2017考研备考英语阅读每日精选：美国奴隶制

美国奴隶制度的反抗(英语论文)LTThe resistance of slavery1 introduction1.1 Background of the studySlavery of the United States set up in the 17th century, for the reason that British colonists settled in the North American. Not until the 1960s the slavery was abolished by the only war in the history of the United States- civil war. Fortunately, the war was end up with the peace negotiation and set up Emancipation Proclamation.The slavery of the United States sustained more than two hundreds years and this institution is filled with the savagery, cruelty and profit as a whole. It’s totally dark process for the people particular the Negro, the negative impacts embodiment the absence of the human rights linked to African American slavery.In order to plunder for more nature resource, lacking of the labor force was extremely tough problem, in this seriousness situation, hire the slave was a informed decision. However they did n’t treat me as a human, even if pass a lawforce on the tenure of African-American slave was lifelong work. This thesis will quote the famous novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin as the point of penetration to further analysis the slavery of the United States and the resistance of the harsh institution in late period.1.2 The purpose of significances and studyUncle Tom's cabin, comprehensive reflects the living condition of African-American slaves in the southern plantation of the United States. This novel is not only speak highly of the literary value but also due to the promotion of the resistance of the slavery it’s also has intense social realistic meaning and cultural connotation. Taking this novel as a opportunities, to understand the slavery and the process of the history in more profound way.1.3 The layout of the study.The thesis is based on the novel which named is Uncle Tom's cabin to objective reveal many significant aspects such as the characteristics of African American slavery fate, the culture of the black American slaves in theTom’s lifetime. However, a good life didn’t last long，many slaver holders strongly condemned liberate the slaves in the case of the girl’s father had a opposite opinion. Thereupon, many slaver holders exposed the girl’s father to mortal danger. There was no denying the truth that the girl’s father was murder in the end. From this moment on, Uncle Tom’s life became really tough. One day in order to saved a girl who didn’t surrender by landlord; Uncle Tom had a car accident and got serious hurt. When he was dying in his house, he realized the truth that only persists fighting there is a possibility of freedom. He appealed to slavers leaving the hell place as soon as possible, and with the help of the white people the slavers rose up to fight with the slaver holder, in this time, Uncle Tom was a great consolation to his compatriots and support by many whites. Even though Uncle Tom died in the end, he must be leave without any regret but endless appreciates.2.2 The Introduction of Harriet Beecher StoweHarriet Beecher Stowe, the author of UncleTom's cabin. She was born in the famous priest family in June 14th1811 and passed away in 1896. Civil war, in a other words, Emancipation war was launched in 1860s’ , nevertheless in the beginning of the 1820s’abolishment of the slavery had gradually became the main centre issue in the field of the development public opinion in the United States. At that time, there were a large number of social elites and writers stand by the side of the abolish slavery, appealed to liberate the slavers also should give foundational respect and guaranteed human right. Harriet Beecher Stowe was one of the most outstanding fighters in these writers.As someone said, with more people realizing the inhumanity of slavery in the 19th century, slavery became one of the most important issues and it became more violent year by year in American society. However, slavery was not abolished irrevocably until ratification of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution in 1865, following the Civil War. After the passage ofFugitive Slave Act of 1850, Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote this novel Uncle Tom's Cabin which publicized the evil of slavery to a wide audience.Now we are in the 21st century, we may never come across such kind of thing. However, this b ook can always remind of us that there ever has existed this evil and we can not let it happen again. And equality and human right can be not just suit for the slogan; we should make it come true really and always.3. The development and characteristics of African-American slavery 3.1 The origin of the slavery in the United StatesWhen Columbus discovered the new continent, there was only approximately more than one million people on this ground, so when the great landlords and capitalists which was come from North American were eager to obtain the local nature resource and exchange it to the profits in the limited period, the substance of human resource was one of the most prominently and obviously problems, in this seriousness situation, so many measures should be taken to solved it, so settle up the colonialsystem not only figured out the issue of the labor force but