国际贸易第三章商品的价格
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课程信息:一、单选题【1】在品名质量条款的规定上,对比较难掌握其品质的工业制成品或初级产品,一般在合同中会规定()(属第二章)A. 溢短装条款B. 增减价条款C. 品质公差或品质机动幅度D. 以毛作净标准答案:C【2】凭卖方样品成交时,应该保留()以备交货时候核查自用。
(属第二章)A. 回样B. 复样C. 参考样品D. 对等样品标准答案:B【3】合同中质量机动幅度条款一般适用于()交易。
(属第二章) A. 工业制成品 B。
初级产品 C. 机电产品 D. 精密仪表标准答案:B【4】在国际贸易中,造型上有特殊要求或具有色香味方面特征的商品适合于()(属第二章)A.凭样品买卖B. 凭规格买卖C. 凭等级买卖D. 凭产地名称买卖B.标准答案:A【5】对于价值较低、外包装重量较轻的初级产品,往往采用()计算其重量。
(属第二章)A. 以毛作净B. 净重C. 法定重量D. 公量标准答案:A【6】对于大批量交易的散装货,因此较难掌握货物重量,通常会在合同中规定()(属第二章)A. 质量公差条款B. 溢短装条款C. 质量机动幅度条款D. 仓至仓条款标准答案:B【7】根据《联合国货物销售合同公约》规定,合同中货物重量没有注明采用毛重还是净重的时候,应该采用()计算。
(属第二章)A. 毛重 B.以毛作净 C. 公量 D. 净重标准答案:D【8】在交货重量前加“约”或者“大约”字样,根据UCP600规定,这种约定为交货重量不超过()增减幅度。
(属第二章)A. 10%B. 5%C. 15%D. 2%标准答案:A【9】在班轮运输中,负责货物的配载装卸并承担装卸费用的是()。
(属第四章)A. 托运人B. 收货人C. 承运人D. 货运代理人标准答案:C【10】在定程租船中,负责船舶营运调度并承担相应费用的是()。
(属第四章)A. 出租人B. 承租人C. 货主D. 租船经纪人标准答案:A【11】在定期租船中,负责船舶营运调度并承担相应费用的是()。
作者、书名、出版社、出版年份、目录Thomas A.Pugel. International Economics(15th). Renmin University of China p ress. 2012-12CONTENTSChapter 1 International Economics Is DifferentFour ControversiesEconomics and the Nation-StateThe Scheme of This BookPART ONE THE THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADEChapter 2 The Basic Theory Using Demand and SupplyFour Questions about TradeA Look AheadDemand and SupplyCase Study Trade Is ImportantGlobal Crisis The Trade Mini-Collapse of 2009Two National Markets and the Opening of TradeChapter 3 Why Everybody Trades: Comparative Advantage 33Adam Smith’s Theory of Absolute AdvantageCase Study Mercantilism: Older Than Smith—and Alive TodayRicardo’s Theory of Comparative AdvantageRicardo’s Constant Costs and the Producti on-Possibility CurveFocus on Labor Absolute Advantage Does MatterExtension What If Trade Doesn’t Balance?Chapter 4 Trade: Factor Availability and Factor Proportions Are KeyProduction with Increasing Marginal CostsCommunity Indifference CurvesProduction and Consumption TogetherFocus on China The Opening of Trade and China’s Shift Out of AgricultureThe Gains from TradeTrade Affects Production and ConsumptionWhat Determines the Trade Pattern?The Heckscher–Ohlin (H–O) TheoryChapter 5 Who Gains and Who Loses from Trade?Who Gains and Who Loses within a CountryThree Implications of the H–O TheoryExtension A Factor-Ratio ParadoxDoes Heckscher–Ohlin Explain Actual Trade Patterns?Case Study The Leontief ParadoxWhat Are the Export-Oriented and Import-Competing Factors?Focus on China China’s Exports and ImportsDo Factor Prices Equalize Internationally?Focus on Labor U.S. Jobs and Foreign Trade 86Chapter 6 Scale Economies, Imperfect Competition, and TradeScale EconomiesIntra-Industry TradeMonopolistic Competition and TradeExtension The Individual Firm in MonopolisticOligopoly and TradeExtension The Gravity Model of TradeChapter 7 Growth and