内,而有标记项的女性词却不能这样用.如, Manknowsnothingbutwhathehaslearnedfromexperience,(不吃一堑,不长～智)Readingmakesafulln啪,conferenceareadyn啪,writingalley,aotn啪.(读书使人充实,讨论使人机敏,写作使人严谨) Tofindafriendonemustcloseoneer_—t0keephim,two.(想找朋友就得睁～只眼闭一只眼;想留住朋友就得把双眼都闭上)此外,性别标记词的分布标记的非对称性还表现在同时出现时的前后分布顺序上.一般是"男先女后".如:fatherand mother,mealandwon~n,and,heorshe,hisorher等,把两者的顺序颠倒过来就不符合语言习惯.只有ladiesand gentlemen是个例外.这一社交惯用语是出于对女性表示尊重的愿望,反而更进一步说明语序排列中存在着明显的人为因素.[责任编辑于连顺]。