also can make profit from the labor by slavers more easily. On the other face, according to the Christian religion in that period dark history, slavery institution was rational without any doubt. In these particular cases, in the landlords and capitalists in North America took native North American Indian as the original slavers in the first place. At this point, the slavery was established.3.2 The development and characteristics of African-American slaveryAt first, in order to gave the most effective solution linked to the lack of human resource, capitalists set up slavery on a large scale of the United States and this institution had strong compulsive, apart from the African American slaver, even if the group of the white people themselves was not immune, on this occasion, created new system called white indentured servitude, this indentured servitude had service duration. In most situations, the terms of serve were about five to seven years, after that theywould achieve the freedom once again; the slave holders also had responsibility and obligation to give them some expenses and life necessities in return. It goes beyond any dispute that this kind of slavery was posed threat to most of the landlords, therefore, they changed their strategies, they were assent and consent the new law which was expressly agreed terms the change on social position of the black people into slave tenure. The advantage of this issue is that they could treat separately by complexion for ease of further deepening the discrimination to Negro. Besides, it was also cement the dominant position of the capitalist.Along with the developing of the slavery, most of the slavers were unable to escape the net of the painful punishment. In addition to this, literally buy and sell slavers was really normal phenomenon. For this reason, many African American families were broken up. However, in the world of the African American, interpersonal relationship was concentratedreflect by family even though this was illegal at that time. This kind of relationship was destroy by the rule of the slave trade at any moment but the marriage attitude of them were serious, even if the couple was broke up for many years, they would also maintain this stable relationship as well. This firm marital relationship played a positive and significant role for the later resistance.By reading and discuss the novel Uncle Tom's cabin. It can greatly reflect that a large scale number of African American’s fate could be separate by two forms. One of them were so fortunate that came across the kind owner, for instance, the girl who saved by Uncle Tom, her father is typical landlord with the character of kindness and heartwarming. The other form of the slavers are not so lucky, if the landlord is violence man, they will punished and killed at any way in any way. In the end of the story, we also can safety draw the conclusion that the brutal slavery contributes directly to the painfuldeath of Uncle Tom.4. The impact of resistance of slavery in the United States4.1 The civil warThe American Civil War (1861–1865), also known as the War Between the States and several other names, was a civil war in the United States of America. Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy). Led by Jefferson Davis, they fought against the United States (the Union), which was supported by all the free states and the five border slave states. Union states were loosely referred to as "the North".In the presidential election of 1860, the Repub lican Party, led by Abraham Lincoln, had campa igned against the expansion of slavery beyond th e states in which it already existed. The Republic an victory in that election resulted in seven Sout hern states declaring their secession from the Un ion even before Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861. Both the outgoing and incoming US admin istrations rejected the legality of secession, considering it rebellion.Without any doubt, the reason of the war was that the slavery of the United States was the source of the racial discrimination. Fortunately, the abolishment of the slavery offered the enough labor force and created the new marketing for the development of the capitalism in the United States. However, the racial discrimination was not end up with the abolishment of the slavery; in spite of the great progress has making, it’s also evolved as a very tough and complicated social problem in the modern society.The civil war is the turning point in the history of the African American; this war was last about four months. In this period, everyone in the war were withstanding strong pain regardless of you were African American slavers or not. In this war, the soldiers who were come from both sides looted everywhere, confiscation of property and food; furthermore theycommitted outrages on innocent citizens. The African Americans also took part in this war, in this meaningful process, between the white and black people, demonstrated different and unusual relationship, in some situation; they supported each other, Some slave has been loyal to his owner for long years, during the war the landlords took protection measures to the family and slavers as a whole; Corresponding, the