TradeBalanced versus Biased GrowthGrowth in Only One FactorChanges in the Country’s Willingness to TradeCase Study The Dutch Disease and DeindustrializationEffects on the Country’s Terms of TradeTechnology and TradeFocus on Labor Trade, Technology, and U.S. WagesPART TWO TRADE POLICYChapter 8 Analysis of a TariffGlobal Governance WTO and GATT: Tariff SuccessA Preview of ConclusionsThe Effect of a Tariff on Domestic ProducersThe Effect of a Tariff on Domestic ConsumersThe Tariff as Government RevenueThe Net National Loss from a TariffExtension The Effective Rate of ProtectionCase Study They Tax Exports, TooThe Terms-of-Trade Effect and a Nationally Optimal TariffChapter 9 Nontariff Barriers to ImportsTypes of Nontariff Barriers to ImportsThe Import QuotaGlobal Governance The WTO: Beyond TariffsGlobal Crisis Dodging ProtectionismExtension A Domestic Monopoly Prefers a QuotaVoluntary Export Restraints (VERs)Other Nontariff BarriersCase Study VERs: Two ExamplesCase Study Carrots Are Fruit, Snails Are Fish, and X-Men Are Not HumansHow Big Are the Costs of Protection?International Trade DisputesFocus on China China’s First Decade in the WTOChapter 10 Arguments for and against ProtectionThe Ideal World of First BestThe Realistic World of Second BestPromoting Domestic Production or EmploymentThe Infant Industry ArgumentFocus on Labor How Much Does It Cost to Protect a Job?The Dying Industry Argument and Adjustment AssistanceThe Developing Government (Public Revenue) ArgumentOther Arguments for Protection: Non=economic ObjectivesThe Politics of Protection The Basic Elements of the Political-Economic Analysis Case Study How Sweet It Is (or Isn’t)Chapter 11 Pushing ExportsDumpingReacting to Dumping: What Should a Dumpee Think?Actual Antidumping Policies: What Is Unfair?Case Study Antidumping in ActionProposals for ReformExport SubsidiesWTO Rules on SubsidiesShould the Importing Country Impose Countervailing Duties?Case Study Agriculture Is AmazingStrategic Export Subsidies Could Be GoodGlobal Governance Dogfight at the WTOChapter 12 Trade Blocs and Trade BlocksTypes of Economic BlocsIs Trade Discrimination Good or Bad?The Basic Theory of Trade Blocs: Trade Creation and Trade DiversionOther Possible Gains from a Trade BlocThe EU ExperienceCase Study Postwar Trade Integration in EuropeNorth America Becomes a BlocTrade Blocs among Developing CountriesTrade EmbargoesChapter 13 Trade and the EnvironmentIs Free Trade Anti-Environment?Is the WTO Anti-Environment?Global Governance Dolphins, Turtles, and the WTOThe Specificity Rule AgainA Preview of Policy PrescriptionsTrade and Domestic PollutionTrans-border PollutionGlobal Environmental ChallengesChapter 14 Trade Policies for Developing CountriesWhich Trade Policy for Developing Countries?Are the Long-Run Price Trends against