最新如何看懂造船图纸.pdf

如何看懂造船图纸（How to read shipbuilding drawings）How to read shipbuilding drawingsFor example: HP ball flat steel, Pl8 refers to 8 mm steel plate, W, FL are T profiles of panels and panelsFB ribbed plateBHD bulkhead abbreviationAB platform abbreviationBL baseline abbreviation, in the manufacture of a variety of ship models, usually contact the model work drawings. The work graph model is the main basis for making the ship model, it not only tell us the model type, name, shape and size, but also enable us to understand the structure and installation parts model etc.. The drawings of some models also briefly describe the internal structure of the model, power units, components, assembly, control systems and manufacturing methods, so that we have a better understanding of the ship model. Therefore, it is very important for us to take a good look at the drawings and find out the technical requirements, which is the preparation of materials and tools, the methods and steps of making decisions. In order to represent a ship model or a component correctly, a three view of an actual object is usually required. That is, the front view (from the front of the object), the side view (from the side of the object), and the top view (from the object). In addition to the three view, the part drawing is the manufacturing drawings of the ship model, superstructure and parts, and some drawings of the actualobjects.In order to correctly understand the working drawings of ship models, it is necessary to familiarize themselves with the meaning of various lines and symbols in the drawings. Drawing on a common solid line, thin solid line, dotted line, dotted line, broken and profile etc. (Figure 2 - 1).Solid line: the general appearance of all visible objects contour.Dotted line: the outline of an object that is generally occluded.A thin solid line: usually represents the size, line, size, line, line, and line of an object.Scribe line: usually the center line, position, line, and axis of an object.A broken line or wave line, usually one of the places where an object is broken. Some do notWhere all the drawings need to be drawn, they can be omitted by means of broken wires or wavesOff.Profile line: a general representation of an object.The symbols commonly used in drawings are M, D, R, etc..M stands for scales. For example, "Ml:100" means that the size of the drawing is one percent of the object.D represents the diameter of a circular object or round hole. Than 1.5, indicating diameter in millimeters, or 4.5 millimeters.R represents the radius of a circular object or round hole. R4.5, for example, means that the radius is 4.5 millimeters. The working drawings of ship models generally include general layout, hull line drawings and part drawings.The general layout is an important drawing showing the overall situation of the ship, mainly drawn from the projection principle of the three view. In the front view of the ship (from the front of the ship's model), the top view (from the top view), the side view (including the front view and the rear view), represents the overall shape, dimensions, and the layout of each part of the ship. It allows us to understand the design of this model, the ship's overall picture, the shape, size and position of the larger parts, such as the hull and superstructure. Look, the front view and general layout of the top view and side view of comparison, at the same time, according to the relevant shipbuilding, navigation, weapons and equipment etc. in the study of knowledge, understand the basic situation of the model, such as vessel type, application, characteristics, scale, propeller and rudder the superstructure, types and weapons and equipment and other facilities. The general arrangement of the general layout is shown in Figure 2 - 2.The hull line diagram is a complete picture of the ship's hull shape below the open deck. It reflects the streamline shape of each part of the ship and plays an important role in the manufacture of the hull, so the line drawings must be drawn very accurately. Three views on the requirements of the curve projection, also requires curve smoothing and coordination.The three views of ship line drawings are longitudinal profile, half width waterline and transverse section. The three line drawings are obtained from three longitudinal directions, longitudinal, vertical and transverse projections of the longitudinal profile, the waterline and the midship section of the ship.The projection plane is three planes perpendicular to each other (Figure 2-3)The longitudinal drawing passes through the middle longitudinal vertical plane of the ship, which divides the hull into two parts, from the stern to the bow, the left hand side is called the port side, and the right hand side is called the starboard side. The intersection line between the middle longitudinal section and the hull surface is called the middle longitudinal section. If a set of planes with equal distances between each other and the plane parallel to the longitudinal profile is used to segment the hull, a set of longitudinal lines representing the longitudinal shape of the ship can be obtained. The longitudinal profile of the hull is then projected on the mid longitudinal section (see Figure 2-4). Due to the symmetry of the hull, the longitudinal lines corresponding to the leftand right of the vertical profile are coincident. In order to facilitate identification, the mid longitudinal profile number is zero, and the remaining longitudinal lines are from the inside to the outside, using the Rome digital I, II, III, respectively...... Numbering. The longitudinal profile shows the shape of the ship, including the deck shape, the keel shape and the outline of the ship.On the vertical profile, the curve represents the longitudinal line, the horizontal line represents the waterline, and the vertical line represents the transverse section (also called the rib position line).The cross sectional graph is called the middle transverse section through the intersection of the horizontal vertical plumb plane and the middle transverse section of the ship's mid point. It generally reflects the shape of the hull. From the front of the ship to the stern of the ship, including the deck beam line, the ship bottom line and the side line. If a set of planes with equal distances between each other and a plane parallel to the middle cross section can be used to segment the hull, a set of transverse lines representing the transverse shape of the hull can be obtained. After projecting this set of cross sections into the midship section, a cross-sectional line diagram of the hull is obtained (see figure -4). Since the hull is symmetrical, the cross section is usually drawn in half. In section graph, in the transverse section of right part draw stem to a line in the left half of the painting to the ship stern section lines. In order to make the cross-sectional line drawings concise and easy to identify, they are generally used from the bow to the stern by Arabia numbers 1, 2, 3, and so on...We are numbered. For some of the more complex hulls, a cross section can be added between the two transverse sections, so that the 1/2, 2 -, 2 - numbered cross sections can appear.On the cutaway line chart, the curve represents the transverse line, the horizontal line represents the waterline, and the vertical line represents the longitudinal section.In the manufacture of ship model, as long as there is a hull cross-sectional line diagram, that is, hull line diagram, you can make model hull. As a result, many ship drawings only draw general layout drawings, cross-sectional line drawings and part drawings, while other drawings are omitted.The half width waterline graph passes through the horizontal plane of the bottom of the ship. It is perpendicular to the Shen cross section and the middle longitudinal section, and its intersection line with the hull surface is called the design waterline. If you start from the bottom plane, plane segmentation hull distance between group equal to each other to get a group of different depth profile projection to the design waterline waterline, on the surface, you can get water plane graph. Since the hull is symmetrical about the left and right, it is possible to draw half of the waterline (i.e., half width waterline). The half broad waterline is generally used in figures 0, 1, 2, 3, and Arabia... We are numbered from the bottom to the top.On the half width waterline chart, the curve represents the water line, the horizontal line represents the vertical section, and the vertical line represents the transverse section.Part drawings are in the drawings, and some are accompanied by parts drawings. It is also drawn in accordance with the principles of geometry projection. You can see the structure, shape, size and installation position of the parts. This is very convenient for understanding and making more complex parts, and can make the model more accurate. Some components are also drawn into stereogram or assembly drawings. Figure 2-5 is a typical spare part drawing.For beginners, in addition to the basics of the three - side projection, the name and meaning of some of the main dimensions of the ship should also be understood (Figure 2-6).Generally divided into the length of the master ship, the length between the two columns and the length of the designed waterline. Length is the maximum horizontal distance from the head to the end of a ship,Also called maximum length.The transverse dimension of beam hull at its widest point is called the maximum width. The width of the hull at the horizontal plane of the design waterline is called the design width.Depth refers to the distance between the base line and the base line in the longitudinal and vertical sections. Deep by the freeboard and draft of two section. In the cross section in the design from the waterline to the vertical distance from the main deck line called freeboard. In the transverse section, thevertical distance from baseline to the designed waterline is called the submerged depth of the hull, also known as draft.In the vertical profile, the deck side line in the bow direction is called the leading side of the ship, and the arc in the stern direction is called the tail side alone. In the transverse profile, arc curve of each section lines of deck height called beam arch beam is usually 1/50。

