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37. How to Avoid Foolish Opinions.如何避免愚蠢的见解、1. To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is prone[a.易于...的], no superhuman[a.超人的] genius[n.天才] is required. A few simple rules will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error.1、要避免人们常常产生的各种愚蠢的观点，并不需要过人的天赋。
立几条简单的规则就可以使得你避免荒唐的错误，虽然不能避免一切错误。
单词：prone =易于…的；superhuman =超人的；genius =天赋；2. If the matter is one that can be settled by observation[n.观察], make the observation yourself. Aristotle[n.亚里斯多德] could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device[n.方法]of asking Mrs. Aristotle[n.亚里斯多德] to keep her mouth open while he counted. He did not do so because he thought he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you don't is a fatal[adj.致命的]mistake, to which we are all prone[a.易于...的].I believe myself that hedgehogs[(hedgehog):n.刺猬]eat black beetles[(beetle):n.甲虫], because I have been told that they do; but if I were writing a book on the habits[(habit):n.习惯；习性] of hedgehogs[(hedgehog):n.刺猬], I should not commit[承若]myself until I had seen one enjoying this unappetizing[n.引不起食欲的] diet. Aristotle[n.亚里斯多德], however, was less cautious[adj.谨慎的]. Ancient and medieval[a.中世纪的] authors knew all about unicorns[(unicorn):n.独角兽] and salamanders[(salamander):n.火蜥蜴]; not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic[adj.武断的] statements about them because he had never seen one of them.2、如果事情可以通过观察来解决的，那你就亲自观察好了。
4. Hard Work Is Good for Health. 努力工作有利于健康.1. Scientists[(scientist):n.科学家]find that hard-working prestigious[adj.有声望的]people live longer than average[adj.平均的]men and women, and that career[n.职业]women are healthier than housewives. Evidence[n.证据]shows that the jobless[a.失业的]are in poorer health than the job-holders. An investigation[n.调查,调查研究]shows that whenever the unemployment[n.失业;失业人数] rate[n.比率;率] increases[(increase):vt.增加；繁殖]by 1%, the death[n.死]rate increases[(increase):vt.增加；繁殖] correspondingly[(corresponding):adj.相应的,相当的]by 2%. All this comes down to one point: work is helpful to health.1、科学家们发现努力工作的名人比一般人寿命长，职业妇女比家庭妇女健康。
有证据表明，失业者比在业人员健康状况差。
调查表明失业率每增长1％，死亡率相应增长2％。
所有这些都表明：工作有利于健康。
分析：come down to＝归纳为单词：health＝健康；scientist＝科学家； prestigious＝有声望的；live＝活的；average＝普通的；career＝职业evidence＝证据；jobless＝失业者； job-holder＝固定工作者；investigation＝调查；unemployment＝失业；rate＝比率；increaser＝增加的；death ＝死亡； correspondingly＝相对地；2. Why is work good for health? It is because work keeps people busy, away from loneliness[n.寂寞,孤独,]and solitude[n.单独,独居].Researches show that people feel unhappy, worried and solitary[adj.孤单的]when theyhave nothing to do. Instead, the happiest are those who are busy. Many high achievers[(achiever):有成就的人]who love their careers feel that they are happiest when they are working hard. Work serves[(serve):vt.招待，提供]as a bridge between man and reality[n.现实]. Through work, people come into contact[n.接触]with each other. And through collective[adj.集体的] activity, they find friendship and warmth[n.温暖]. T his is helpful to health. The loss[n.丧失；] of work means the loss of everything. It affects[(affect):vt.影响] man spiritually[(spiritual):adv.精神上的]and makes him liable[adj.易患。