Primary Producers?Case Study Special Challenges of TransitionInternational Cartels to Raise Primary-Product PricesImport-Substituting Industrialization (ISI)Exports of Manufactures to Industrial CountriesChapter 15 Multinationals and Migration: International Factor MovementsForeign Direct InvestmentMultinational EnterprisesFDI: History and Current PatternsWhy Do Multinational Enterprises Exist?Taxation of Mul tinational Enterprises’ProfitsCase Study CEMEX: A Model Multinational from an Unusual PlaceMNEs and International TradeShould the Home Country Restrict FDI Outflows?Should the Host Country Restrict FDI Inflows?Focus on China China as a Host CountryMigrationHow Migration Affects Labor MarketsShould the Sending Country Restrict Emigration?Should the Receiving Country Restrict Immigration?Case Study Are Immigrants a Fiscal Burden?APPENDIXESA The Web and the Library: International Numbers and Other InformationB Deriving Production-Possibility CurvesC Offer CurvesD The Nationally Optimal Tariff周瑞琪. International Trade Practice. University of International Business and Economics press. 2011.9CONTENTSChapter One General Introduction(第一章导论)1.1 Reasons for International Trade (国际间贸易的起因)1.2 Differences between International Trade and Domestic Trade (国际贸易与国内贸易的差异)1.3 Classification of International Trade(国际贸易的分类)1.4 Export and Import Procedures(进出口贸易的程序)1.5 Overview of This Book (本书的基本内容)Summary(总结)Key Terms(主要术语)Abbreviations(缩略语)Exercises(练习)Specimens(单证样本)Chapter Two International Trade Terms(第二章国际贸易术语)2.1 Three Sets of Rules (三种贸易术语的解释规则)2.2 Basics of Incoterms 2010 (2010年国际贸易术语解释通则基本概念)2.3 Application Issues(贸易术语在使用中应注意的问题)2.4 Determinants of Choice of Trade Terms (贸易术语选用的决定因素)Summary(总结)Key Terms(主要术语)Abbreviations(缩略语)Exercises(练习)Chapter Three Export Price(第三章出口商品的价格)3.1 Expression of Export Price(出口价格的表达)3.2 Pricing Considerations(影响定价的因素)3.3 Calculation of Price(价格的计算)3.4 Understanding the Price(价格的评估)3.5 Communication of Price(价格的沟通)Summary(总结)Key Terms(主要术语)Abbreviations(缩略语)Exercises(练习)Chapter Four Terms of Commodity(第四章商品条款)4.1 Name of Commodity (商品的名称)4.2 Specifying Quality(商品的品质)4.3 Measuring Quantity(商品的数量)4.4 Packing and Marking(商品的包装及标志)Summary(总结)Key Terms(主要术语)Abbreviations(缩略语)Exercises(练习)Chapter Five Cargo Transportation(第五章国际货物运输)5.1 Ocean Transportation (海洋运输)5.2 Other Modes of Transportation (其他运输方式)5.3 Transportation Documents(运输单据)5.4 Shipment Clause in the Sales Contract(销售合同中的装运条款)Summary(总结)Key Terms(主要术语)Abbreviations(缩略语)Exercises(练习)Specimens(单证样本)Chapter Six Cargo Transportation Insurance(第六章货物运输保险)6.1 Fundamental Principles of Cargo Insurance(货物保险的基本原则)6.2 Marine Risks and Losses(海上风险和损失)6.3 Coverage of Marine Cargo Insurance of CIC(我国海上货物保险范围)6.4 Coverage of Marine Cargo Insurance of ICC(协会货物保险范围)6.5 Other Types of Cargo