behavior of the Africa American slaves were actually very contradictory, the same slaver, he ought to saved the owner who get injured back the battlefield, hidden in a safe place and fled toward the opposite way. At the same time, the longing for the freedom was also very strong, so that after the war even some slaver owners was willing to spend money to hired the them again, they also didn't want to stay .4.2 job opportunityThe black population is about 20 million. Their ancestors were brought to America as slaves in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Nearly all their descendants were keptin legal slavery in the South until 1865. The southern states were defeated in the Civil War and were forced to abolish slavery and set the slaves free.For long terms of slavery to African American were not only reflected in the damage of the body, but also on the spirit. Even thought they finally achieved the freedom, another difficult life position was also a tough work, many of them sent him into exile in order to found the relative who lost for a long time, in another part of the slavers, in search of the new place to begin with the brand new day. The southerners were determined to keep the Negroes from becoming equal in anything but constitutional law. Therefore, there were no different between the periods of the slavery for a huge number of the African Americans on the point of the job choice. One of them also relied on the government aids.In the slavery, many slavers fall into the terrible habits, such as carelessness, lack of theforesight and depend on the white people, these seriousness habits also result in the obstruction of the black civilization over a long time. But as the time goes on, in the market of human resource, the balance between the black and white prompted the development the country, the black people also could get the proper salary to improve the quality of the daily life. Even racial discrimination is still a problem to be solved. in fact, this were only reflect on the employment aspect that a variety of the high income position usually refuse to give offer to the black people, rather than unequal pay for equal. So, comprehensive all the factors, the gap of the income could be ignored.4.3cultureAlmost all the slaves were illiterate under the tormented by the slavery. Although there were so many formidable obstacles, blacks in the United States still have a long and outstanding history. In the late 18th century, all kinds of philanthropists and created from the south set up a large scale of charity school for blacks.Especially in the south of the postwar, just get free blacks have beyond imagination desiring to seeking knowledge, in the United States , in 50 years after the liberation, from 100% illiteracy to around 75% of the people could read, achievement is truly objective. Although the progress of formal education was slow and difficult, developed a new type of cultural style, they reflect in speech, dress, and daily life, etc. Promotion of cultural literacy gives more space and the possibility of a black to create all kinds of the fields. In the process of economic status slowly rising a new middle class, members most come from the black people; become a significant part of the social elite.5 conclusionsThrough the analysis of uncle Tom's cabin, we can totally draw the conclusion in the course of history without any human rights institution must be eliminated, such as slavery. So the American civil war as a landmark turning point in the profound influence to the futuredevelopment of the United States.5.1 institutionsBefore the civil war, slavery in the south was a kind of extreme backwardness savage system, the civil war ended in the victory of the north; this itself was a triumph of democracy. The democracy of the United States are getting more entrenched, and to obtain a broader space for development as well.5.2LaborBecause of the abolishment of the black slavery, a great process was that black could free to hire. So, this phenomenon makes American capitalism industry and commerce to obtain sufficient and low cost labor.5.3CapitalAfter the abolition of slavery and the plantation slavery was abolished either, some ex-slave owners who had the character of the open minded begin to change the other way to involved with the capitalist industry and commerce. In this degree, they were a significant part to strengthen the development of American capitalism economy.5.4 revelationsIn this monetary world dominated by materials, few people really care their spirit and soul. If the world was only composed of materials, without morality, would it exist, develop and prosperous? Of course not, material and spirit coexist just as a person is consisting of body and soul. The world would to into a mess without the restraint of morality, so was every country includes our own homeland which had its law to enforce on its people. The world is a peaceful one under the lead of morality, and in this rampant world, what it really needs is not strength and war, but people setting up their outlook of morality and faith, and leading the world to a more civilized one. So Uncle Tom’s spirit is exactly what spirit the world needs nowadays.。