24. When The Earth Quakes. 地震时刻1. On the night of August 17, 1959, at about 20 minutes before midnight, the ground in the vicinity[n.附近] of Yellowstone National Park began shaking violently[猛烈的]. At the time there was a rumbling[隆隆声]sound, something like a huge truck would make. Both the heaving[升降]of the ground and the noise were very frightening[可怕的] but lasted not quite 45 seconds.1、1959年8月17日的晚上，大约午夜前20分钟，黄石国家公园附近大地开始猛烈摇动。
同时，大地发出如同重型卡车发出的轰响。
大地的升降和啸叫都令人非常害怕，但是一切不超过45秒。
分析：at night ; At the time在那时；单词：vicinity＝附近； violently＝猛烈地； rumbling＝隆隆声；heave＝升降； frightening＝可怕的；2. What was even more frightening[可怕的] was the sound of huge boulders[n.巨石] which began rolling down the steep[a.险峻的，陡峭的] mountain. In one part of the upper reach es of the Madison River, a whole mountain began shifting[(shift):v.移动], then came crashing[坠毁]down to fill the deep valley[n.山谷；溪谷]and dam[拦阻]the great river with millions of tons rock and trees.2、更令人害怕的是巨石开始从陡峭的山上滚下来的声音。
2016新版中石油职称英语水平考试《通用英语选读》培训笔记（考过的大题已标出）目录51. THOSE FASCINATING NORTHERN LIGHTS 迷人的北极光（2016新版） (2)52 SALES PROMOTION 产品促销 (6)53. OIL REFINING 石油炼制（2016新增） (6)54 ANOTHER HAPPINESS 另一种快乐 (13)55. IT’S NEVER TOO L ATE FOR SUCCESS成功不分早晚（2016新增） (16)56 WHY TO MARK A BOOK 怎样在书上做标记 (20)57 EARTH'S LAST FRONTIER:THE SEA 海洋，地球最后的待开发疆域 (24)58. OUR MANY RESPONSES TO PAIN <NEW> (29)59. FOREST FIRES: A MAJOR DISASTER <NEW> (33)60 WHY ANTARCTICA IS BEING EXPLORED 为什么要勘探南极洲 (38)温馨小语：每篇“学习笔记”将可能涉及到的“考点”做了重点标记，它们基于“职称考试”的四个主要方面，即词汇、语法、阅读和翻译，所以在学习中要认真体会，找到自己要重点学习的内容。
跳过每一段英文原文，只通篇看下“带有英文”的中文部分。
是不是感觉清楚了课文大致要说的内容？熟悉中文意思，在考试中也是很有帮助的，特别是在回答阅读类的选择题时，如果它恰好又是你在此读过的一篇课文，你一定会用最短的时间，找到正确的答案。
考试的题量可不小，要在此处抢得先机。
过段时间，再来温习下吧。
51. Those Fascinating Northern Lights 迷人的北极光（2016新增）1. At 10:00 p.m. on March 23，1969, the Bowater Power Water Company in Deer Lake, Newfoundland experienced a disturbance on its system. The frequency converter at Comer Brook tripped off, shutting down half of the big paper mill. There was a radio blackout over most of the Atlantic Provinces. And accompanying these activities was a magnificient display of northern lights —boiling up out of the north and hanging in bundles of long rays like draperies across the sky. Ninety-three million miles away, a rather ugly looking sunspot was making its way across the disc of the sun.1. 1969年3月23曰晚上10点，保华特水电公司（the Bowater Power Water Company)位于纽芬兰（Newfoundland)鹿湖的设备系统出现了异常；科纳布鲁克（ComerBrook)的变频器跳间，使得一半的大造纸厂停产；大西洋沿岸各省的无线电中断。
中石油职称英语2013版说明：2010原有的40课不记得下载的谁整理的了。
43、45、48、49、60等5课感谢lzshkjp37、38、41课由石油人整理，一并感谢。
目录1 、The Value of Time (2)2、English is a Crazy[a.疯狂的] Language 英语是一门疯狂的语言 (3)3．All I Learned in Kindergarten[n.幼儿园]幼儿园所学的 (5)4、How to negotiate with americans(需补充) (8)5、Network Security (8)6、Carbon-based Alternative[adj.非传统的,不同的] 碳基替代燃料 (12)7、Automatic Auto: A Car That Drives Itself (14)8、our Family Creed (18)9、The art of public[adj.公共的；公开的] Speaking 公共演讲的艺术 (20)10、Investing in clean energy (22)11.Smoking and Cancer[n.癌症]吸烟和癌 (24)12The Positive Meanings of Love (26)13Does Exercise Have Unexpected Benefits (30)14.Taking chances[(chance):n.机会；可能性],Making chances[(chance):n.机会；可能性]抓住机遇，制造机遇3415.The Province[n.省] of Alberta[n.