Age–age correlations and early selection for growth traits in 40 half-sib families of La

General English Admission Test For Non-English MajorPh.D. program(Harbin Institute of Technology)Passage OneQuestions 1-7 are based on the following passage:According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks. The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because they had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still leas to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression.The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield abroad geological overview, geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated, and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect : the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors.These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible.1. The author is primarily concerned with .A. advocating a return to an older methodology.B. explaining the importance of a recent theory.C. enumerating differences between two widely used methodsD. describing events leading to a discovery2. According to passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems is that such systemsA were formed from metamorphic fluids.B originated in molten granitelike bodiesC were formed from alluvial depositsD generally have surface expression3. The passage implies that which of the following steps would bethe first performed by explorers who wish to maximize their chances of discovering gold?A Surveying several sites known to have been formed morethan two billion years ago.B Limiting exploration to sites known to have been formedform metamorphic fluid.C Using an appropriate conceptual model to select a site forfurther exploration.D Using geophysical methods to analyze rocks over a broadarea.4. Which of the following statements about discoveries of gold deposits is supported by information in the passage?A The number of gold discover made annually has increasedbetween the time of the original gold rushes and the presentB New discoveries of gold deposits are likely to be the resultof exploration techniques designed to locate buriedmineralizationC It is unlikely that newly discovered gold deposits will everyield as much as did those deposits discovered during theoriginal gold rushes.D Modern explorers are divided on the question of the utilityof simple prospecting methods as a source of newdiscoveries of gold deposits.5. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is easiest to detect?A A gold-quartz vein system originating in magma tic fluids.B A gold-quartz vein system originating in metamorphic fluids.C A gold deposit that is mixed with granite.D A gold deposit that has shed alluvial gold.6. The theory mentioned in line I relates to the conceptualmodels discussed in the passage in which of the followingways?A It may furnish a valid account of ore-forming processes,and hence, can support conceptual models that have greatpractical significance.B It suggests that certain geological formations, long believedto be mineralized, are in fact mineralized thus confirming current conceptual models.C. It suggests that there may not be enough similarity acrossArchean-age gold-quartz vein systems to warrant the formulation of conceptual models.D It corrects existing theories about the chemical halos ofgold deposits, and thus provides a basis for correcting current conceptual models.7. According to the passage methods of exploring for gold thatare widely used today are based on which of the following facts?A Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are stillmolten.B Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are exposedat the surface.C Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are buriedand have no surface expressionD Only one type of gold deposit warrants exploration. sincethe other types of gold deposits are found in regions difficult to reachPassage TwoQuestions 8-15 are based on the following passage:In choosing a method for determining climatic conditions that existed in the past, paleoclimatologists invoke four principal criteria. First, the material—rocks, lakes, vegetation, etc.—on which the method relies must be widespread enough to provide plenty of information, since analysis of material that is rarely encountered will not permit correlation with other regions or with other periods of geological history. Second in the process of formation, the material must have received an environmental signal that reflects a change in climate and that can be deciphered by modern physical or chemical means. Third, at least some of the material must have retained the signal unaffected by subsequent changes in the environment. Fourth, it must be possible to determine the time at which the inferred climatic conditions held. This last criterion is more easily met in dating marine sediments, because dating of only a small number of layers in a marine sequence allows the age of other layers to be estimated fairly reliably by extrapolation and interpolation. By contrast, because sedimentation is much less continuous in continental regions, estimating the age of a continental bed from the known ages of beds above and below is more risky.One very old method used in the investigation of past climatic conditions involves the measurement of water levels in ancient lakes.In temperate regions, there are enough lakes for correlations between them to give us a tenable picture. In arid and semiarid regions, on the other hand, the small number of lakes and the great distances between them reduce the possibilities for correlation. Moreover, since lake levels are controlled by rates of evaporation as well as by precipitation, the interpretation of such levels is ambiguous. For instance, the fact that lake levels in the semiarid southwestern United States appear to have been higher during the last ice age than they are now was at one time attributed to increased precipitation. On the basis of snowline elevations, however, it has been concluded that the climate then was not necessarily wetter than it is now, but rather that both summers and winters were cooler, resulting in reduced evaporationAnother problematic method is to reconstruct former climates on the basis of pollen profiles. The type of vegetation in a specific region is determined by identifying and counting the various pollen grains found there. Although the relationship between vegetation and climate is not as direct as the relationship between climate and lake levels, the method often works well in the temperate zones. In arid and semiarid regions in which there is not much vegetation, however, small changes in one or a few plant types can change the picture traumatically, making accurate correlations between neighboring areas difficult to obtain.8. Which of the following statements about the difference betweenmarine and continental sedimentation is supported by information in the passage?A.Data provided by dating marine sedimentation is moreconsistent with researchers’ findings in other disciplines thanis data provided by dating continental sedimentation.B.It is easier to estimate the age of a layer in a sequence ofcontinental sedimentation than it is to estimate the age of alayer in a sequence of marine sedimentation.C.Marine sedimentation is much less widespread than continentalsedimentationD.Marine sedimentation is much more continuous than iscontinental sedimentation.9. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the passage as a whole?A.The author describes a method for determining past climaticconditions and then offers specific examples of situations inwhich it has been used.B.The author discusses the method of dating marine andcontinental sequences and then explains how dating is moredifficult with lake levels than with pollen profiles.C.The author describes the common requirements of methodsfor determining past climatic conditions and then discusses examples of such methods.D.The author describes various ways of choosing a material fordetermining past climatic conditions and then discusses how two such methods have yielded contradictory data.10. It can be inferred from the passage that paleoclimatologistshave concluded which of the following on the basis of their study of snow-line elevations in the southwest6ern United States?A.There is usually more precipitation during an ice age because ofincreased amounts of evaporationB.There was less precipitation during the last ice age than there istoday.ke levels in the semiarid southwestern United States werelower during the last ice age than they are today.D.The high lake levels during the last ice age may have been aresult of less evapo9ration rather than more precipitation.11. Which of the following would be the most likely topic for aparagraph that logically continues the passage?A.The kinds of plants normally found in arid regions.B.The effect of variation in lake levels on pollen distribution.C.The material best suited to preserving signal of climaticchanges.D.A third method fro investigating past climatic conditions.12. the author discusses lake levels in the southwestern United States in order toA.illustrate the mechanics of the relationship between lake level,evaporation, and precipitationB.provide an example of the uncertainty involved in interpretinglake levels.C.Prove that there are not enough ancient lakes with which tomake accurate correlationsD.Explain the effects of increased rates of evaporation on levelsof precipitation.13. It can be inferred from the passage that an environmental signalfound in geological material would no be useful to paleoclimatologists if it .A.had to be interpreted by modern chemical meansB.reflected a change in climate rather than a long-term climaticconditionC.was incorporated into a material as the material was formingD.also reflected subsequent environmental changes.14. According to the passage the material used to determine pastclimatic conditions must be widespread for which of thefollowing reasons?Ⅰ.Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons between periods of geological history.Ⅱ. Paleoclimatologists need to compare materials that have supporteda wide variety of vegetationⅢ. Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons with data collected in other regions.A.I onlyB.ⅡonlyC.I and ⅡonlyD.I and Ⅲonly15. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage aboutthe study of past climates in arid and semiarid regions?A.It is sometimes more difficult to determine past climaticconditions in arid and semiarid regions than in temperateregionsB.Although in the past more research has been done ontemperate regions, paleoclimatologists have recently turnedtheir attention to arid and semiarid regions.C.Although more information about past climates can begathered in arid and semiarid than in temperate regions, datingthis information is more difficult.D.It is difficult to study the climatic history of arid and semiaridregions because their climates have tended to vary more thanthose of temperate regions.Passage ThreeQuestions 16-22 are based on the following passage:While there is no blueprint for transforming a largely government-controlled economy into a free one, the experience of the United Kingdom since 1979 clearly shows one approach that works: privatization, in which state-owned industries are sold to private companies. By 1979, the total borrowings and losses of state-owned industries were running at about ￡3 billion a year. By selling many of these industries, the government has decreased these borrowings and losses, gained over ￡34 billion from the sales, and now receives tax revenues from the newly privatized companies. Along with a dramatically improved overall economy, the government has been able to repay 12.5 percent of the net national debt over a two-year period.In fact privatization has not only rescued individual industries and a whole economy headed for disaster, but has also raised the level of performance in every area. At British Airways and British Gas, for example, productivity per employee has risen by 20 percent. At associated British Ports. labor d isruptions common in the 1970’s and early 1980’s have now virtually disappeared. At British Telecom,there is no longer a waiting list—as there always was before privatization—to have a telephone installed.Part of this improved productivity has come about because the employees of privatized industries were given the opportunity to buy shares in their own companies. They responded enthusiastically to the offer of shares; at British Aerospace 89 percent of the eligible work force bought shares; at Associated British Ports 90 percent; and at British Telecom 92 percent. When people have a personal stake in something, they think about it, care about it, work to make it prosper. At the National Freight Consortium, the new employee-owners grew so concerned about t heir company’s profits that during wage negotiations they actually pressed their union to lower its wage demands. Some economists have suggested that giving away free shares would provide a needed acceleration of the privatization process. Yet they miss Th omas Paine’s point that “what we obtain too cheap we esteem too lightly” In order for the far-ranging benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners, companies, and countries, employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy, and they must commit some of their own resources to the choice.16. According to the passage all of the following were benefits ofprivatizing state owned industries in the United KingdomEXCEPTA.Privatized industries paid taxes to the governmentB.The government gained revenue from selling state-ownedindustriesC.The government repaid some of its national debtD.Profits from industries that were still state-owned increased17. According to the passage, which of the following resulted inincreased productivity in companies that have been privatized?A.A large number of employees chose to purchase shares in theircompanies.B.Free shares were widely distributed to individual shareholders.C.The government ceased to regulate major industries.D.Unions conducted wage negotiations fro employees.18. It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers labor disruptions to beA.an inevitable problem in a weak national economyB.a positive sign of employee concern about a companyC.a predictor of employee reactions to a company’s offer to sellshares to themD.a deterrence to high performance levels in an industry.19. The passage supports which of the following statements aboutemployees buying shares in their won companies?A.At three different companies, approximately nine out ten of theworkers were eligible to buy shares in their companies.B.Approximately 90%of the eligible workers at three differentcompanies chose to buy shares in their companies. C.The opportunity to buy shares was discouraged by at least somelabor unions.panies that demonstrated the highest productivity were thefirst to allow their employees the opportunity to buy shares. 20. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the principle described in L25-26?A.A democratic government that decides it is inappropriate toown a particular industry has in no way abdicated its responsibilities as guardian of the public interest.B.The ideal way for a government to protect employee interests isto force companies to maintain their share of a competitive market without government subsidies.C.The failure to harness the power of self-interest is an importantreason that state-owned industries perform poorlyernments that want to implement privatization programsmust try to eliminate all resistance to the free-market system. 21. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage aboutthe privatization process in the United Kingdom?A.It depends to a potentially dangerous degree on individualownership of shares.B.It conforms in its mos t general outlines to Thomas Paine’sprescription for business ownership.C.It was originally conceived to include some giving away of freeshares.D.It is taking place more slowly than some economists suggest isnecessary.22. The quotation in L32-33 is most probably used to .A.counter a position that the author of the passage believes isincorrect.B.State a solution to a problem described in the previous sentence.C.Show how opponents of the viewpoint of the author of thepassage have supported their arguments.D.point out a paradox contained in a controversial viewpoint.Passage FourQuestions 23-30 are based on the following passage:Historians of women’s labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female service workers—women earning wages in occupations such as salesclerk, domestic servant, and office secretary. These historians focused instead on factory work, primarily because it seemed so different from traditional,unpaid “women’s work ”in the home, and because the underlying economic forces of industrialism were presumed to be gender-blind and hence emancipation in effect. Unfortunately, emancipation has been less profound than expected, for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of women, historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to women, even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions. For instance, early textile-mill entrepreneurs, in justifying women’s employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores; the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women. Because women accepted the more unattractive new industrial tasks more readily than did men, such jobs came to be regarded as female jobs. And employers, who assumed that women’s “real” aspirations were for marriage and family life, declined to pay women wages commensurate with those of men. Thus many lower-skilled, lower-paid, less secure jobs came to beperceived as “female.”More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry. Once an occupation came to be perceived as “female”, employers showed surprisingly little interest in changing that perception, even when higher profits beckoned. And despite the urgent need of the United States during the Second World War to mobilize its human resources fully, job segregation by sex characterized even he most important war industries. Moreover, once the war ended, employers quickly returned to men most of the “male” jobs that women had been permitted to master.23. According to the passage, job segregation by sex in the United States was.A.greatly diminlated by labor mobilization during the SecondWorld War.B.perpetuated by those textile-mill owners who argued in favorof women’s employment in wage laborC.one means by which women achieved greater job securityD.reluctantly challenged by employers except when theeconomic advantages were obvious24. According to the passage, historians of women’s laborfocused on factory work as a more promising area ofresearch than service-sector work because factory workA.involved the payment of higher wagesB.required skill in detailed tasksC.was assumed to be less characterized by sex segregationD.was more readily accepted by women than by men25. It can be inferred from the passage the early historians ofwomen’s labor in the United States paid little attention to women’s employment in the service sector of the economy becauseA.fewer women found employment in the service sector than infactory workB.the wages paid to workers in the service sector were muchmore short-term than in factory workC.women’s employment in the service sector tended to bemuch more short-term than in factory workD.employment in the service sector seemed to have much incommon with the unpaid work associated with homemaking 26. The passage supports which of the following statements aboutthe early mill owners mentioned in the second paragraph? A.They hoped that by creating relatively unattractive“female” jobs they would discourage women from losing interest in marriage and family life.B.They sought to increase the size of the available labor forceas a means to keep men’s wages low.C.They argued that women were inherently suited to do well inparticular kinds of factory workD.They felt guilty about disturbing the traditional division oflabor in family.27.It can be inferred from the passage that the “unfinishedrevolution” the author mentions in L11 refers to theA.entry of women into the industrial labor market.B.Development of a new definition of femininity unrelated tothe economic forces of industrialismC.Introduction of equal pay for equal work in all professionsD.Emancipation of women wage earners fromgender-determined job allocation28. The passage supports which of the following statements about hiring policies in the United States?A.After a crisis many formerly “male ”jobs are reclassified as“female” jobs.B.Industrial employers generally prefer to hire women withprevious experience as homemakersC.Post-Second World War hiring policies caused women to losemany of their wartime gains in employment opportunity.D.Even war industries during the Second World War werereluctant to hire women for factory work.29. Which of the following words best expresses the opinion ofthe author of the passage concerning the notion that womenare more skillful than men in carrying out details tasks?A.“patient” (line17)B.“repetitive” (line18)C.“hoary” (line19)D.“homemaking” (line19)30. Which of the following best describes the relationship of thefinal paragraph to the passage as a whole?A.The central idea is reinforced by the citation of evidence drawnfrom twentieth-century history.B.The central idea is restated in such a way as to form a transitionto a new topic for discussionC.The central idea is restated and juxtaposed with evidence thatmight appear to contradict it.D.A partial exception to the generalizations of the central idea isdismissed unimportant.Passage FiveQuestions 31-36 are based on the following passage:Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf ofwomen’s emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be called the “relational” feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of “equality in difference”, or equity as distinct for equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women’s procreative labor is cu rrently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women’s quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities.Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still predominates among European and non-western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in England-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with equaleducational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women’s special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers; they demanded special treatment including protective legislation for women workers. State-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework.Relational arguments have a major pitfall: because they underline women’s physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women’s autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge.31. The author of the passage alludes to the well-established natureof the concept of individual rights in the Anglo-Saxon legal andpolitical tradition in order toA.illustrate the influence of individualist feminist thought on moregeneral intellectual trends in English history.B.Argue that feminism was already a part of the largerAnglo-Saxon intellectual tradition, even though this has often gone unnoticed by critics of women’s emancipationC.Explain the decline in individualist thinking among feminists innon-English-speaking countries.D.Help account for an increasing shift toward individualistfeminism among feminists in English-speaking countries.32. The passage suggests that the author of the passage believes which of the following?A.The predominance of individualist feminism inEnglish-speaking countries is a historical phenomenon, the causes of which have not yet been investigated.B.The individualist and relational feminist views are irreconcilable,given their theoretical differences concerning the foundations of society.C.A consensus concerning the direction of future feminist politicswill probably soon emerge, given the awareness among feminists of the need for cooperation among women.D.Political adversaries of feminism often misuse argumentspredicated on differences between the sexes to argue that the existing social system should be maintained.33. It can be inferred from the passage that the individualist。