奴隶制英文介绍奴隶制是封建社会特有的制度，你了解奴隶制吗？是不是急需一篇关于奴隶制的英文介绍啊?下面是分享的奴隶制英文介绍，一起来看看吧。

Slavery in the United States was the legal institution of chattel slavery that existed in the United States of America in the 18th and 19th centuries.Slavery had been practiced in British North America from early colonial days,and was recognized in the Thirteen Colonies at the time of the Declaration of Independence in 1776.When the United States was founded,even though some free persons of color were present,the status of slave was largely coincident with being of African descent,creating a system and legacy in which race played an influential role.After the Revolutionary War,abolitionist laws and sentiment gradually spread in the Northern states,while the rapid expansion of the cotton industry from 1800 led to the Southern states strongly identifying with slavery,and attempting to extend it into the new Western territories.The United States was polarized by slavery into slave and free states along the Mason-DixonLine,which separated Maryland (slave) and Pennsylvania (free).Although the international slave trade was prohibited from 1808,internal slave-trading continued,and the slave population would eventually peak at four million before abolition.As the West opened up,the Southern states believed they needed to keep a balance between the numbers of slave and free states,in order to maintain a balance of power in Congress.The new territories acquired from Britain,France and Mexico were the subject of major political compromises.By 1850,the newly rich cotton-growing South was threatening to secede from the Union,and tensions continued to rise.With church ministers under pressure to preach slavery doctrine conforming to the local politics,the Baptist and Methodist churches split into regional organizations.When Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election on a platform of no new slave states,the South finally broke away to form the Confederacy.This marked the start of the Civil War,which caused a huge disruption of Southern life,with many slaves either escaping or being liberated by the Union armies.The war effectively ended slavery,before the Thirteenth Amendment (December 1865) formally outlawed theinstitution throughout the United States.知识拓展：奴隶社会奴隶社会：从公元前21世纪夏朝建立开始，到公元前221年秦王嬴政统一中国结束。

美国的奴隶制英语作文The specter of slavery casts a long shadow over the history of the United States, a nation founded on the principles of liberty and equality, yet marred by the paradoxical institution that bound human lives in chains. Slavery, a brutal system of forced labor, was the dark underbelly of America's early economic prosperity, its existence a stark contradiction to the ideals of freedom and justice that the country was built upon. The legacy of this inhumane practice is deeply etched into the fabric of American society, its impact still felt in the disparities and divisions that persist to this day.The transatlantic slave trade, a horrific chapter in human history, brought millions of Africans to the Americas, where they were sold into bondage, their lives and labor exploited to fuel the economic engines of the burgeoning colonies. The plantations of the American South, with their lush cotton fields and tobacco farms, were the epicenter of this cruel industry, where the sweat and toil of enslaved people were the lifeblood of the region's wealth.The fight against slavery was a long and arduous one, with abolitionists like Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass leading the charge for freedom. Their stories of courage and defiance against the oppressive system are a testament to the indomitable human spirit. The Civil War, a pivotal moment in American history, was in part a conflict over the issue ofslavery, with the Emancipation Proclamation by President Abraham Lincoln signaling a turning point in the nation's moral compass.Yet, the end of slavery did not mark the end of the struggle for equality. The aftermath of the Civil War saw the rise of Jim Crow laws, a system of racial segregation that perpetuated the subjugation of African Americans well into the 20th century. It was not until the Civil Rights Movement, with leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. advocating forracial equality and justice, that significant strides were made towards dismantling the systemic racism that had its roots in slavery.The United States continues to grapple with the complex legacy of slavery, as it seeks to address the social, economic, and racial inequalities that are part of its history. The journey towards true reconciliation and understanding is an ongoing process, one that requires acknowledging the past while striving for a more equitable future. The story of American slavery is not just a tale of the past; it is a narrative that continues to shape the present and the aspirations for a more just society.。