亚伯达[加拿大西部之一省]]阿尔伯达省 (37)16、The American Way: Family 美国人的家庭观 (39)17, Computers Give Big Boosts to Productivity 计算机技术极大提高生产效率(新） (41)19.A World without Oil[n.油]假如世界没有石油 (43)20、The Germanic[a.德国的,条顿民族的,条顿语的] Languages日耳曼语系 (46)21.How Americans Eat and Drink 美国人的饮食 (48)22.The Delights[(delight):n.快乐vt.使快乐] of South Island 南岛之乐 (51)23.A Sandpiper[n.矶鹞] to Bring You Joy[n.欢乐；高兴；乐趣]矶鹞带来快乐 (53)24.An Introduction[n.引进；介绍] to Distillation[n.蒸馏]蒸馏概述 (57)25. Hints[(hint):n.暗示,示意] to Improve[vt.改进；更新] Spoken English 提高英语口语须知 (60)26.The Moon-Riddle from the Past月球-来自远古之谜 (63)27.The Delight[n.快乐vt.使快乐] of Books 书之乐趣 (65)28.The Magic[adj.有魔力的] of Energy[n.精力；能量]能的魔力 (68)29、How to Reduce Employee Turnover (71)30、That "Other Woman" in My Life 我生命中的“另一个女人” (72)31.Geography[n.地理；地理学] of USA 美国地理概况 (75)32. The Old Man and the Sea (Excerpt[n.摘录]) 参考译文：老人与海(节选) (78)33.Petroleum[n.石油] Geology[n.地质学;(某地)地质] and Other Sciences 石油地质学与其它科学.8134.What Do Parents Owe[vt.欠(债等)] Their Children 父母欠子女什么？ (84)35、Trends for the 21st Century (87)36.You Bet[v.打赌] Your Life 以命相赌 (89)37. Radiation and Human Health (92)38，To Be Content with One's Lot乐天知命 (92)39.I Didn't Know How to Teach Until I Met You 直到遇到你我才知道怎么教学 (92)40.An Introduction[n.引进；介绍] to Petrochemicals[(petrochemical):a.石化的n.石化产品]石油化工产品概述9541、The Subject of Smiling微笑问题 (99)42.A $210,000 WALLET[n.(放钞票等的)皮夹子]1 价值21万美元的钱包 (99)43、What's Your Best Time of Day?何时是你一天中最佳的时间？ (103)44.Fundamental[a.基本的,根本的] Techniques[(technique):n.技术；方法] in Handling[(handle):n.柄，把手] People 处理人际关系的基本技巧 (103)45，Happiness Index幸福指数（新） (107)46.Becoming Wealthy[a.富的]:It's Up to You 致富取决于你自己 (107)47.Oil[n.油]（油） (110)48，Ocean Plant Life in Decline海洋植物数量锐减（新） (113)51.Not Quite Ready to Retire[v.退下;离开]1 退休为时尚早 (118)52.Sales[(sale):n.卖；出售] Promotion[n.提升,晋级]产品促销 (122)54.Why To Mark[vt.标明；作记号于] a Book 怎样在书上做标记 (129)55.Earth's Last Frontier[n.新领域,未知领域]:The Sea 海洋，地球最后的待开发疆域 (132)56.Why Antarctica[n.南极洲] Is Being Explored[(explore):v.勘探;探究]为什么要勘探南极洲 (137)57.Listening Faults[(fault):n.缺点；毛病]聆听的误区 (141)58.Your Are What You Think 你认为自己是什么样的人，就是什么样的人 (145)59.The Audacity[n.大胆,厚颜] of Hope 有希望则无所畏惧 (150)60, Future of Energy能源的未来（新） (155)1 、The Value of TimeRobert William Service“Time” says the proverb “is money.” This means that every moment well-spent may put some money into our pockets. If our time is usefully employed, it will either turn out some useful and important piece of work which will fetch its price in the market, or it will add to our experience and increase our capacities so as to enable us to earn money when the proper opportunity comes. There can thus be no doubt that time is convertible (可转换的) into money. Let those who think nothing of wasting time, remember this; let them remember that an hour misspent is equivalent to the loss of a bank-note; and that an hour utilized is tantamount（与…等同）to so much silver or gold; and then they will probably think twice before they give their consent to the loss of any part of their time.Moreover, our life is nothing more than our time. To kill time is therefore a form of suicide. We are shocked when we think of death, and we spare no pains, no trouble, and no expense to preserve life. But we are too often indifferent to the loss of an