第四章船体制图第一节 图线形式和常用符号的识别图线除了组成图形表示船体、设备、构件的形状外，在结构图样中还以不同图线表示不同构件在视图中的投影。

国标《船体制图》中规定船体图样应采用的图线形式及其应用范围见表2－4－3四、船体图样中的图形符号国标《船体制图图形符号》中对船体图样中的图形符号作了规定，见表2－4－4个别符号的使用说明：对于表中的连续符号和间断符号，若图形上的断续关系已经明确，该符号可以不画；舱底图、围壁平面图等图形中，小开口虽未被剖切，但仍可使用小开口剖面符号；若同一图形中，小开口剖面符号使用较多时，可采用其下部分的简化画法形式。

第二节 船体结构理论线船体构件理论线是确定构件定位尺寸的依据，在船体建造时是确定构件安装位置的基准线。

理论线在图中通常以ML表示，为了简明易记，本节将主要内容归纳如下：（一）确定理论线的基本规定（1） 沿高度方向定位的构件，以靠近基线（BL）一边为理论线，见图（2） 沿船长方向定位的构件，以靠近船中一边为理论线，见图（3） 沿船宽方向定位的构件，以靠近船体中线一边为理论线，见图（4） 位于船体中线的构件，取其厚度中线为理论线，见图（二）其他规定下列构件或具有下列结构形式的构件，其理论线位置由下列规定确定，而与基本规定无关。

（1） 不对称型材和折边板材以其背面为理论线，见图4－28和4－31（2） 封闭形对称型材，以其对称轴线为理论线，见图（3）外板、烟囱、轴隧以板的内缘为理论线，见图4－33。