美国奴隶制起源-讲稿第一篇：美国奴隶制起源-讲稿The Beginning of Slavery in America 美国奴隶制起源Hello, everyone!It is known that racial discrimination against the black people is an old problem in America which can be traced back to the colonial period.It was the dispute over Negro slavery that touched off the American Civil War in 1862.Slavery developed almost side by side with the English-American colonies.After the colonists reached the New World, they found that one of the problems to be solved was the shortage of labor.The first blacks were brought into the colonies in 1619.Within a few decades, the demand for cheap labor led to a large slave trade.After tobacco was successfully planted and more rich people arrived in the colonies, especially in the South, the problem of labor shortage became acute.European adventurers began to capture Negroes in Western Africa and transported them to America.The slave traders, many of whom were from New England, made a big profit from what was called the triangular trade between Europe, Africa and America.Plantation owners of the South got the cheap labor they needed.The number of Negro slaves increased very quickly before America won its independence.After the Independence War, Britain shifted much of its trade to other colonies.The price of tobacco fell sharply in America.Slave labor became less profitable and began to decline.Before long, America began its industrial revolution and the cotton gin was invented in 1793.The revolutionized cotton textile industry increased the demand for cotton.T o increase the production of cotton, cheap labor was needed.As a result, the number of Negro slaves stopped fallingand black slavery revived.Since the South had abundant and suitable land for farming and thus needed a lot labor, many slaves were bought by those plantationers.Moreover, the Blacks cannot endure the bitter cold in the North.That is why large numbers of blacks were in the South.By 1860, there were about 3 million Negro slaves in the South who made up about one-third of the total population of the South.Before the Civil War, more than 98% of the American Negroes were in the South.An average Southern plantation was about 1000 acres with 100 slaves.They fed on horrible food which was made in the central kitchen or in the black slaves’ cabins.They had to toil all day long in the cotton fields, eating their noon-day meals in the fields.Black slaves were supervised by the cold-blooded overseers.Slave owners could beat, sell, or kill a slave without violating the law.Negro families were often broken when the master sold some of his slaves.Marriage of the slaves were regarded by the slave owner as a means to produce more slaves.A slave owner could buy a man slave and marry him to a woman slave or vice versa.No slave was allowed to go out his master’ plantation unless he had obtained a written permission from his master.There were professional slave captors who would hunt down any slave in escape.The law did not allow anyone to teach the blacks how to read and write.It is no exaggeration to say that the Negro slaves were treated as farm animals.The only difference was that they could think and speak.If you want to know more about the miserable life of slaves, you can read Mrs.Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin or Solomon Northup’s 12 Years A Slave.The conflicts between the South and the North concerning slavery led to the American Civil War.We’re going to discuss that next session.Thank you.第二篇：美国独立日起源(英文)Good afternoon, everyone: What i want to introduce to you is American Independence Day,which is equivalent to Chinese National DayIndependence Day,commonly known as the Fourth of July, is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain.During the American Revolution（美国独立战争）, the legal separation of the Thirteen Colonies from Great Britain occurred on July 2, 1776, when the Second Continental Congress voted to approve a resolution of independence.After voting for independence, Congress turned its attention to the Declaration of Independence, a statement explaining this decision, which had been prepared by a Committee of Five(五人小组), with Thomas Jefferson as its principal author.Congress debated and revised （修正）the Declaration, finally approving it on July 4.From then on, American celebrated the birthday of their homeland every year by a variety of ways.In the beginning, people will held demonstrations and speeches in this special day and most of these activities were covered with a layer of religious color.With the development of America, outdoor activities and sports events also became a part of celebration.Fireworks activities were once very popular before 20th century, but government canceled these projects to prevent the risk of fire after 20th century.Nowadays, Independence Day in the United States is a fairly important festival.People will have a day off to relax.All of american church bells rang in honor of American Independence after the ringing of Liberty Bell in Philadelphia.Various floats, model cars, acrobatics car and crowd line up a enormous andpowerful team to go forward which is a very spectacular sight.At the end of the procession, people tend to gather in a park or public place.All the families dance and cheer, or have a picnic in sound of music.Businessmen are busy selling souvenirs, the politicians take the opportunity to conduct campaign speeches, the kids play games on the grass, the entire United States show the joyful scene of festival.That's all.Thank you!第三篇：美国感恩节的起源The origin of American ThanksgivingAs is known to us, the Thanksgiving is one of the most crucial festivals in the United States and Canada’s.However, the historical origins of the festivals in the both countries are different from each other.Here I’d like to introduce something about the origin of American Thanksgiving.In 1620,the boat called “may flower” arrived in North America from Britain, carrying 102 pilgrims.Unfortunately, in the winter of this year, they encountered unimaginable difficulties, half of them dyingof hunger.Luckily, the native Indians provided pilgrims with the necessities in time.What’s more, they were so kind that they even taught pilgrims how to hunt, fish and plant corn,pumpkin.With the help of the Indians,the immigrants finally overcame the difficulties and received a harvest.During the days of harvest celebration, according to religious traditions , immigrants rules the day of thanksgiving to god, and decided to show their gratitude to Indians.Immigrants invited them to celebrate the festival.In this day of the first Thanksgiving, immigrants and the Indians got together,chatting and eating happily.Immigrants were so grateful to god that they set off fireworks, held a grand banquet and enjoyed delicious turkeys.The first thanksgiving day was very successful.As aresult,a lot of these celebration ways remained for many years.In 1789, the first American president Washington declared November,26was the national Thanksgiving celebration.However, for a long time, every state holiday date still stipulated based on their own situation.It was not until 1863 that president Lincoln declared Thanksgiving day was a national holiday again.In 1941, Congress passed bill, the president Roosevelt declared the fourth Thursday of November as Thanksgiving day throughout the country.Nowadays Thanksgiving holiday usually lasts form Thursday to Sunday.In western countries,it is time for people to express gratitude and share love.Besides,thanksgiving day is a wonderful feast for children in which children can enjoy excellent snacks.Generally, the thanksgiving day plays an very important role in today’s Americans’ life.第四篇：《美国讲稿》读书笔记《美国讲稿》读书笔记相较老师推荐的其他书，《美国讲稿》看上去更为精致短小，其中收录了伊塔洛·卡尔维诺的五篇讲稿及《子午线》杂志的编辑M·巴棱吉发现并整理出的一篇手稿。