hour or of a day, forgetting that our life is the sum total of the days and of the hours we live. A day or an hour wasted is therefore so much life forfeited(没收，丧失). Let us bear this in mind, and waste of time will appear to us in the light of a crime as culpable（该责备的）as suicide itself.There is a third consideration which will also tend to warn us against loss of time. Our life is a brief span measuring some sixty or seventy years in all, but nearly one half of this has to be spent in sleep; some years have to be spent over our meals; some over dressing and undressing; some in making journeys on land and voyages by sea; some in merry-making, either on our own account or for the sake of others; some in celebrating religious and social festivities; some in watching over the sick-beds of our nearest and dearest relatives. Now if all these years were to be deducted from the term over which our life extends we shall find about fifteen or twenty years at our disposal for active work. Whoever remembers this can never willingly waste a single moment of his life. “It is astonishing” says Lord Chesterfield “that anyone can squander(浪费，挥霍) away in absolute idleness one single moment of that portion of time which is allotted to us in this world. Know the true value of time; snatch, seize, and enjoy every moment of it!”All time is precious; but the time of our childhood and of our youth is more precious than any other portion of our existence. For those are the periods when alone we can acquire knowledge and develop our faculties and capacities. If we allow these morning hours of life to slip away unutilized, we shall never be able to recoup (补偿损失) the loss. As we grow older, our power of acquisition gets blunted, so that the art or science which is not acquired in childhood or youth will never acquired at all. Just as money laid out at interest doubles and trebles itself in time, so the precious hours of childhood and youth, if properly used, will yield us incalculable advantages. “Every moment you lose” says Lord Chesterfield “is so much character and advantage lost; as on the other hand, every moment you now employ usefully is so much time wisely laid out at prodigious(巨大的，庞大的) interest. ”A proper employment of time is of great benefit to us from a moral point of view. Idleness is justly said to the rust of the mind and an idle brain is said to be Satan’s workshop. It is mostly when you do not know what to do with yourself that you do something ill or wrong. The mind of the idler preys upon itself. As Watts has said:In works of labour or of skillLet me be busy too;For Satan finds some mischief stillFor idle hands to do.2、English is a Crazy[a.疯狂的] Language 英语是一门疯狂的语言1.Let's face it-English is a crazy[a.疯狂的] language. There is no egg in eggplant[n.茄子]nor ham[n.火腿] in hamburger[n.汉堡包]; neither apple nor pine[n.松树,松木] in pineapple[n.凤梨,波罗]. English muffins[(muffin):n.松饼] weren't invented in England nor French fries in France. Sweetmeats[(sweetmeat):n.糖果,甜食,蜜饯] are candies[(candy):n.糖;巧克力] while sweetbreads[(sweetbread):n.小牛,小羊,which aren't sweet,are meat.的胰脏或胸腺]1.让我们接受现实吧--英语是一种疯狂的语言。
