双语离散计算ch2
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《离散数学》双语专业词汇表set:集合subset:子集element, member:成员,元素well-defined:良定,完全确定brace:花括号representation:表示sensible:有意义的rational number:有理数empty set:空集Venn diagram:文氏图contain(in):包含(于)universal set:全集finite (infinite) set:有限(无限)集cardinality:基数,势power set:幂集operation on sets:集合运算disjoint sets:不相交集intersection:交union:并complement of B with respect to A:A与B的差集symmetric difference:对称差commutative:可交换的associative:可结合的distributive:可分配的idempotent:等幂的de Morgan’s laws:德摩根律inclusion-exclusion principle:容斥原理sequence:序列subscript:下标recursive:递归explicit:显式的string:串,字符串set corresponding to a sequence:对应于序列的集合linear array(list):线性表characteristic function:特征函数countable(uncountable):可数(不可数)alphabet:字母表word:词empty sequence(string):空串catenation:合并,拼接regular expression:正则表达式division:除法multiple:倍数prime:素(数)algorithm:算法common divisor:公因子GCD(greatest common divisor):最大公因子LCM(least common multiple):最小公倍数Euclidian algorithm:欧几里得算法,辗转相除法pseudocode:伪码(拟码)matrix:矩阵square matrix:方阵row:行column:列entry(element):元素diagonal matrix:对角阵Boolean matrix:布尔矩阵join:并meet:交Boolean product:布尔乘积mathematical structure(system):数学结构(系统)closed with respect to:对…是封闭的binary operation:二元运算unary operation:一元运算identity:么元,单位元inverse:逆元statement, proposition:命题logical connective:命题联结词compound statement:复合命题propositional variable:命题变元negation:否定(式)truth table:真值表conjunction:合取disjunction:析取quantifier:量词universal quantification:全称量词化propositional function:命题公式predicate:谓词existential quantification:存在量词化converse:逆命题conditional statement, implication:条件式,蕴涵式consequent, conclusion:结论,后件contrapositive:逆否命题hypothesis:假设,前提,前件biconditional, equivalence:双条件式,等价logically equivalent:(逻辑)等价的contingency:可满足式tautology:永真(重言)式contradiction, absurdity:永假(矛盾)式logically follow:是…的逻辑结论rules of reference:推理规则modus ponens:肯定律m odus tollens:否定律indirect method:间接证明法proof by contradiction:反证法counterexample;反例basic step:基础步principle of mathematical induction:(第一)数学归纳法induction step:归纳步strong induction:第二数学归纳法relation:关系digraph:有向图ordered pair:有序对,序偶product set, Caretesian set:叉积,笛partition, quotient set:划分,商集block, cell:划分块,单元domain:定义域range:值域R-relative set:R相关集vertex(vertices):结点,顶点edge:边in-degree:入度out-degree:出度path:通路,路径cycle:回路connectivity relation:连通性关系reachability relation:可达性关系composition:复合reflexive:自反的irreflexive:反自反的empty relation:空关系symmetric:对称的asymmetric:非对称的antisymmetric:反对称的graph:无向图undirected edge:无向边adjacent vertices:邻接结点connected:连通的transitive:传递的equivalent relation:等价关系congruent to:与…同余modulus:模equivalence class:等价类linked list:链表storage cell:存储单元pointer:指针complementary relation:补关系inverse:逆关系closure:闭包symmetric closure:对称闭包reflexive closure:自反闭包composition:关系的复合transitive closure:传递闭包Warshal’s algorithm:Warshall算法function, mapping, transformation:函数,映射,变换argument:自变量value, image:值,像,应变量labeled digraph:标记有向图identity function on A:A上的恒等函数everywhere