Insurance(其他货物保险的种类)6.6 Procedures of Cargo Insurance(货物保险程序)6.7 Insurance Terms in the Sales Contract(销售合同中的保险条款)Summary(总结)Key Terms(主要术语)Abbreviations(缩略语)Exercises(练习)Specimens(单证样本)Chapter Seven International Payments(第七章国际货款支付)7.1 Issues in Concern(影响支付条件的因素)7.2 Paying Instruments(支付工具)7.3 Remittance(汇付)7.4 Collection(托收)7.5 Basics of Letter of Credit(信用证基础知识)7.6 Types of Documentary Credit(跟单信用证的种类)7.7 Letter of Guarantee(L/G)(保函)7.8 Export Financing(出口融资)7.9 Payment Problems(支付中出现的问题)Summary(总结)Key Terms(主要术语)Abbreviations(缩略语)Exercises(练习)Specimens(单证样本)Chapter Eight Export Documentation(第八章出口单证)8.1 Significance of Documentation(单证的重要性)8.2 Basic Requirements for Documentation(单证的基本要求)8.3 Prerequisites of Documentation(制单的依据)8.4 Export Documents(出口单证的种类)8.5 Clause Concerning Documents in the Sales Contract(销售合同中有关单证的条款)Summary(总结)Key Terms(主要术语)Abbreviations(缩略语)Exercises(练习)Specimens(单证样本)Chapter Nine Inspection, Claim, Force Majeure and Arbitration(第九章商检、索赔、不可抗力和仲裁)9.1 Commodity Inspection(商品检验)9.2 Disputes and Claims(争议和索赔)9.3 Force Majeure(不可抗力)9.4 Arbitration(仲裁)Summary(总结)Key Terms(主要术语)Abbreviations(缩略语)Exercises(练习)Key to Exercises(练习答案)Glossary(词汇表)Appendix 1INCOTERMS 2010 (FOB, CFR, CIF)(附录12010年国际贸易术语解释通则(FOB,CFR,CIF))Appendix 2CISG 1980 (Part II)(附录2联合国国际货物销售合同公约1980(第二部分)) References (参考书目)帅建林. International Trade Practice. University of International Business and Economics press. 2007.9CONTENTSPart 1 OverviewChapter 1 Introduction to International TradeChapter 2 International Trade PolicyChapter 3 Trade Bloc and Trade BlockChapter 4 WTO :A Navigation GuidePart 2 Terms of International TradeChapter 5 International Trade TermsChapter Terms of CommodityChapter International Cargo TransportChapter 8 Cargo InsuranceChapter 9 Terms of PriceChapter 10 International Payment and SettlementChapter 11 Claims, Force Majeure and ArbitrationPart 3 International Trade ProcedureChapter 12 Launching a Profitable TransactionChapter 13 Business Negotiation and Establishment of ContractChapter 14 Exporting ElementsChapter 15 Importing ElementsChapter 16 DocumentationPart 4 Trade FormsChapter 17 Agency, Distribution and ConsignmentChapter 18 TendersChapter 19 Counter TradeChapter 20 Futures TradingChapter 21 E-CommerceAppendix Glossary of International Trade Terms with English-Chinese InterpretationsBibliographyPaul R.Krugman & Maurice Obstfeld. International Economics:Theory andPolicy,8E. Tsinghua University press. 