53. Britain Accelerates[(accelerate):v.加快] toward Cleaner Future-with Wheat[n.小麦]. 依托小麦-英国加速迈向绿色未来.1. Wheat never used to get Charlie Goldsack excited. He's got fields of the stuff[n.材料,东西] down on his farm, but as a cash[n.现金] crop there was one big problem: it didn't generate[v.产生] much cash. Rock bottom prices saw to that.1、小麦从未让查利·戈德萨克兴奋过。
虽然他的农场大片大片地种着这东西，但作为一种商品作物，它的一大缺陷就是创收有限。
最低价在那儿决定着呢。
分析：used to do :过去常常做某事；单词：stuff=材料（这里指小麦）；cash＝现金；generate＝产生；2. But now, the farmer hopes his wheat might literally[adv.真正地] become the driving force of his 1,400-acre Friar Maine farm in southern England.2、但现在，这位农场主希望小麦能够给他在南英格兰的1400英亩的费赖尔缅因农场带来活力。
分析：literal：字面的，literate:有文化的，识字的，literary:文学的，literature:n.文学；单词：literally＝真正地，字面地；3. Instead of heading to the bakery[n.面包店], Goldsack's harvest will now go to a nearby plant for conversion[n.转化] into bioethanol[n.生物酒精]-part of accelerating[(accelerate):v.加快] British efforts to introduce cleaner car fuel.3、今后，戈德萨克所收获的小麦将不再送往面包房，而是供应给附近一家工厂生产生物酒精--这是英国加速引进清洁汽车燃料行动的一部分。
17. If Lincoln[n.林肯] Had Used a Computer. 如果林肯使用过计算机……1. The ad[n.(缩)广告] for a software[n.软件] program[n.程序] caught my eye. It said, "Write better in 30 days or your money back."1、有一则计算机软件的广告引起了我的注意。
它说：“要是30天之内不能提高你的写作能力，就将原款退还。
”分析：catch one's eye=引起某人的注意，单词:ad =广告； software=软件；；program= 程序；2. I'm familiar[adj.熟悉的]with computer programs[(program):n.程序] that correct[纠正] spelling through the use of built-in[a.内置的]dictionaries. But the ad[n.(缩)广告]for this program said that it would correct "stylistic[a.格式上的,体裁上的] errors[(error):n.错误]".2、我熟悉那些通过使用内建字典来纠正拼写错误的计算机程序。
但是，这则软件广告却说，它能纠正“文体错误”。
分析：be familiar with =熟悉；单词:correct= 纠正；spelling=拼写；stylistic=文体的；error =错误3. Style[n.文体]. That's a big part of what writing is about. So I stopped by the computer store to give it a test run. I wanted to see what the program would say about one of my favorite pieces of writing.3、文体对于写作关系可是很重大的。
石油人论坛：2008中国石油职称英语培训笔记第01课ensure+sth./that-clause 确保、保证……insure保险 insure … car against……给…保险以防……insure oneself against……给自己保险以防……assure+人 I can assure you my honesty.（但课文的用法等于ensure）举例（课本中涉及到的句子）：1.To ensure global energy security, it is important to strengthen dialogue and cooperation为保障全球能源安全，我们应该树立和落实互利合作、多元发展2. And we will endeavor to ensure sustainable development by boosting production, improving people's life and protecting the environment. 我们将努力确保生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展格局。
3．They cannot simply be left on autopilot, especially if one wants to ensure that their benefits are shared widely.(52课如果想确保大部分人都能分享市场经济带来的好处，就更不能放任自流。
)4．Lloyd’s has become famous for some of the unusual things it has insured. 劳埃德之所以有名还因为它对一些非平常的事进行保险。
例如它保险不生双胞胎。
5．For instance Lloyd has insured against the birth of twins. If twins had been born to the family insured, the company would have had to pay a certain amount of money to the parents. 例如它保险不生双胞胎。
