大学英语自学教程上册unit2

IV.1.It fails to produce enough young in each generation to keep pace with the death rate.2.We can tell it from fossil evidence in rocks.3.Extinction means living beings are out of existence.4.Human beings.5.They may get great financial rewards from hunting.6.They hunt animal for trophies.7.The killing of the Canadian seals.8.One way is to remove them to zoos and parks and breed them there.Another way is to protect the animals in the wildlife reserves with ,wardens to look after them.9.We can enjoy ourselves in watching wildlife in natural or near-natural environments.V.1.The natural evrironments in which animals live has been worsening.2.Hunters hunt for their own purpose, regardless of the public living environment.3.There is every likelihood that more animals would be made extinct without natural reserves.4.Countless examples can be given to show that natural environments are being rapidly changed.5.To create the wildlife reserves is another effective way to protect animals.Vocabulary ExercisesI.1.a. special b.specialised c.specially2.a.publicity b.publicise c.public3.a.viariation b.vary c.various4.a.Tourism b.tourists c.tour5.a.survival b.survivors c.survivedII.1.Fossils2.Species3.Tourism4.extinct5.by-product6.offspringpeted 8.fate 9.threat10.paceIII.1.He find it hard to keep pace with the development in physics.2.Now,China can compete with most countries in the world.3.There is every likelihood that we can do better if we work hard.4.More and more people become concerned about our natural environment.5.This warship has been armed with nuclear weapons.6.I will tell you the truth provided you do not disclose it to anyone else.7.We are very happy that he can survive this heart attack.8.The danger can not be ignored that tigers may become extinct in our country.Text BExercises for the TextI.1.F2.T3.F4.T5.T6.T7.F8.F9.F 10.FII.1.somke, fog2.coughing, straining for breath3.lung or heart4.chemicals5.guide6.furnaces7.chemical fumes, water droplets8.temperature inversion9.photochemical smog10.exhaust fumes,nitrogen oxides, subphur dioxide, oil refineriesVocabulary ExercisesI.1.e2.d3.a4.b5.cII.1.B2.A3.D4.C5.AIII.1.exhausted2.conclude3.inversion4.suffering5.strainedGrammar ExercisesI.1.我很少看见她这样不高兴。

大学英语自学教程（上册）课后答案及释义UNIT2Unit 2第一部分Text A【课文译文】税、税、还是税美国人常说，人的一生有两件事可以肯定会发生：死亡和税收。

美国人并不垄断死亡市场，但许多人却感到美国以最重的赋税领先于世界。

税指人们为支持政府而缴纳的资金。

在美国通常有三级政府：联邦政府，州政府及市政府，因此就存在三种税。

收入超过几千元的工薪人士必须向联邦政府缴纳一定比率的税金。

这一比率因人而异，取决于各人的工资数。

联邦政府实行累进收入所得税制，也就是说，税率(14%～70%)随个人收入的增加而增加，由于高额税收，人们在4月15日很不愉快，因为这一天是缴纳税款的日子。

第二种税是缴纳给州政府的，这些州包括纽约，加利福尼亚，北达科他以及其他47个州中的任何一个。

一些州的收入所得税的收取办法同联邦政府的相似，当然其税率要低一些。

一些州设有销售税，即对你在该州所购买的任何商品所收的一定比率的税金。

比如，某人想买一包25美分的烟。

如果该州收取8%的销售税，那么买这包烟要花27美分，这一钱数就包括销售税。

一些州利用收入所得税外加销售税的办法来提高税收，各州的税收法规五花八门，令人费解。

第三种税是向市政府缴纳的。

这种税有两种：一种是财产税(拥有房屋的人都必须交税)，另一种是本国消费税，即对城市汽车所征收的税金。

城市将这些资金用于教育、警察和消防部门、公共设施及市政建设。

由于美国人须付高额税金，所以他们经常感到每周有一天纯粹是在为缴税而工作。

人们总是在抱怨税收太高。

他们常常抗议政府滥用他们的税金。

他们说政府将太多的钱花在无用且不符合实际的项目上了。

尽管美国人在很多问题上有不同的看法，但他们在一个话题上的意见总是一致的：税收太高。

【课文难点注释】1．The federal government has a graduated income tax,that is,the percentage of the tax increases as a person's income increases.(Para 3)联邦政府实行累进收入所得税制，也就是说，税率随个人收入的增加而增加。