defined:处处有定义的onto:到上函数,满射one to one:单射,一对一函数bijection, one-to-one correspondence:双射,一一对应invertible function:可逆函数floor function:下取整函数ceiling function:上取整函数Boolean function:布尔函数base 2 exponential function:以2为底的指数函数logarithm function to the base n:以n为底的对数hashing function:杂凑函数key:键growth of function:函数增长same order:同阶lower order:低阶running time:运行时间permutation:置换,排列cyclic permutation:循环置换,轮换transposition:对换odd(even) permutation:奇(偶)置换order relation:序关系partial order:偏序关系partially ordered set, poset:偏序集dual:对偶comparable:可比较的linear order(total order):线序,全序linearly ordered set, chain:线(全)序集,链product partial order:积偏序lexicographic order:字典序Hasse diagram:哈斯图topological sorting:拓扑排序isomorphism:同构maximal(minimal) element:极大(小)元extremal element:极值元素greatest(least) element:最大(小)元unit element:么(单位)元zero element:零元upper(lower) bound:上(下)界least upper(greatest lower) bound:上(下)确界lattice:格join:,保联,并meet:保交,交sublattice:子格absorption property:吸收律bounded lattice:有界格distributive lattice:分配格complement:补元modular lattice:模格Boolean algebra:布尔代数involution property:对合律Boolean polynomial, Boolean expression:布尔多项式(表达式)or(and, not) gate:或(与,非)门inverter:反向器circuit design:线路设计minterm:极小项Karnaugh map:卡诺图tree:树root:根,根结点rooted tree:(有)根树level:层,parent:父结点offspring:子女结点siblings:兄弟结点height:树高leaf(leave):叶结点ordered tree:有序树n-tree:n-元树complete n-tree:完全n-元树(complete) binary tree:(完全)二元(叉)树descendant:后代subtree:子树positional tree:位置树positional binary tree:位置二元(叉)树doubly linked list:双向链表tree searching:树的搜索(遍历)traverse:遍历,周游preorder search:前序遍历Polish form:(表达式的)波兰表示inorder search:中序遍历postorder search:后序遍历reverse Polish form:(表达式的)逆波兰表示linked-list representation:链表表示undirected tree:无向树undirected edge:无向边adjacent vertices:邻接结点simple path:简单路径(通路)simple cycle:简单回路acyclic:无(简单)回路的spanning tree:生成树,支撑树Prim’s algorithm:Prim算法minimal spanning tree:最小生成树weighted graph:(赋)权图weight:树distance:距离nearest neighbor:最邻近结点greedy algorithm:贪婪算法optimal solution:最佳方法Kruskal’s algorithm:Kruskal算法graph:(无向)图vertex(vertices):结点edge:边end point:端点relationship:关系connection:连接degree of a vertex:结点的度loop:自回路path:路径isolated vertex:孤立结点adjacent vertices:邻接结点circuit:回路simple path(circuit):基本路径(回路) connected:连通的disconnected:不连通的component:分图discrete graph(null graph):零图complete graph:完全图regular graph:正规图,正则图linear graph:线性图subgraph:子图Euler path(circuit):欧拉路径(回路) Konisberg Bridge problem:哥尼斯堡七桥问题ordinance:法规recycle:回收,再循环bridge:桥,割边Hamiltonian path(circuit):哈密尔顿路径(回路)dodecahedron:正十二面体weight:权TSP(traveling salesperson problem):货郎担问题transport network:运输网络capacity:容量maximum flow:最大流source:源sink:汇conversation of flow:流的守恒value of a flow:流的值excess capacity:增值容量cut:割the capacity of a cut:割的容量matching problems:匹配问题matching function:匹配函数compatible with:与…相容maximal match:最大匹配complete match:完全匹配coloring graphs:图的着色proper coloring:正规着色chromatic number of G:G的色数map-coloring problem:地图着色问题conjecture:猜想planar