2017考研英语阅读理解真题解析：考察美国文化店铺考研网为大家提供2017考研英语阅读理解真题解析：考察美国文化，更多考研资讯请关注我们网站的更新!2017考研英语阅读理解真题解析：考察美国文化最后一篇文章又回到美国，前面讲美国安检太麻烦了，又讲夏威夷，又讲脱欧。

冲刺班说了，每年倒数第二个礼拜，我一直在说一定要了解美国文化，三权分立，美国法官制度是怎么样的，对美国法律有点了解，一个人可以告一个州，也可以翻案，你认为有罪可能会没罪。

2015年第四篇文章一样，他的主任没有罪，不知道你是否电话盗窃。

有些东西会让人感到意外。

这个人拿了法拉力、拿了劳力士手表，宣告无对。

为什么宣告无罪?我拿别人的礼物我没有给他回报。

我不管他有没有道德，我没有触犯法律。

后来弗吉尼亚州州长宣告无罪。

我们看36题，它属于猜词题，看上下文主要内容，说这个人宣判无罪。

前后是对比关系，后面有一个转折词，虽然最高法院8：0否决它，虽然我判你无罪，我的词汇课不讲词根词缀，我讲but、讲一些小词，所以大家现在考试知道了好多单词不会，转折词转过来是什么?前面是支持后面否定。