《大学英语自学教程》（上册）课后习题答案Unit 2Text AExercises for the TextI.1.a2.c3.a4.a5.cII.1. Income tax is a certain percentage of the salaries paid to the goverment.2. Graduated income tax means the percentage of the tax(14 to 70 percent) increases as a per son's income increase.3. Property tax is that people who own a home have to pay taxes on it.4. Exercise tax is charged on cars in a city.5. Sales tax is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.III.1.due2.depends on3.diverse4.consists of5.simila6.tends toplaining about8.In ad dition to9.issue 10.agreed onIV.1.How much do you charge for a haircut.2.We are trying to use funds for the Red Cross.3.He has earned a good reputation for honsety.4.We pay taxes in exchange for government services.5.An open letter protests the government's foreign policy.V.1.Every citizen is obliged to pay taxes.(It is obligatory on every citizen to pay taxes)(It is ever y citizen's duty to pay taxes.)2.Americans often say that there are two things they can be sure of in life.3.There are generally three levels of government in the United States; therefore,there are thr ee types of taxes.4.Some states charge income tax in addition to a sales tax.5.Americans complain that taxes are too high and the government uses them in the wrong w ay.Vocabulary ExercisesI.1.a. percent b. percentage c. percent2.a. adds b. addition c. additional3.a. confused b. confusing c. confusion4.a. complained b. complain c. complaintII.1.charge2.departmen3.due4.diverse5.earns6.vary7.property8.leading9.funds 10.ten dsIII.1.China leads the world with silk products.2.In addition to an income tax some states charge a sales tax.3.The sales tax varies from price to price of any item you buy.4.People often complain about the increasing price.5.His mother says that he spends too much time on TV every day.Text BExercises for the TextI.1.F2.F3.F4.T5.T6.T7.T8.F9.T 10.FII.1.attracts2.leisure3.available4.limited5.estimateIII.1.decided on2.approved3.estimate4.carried over5.put up with6.characteristic ofIV.1.B2.C3.B4.A5.C6.DGrammar ExercisesI.1.SV2.SVO3.SVOC4.SVC5.SVO6.SVOC7.SVOC8.SVO9.SVOO 10.SVOC11.SVOC 12.SVC 13.SVOC 14.SVOO 15.SVCII.1.prefer2.insisted3.need4.make5.remember6.look7.worked8.was9.sounds 10.gaveIII.1.B2.C3.D4.A5.B6.C7.A8.D9.A 10.DIV.1.The two languages are different/not similar in many way.2.The deaf and dumb can neigher speak nor hear.3.The Englishman speaks a very good Italian.4.Could you pass me a cup of coffee.5.At this time he felt thirsty and hungry.6.Yesterday evening she asked me to wait for her at the gate of the restaurant.7.When did you get up this morning.8.The story sounds interesting,but it is not true.9.The meat and macaroni cost me 25 yuan.10.She oftern teaches the children to sing English songs.。

Unit2SailingRoundtheWorld课文翻译大学英语一知识分享U n i t2S a i l i n gR o u n d t h e W o r l d课文翻译大学英语一Unit 2 Sailing Round the WorldAt sixty-five Francis Chichester set out to sail single-handed round the world. This is the story of that adventure.Before he sailed round the world single-handed, Francis Chichester had already surprised his friends several times. He had tried to fly round the world but failed. That was in 1931.The years passed. He gave up flying and began sailing. He enjoyed it greatly. Chichester was already 58 years old when he won the first solo transatlantic sailing race. His old dream of going round the world came back, but this time he would sail. His friends and doctors did not think he could do it, as he had lung cancer. But Chichester was determined to carry out his plan. In August, 1963, at the age of nearly sixty-five, an age when many men retire, he began the greatest voyage of his life. Soon, he was away in this new 16-metre boat, Gipsy Moth.Chichester followed the route of the great nineteenth century clipper ships. But the clippers had had plenty of crew. Chicheater did it all by himself, even after the main steering device had been damaged by gales. Chichester covered 14, 100 miles before stopping in Sydney, Australia. This was more than twice the distance anyone had previously sailed alone.He arrived in Australia on 12 December, just 107 days out from England. He received a warm welcome from the Australians and from his family who had flown there to meet him. On shore, Chichester could not walk without help. Everybody said the same thing: he had done enough; he must not go any further. But hedid not listen.After resting in Sydney for a few weeks, Chichester set off once more in spite of his friends' attempts to dissuade him. The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part, during which he sailed round the treacherous Cape Horn.On 29 January he left Australia. The next night, the blackest he had ever known, the sea became so rough that the boat almost turned over. Food, clothes, and broken glass were all mixed together. Fortunately, bed and went to sleep. When he woke up, the sea had become calm the nearest person he could contact by radio, unless there was a ship nearby, Wild be on an island 885 miles away.After succeeding in sailing round Cape Horn, Chichester sent the following radio message to London:" I feel as if I had wakened from a nightmare. Wild horses could not drag me down to Cape Horn and that sinister Southern Ocean again."Just before 9 o'clock on Sunday evening 28 May, 1967, he arrived back in England, where a quarter of a million people were waiting to welcome him. Queen Elizabeth II knighted him with the very sword that Queen Elizabeth I had sailed round the world for the first time. The whole voyage from England and back had covered 28, 500 miles. It had taken him nine months , of which the sailing time was 226 days. He had done what he wanted to accomplish.Like many other adventurers, Chichester had experienced fear and conquered it. In doing so, he had undoubtedly learnt something about himself. Moreover, in the modern age when human beings depend so much on machines, he had given men throughout the world new pride.弗朗西斯·奇切斯特在六十五岁时开始了只身环球航行。