2011年硕士研究生入学考试2011英语二真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered black and mark A, B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1。

（10 points）The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech。

But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber—crime that has 1 across the Web。

Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ？Last month, Howard Schmidt，the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place—a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card，or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services。

2011年考研英语二真题及答案2011年考研英语二真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered black and mark A,B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)"The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behindthe explosion of cyber crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber czar, offered the Obama governmenta 4 to make the Web a safer place — asystem that would be the “voluntary identify”　high-tech 5 of a physical key, fingerprint anda photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, and wouldauthenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on”　s ystems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 , the approach would create a “walled garden”　and bright in safe “neighborhoods”　to establish a sense “streetlights”　of 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem”　in which individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 , trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs 15 .Still, the administration’s planhas 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would 17 be a license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some experts, who worry that th e “voluntarywould still leave much of the ecosystem”　Internet 19 .They argue that should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1. A. swept B. skipped C. walkedD. ridden2. A. for B. within C. whileD. though3. A. careless B. lawless C. pointlessD. helpless4. A. reason B. reminder C. compromise D. proposal5. A. information B. interference C. entertainment D. equivalent6. A. by B. into C. from D.over7. A. linked B. directed C. chainedD. compared8. A. dismiss B. discover C. createD. improve9. A. recall B. suggest C. selectD. realize10. A. released B. issued C. distributed D. delivered11. A. carry on B. linger on C. set inD. log in12. A. In vain B. In effect C. In return D. In contrast13. A. trusted B. modernized C. thriving D. competing14. A. caution B. delight C. confidence D. patience15. A. on B. after C. beyondD. across16. A. divided B. disappointed C. protected D. united17. A. frequently B. incidentally C.occasionally D. eventually18. A. skepticism B. tolerance C. indifference D. enthusiasm19. A. manageable B. defendable C. vulnerable D. invisible20. A. invited B. appointed C. allowed D. forced参考答案：1-5 ACBDD 6-10 BACCA 11-15 DBACA 16-20 CDACDSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)Text 1 The Economist May 4th 2010 ADCAB Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade, she apparently managed both roles withoutattracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009, Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee, how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chiefproposals. If the sky and the share executive’sprice is falling, outside directors should be ableto give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University useda database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxystatement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise”　disappearances by directors under the age of 70.They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequentlyhave to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federalclass-action lawsuit also increases, and the stockis likely to perform worse. The effect tended tobe larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directorsare always jumping off a sinking ship. OftenLeaving riskier, smaller firmsthey “trade u p.”　for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blowto their reputations if they leave a firm beforebad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time anywrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .A. gaining excessive profitsB. failing to fulfill her dutyC. refusing to make compromisesD. leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .A. generous investorsB. unbiased executivesC. share price forecastersD. independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohiosurprise University after an outside director’s departure, the firm is likely to .A. become more stableB. report increased earningsC. do less well in the stock marketD. perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .A. may stay for the attractive offers from the firmB. have often had records of wrongdoings in the firmC. are accustomed to stress-free work in the firmD. will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .A. permissiveB. positiveC. scornfulD. criticalText 2 The Economist Jun 10th 2010 DBCAA Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not alreadyfled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refusedelivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportionis 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is nolonger a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers l ike …　their own doom”　(Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .A. neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failureof newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3 The NY Times When Less Was More BDCDB July 1, 2010, 9:30 pmWe tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on theG. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression andthe war, Americans had learned to live with less,and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus forthe trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took upposts at American architecture schools. Thesedesigners came to exert enormous influence onthe course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolizedthe future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Miesbuilt on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller—two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet—than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegancedetails and proportions, theof the buildings’　architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.was not entirely The trend toward “less”　foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.Th e “Case S tudy Houses”　commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more”　t rend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life — few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers — but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’.[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”？[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed. Text 4 The Economist(经济学家)2010年7月10日Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not longgreatest cheer ago. Now even the project’sleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermudaof debt, population decline and lower triangle”　growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EUface an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Marketshave lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive membersthe quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It isstuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, butdisagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved bystricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU fundsfor poorer regions and EU mega-projects andeven the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is asmall majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.camp headed by FrenchA “southern”　wants something different: “European economicwithin an inner core of euro-zone government”　members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members,via cheaper borrowing for governments throughcommon Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers.Finally, figures close to the France governmenthave murmured, euro-zone members shouldagree to some fiscal and social harmonization:e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax ratesor labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remainsthe world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more opento goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37.The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that .