2011-11Contents前言第1章绪论第1部分国际贸易理论第2章世界贸易:概览第3章劳动生产率和比较优势:李嘉图模型第4章资源、比较优势和收入分配第5章标准贸易模型第6章规模经济、不完全竞争和国际贸易第7章国际要素流动第2部分国际贸易政策第8章贸易政策工具第9章贸易政策中的政治经济学第10章发展中国家的贸易政策第11章贸易政策中的争论数学附录第4章附录要素比例模型第5章附录贸易下的世界经济第6章附录垄断竞争模模型张素芳,International trade: theory and practice. University of International Business & Economics Press, Beijing, 2010contentsSection I. International Trade Theory and PolicyCHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE1.The Reasons for International Trade1.1. Resources reasons1.2. Economic reasons1.3. Other reasons2. The Differences between International Trade and Domestic Trade'.'2.1. More plex context2.2. More difficult and risky2.3. Higher skills required3.Basic Concepts Relating to International Trade3.1. Visible trade and invisible trade3.2. Favorable balance of trade and unfavorable balance oft rade3.3. General trade system and special trade system3.4. Volume of international trade and quantum of international trade3.5. Commodity position of international trade3.6. Geographical position of international trade3.7. Degree of dependence on foreign tradeCHAPTER 2.CLASSICAL TRADE THEORIES1.Mercantilism1.1. The development of mercantilist thought1.2. The mercantilist economic system1.3. Economic policies pursued by the mercantilists1.4. Discussions2.David Hume's Challenge to Mercantilism2.1. Assumptions of price-specie=flow mechanism2.2. The price-specie-flow mechanism3.Adam Smith's Theory of Absolute Advantage3.1. Assumptions of Adam Smith's theory of absolute advantage3.2. Challenge to Mercantilism3.3. Example4.David Ricardo's Theory of Comparative Advantage4.1. The concept of parative advantage4.2. Example4.3. Analysis of the theory of parative advantage by using modemtools. CHAPTER 3.NEOCLASSICAL TRADE THEORIES.1.Gains from Trade in Neoclassical Trade Theory1.1. Increasing opportunity costs on the PPF1.2. General equilibrium and gains in autarky1.3. General equilibrium and gains after the introduction of international trade ...2.Reciprocal Demand Theory2.1. A country's offer curve2.2. Trading equilibrium2.3. Measurement of terms of trade3.Factor Endowment Theory3.1. Factor intensity in production3.2. Factor endowments, factor prices, and parative advantage3.3. Assumptions of the factor proportions theory.,3.4. The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem.:3.5. An example to illustrate H-O theorem.3.6. The factor price equalization theorem:3.7. The Stolper-Samuelson theorem4.The Leontief Paradox——An Empirical Test of the Factor Proportions Theory 4.1. The Leontief paradox.-4.2. Suggested explanations for the Leontief Paradox and related theories CHAPTER 4.POST-HECKSHER-OHLIN THEORIES OF TRADE1.The Product Cycle Theory1.1. The imitation lag hypothesis1.2. The product cycle theory2.The Linder Theory2.1. Assumptions of the Linder theory2.2. Trade es in the overlapping ranges of products ophistication.:3.Intra-Industry Trade Theory3.1. Explanations of intra-industry trade3.2. Measurement of intra-industry tradeCHAPTER 5.IMPORT PROTECTION POLICY: TARIFFS1.Types of Import Tariffs1.1. In terms of the means of collection1.2. In terms of the different tariff rates