55. Why Antarctica[n.南极洲] Is Being Explored.为什么要勘探南极洲、1. When the United States was born, the continent[n.大陆；大洲]of Antarctica[n.南极洲]was as remote[adj.遥远的]as the moon-more so, in a way, because the moon was clearly visible[a.看得见的]and the very existence[n.存在]of Antarctica was uncertain[adj.不确定的]. But now that remote land area is so attainable[adj.可达到的] and so important that it has become the subject of an international treaty[n.条约]which protects it from national rivalries[(rivalry):n.竞争]yet leaves it open to all for exploration and use. The pact[条约]arranging this is even being viewed as a model applicable[a.能应用的]to the moon and other celestial[adj.天体的] bodies.1、在美国诞生之时，对人们来说南极洲就像月球一样遥远-从某种角度说，甚至更远，因为月亮清楚可见，而南极大陆是否真实存在还无法确定。
但是今天，这块遥远的陆地已变得如此触之可及并且如此重要，以致它已受到一个国际公约的保护，使其免于成为国家间竞相抢夺的对象，而是对所有国家开放，供大家共同开发和利用。
19. Smoking and Cancer. 吸烟和癌.作为阅读文章1. Americans smoke six thousand million cigarettes[(cigarette):n.纸烟；香烟] every year (1970 figures[数字]). This is roughly[(rough):adj.错略的] the equivalent[相等的] of 4,195 cigarettes a year for every person in the country of 18 years of age or more. It is estimated[(estimate):v.估计] that 51% of American men smoke compared[(compare):vt.比较] with 34% of American women.1、美国人每年抽烟60亿支(1970年的统计数字)。
这大致等于每个18岁以上的人一年要吸4195支烟。
据估计，美国有51％的男性吸烟，而女性吸烟的比例则为34％。
分析：compared with:与……比较；单词：cigarette =香烟；figure =统计数字；roughly =.概略地；equivalent=相等的；estimate=估计；compare=比较；2. Since 1939, numerous[adj.许多的] scientific studies have been conducted[(conduct):vt.进行] to determine[确定] whether smoking is a health hazard[n.危险]. The trend[n.趋向,趋势] of the evidence[n.证据] has been consistent[adj.一致的,符合的] and indicates[(indicate):v.表明，暗示] that there is a serious health risk[n.危险]. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable[adj.合情理的] doubt[n. vi.&vt.怀疑；疑惑] that tobacco[n.烟草；烟叶] smoking, particularly[(particular):adj.特殊的；特别的] cigarette smoking, is associated[(associate):v.使联系起来] with shortened life expectancy[n.预料,预计,期待].2、1939年以来，为了确定抽烟是否有害健康进行了大量的科学研究。
51. Einstein's Inspiring[激励人心的] Heir[n.继承人].爱因斯坦的激励人心的继承人、1. He is almost totally paralyzed[adj.瘫痪的], speechless and wheelchair-bound[adj.被束缚的], able to move only his facial muscles and two fingers on his left hand. He cannot dress or feed himself, and he needs round-the-clock[a.一整天的] nursing care. He can communicate only through a voice synthesizer[语音合成器], which he operates by laboriously[ad.费力的]tapping[(tap):轻敲]out words on the computer attached to his motorized[给..装发动机的] chair. Yet at age 50, despite these crushing[决定性的] adversities[(adversity):n.不幸], Stephen Hawking[霍金] has become, in the words of science writers Michael White and John Gribbin, "perhaps the greatest physicist[n.物理学家]of our time." His 1988 book, A Brief History of Time, has sold 1.7 million copies around the world.1、他几乎完全瘫痪，不能说话，离不开轮椅，能够活动的只有他面部的肌肉和他左手的两个指头。
吃饭穿衣他不能自理，白天夜晚都需要人照顾。
他只能通过一个发声合成器同别人交流。
这个计算机式的发声合成器固定在他那装有马达的轮椅上；他吃力地操作键盘，把要说的话一个词一个词地打出来。
尽管他遭此极度厄运，斯蒂芬·霍金在他年已半百的时候还是成了“也许是当代最伟大的物理学家”。
(科技作家迈克·怀特和约翰·格里宾语)他1988年出版的《时间简史》一书，在世界各地共销售了170万册。
单词：paralyze＝使瘫痪； laboriously＝费力的；tap＝轻敲；adversity＝不幸；2. Hawking's choice of career was most fortunate[a.幸运的], for himself as well as for science. Rejecting[(reject):v.拒绝]the urging of his physician[n.内科医生] father to study medicine, Hawking chose instead to concentrate on math and theoretical[a.理论的] physics, first at Oxford and then at Cambridge. But at age 21 he develop ed the first symptoms[(symptom):n.征兆]of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a disorder that would inevitably[ad.不可避免地] render[v.导致] him paralyzed[adj.瘫痪的] and incapable of performing most kinds of work. As the authors note, theoretical physics was "one of the very few jobs for which his mind was the only real tool he needed."2、霍金选择了这一职业，对科学事业和他本人都是件极大的好事。