[A]poor countries are more likely to get funds[B]strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries[C]loans will be readily available to rich countries[D]rich countries will basically controlEurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel .[A]pessimistic[B]desperate[C]conceited[D]hopeful CCBADPart BDirections:(7选5)In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each ofthe numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government's role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose "fat taxes" on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to childrenabout the dangers of a poor diet.The demands follow comments last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald's.They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain's addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiralling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or binge drinking."Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban onsmoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be," said the leader of the UK's children's doctors.Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and confectionery could play a central role in the Change4Life campaign, the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticized the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver's high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how "lecturing" people was not the best way to change their behaviour.Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before the 9pm watershed and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. "If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in thesame way as cigarettes –by setting stringentlimits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events," he said.Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s, which sponsors the youth coachingscheme run by the Football Association.Fast-food chains should also stop offeringsuch as toys, cute animals and “inducements”　mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of theRoyal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If childre are taught about the impact that food has ontheir growth, and that some things can harm, atleast information is available up front.”He also urged councils to impose“fast-food-free zones”　around school andhospitals-areas within which takeaways cannotopen.A Department of Health spokesperson said:“We n eed to create a new vision for publichealth where all of society works together to gethealthy and live longer. This includes creating anew ‘responsibility deal ’ with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this.”The food industry will be alarmed that suchsenior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.[A] “fat taxes ”　shouldbe imposed on fast-foodproducerssuch as McDonald ’s.41.AndrewLansley held that [B] the governmentshould ban fast-food outletsin theneighborhood of schools.42.Terence Stephenson agreedthat [C] “lecturing ”　was an effective way to improve school lunchesin England.43.Jamie Oliver seemed tobelieve that [D]cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to childrenabout the dangers of apoor diet.44.DineshBhugra suggestedthat [E] the producers of crisps and candies could contributesignificantly to theChange4Life campaign.45.A Departmentof HealthSpokesperson propsed that [F] parents should set good examples for their children by keeping ahealthy dietat home.[G] the governmentshould strengthen thesense of responsibilityamong businesses.Section Ⅲ Translation46. Directions:In this section there is a text in English.Translate it into Chinese. Write your translationon ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Who would have thought that, globally, theIT industry produces about the same volume ofgreenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do ---roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising tollon the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, dependingon how many attempts are needed to get theanswer. To deliver results to its users “right”　quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast datacentres around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much moreto be done, and not just by big companies. Section IV WritingPart A47 Directions:Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letterto1) congratulate him/her, and2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)英语(二)小作文范文：A Letter to LimingJan-15-2011Dear Liming,Congratulate on your success in passing the entrance examination.Now, please allow me to give you somesuggestion during your holidays.First of all, you should read. Because it makes afull man. Reading during the holiday helps youget the habit of it that when you become a freshman. College life is so plentiful but readingis the most important thing.Second, to do some housework can bring you another feelings. Once you get into the college,you must do the things for yourself, including washing, clear the room and shedule your dailylife and etc.However, reading and housework doesn’t mean all of your holiday. You need contact with yourfriends or communicate with them. The reasonis that old friends will be in your memory andnew friends will be there. And we all know thatthe friendship among senior school.From the things I mentioned above, hope theywill bring you a richful life in your college.Zhangwei2011考研英语（二）大作文范文题目Write a short essay based on the following chart.in your writing, you should:1) interpret the chart and2) give your commentsYou should write at least 150 wordsWrite your essay on answer sheet 2 (15points)英语二大作文范文As can be seen clearly from the chart, themarket share taken by domestic car brands increased rapidly from 25% in 20008 to nearly35% in 2009, while conversely, the market shareowned by Japanese car brands dropped by 10%from 35% in 2008 to 25% in 2008. What’s more, the market share taken by American car brandsis on the upward trend, from 10% to nearly15%.Three reasons, in my opinion, can accountfor the changes in car market in these two years.First, the rise of Chinese cars is of little surpriseas we have seen Chinese enterprises’　commitment to developing self-owned technologies, which not only free them frompotential risks, but also bring about long-termbenefit. Second, Japanese cars, which used to behighly praised for their outstanding quality andsuperior stability, is now reeling from a crisis of confidence. Last, the improvement of Americanperformance must be attributed to thecars’　smart marketing strategy employed by American sellers. They launched a lot of marketing campaigns designed specially forChinese market, which won them applaud aswell as benefit.In order to maintain the good momentumof development, domestic cars should on onehand stick to their self-independent policy, andon the other, learn some experiences from Japanese car’s failures and Americans’ success其他客观题答案：21-25BBDAA26-30DBCBB31-35BDCDB36-40DCBAC41-45EDCFG。