很多人不敢选这个，这个单词技巧来讲一般不选，但是作者一般不歧视别人，不会轻蔑别人，但是这里法官，法官可以轻蔑别人。

因为捂着鼻子，表明他不喜欢这个人的所作所为，联系别人，开一个会要别人的劳力士手表。

所以应该选C。

第二道题，根据第四段，怎么会突然跑第四段呢?中间两段不看了吗?基础强化课里说了，中间一篇文章是完整的。

还要继续看到第四段，就知道官方行为被认为是****的。

他接受礼物不算****，接受礼物还要做具体回报。

跟他签合同了，制订了新的条例条规。

这道题答案选签了具体回报。

给他签合同、给他新的定单。

38题，我们法院裁决是以什么为基础呢?我们公共部门的官员，我们公共部门官员是合理的，做什么事情合理呢?应该处理选民、支持者。

这个单词大家不认识，通过模糊阅读，我们强调根据上下文，这个人选他当总统，被选来当领导的人，当时选他的人。

2017考研英语阅读材料：医改的闹剧医疗的改革以及相关的各种事情是每一个国家的人民关心的问题，而每一个国家的这些政策也是不一样的，可以适当的了解一二。

下面我们大家一起来看一下小编为大家整理的关于2017考研英语阅读材料：医改的闹剧的一些资料，帮助大家更好的做好考研英语的复习备考工作。

Health reform医疗改革Medicare, the opera医改的闹剧Another election, another nonsensical fight over theelderly又一场选举，又一场关于老年人的荒谬斗争APRIL has been a cheerful month for the Affordable Care Act, better known as Obamacare.More than 7m Americans have signed up for private coverage through the law s exchanges and,by the end of February, more than 3m people had enrolled in Medicaid, the health programmefor the poor. According to the latest Gallup poll, America s share of uninsured has fallen to itslowest level since 2008. These figures are good news for anyone keen to expand healthcoverage. They may not be so helpful for the Democrats election prospects.四月对平价医疗法案(或者称其为奥巴马医改)来说是值得欢呼的一个月。

2017年考研英语阅读理解模拟题（十四）及答案：法学类 A white kid sells a bag of cocaine at his suburban high school. A Latino kid does the same in his inner-city neighborhood. Both get caught. Both are first-timeoffenders. The white kid walks into juvenile court with his parents ， his priest ， a good lawyer-and medical coverage. The Latino kid walks into court with his mom ， no legal resources and no insurance. The judge lets the white kid go with his family; he's placed in a private treatment program. The minority kid has no such option. He's detained.There ， in a nutshell ， is what happens more and more often in the juvenile-court system. Minority youths arrested on violent felony charges in California are more than twice as likely as their white counterparts to be transferred out of thejuvenile-justice system and tried as adults ， according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute ， a research center in San Francisco. Once they are in adult courts ， young black offenders are 18 times more likely to be jailed-and Hispanics seven times more likely-than are young white offenders. “Discrimination against kids of color accumulates at every stage of the justice system andskyrockets when juveniles are ， tried as adults ，” says Dan Macallair， a co-author of the new study. “California has a double standard： throw kids of color behind bars ， but .rehabilitate white kids who commit comparable crimes.”Even as juvenile crime has declined from its peak in the early 1990s ， headline grabbing violence by minors has intensified a get-tough attitude. Over the past six years ， 43 states have passed laws that make it easier to try juveniles as adults. In Texas and Connecticut in 1996， the latest year for which figures are available ， all the juveniles in jails were minorities. Vincent Schiraldi ， the Justice Policy Institute's director ， concedes that “some kids need to be tried as adults. But most can be rehabilitated.”Instead ， adult prisons tend to brutalize juveniles. They are eight times more likely to commit suicide and five times more likely to be sexually abused than offenders held in juvenile detention. “Once they get out， they tend to commit more crimes and more violent crimes ，” says Jenni Gainsborough， aspokeswoman for the Sentencing Project ， a reform group in Washington. The system ， in essence ， is training career criminals. And it's doing its worst work among minorities.注(1)本文选自By Anamaria Wilson Time; 02/14/2000， Vol. 155 Issue 6， p68， 1/3p注(2)本文习题命题模仿对象1997年真题text 5(其中因1997年真题text 5只有4个题目，所以本文第4题模仿参照对象为1999年 Text 4的第4题。

2017考研英语历史学类阅读理解模拟题及答案（四）PEOPLE ，like most animals ，are naturally lazy. So the ascent of mankind is something of a mystery. Humans who make their livings hunting and gathering in the traditional way do not have to put much effort into it. Farmers who rely on rain to water their crops work significantly harder ， and lead shorter and unhealthier lives. But the real back-breaking ， health-destroying labour is that carried out by farmers who use irrigation. Yet it was the invention of irrigation ， at first sight so detrimental to its practitioners ， that actually produced a sufficient surplus to feed the priests ， politicians ， scholars ， artists and so on whose activities are collectively thought of as “civilisation ”。