大学英语自学教程(上下合本)课文英文原文Lesson 1: Introduction to College EnglishIn this first lesson, we will introduce you to the basic structure of the course and provide you with some tips on how to study effectively. We will also discuss the importance of setting goals and creating a study plan.Lesson 2: Grammar BasicsIn this lesson, we will cover the basic rules of English grammar. We will discuss nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. We will also provide you with some examples of how to use these parts of speech in sentences.Lesson 3: Vocabulary BuildingLesson 4: Reading ComprehensionLesson 5: Writing SkillsWriting is an important skill for academic and professional success. In this lesson, we will provide you with some tips on how to improve your writing skills. We will also provide you with some practice exercises to help you develop your writing skills.Lesson 6: Listening SkillsListening is an important skill for learning English. In this lesson, we will provide you with some tips on how toimprove your listening skills. We will also provide you with some practice exercises to help you develop your listening skills.Lesson 7: Speaking SkillsLesson 8: Review and AssessmentWe hope that you find this course helpful and enjoyable. Good luck on your journey to mastering the English language!Lesson 9: Cultural AwarenessLesson 10: Advanced GrammarIn this lesson, we will cover more advanced aspects of English grammar, including verb tenses, modal verbs, and passive voice. We will provide you with examples and exercises to help you understand and practice these grammar points.Lesson 11: Academic WritingAcademic writing is an important skill for success in higher education. In this lesson, we will discuss the structure and conventions of academic writing, including essay organization, citation styles, and plagiarism. We will also provide you with some practice exercises to help you develop your academic writing skills.Lesson 12: Pronunciation and Accent ReductionPronunciation is an important aspect of spoken English. In this lesson, we will discuss the phonetic system ofEnglish and provide you with some tips on how to improve your pronunciation and reduce your accent. We will also provide you with some practice exercises to help you develop your pronunciation skills.Lesson 13: English for Specific PurposesEnglish is used in a wide range of fields, including business, medicine, and law. In this lesson, we will explore some specialized vocabulary and expressions used in these fields. We will also provide you with some practice exercises to help you develop your English skills for specific purposes.Lesson 14: Conversation PracticeLesson 15: Final ProjectLesson 16: Advanced Reading StrategiesLesson 17: Public SpeakingPublic speaking is a valuable skill in many professional settings. In this lesson, we will discuss techniques for effective public speaking, including speech organization, delivery, and audience engagement. We will provide you with opportunities to practice delivering speeches and receive feedback to improve your public speaking skills.Lesson 18: Advanced Listening ComprehensionLesson 19: English for Travel and TourismLesson 20: English for Job InterviewsLesson 21: Advanced Writing TechniquesIn this lesson, we will explore advanced writing techniques, such as persuasive writing, argumentative writing, and creative writing. We will provide you with writingprompts and guidelines to help you develop your writingskills in different genres.Lesson 22: English for Social MediaLesson 23: English for Academic ResearchConducting academic research requires strong English language skills. In this lesson, we will discuss techniquesfor reading and understanding academic articles, as well as how to write research papers and cite sources correctly. Wewill provide you with practice exercises to enhance your academic research skills.Lesson 24: English for International RelationsIf you are interested in pursuing a career ininternational relations, this lesson will be beneficial. Wewill explore the language used in diplomacy, negotiations,and international conferences. We will provide you with examples and exercises to help you develop your Englishskills in this specialized field.Lesson 25: Final ReflectionWe hope that this College English SelfStudy Course has equipped you with the necessary tools and knowledge to excelin your English language abilities. Remember to practiceregularly, seek opportunities for language immersion, and never stop learning. Good luck in all your endeavors!。