applied1.3. In terms of special purposes for collection2.The Effects of Import Tariffs2.1. Concepts of consumer surplus and producer surplus2.2. The welfare effects of import tariffs3.Measurement of Import Tariffs3.1. The 'height' of import tariffs3.2. Nominal versus effective tariff ratesCHAPTER 6.IMPORT PROTECTION POLICY: NON-TARIFF BARRIERS''1.Forms of Non-tariff Barriers.1.1. Quantity control measures1.2. Price control measures1.3. Para-tariff measures1.4. Finance measures1.5. Anti-petitive measures.,.1.6. Miscellaneous measures2.Effects of Non-tariff Barriers2.1. The effects of an import quota2.2. The effects of a subsidy to an import-peting industryCHAPTER 7.EXPORT PROMOTION AND OTHER POLICIES1.Export Subsidy and Production Subsidy1.1. Export subsidy and its effects1.2. Production subsidy and its effects.2.Other Export Promotion Policies2.1. Devaluation of home currency.2.2. Commodity dumping2.3. Bonded warehouse2.4. Special trade zone2.5. Export promotion programs3.Export Restrictions and Import Promotion Policies3.1. Export restrictions policies3.2. Import promotion policies4.Trade Sanctions4.1. Introduction to trade sanctions4.2. Effectiveness of trade sanctionsCHAPTER 8.ARGUMENTS AGAINST FREE TRADE1.Traditional Arguments against Free Trade1.1. Infant industry argument.1.2. Terms of trade argument1.3. Balance of trade argument1.4. Tariff to reduce aggregate unemployment argument1.5. Fair petition argument1.6. National security argument2.New Protectionism2.1. Tariff to extract foreign monopoly profit2.2. Export subsidy in duopoly3.The Political Economy of Trade Policy3.1. Median voter model3.2. Collective action theory.3.3. Contribution in political campaignsCHAPTER 9.REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATIONof Regional Economic Integration1.1. Preferential tariff arrangement1.2. Free trade area1.3. Customs union1.4. Common market.1.5. Economic union2.The Static and Dynamic Effects of Regional Economic Integration2.1. Static effects of regional economic integration2.2. Dynamic effects of regional economic integration3.Economic Integration in Europe, North America and Asia3.1. Economic integration in Europe……………………………………Chapter 10 International Cargo Transportation InsuranceChapter 11 International Trade PaymentChapter 12 Inspection,Claim,Force Majeure and ArbitrationChapter 13 Trade Negotiation and Formation of the ContractChapter 14 Implementation of the Contract丹尼斯·R·阿普尔亚德 & 小艾尔弗雷德·J·菲尔德 & 史蒂文·L·科布.国际贸易.中国人民大学出版社. 2012-7第1章国际经济学的世界第一部分古典贸易理论第2章早期的国际贸易理论:由重商主义向大卫·李嘉图的古典贸易理论的演进第3章大卫·李嘉图的古典贸易理论和比较优势第4章对古典贸易模型的扩充及验证第二部分新贸易理论第5章新古典贸易理论——基本分析工具的介绍第6章新古典贸易理论中的贸易利得第7章贸易提供曲线和贸易条件第8章贸易的基础:要素禀赋理论和赫克歇尔俄林模型第9章要素禀赋理论的实证分析第三部分贸易理论的扩展第10章后赫克歇尔俄林贸易理论与产业内贸易第11章经济增长与国际贸易第12章国际要素流动第四部分贸易政策第13章贸易政策工具第14章贸易政策的影响第15章对干涉主义贸易政策的争论第16章经济的政治因素与美国的对外贸易政策第17章经济一体化第18章国际贸易与发展中国家参考文献当我被上帝造出来时,上帝问我想在人间当一个怎样的人,我不假思索的说,我要做一个伟大的世人皆知的人。