Package‘ddi’October13,2022Type PackageTitle The Data Defect Index for Samples that May not be IIDVersion0.1.0Description Implements Meng's data defect index(ddi),which representsthe degree of sample bias relative to an iid sample.The data defectcorrelation(ddc)represents the correlation between the outcome of interestand the selection into the sample;when the sample selection is independentacross the population,the ddc is zero.Details are in Meng(2018)<doi:10.1214/18-AOAS1161SF>,``Statistical Paradises and Paradoxes in Big Data(I):Law of Large Populations,Big Data Paradox,and the2016US PresidentialElection.''Survey estimates from the Cooperative Congressional Election Study(CCES)is included to replicate the article's results.Encoding UTF-8URL https:///kuriwaki/ddiBugReports /kuriwaki/ddi/issuesLicense GPL(>=2)LazyData trueRoxygenNote7.0.2Depends R(>=2.10)Suggests testthat(>=2.1.0),dplyr,tibbleNeedsCompilation noAuthor Shiro Kuriwaki[aut,cre](<https:///0000-0002-5687-2647>)Maintainer Shiro Kuriwaki<***********************>Repository CRANDate/Publication2020-01-2610:50:02UTCR topics documented:ddc (2)g2016 (3)Index512ddc ddc Data Defect CorrelationDescriptionThe Data Defect Correlation(ddc)is the correlation between response and group membership.It quantifies the correlation between the outcome of interest and the selection into the sample;when the sample selection is independent across members of the population,the ddc is zero.Currently both variables are binary.The data defect index(ddi)is the square of ddc.Squaring the d.d.c.is more useful for characterizing the asymptotics of’MSE.Usageddc(mu,muhat,N,n,cv=NULL)Argumentsmu Vector of population quantity of interestmuhat Vector for sample estimateN Vector of population sizen Vector of sample sizecv Coefficient of variation of the weights,if survey weights exist and muhat is the weighted proportion.The coefficient of variation is a summary statistic com-puted by sd(weights)/mean(weights).ValueA vector of d.d.c.of the same length of the input,or a scalar if all input variables are scalars. ReferencesMeng,Xiao-Li(2018)<doi:10.1214/18-AOAS1161SF>,"Statistical Paradises and Paradoxes in Big Data(I):Law of Large Populations,Big Data Paradox,and the2016US Presidential Election."Annals of Applied Statistics12:2,685–726.Exampleslibrary(tibble)library(dplyr)data(g2016)#1.scalar inputselect(g2016,cces_pct_djt_vv,cces_n_vv,tot_votes,votes_djt)%>%summarize_all(sum)##plug those numbers inddc(mu=62984824/136639786,muhat=12284/35829,N=136639786,n=35829)#2.vector input using"with"with(g2016,ddc(mu=pct_djt_voters,muhat=cces_pct_djt_vv,N=tot_votes,n=cces_n_vv)) #3.vector input in tidy tibbletransmute(g2016,st,ddc=ddc(mu=pct_djt_voters,muhat=cces_pct_djt_vv,N=tot_votes,n=cces_n_vv)) g2*******General Election Results and Survey EstimatesDescriptionDonald Trump’s voteshare in each U.S.state,with survey estimates from the Cooperative Congres-sional Election Study(pre-election wave).See Meng(2018)referenced below for more details.We focus on unweighted estimates to capture the response patterns,before correcting for any imbal-ances through weights.Usageg2016FormatA data frame with51rows(all U.S.states and D.C.)state state(full name)st state(abbreviation).pct_djt_voters Donald J.Trump’s voteshare,the estimand.cces_pct_djt_vv CCES unweighted proportion of Trump support,one estimate.cces_pct_djtrund_vv CCES unweighted proportion counting Republican undecideds as Trump voters.votes_djt Total number of votes by Trump.tot_votes Turnout in Presidential as total number of votes cast.cces_totdjt_vv Validated voters intending to vote for ed as the numerator for the above CCES estimates.cces_n_vv Validated voters in survey ed as the denominator for the above CCES esti-mates.vap V oting Age Population in the state.vep V oting Eligible Population in the state(estimate from the US Election Project).SourceCooperative Congressional Election Study(CCES)https:///and the United States Election Project /2016g.Created under https: ///kuriwaki/poll_error.ReferencesFor an explanation in the context of d.d.i.,see Meng(2018)<doi:10.1214/18-AOAS1161SF>Exampleslibrary(dplyr)data(g2016)transmute(g2016,st,ddc=ddc(mu=pct_djt_voters,muhat=cces_pct_djt_vv,N=tot_votes,n=cces_n_vv))Index∗datasetsg2016,3ddc,2g2016,35。