Unit 1第一部分 Text A【课文译文】怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者“学习一门语言很容易，即使小孩也能做得到。

”大多数正在学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法。

对他们来说，学习一门语言是非常困难的事情。

他们需要数百小时的学习与练习，即使这样也不能保证每个成年语言学习者都能学好。

语言学习不同于其他学习。

许多人很聪明，在自己的领域很成功，但他们发现很难学好一门语言。

相反，一些人学习语言很成功，但却发现很难在其他领域有所成就。

语言教师常常向语言学习者提出建议：“要用新的语言尽量多阅读”，“每天练习说这种语言”，“与说这种语言的人住在一起”，“不要翻译——尽量用这种新的语言去思考”，“要像孩子学语言一样去学习新语言”，“放松地去学习语言。

”然而，成功的语言学习者是怎样做的呢?语言学习研究表明，成功的语言学习者在许多方面都有相似之处。

首先，成功的语言学习者独立学习。

他们不依赖书本和老师，而且能找到自己学习语言的方法。

他们不是等待老师来解释，而是自己尽力去找到语言的句式和规则。

他们寻找线索并由自己得出结论，从而做出正确的猜测。

如果猜错，他们就再猜一遍。

他们都努力从错误中学习。

成功的语言学习是一种主动的学习。

因此，成功的语言学习者不是坐等时机而是主动寻找机会来使用语言。

他们找到(说)这种语言的人进行练习，出错时请这些人纠正。

他们不失时机地进行交流，不怕重复所听到的话，也不怕说出离奇的话，他们不在乎出错，并乐于反复尝试。

当交流困难时，他们可以接受不确切或不完整的信息。

对他们来说，更重要的是学习用这种语言思考，而不是知道每个词的意思。

最后，成功的语言学习者学习目的明确。

他们想学习一门语言是因为他们对这门语言以及说这种语言的人感兴趣。

他们有必要学习这门语言去和那些人交流并向他们学习。

他们发现经常练习使用这种语言很容易，因为他们想利用这种语言来学习。

你是什么样的语言学习者?如果你是一位成功的语言学习者，那么你大概一直在独立地、主动地、目的明确地学习。

Text 11 successful [sək'sesfəl] a.成功的2 adult ['ædʌlt] n.成年人 a.成年的，成熟的3 disagree [disə'gri:] vi.(with)有分歧，不同意；不一致，不符4 statement ['steitmənt] n.声明，陈述5 guarantee [gærən'ti:] n./vt.保证，担保，保修6 intelligent [in'telidʒənt] a.聪明的，明智的7 conversely ['kɔnvə:sli] ad.相反地8 similar ['similə, 'simələ] a.相似的，类似的；与…相似(to)9 independent [indi'pendənt] a.独立的，自主的10 pattern ['pætn] n.型，模式，样式；花样，图案11 guesser n.猜测者12 clue [klu:] n.线索，提示13 conclusion [kən'klu:ʒən] n.结论，推论14 communicate [kə'mju:nikeit] vi.通讯，交流，交际 vt.传达，传播15 communication [kəmju:ni'keiʃən] n.通讯，交流；传达；通讯联系，交通工具16 inexact [inig'zækt] a.不正确的，不精确的17 incomplete [inkəm'pli:t] a.不完整的18 purpose ['pə:pəs] n.目的，意图；用途19 regularly ['regjuləli] ad.整齐地，经常地，定期地20 purposefully ['pə:pəsfuli] ad.有目的地，蓄意地21 technique [tek'ni:k] n.技术；技巧，手艺22 outline ['autlain] vt.概括，提出要点 n.轮廓；大纲，提纲23 disagree with 与…有分歧，不一致24 first of all 首先，第一25 depend on [di'pənd ɔn] 依赖，依靠；依…而定26 be willing to 愿意，乐意27 be interested in 对…感兴趣28 on the other hand 另一方面29 instance ['instəns] n.例，实例30 deaf [def] a.聋的；听力不佳的31 dumb [dʌm] a.哑的；无言的32 Englishman ['iŋgliʃmən] n.英国人33 Italian [i'tæliən] n.意大利人；意大利语34 waiter ['weitə] n.侍者，服务员35 beer [biə] n.啤酒36 soda-water n.苏打水，汽水37 traveler ['trævələ] n.旅客，旅游者38 macaroni [mækə'rəuni] n.通心粉39 primitive ['primitiv] a.原始的40 exact [ig'zækt] a.精确的，正确的41 consist [kən'sist] vi.