graph:(可)平面图bland meats:未加调料的肉chromatic polynomial:着色多项式binary operation on a set A:集合A上的二元运算closed under the operation:运算对…是封闭的commutative:可交换的associative:可结合的idempotent:幂等的distributive:可分配的semigroup:半群product:积free semigroup generated by A:由A生成的自由半群identity(element):么(单位)元monoid:含么半群,独异点subsemigroup:子半群submonoid:子含么半群isomorphism:同构homomorphism:同态homomorphic image:同态像Kernel:同态核congruence relation:同余关系natural homomorphism:自然同态group:群inverse:逆元quotient group:商群Abelian group:交换(阿贝尔)群cancellation property:消去律multiplication table:运算表finite group:有限(阶)群order of a group:群的阶symmetric group:对称群subgroup:子群alternating group:交替群Klein 4 group:Klein四元群coset:陪集(left) right coset:(左)右陪集normal subgroup:正规(不变)子群prerequisite:预备知识virtually:几乎informal brand:不严格的那种notation:标记sensible:有意义的logician:逻辑学家extensively:广泛地,全面地commuter:经常往来于两地的人by convention:按常规,按惯例dimension:维(数) compatible:相容的discipline:学科reasoning:推理declarative sentence:陈述句n-tuple:n-元组component sentence:分句tacitly:默认generic element:任一元素algorithm verification:算法证明counting:计数factorial:阶乘combination:组合pigeonhole principle:鸽巢原理existence proof:存在性证明constructive proof:构造性证明category:类别,分类factor:因子consecutively:相继地probability(theory):概率(论) die:骰子probabilistic:概率性的sample space:样本空间event:事件certain event:必然事件impossible event:不可能事件mutually exclusive:互斥的,不相交的likelihood:可能性frequency of occurrence:出现次数(频率) summarize:总结,概括plausible:似乎可能的equally likely:等可能的,等概率的random selection(choose an object at random):随机选择terminology:术语expected value:期望值backtracking:回溯characteristic equation:特征方程linear homogeneous relation of degree k:k阶线性齐次关系binary relation:二元关系prescribe:命令,规定coordinate:坐标criteria:标准,准则gender:性别graduate school:研究生院generalize:推广notion:概念intuitively:直觉地verbally:用言语approach:方法,方式conversely:相反地pictorially:以图形方式restriction:限制direct flight:直飞航班tedious:冗长乏味的main diagonal:主对角线remainder:余数random access:随机访问sequential access:顺序访问custom:惯例polynomial:多项式substitution:替换multi-valued function:多值函数collision:冲突analysis of algorithm:算法分析sophisticated:复杂的set inclusion(containment):集合包含distinguish:区分analogous:类似的ordered triple:有序三元组recreational area:游乐场所multigraph:多重图pumping station:抽水站depot:货站,仓库relay station:转送站。
常用离散数学名词中英文对照集合:set元素:element严格定义:well defined成员:member外延原理:principle of extension泛集(全集):universal set空集:empty set(null set)子集:subset文氏图:venn diagram并:union交:intersection相对补集:relative complement绝对补集:absolute complement补集:complement对偶性:duality幂等律:idempotent laws组合律:associative laws交换律:commutative laws分配律:distributive laws同一律:identity laws对合律:involution laws求补律:complement laws对偶原理:principle of duality有限集:finite set计算原理:counting principle类:class幂集:power set子类:subclass子集合:subcollection命题:proposition命题计算:proposition calculus语句:statement复合:compound子语句:substatement合取:conjunction析取:disjuction否定:negation真值表:truth table重言式:tautology矛盾:contradiction逻辑等价:logical equivalence命题代数:algebra of propositions 逻辑蕴涵:logicalimplication关系:relation有序对:ordered