第一章:商品的品名、品质、数量和包装名词:1品质公差一般用于制成品交易,指工业制成品由于科学技术水平、生产水平以及加工能力所限而产生的公认误差。
2中性包装中性包装是指既不标明生产国别、地名和厂商名称,也不标明商品或品牌的包装,即在出口商品包装的内外没有产地和厂商的标记。
3以毛作净是指有些商品因包装本身不便分别计量,或用包装材料与商品价格差不多,用按毛重计价,即习惯上称为“以毛作净”。
选择:1.国际贸易中以重量计量的商品大部分()A.按毛重计价B.按净重计价C.按皮重计价D.按“净重+皮重”计价2.“龙口粉丝”中用来表面商品品质的方法是()A.凭商标或品牌B.凭标准C.凭规格D.凭产地名称3.我方在接到国外来样后,提供“对等样品”供买方确认。
这样,就把来样成交,转变为()A.凭买方样品成交B.凭卖方样品成交C.凭对等样品成交D.看货买卖4.卖方根据买方提供的样品加工复制出一个类似的样品提供买方确认,经确认的样品叫()A.复样B.回样C.参考样品D.卖主样品5.根据国际商会《跟单信用证统一惯例》500号出版物之规定,在以信用证支付方式进行散装货物的买卖,若合同中未明确规定机动幅度,其交货数量可有的增减幅度为()A.3%B.5%C.10%D.15%6.对一些质量不稳定的初级产品,在规定品质条款时,其灵活制定品质指标常用()A.品质机动幅度B.品质公差C.交货品质与样品大体相等D.规定一个约量7.对工业制成品交易,一般在品质条款中灵活制定品质指标,通常使用()A.品质公差 B.品质机动幅度C.交货品质与样品大体相等D.规定一个约量8.大包装又可称为()A.全部包装B.运输包装C.销售包装D.中性包装9.《跟单信用证统一惯例》规定“约”允许有关金额或数量或单价的增减幅度不超过()A.9%B.10%C.13%D.15%10.在国际贸易中,适用于低值商品的计重办法是()A.毛重B.净重C.公量D.理论重量11.凭样品成交时,样品()A.只能由买方提供B.只能由卖方提供C.既可以由卖方提供又可由买方提供D. 由第三方提供简答:1 包装标志有哪几种类型?运输标志由哪些主要内容组成?运输标志,指示性标志,警告性标志运输标志由一下基本内容组成:收发货人名称的缩写或代号和简单的几何图形目的地或目的港的名称件号案例分析:1.我国某出口公司向某国出口一批黄豆,合同规定:每公吨180美元,共计1000公吨,并且数量可增减10%。
国际贸易货物价格随着全球经济的发展和国际贸易的日益增长,货物价格成为了国际贸易中的一个重要因素。
国际贸易货物价格指的是各种商品在不同国家之间进行交易时的价格。
首先,货物价格的形成受到供求关系的影响。
在市场经济中,供求关系是决定商品价格的主要因素之一。
当某种商品的需求量大于供应量时,价格往往会上涨;反之,当供应量大于需求量时,价格则会下跌。
其次,货物价格还受到生产成本的影响。
生产成本包括原材料成本、劳动力成本、运输成本等等。
不同国家的生产成本差异较大,这也导致了同一种商品在不同国家的价格差异。
第三,货物价格还与国家经济政策和法规有关。
各国家为了保护本国产业和市场,会采取关税、配额等贸易壁垒,这些措施也会影响商品的价格。
此外,汇率的变动也会对国际贸易货物价格产生影响。
国际贸易货物价格的波动会对各方面产生重大影响。
首先,对于出口国来说,货物价格的上涨意味着出口收入的增加,有利于促进国内经济发展;而价格的下跌则会减少出口收入,给经济带来负面影响。
其次,进口国受到价格波动的影响更为直接。
当进口商品价格上涨时,消费者可能会减少购买量,导致消费能力下降;反之,价格下跌则会刺激消费需求,提高人们的消费能力。
此外,货物价格的波动也会引发贸易争端和不平等。
一些国家可能会通过操纵汇率或者实施贸易保护主义措施来影响商品价格,从而对其他国家形成不公平的竞争优势。
这种不平等的贸易会给全球经济带来不稳定因素。
在国际贸易中,了解货物价格的动态和变化趋势是非常重要的。
对于生产企业来说,了解市场上商品的价格水平,可以帮助他们制定合理的销售策略和定价策略。
而对于消费者来说,了解商品的市场价格可以帮助他们做出合理的购买决策。
总而言之,国际贸易货物价格是由供求关系、生产成本、经济政策和法规等多种因素共同决定的。
了解和掌握货物价格的动态对于参与国际贸易的各方来说都非常重要。
只有通过科学、公正和透明的方式确定货物价格,才能保障国际贸易的稳定和公平,促进全球经济的发展。
第三章国际货物买卖合同的磋商与订立【案例讨论】1. 我某出口A公司于某年11月20日向韩国B公司就某农产品发盘,除列明各项交易条件外,还表示“Packing in sound bags”。
在发盘有效期内,对方电复“Accept your offer, packing in new bags”。
A公司收到上述复电后即着手备货。
数日后,该农产品国际市场价格猛跌。
B商来电称“我方对包装条件做了变更,你未确认。
合同并未成立”。
而A方坚持合同已经成立,双方发生争执。
试析双方合同是否已经成立?答案要点:合同应是成立。
因为韩国公司的来电已经构成了有效的承诺,其中所讲的关于包装方面的要求并不是合同成立所需要的必要条款,同时发盘人也以实际的行动“着手备货”,来表示对此要求并不反对。
因此,合同已经成立。
2. 国内A公司于8月3日以电子邮件方式请法国B公司发盘出售一批钢材。
A在电子邮件中声明:此发盘是为了计算一项承建一幢大楼的标价和确定是否参加投标之用,并将于8月15日向招标人送交投标书,而开标日期为8月31日。
B 于8月5日用电子邮件就上述钢材向A发盘,发盘条件虽完整,但既没规定接受期限,也没有注明是否是不可撤销的。
A获悉后,据此计算标价,并于8月15日向招标人递交了投标书。
8月20日国际市场钢材价格上涨,B发来传真通知撤销其8月5日的发盘,A当即复电表示不同意撤盘。
于是双方为能否撤销发盘发生争执。
到8月31日招标人开标,A中标,随即传真B接受5日的发盘。
但B坚持发盘已于8月20日撤销,合同不能成立。
请分析该交易是否成立并说明理由。
答案要点:在本案中,A在发盘邀请中已经清楚地申明B的发盘是用于A 参加日后投标,B理应知道其发盘的重要性。
而A已就B的发盘参加了投标,因此,A有理由依赖该发盘是不可撤销的,并且已本着对该发盘的依赖采取了某些行动。
B在8月31日招标人开标之前是不能撤消其发盘的。
因此,合同已经成立。
3. 我某出口公司于6月11日就某商品向外商A发盘,限6月18日复到。