组成(of)42 simply ['simpli] ad.仅，只；完全地；朴素地43 parrot ['pærət] n.鹦鹉44 not only...but also 不但…而且45 neither...nor 既不…也不46 consist of 由…组成47 Italy ['itəli] n.意大利Text 21 tax [tæks] n.税(款) vt.对…征税2 generally ['dʒenərəli] ad.一般地，通常，大体上3 federal ['fedərəl] a.联邦的4 type [taip] n.类型，种类，品种 vt./vi.打字5 salaried ['sælərid] a.拿薪水的，领工资的6 salary ['sæləri] n.工资 vt.[常用被动语态]给…发薪7 earn [ə:n] vt.挣得，赚得；获得，赢得8 percentage [pə'sentidʒ] n.百分比，百分率9 vary ['veəri] vi.变化，有不同，呈差异 vt.改变，使不同10 graduated a.(税)累进的；分等级的；刻度的；毕业的11 sale [seil] n.出售，卖；廉价出售12 charge [tʃɑ:dʒ] vt.索价；指控 n.价钱，费用；负荷13 item ['aitəm] n.条，条款，项目14 packet ['pækit] n.小包，小盒 vt.打包，装行李；包装15 cigarette [sigə'ret] n.香烟，纸烟16 figure ['figə] n.数字；人物；外形vt.(out)演算出；想出17 addition [ə'diʃən] n.加，加法；附加物18 revenue ['revinju:] n.(国家的)岁入，税收；收入，收益19 diverse [dai'və:s] a.不同的，相异的；多种多样的20 confuse [kən'fju:z] vt.使混乱，混淆21 property ['prɔpəti] n.财产，资产，所有物；性质，特性22 excise ['eksaiz] n.国产税；本国消费税23 fund [fʌnd] n.基金，专款；储备，贮存 vt.提供资金24 department [di'pɑ:tmənt] n.部，部门，系25 municipal [mju:'nisipəl] a.市的，市政的26 complain [kəm'plein] vt./vi.抱怨(of，about)27 protest [prə'test, 'prəutest] vt./vi.抗议，反对28 useless ['ju:sləs] a.无用的；无价值的；无效的29 impractical [im'præktikəl] a.不切实际的，不能实行的30 program ['prəugræm] n.=programme计划；程序；节目 vt.编程序31 view [vju:] n.看法，见解，观点；vt.看待，考虑，估量32 issue ['iʃu:, 'isju:] n.问题；(书刊的)期号 vt.发行，颁布，出版33 tend [tend] vi.易于，往往会；倾向于 vt.照管，护理34 be sure of 确信…；确定…35 have a corner on 垄断(某物)=to have a(the) corner (on)36 similar to 跟…类似的，与…同样的37 in addition to 加之；又；除…之外；并且38 tend to 倾向，有…的趋势，趋于39 California [kæli'fɔ:njə] 加利福尼亚(美国州名)40 North Dakota 北达科他(美国州名)41 advertise ['ædvətaiz] vt./vi.为…做广告；登广告42 attract [ə'trækt] vt.吸引，引起…的注意43 design [di'zain] vt./vi.设计；预定，指定 n.设计；图案44 mail [meil] n.邮件，邮递 vt.邮寄45 constantly ['kɔnstəntli] ad.经常地；不断地；时常地46 product ['prɔdʌkt] n.产品，产物47 persuade [pə'sweid] vt.说服，劝服；使相信 a.空闲的；有闲的48 leisure ['leʒə] n.空闲时间，空暇；悠闲，安逸49 activity [æk'ti viti] n.活动，活跃；行动50 classified ['klæsifaid] a.分类的，被归为一类的；保密的，机密的51 edition [i'diʃən] n.版，版本52 section ['sekʃən] n.章节，部分；部门，科；截面，剖面53 announcement [ə'naunsmənt] n.通告，布告，告示54 available [ə'veiləbəl] a.可利用的，可获得的55 amount [ə'maunt] n.数量，数额，总数 vi.合计，共计56 display [di'splei] n./vt.陈列，展览；显示57 entertainment [entə'teinmənt] n.娱乐，游艺，技艺表演；招待，款待58 audience ['ɔ:diəns] n.