他父亲是个医生，曾敦促他学医，但他没有从命，而是先后在牛津大学和剑桥大学专攻数学和理论物理。
可是他在21岁的时候，出现了肌萎缩性(脊髓)侧索硬化的征兆；这一疾病不可避免地要导致瘫痪，使他很多事都不能做。
用本书的两位作者的话来说，“研究理论物理是他能做的屈指可数的几件工作之一-这些工作实际需要的工具仅是他的大脑。
”单词：fortunate＝幸运的； physician＝医生； theoretical=理论的；inevitably＝不可避免地；3. He has used that tool with consummate[adj.完美的] skill. While still a graduate[n.研究生]student, Hawking became fascinated[a.着迷的]by black holes, the bizarre[adj.吉怪的] objects[物体]created during the death throes[(throe):n.剧痛,阵痛]of large stars. Working with mathematician[n.数字家] Roger Penrose and using Einstein's relativity equations[等式], he developed new techniques[方法] to prove mathematically[(mathematical):adj.数学的] that at the heart of black holes were singularities[n.奇点]-infinitely [无穷地]dense[adj.浓密的], dimensionless points with irresistible[adj.无法抗拒的]gravity[n.重力,引力]. He went on to demonstrate[v.表明] that the entire universe could have sprung from a singularity[n.奇点] and, in his 1966 Ph.D. thesis[n.论文], wryly[(wry):讽刺的] noted that "there is a singularity[n.奇点] in our past."3、他娴熟地使用了这一工具。
还在当研究生的时候，他就对研究黑洞现象-巨大星体泯灭过程中产生的奇怪物体-入了迷。
他同数学家罗杰·潘罗斯合作，运用爱因斯坦的相对论等式找到了新的计算方法来证明：在黑洞的中心是一堆密密麻麻的、无边无际的、具有巨大引力的奇异小点。
他继而证明，整个宇宙都有可能是从某个奇点演变而来的。
他在1966年写的博士学位论文中略带讽刺意味地写道：“我们过去的历史中就有一个奇点。
”单词：consummate＝完美的； fascinate＝着迷； mathematically ＝数学的； singularity＝奇异；4. Gathering[(gather):收集]momentum[n.动力,冲力,]as a fellow[n.研究员] at Cambridge, Hawking calculated[(calculate):vt.计算] that the Big Bang, which gave birth to the universe, must have created tiny black holes, each about the size of a proton[n.质子]but with the mass[n.质量] of a mountain. Then, upsetting[(upset):推翻] the universal[adj.普遍的]belief that nothing, not even light, can escape from a black hole, he used the quantum[量子] theory to demonstrate[v.表明] that these miniholes (and larger ones too) emit[vt.释放]radiation[n.射线]. Other scientists eventually conceded[(concede):v.承认]that he was correct, and the black-hole emissions[(emission):n.释放] are now known as Hawking radiation.4、在剑桥当研究员时，他再接再励，并推测出：可能是产生宇宙的大爆炸同时也产生了那些小黑洞，其大小同质子差不多，但质量却重如一座大山。
后来，他用量子理论证明这些小洞(还有大一些的)能发出射线，从而推翻了认为任何东西(包括光在内)都不能逃脱黑洞的普遍看法。
其他科学家最终还是承认他是正确的，而且现在人们还把黑洞射线称为霍金射线。
分析：gave birth to：产生；单词：gather=聚集；fellow＝研究员； calculate＝计算； upset ＝推翻； demonstrate＝证明； concede＝承认；5. Engrossed[(engross):v.全神贯注]as Hawking is with his work, the authors say, "ALS is simply not that important to him." He certainly does not dwell on[细想某事] his handicap[残疾]. His succinct[adj.简洁的], synthesized voice comments[(comment):谈论] are often laced[(lace):加入]with humor[n.幽默], he enjoys socializing[(socialize):交往] with his students and colleagues, attends[(attend):参加] rock concerts and Sometimes takes to the dance floor at discos, wheeling his chair in circles. But he can be stubborn[adj.固执的], abrasive[粗暴的]and quick to anger, terminating[(terminate):v.终止]a conversation by spinning[(spin):v.旋转]around and rolling off, sometimes running one of his wheels over the toes of an offender.5、由于霍金一心扑在工作上，本书的两位作者说：“瘫痪对他显得并不那么重要。