pair划分:parti-on偏序:partial order整除性:divisibility常规序:usual order上确界:supremum下确界:infimum上(下)界:upper(lower) bound乘积集:product set笛卡儿积:cartesian product笛卡儿平面:cartesian plane二元关系:binary relation定义域:domain值域:range相等:equality恒等关系:identity relation全关系:universal ralation空关系:empty ralation图解:graph坐标图:coordinate diagram关系矩阵:matrix of the relation 连矢图:arrow diagram有向图:directed graph逆关系:inverse relation转置:transpose复合:composition自反:reflexive对称的:symmetric反对称的:anti-symmetric可递的:transitive等价关系:equivalence relation半序关系:partial ordering relation 函数:function映射:mapping变换:transformation像点:image象:image自变量:independent variable因变量:dependent variable函数图象:graph of a function合成函数:composition function可逆函数:invertible function一一对应:one to one correspondence 内射:injective满射:surjective双射:bijective基数度:cardinality基数:cardinal number图论:graph theory多重图:multigraphy顶点:vertix(point,node)无序对:unordered pair边:edge相邻的adjacent端点:endpoint多重边:multiple edge环:loop子图:subgraph生成子图:generated subgraph平凡图:trivial graph入射:incident孤立点:isolated vertex连通性:connectivity通路:walk长度:length简单通路:chain(trail)圈:path回路:cycle连通的:connected连通分支:connected component距离:distance欧拉图:eulerian graph欧拉链路:eulerian trail哈密顿图:hamilton graph哈密顿回路:hamilton cycle货郎行程问题:traveling salesman完全图:complete graph正则图:regular graph偶图:bipartive graph树图:tree graph加权图:labeled graph同构图:isomorphic graph同构:isomorphism同胚的:homeomorphic平面图:planar graph着色问题:colortion区域:region地图:map非平面图:nonplanargraph着色图:colored graphs顶点着色:vertex coloring色散:chromatic number四色原理:four color theorem对偶地图:dual map退化树:degenerate tree生成树:spanning tree有根树:rooted tree根:root水平(深度):level(depth)叶子:leaf分支:branch有序有根树:ordered rooted tree二元运算符:binary operational symbol半群:semigroup单位元素:identity element右(左)单位元素:right(left) identity左(右)消去律:left(right) cancellation law) 逆:inverse并列:juxtaposition有限群:finite group正规子群:normal subgroup非平凡子群:nontrivial subgroup循环群:cyclic group环:ring整环:integral domain域:field交换环:commutative ring加性环:additive group汇合:meet格:lattice有界格:bounded lattice分配格:distributeve lattice补格:complemented lattice表示定理:representation theorem。
离散数学(1)复习笔记Ch1 命题逻辑的基本概念1.1 命题命题:能判断真假且⾮真即假的陈述句。
命题的真值,真命题,假命题。
* 真值待定 *简单命题 | 原⼦命题,复合命题。
1.2 常⽤的5个命题联结词否定,合取,析取,蕴涵,双蕴涵。
* 异或 | 排斥或 | 不可兼或 * 注意语义判断。
* p→q = ﹁ p∨q ** 必要条件 * 只有……才……;仅当……,……;……,仅当……。
注意命题符号化的蕴涵⽅向。
* domain * A horse is white. (×)联结词集,⼀元联结词,⼆元联结词。
* 优先顺序 * (),﹁,∧,∨,→,↔1.3 合式公式及其赋值命题常项 | 命题常元(值是确定的),命题变项 | 命题变元(真值可以变化的陈述句)。
合式公式 | 命题公式 | 命题形式 | 公式(wff)(well formed formulas),原⼦命题公式(单个命题变项),⼦公式。
* 单个命题变项是合式公式,没说命题常项。
*赋值 | 解释,成真赋值,成假赋值。
真值表。
* 真值表要点:赋值从00…0开始,按照⼆进制加法,直到11…1为⽌;按照运算的优先次序写出各⼦公式。
*命题公式的分类:重⾔式 | 永真式,⽭盾式 | 永假式,可满⾜式。
1.4 重⾔式与代⼊规则代⼊规则。
* 1. 公式中被代换的只能是命题变项(原⼦命题),⽽不能是复合命题。
2.对公式中某命题变项施以代⼊,必须对该公式中出现的所有同⼀命题变项施以相同的代换。
* 1.5 命题形式化命题形式化 | 符号化。
* 注意充分条件和必要条件的区别 ** 注意语义是否考虑完整 *1.6 波兰表达式中置式 | 中缀式,前置式 | 前缀式 | 波兰式,后置式 | 后缀式 | 逆波兰式。
Ch2 命题逻辑的等值和推理演算2.1 等值定理等值 | 等价,等值定理:设A,B为两个命题公式,A = B的充分必要条件是 A↔B为⼀个重⾔式。