China &Foreign Medical Treatment中外医疗各种原因引起的缺血、缺氧及中毒等均可造成心肌损害,肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)是心肌特异性抗原,作为心肌肌钙蛋白的亚基单位是诊断心肌损伤的特异性指标,常用于急性心肌梗死的早期诊断及预后的评估[1]。

重症监护室(ICU)入住患者具有多器官损伤,尤其是重症患者,病情复杂,病死率高,容易发生多器官衰竭。

如果重症患者合并心肌损伤,则患者病死率会大大提高。

目前有研究[2]表明,非心源性损害的重症患者,cTnI 也会有所升高,表明cTnI 不仅是判断心肌损害和预后的指标,同时也提示对危重症患者预后的评估可能具有较大的临床意义。

及时准确地对患者病情进行判断及预测严重程度,有效采取抢救干预措施,对提高患者抢救成功率及减少病死率意义重大。

该研究通过对该院2014年1月—2015年12月收治的综合ICU 126例多发伤患者血清cTnⅠ的测定,探讨其在ICU 危重症患者预后评估的临床应用价值,以期能为危重症患者的病情判断及预后预测提供参考,现报道如下。

DOI:10.16662/ki.1674-0742.2021.01.075肌钙蛋白I 对危重症患者预后评估价值的探讨何飞,柴珍峰,尤伟宾,叶剑鸿厦门医学院附属第二医院重症医学科,福建厦门361021[摘要]目的探讨肌钙蛋白I 对危重症患者预后的评估价值。

方法方便选取2014年1月—2015年12月该院收治的126例综合ICU 患者,根据肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)阳性和阴性将患者分为两组,对两组患者的临床指标进行单因素和多变量Logistic 分析。

结果126例患者中cTnI 阳性组患者50例(A 组),阴性者76例(B 组),单因素分析A、B 两组患者的年龄≥65岁、APACHEⅡ评分≥15分、血液净化治疗、机械通气治疗、低蛋白血症、MODS 所占比例显著高于B 组,两组差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.305、6.603、18.582、6.172、4.919、8.020,P<0.05)。

General Theories of Second Language Learning 3-25Wood, Xiangtan UniversityOutlineCharacteristics of SLATheories of L2 LearningBehaviorismInnatismConnectionism, InteractionismCharacteristics of SLATheories of L2 LearningBehaviorismMain accounts of BehaviorismLearning as habit formationHabit: the association of a particular response withparticular stimulusobservable & automaticStimulus —— Responsible —— ReinforcementLanguage learning, first and second, was most successful when the task was broken down into a number of stimulus and response links, which could be systematically practiced and mastered one at a time.Errors are undesirableInterference: old habits get in the way of learning new habits.The grammatical apparatus programmed into the mind as the first language interferes with the smooth acquisition of the other.Behaviorism‘s predication:Differences between L1 and L2 → create difficultiesSimilarities between L1 and L2 → facilitate learningErrors: evidence of non-learning, of the failure to overcome theexisting habits.There is a danger of errors becoming habits in their ownright if they were tolerated.The Corresponding Linguistic Theory of BehaviorismStructural linguistics/StructuralismAmerican StructuralismBloomfield:Suppose a boy and his GF are talking in a walk. The girl is hungry and sees some apples on the tree. She makes some sounds and the boy jumps over the fence, climbs up the tree, picks an apple, gives it to the girl and the girl eats it.(1) the practical event prior to the act of speech——the girl‘s hunger, the sight of apples, and herrelationship with the boy (Stimulus)(2) speech ——―some sounds‖ (Response/Stimulus)(3) the practical event prior to the act of speech——the boy‘s reaction to the speech (Response)Methodology adopted by Behavioristic L2 Learning TheoryContrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH)Strong form of CAHAll L2 errors can be predicted by identifying the differences between the target language and the learner‘s L1.Lee(1968: 180): the prime cause, or even the sole cause, of difficulty and error in foreign language learning is interference coming from the learner‘s native language.Weak form of CAHCA can be used to identify which errors are the result of interference.Implicit assumption of weak version: NOT all errors are the result of interference.Contrastive Analysis in Linguistic sense—— Comparative LinguisticsStructural linguistics emphasizes the differences among languages.Bloomfield (1933): The differences (among languages) are great enough to prevent our setting up any system of classification that would fit all languages.Description → Selection → Comparison → Prediction陆俭明（2003: 225）：我们的汉语研究一直是在强调汉语特点的呼声中推进的，上个世纪80年代到90年代，对汉语特点的强调可以说达到了顶峰。