In the past 10，000 yeas ， the world ΄s climate has become temporarily colder and drier on several occasions. The first of these ， known as the Younger Dryads ， after a tundra-loving plant that thriced during it ， occurred at the same time as the beginning of agriculture in northern Mesopotamis. It is widely believed that this was nor a coincidence. The drying and cooling of the YOUNGER Dryads adversely affected the food supply of hunter-gatherers. That would have created an incentive for agriculture to spread once some bright spark invented it.Why farmers then moved on to irrigation is ， however ， far from clear. But Harvey Weiss ， of Yale University ， think she knows. Dr. Weiss observes that the development of irrigation coincides with a second cool ， dry period ， some 8，200 years ago. His analysis of rainfall patterns in the area suggests that rainfall in agriculture ΄s upper-Mesopotamian heartland would ， at this time ， have fallenbelow the level needed to sustain farming reliably. Farmers would thus have been forced out of the area in search of other opportunities.Once again ， an innovative spark was required. But it clearly occurred to some of these displaced farmers that the slow-moving waters of the lower Tigris and Euphrates ， near sea level ， could be diverted using canals and used to water crops ， and the rest ， as the clich has it ， is history.So climate change helped to intensify agriculture ， and thus start civilization. But an equally intriguing idea is that the spread of agriculture caused climate change. In this case ， the presumed criminal is forest clearance. Most of the land cultivated by early farmers in the Middle East would have been forested. When the trees that grew there were cleared ， the carbon they contained ended up in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Moreover ， one form of farming —the cultivation of rice in waterlongged fields —generates methane ， in large quantities. Willianm Ruddiman ， of the University of Virginia ， explained that ， in combination ， these two phenomena had warmed the atmosphere prior to the start of the industrial era. As environmentalists are wont to observe ， mankind is part of nature. These studies show just how intimate the relationship is.1. The invention of irrigation is meaningful because it could help to[A] alleviate farmers‘ workload[B] increase agricultural production.[C] make planting much easier[D] get rid of human laziness.2. According to Dr. Weiss ， the second cool and dry period eventually[A] changed the growing season.[B] spurred the use of canals.[C] forced the farmers to desert agriculture.[D] led to declining populations.3. From the first four paragraphs ， we can infer that the dawn of civilization[A] was accompanied by hardships of human existence.[B] is a mystery as yet unknown to mankind.[C] can be attributed to the innovative sparks of ancestors.[D] was recorded by history books ending at that time.4. Which of the following tends to warm the climate?[A] To develop the irrigation system.[B] To promote organic agriculture.[C] To revert to hunting and gathering[D] To turn farmland back into forest.5. the text is mainly about[A] the relationship between climate change and civilization.[B] the history of global climate change.[C] the interaction between nature and human society.[D]the impact of the spread of agriculture.答案与解析1. B 细节题。

2017考研英语阅读每日精选：预算趣录在考研英语中，阅读分数可谓是占到了总分的半壁江山，正所谓“得阅读者得考研”。

对于备考考研的同学们，在平时的复习中一定要拓展阅读思路，各类话题都要关注，这样才能在整体上提升考研英语阅读水平!一起来学习吧!Fun on a budget预算趣录Congress is incapable of restraining spending. Itshould let the president try国会无力控制开支，也许该放手让总统一试AT THE end of Barack Obama's budget, which waspublished on February 2nd, the administration thanks 614 people by name for putting thething together. It adds that “hundreds, perhaps thousands”of nameless others also helped.There is something depressing about the effort that went into producing the document. Thebudget is an admirable piece of work which contains many good ideas, from cuts in farmsubsidies to an increase in tax credits for childless workers. There is, however, a grammaticalmistake repeated throughout it. “The budget will”, the president writes, when what he means isthat his budget would, in the unlikely event that Congress were ever to pass it.奥巴马总统的财政年度预算于2月2日公布，在预算案的最后，政府向614人致谢，感谢他们为预算案形成所作出的贡献。