锚链舱围壁以板的外缘为理论线，见图4－34（4）基座纵桁腹板以靠近轴中心线一边为理论线，纵桁面板以面板下缘为理论线。

与基座纵桁连接的旁桁材或旁内龙骨以及基座纵桁下的旁桁材的理论线同基座纵桁一致见图4－35（5）舱口围板以靠近舱口中心线一边为理论线。

舱口纵桁以及舱口端围板所在肋位的横梁、肋骨、肋板的理论线与舱口围板一致，见图4－28和图4－36。

（6）边水舱的纵舱壁以布置扶强材一边为理论线，见图。

如何看懂造船图纸第一篇：如何看懂造船图纸如何看懂造船图纸例如:HP球扁钢,pl8指8毫米的钢板,W,FL分别是Ｔ型材的复板和面板 FB筋板BHD舱壁缩写 AB平台缩写BL基线缩写在制作各种舰船模型时，一般都要接触到模型工作图纸。

模型工作图是制作船模的主要依据，它不仅告诉我们模型的种类、名称、几何形状和尺度，同时还使我们了解模型各个零部件的结构和安装部位等情况。

有些模型的图纸还简要地介绍了模型的内部结构、动力装置、部件装配、控制系统和制作方法等，使我们对船模有更多的了解。

因此，认真看图纸，搞清各种技术要求，这对制作材料和工具的准备、决定制作的方法和步骤，都是十分重要的。

为了把一艘舰船模型或一个零部件正确地表示出来，一般需要实际物体的三视图。

即正视图(从物体正前方看)、侧视图(从物体侧面看)、俯视图(从物体上面看)。

除三视图外，零件图是船模上层建筑和各个零部件的制作图纸，有的还绘出实际物体的立体图。

为了正确地看懂舰船模型的工作图纸，首先要熟悉图纸中各种线条和符号的意义。

图纸上常见的有粗实线、细实线、虚线、点划线、折断线和剖面线等等(图2—1)。

粗实线：一般表示物体外表一切可见的轮廓线。

虚线:一般表示物体被遮挡的轮廓线。

细实线:一般表示物体的尺寸线、尺寸界限、引线和剖面线。

点划线:一般表示物体的中心线、位置线和轴线。

折断线:折断线或波浪线一般表示物体断开的地方。

有些不必要全部画出的地方，就可以采用折断线或波浪线的办法省略掉。

剖面线：一般表示物体剖视的地方。

图纸上常用的符号有M、d、R等。

M 表示比例尺。

比如Ml:100，表示图纸的尺寸是实物的百分之一。

d表示圆形物体或圆孔的直径。

比如何1.5，表示直径以毫米为单位，即4.5毫米。

R表示圆形物体或圆孔的半径。

比如R4.5，表示半径是4.5毫米。

舰船模型的工作图纸，一般包括总布置图、船体线型图和零件图。

总布置图它是表示船舶总体情况的重要图纸，主要是根据三视图的投影原理绘制的。

任务4 船体基本结构图识读与绘制学习任务：如何识读和绘制800吨油船基本结构图？学习内容:1. 800吨油船基本结构图的识读方法；2. 800吨油船基本结构图的绘制步骤及方法。

技能目标：1.能正确掌握基本结构图中常用的图线及其含义；2.能综合运用基本结构图与中横剖面图进行全船结构识读；3.能正确进行基本结构图绘制。

4.1 认识基本结构图4.1.1基本结构图的组成基本结构图是由主尺度栏和一组视图组成的。

一组视图包括了中纵剖面图、各层甲板、平台平面图和舱底图。

1.主尺度栏主尺度栏是全船性图样所应有的一项内容，一般注在图样的右上方，用以标注船体主尺度和有关数据，如总长、设计水线长、垂线间长、型宽、型深、设计吃水、肋骨间距及船体各层甲板间高度等。

2.中纵剖面图中纵剖面图是用中线面去剖切船体而得到的纵向剖面图。

它作为基本结构图的主视图，表达船体构件在船长和船深方向的布置及某些纵向构件的连接情况，其作用是：⑴表示位于中线面上的构件：如中桁材或中内龙骨、甲板中纵桁、中纵舱壁及其扶强材的结构形式、尺寸和与其它构件连接方式。

在图中采用细实线表示这些构件的可见轮廓，采用细虚线表示这些构件不可见轮廓的投影。

⑵表示位于中线面与舷侧之间的构件：如机舱口和货舱口的纵向围板、甲板纵桁和支柱等的位置、尺寸和结构形式。

在图中采用重叠画法，采用细双点划线来表示这些构件可见轮廓的投影，采用细虚线表示不可见轮廓的投影。

⑶表示位于舷侧的构件：如舷侧纵桁、强肋骨、普通肋骨、中间肋骨的位置和尺寸。

它们均采用简化画法，采用粗点划线表示舷侧纵桁和强肋骨的投影，采用细点划线表示中间肋骨的投影，普通肋骨一般省略不画。

⑷表示穿过中线面的构件：如横梁、肋板、横舱壁、上层建筑横向围板、甲板板和平台板等的位置和结构形式，在图中采用粗实线表示这些构件的剖面形状。

此外，中纵剖面图还表示了烟囱、机舱棚顶和桅杆的位置。

在图中采用粗实线表示它们的剖面，采用细双点划线表示可见轮廓的投影（此规定也适合于甲板图、舱底图）。