正确答案：A、B 你选对了Quizzes for Chapter 11 单选(1 分)图灵测试旨在给予哪一种令人满意的操作定义得分/ 5 多选(1 分)选择下列计算机系统中属于人工智能的实例得分/总分总分A. Web搜索引擎A. 人类思考B.超市条形码扫描器B. 人工智能C.声控电话菜单该题无法得分/1.00C.机器智能 1.00/1.00D.智能个人助理该题无法得分/1.00正确答案：A、D 你错选为C、DD.机器动作正确答案： C 你选对了6 多选(1 分)选择下列哪些是人工智能的研究领域得分/总分2 多选(1 分)选择以下关于人工智能概念的正确表述得分/总分A.人脸识别0.33/1.00A. 人工智能旨在创造智能机器该题无法得分/1.00B.专家系统0.33/1.00B. 人工智能是研究和构建在给定环境下表现良好的智能体程序该题无法得分/1.00C.图像理解C.人工智能将其定义为人类智能体的研究该题无法D.分布式计算得分/1.00正确答案：A、B、C 你错选为A、BD.人工智能是为了开发一类计算机使之能够完成通7 多选(1 分)考察人工智能(AI) 的一些应用，去发现目前下列哪些任务可以通过AI 来解决得分/总分常由人类所能做的事该题无法得分/1.00正确答案：A、B、D 你错选为A、B、C、DA.以竞技水平玩德州扑克游戏0.33/1.003 多选(1 分)如下学科哪些是人工智能的基础？得分/总分B.打一场像样的乒乓球比赛A. 经济学0.25/1.00C.在Web 上购买一周的食品杂货0.33/1.00B. 哲学0.25/1.00D.在市场上购买一周的食品杂货C.心理学0.25/1.00正确答案：A、B、C 你错选为A、CD.数学0.25/1.008 填空(1 分)理性指的是一个系统的属性，即在_________的环境下正确答案：A、B、C、D 你选对了做正确的事。

得分/总分正确答案：已知4 多选(1 分)下列陈述中哪些是描述强AI (通用AI )的正确答案？得1 单选(1 分)图灵测试旨在给予哪一种令人满意的操作定义得分/ 分/总分总分A. 指的是一种机器，具有将智能应用于任何问题的A.人类思考能力0.50/1.00B.人工智能B. 是经过适当编程的具有正确输入和输出的计算机，因此有与人类同样判断力的头脑0.50/1.00C.机器智能 1.00/1.00C.指的是一种机器，仅针对一个具体问题D.机器动作正确答案： C 你选对了D.其定义为无知觉的计算机智能，或专注于一个狭2 多选(1 分)选择以下关于人工智能概念的正确表述得分/总分窄任务的AIA. 人工智能旨在创造智能机器该题无法得分/1.00B.专家系统0.33/1.00B. 人工智能是研究和构建在给定环境下表现良好的C.图像理解智能体程序该题无法得分/1.00D.分布式计算C.人工智能将其定义为人类智能体的研究该题无法正确答案：A、B、C 你错选为A、B得分/1.00 7 多选(1 分)考察人工智能(AI) 的一些应用，去发现目前下列哪些任务可以通过AI 来解决得分/总分D.人工智能是为了开发一类计算机使之能够完成通A.以竞技水平玩德州扑克游戏0.33/1.00常由人类所能做的事该题无法得分/1.00正确答案：A、B、D 你错选为A、B、C、DB.打一场像样的乒乓球比赛3 多选(1 分)如下学科哪些是人工智能的基础？得分/总分C.在Web 上购买一周的食品杂货0.33/1.00A. 经济学0.25/1.00D.在市场上购买一周的食品杂货B. 哲学0.25/1.00正确答案：A、B、C 你错选为A、CC.心理学0.25/1.008 填空(1 分)理性指的是一个系统的属性，即在_________的环境下D.数学0.25/1.00 做正确的事。