听众，观众，读者59 limited ['limitid] a.有限的60 attractive [ə'træktiv] a.有吸引力的，引起注意的61 characteristic [kæriktə'ristik] a.特有的，典型的 n.特性，特征62 slogan ['sləugən] n.标语，口号63 identify [ai'dentifai] vt.认出，鉴定；认为…等同于(with)64 commercial [kə'mə:ʃəl] a.商业的，商务的 n.商业广告65 department [di'pɑ:tmənt] n.部，部门，系66 responsible [ri'spɔnsəbəl] a. 需负责的，承担责任的；责任重大的67 company ['kʌmpəni] n.公司；同伴，陪伴68 particular [pə'tikjulə] a.特定的；特殊的，特别的 n.详情，细节69 estimate ['estimət, 'estimeit] n.估计，估价；评价 vt.估计，估价70 management ['mænidʒmənt] n.管理，经营；管理部门；资方71 approve [ə'pru:v] vt.赞成，同意；批准，核准72 involve [in'vɔlv] vt.使卷入，使参与(in)；牵涉；包含，含有73 for the most part 在很大程度上，多半74 be characteristic of 为…所特有，是…的特征75 catch the eye 引人注目76 no more than 仅仅77 identify...with 把…和…等同起来78 carry over 继续下去，遗留下来79 as well as 除…之外(也)；和80 over and over 反复81 put up with [put 'ʌp wið] 忍受，容忍82 be responsible for 对…负责任的；对…承担责任的83 decide on 决定，选定84 be involved in 与…有关联，参与，介入Text 31 sailor ['seilə] n.水手，海员2 unwilling [ʌn'wiliŋ] a.不情愿的，不愿意的3 equator [i'kweitə] n.赤道4 km n.(=kilometer)公里；千公尺5 bulge [bʌldʒ] n.不规则突起；鼓起之处6 unusual [ʌn'ju:ʒuəl] a.不寻常的，与众不同的7 salty ['sɔ:lti, 'sɔlti] a.含盐的，咸的8 average ['ævəridʒ] n.平均数，平均 a.平均的；平常的 v.平均9 spot [spɔt] n.地点，处所；点 vt.点缀；认出，准确定位10 range [reindʒ] n.山脉；幅度，范围 vi.变化 vt.排列成行11 peak [pi:k] n.山峰；顶点12 mid-Atlantic a.大西洋中部的13 eastward ['i:stwəd] a.向东的 ad.向东14 vessel ['vesəl] n.船，舰；容器，器皿15 crew [kru:] n.全体船员，全体机务人员16 becalm [bi'kɑ:m] vt.因无风而停止前进；使平静，使安静17 gulf [gʌlf] n.海湾18 stream [stri:m] n.小河，溪流 vi.流，涌19 current ['kʌrənt] n.潮流；涌流，电流 a.当前的，通行的20 affect [ə'fekt] vt.影响，打动21 climate ['klaimit] n.气候22 flow [fləu] vi.流动 n.流23 furnish ['fə:niʃ] vt.供应，提供；装备，(用家具)布置24 fishing ['fiʃiŋ] n.捕鱼，钓鱼25 region ['ri:dʒən] n.地区，区域26 highway ['haiwei] n.公路；(水陆)交通干线27 iceberg ['aisbə:g] n.冰山28 float [fləut] vi./vt.(使)漂浮29 steamship ['sti:mʃip] n.汽船，轮船30 airplane ['eəplein] n.飞机31 separate...from 使从…分离(分开，隔开)32 on average 根据平均标准；平均而言33 pile up 累积；(指若干车辆)碰撞在一起34 Atlantic [ət'læntik] 大西洋(=the Atlantic Ocean)35 America [ə'merikə] 美洲(前边加定冠词the)36 Pacific [pə'sifik] 太平洋(=the Pacific Ocean)37 Columbus [kə'lʌmbəs] 哥伦布(意大利航海家，新大陆发现者)38 Puerto Rico ['pwertəu 'ri:kɔ:] 波多黎各(美国的一个自由联邦，实行自治)39 Azores [ə'zɔ:z] 亚速尔群岛40 Florida ['flɔridə] 佛罗里达(美国州名)41 Sargasso Sea 马尾藻海(在西印度群岛东北)42 Gulf Stream 墨西哥湾流43 Labrador ['læbrədɔ:] 拉布拉多半岛(加拿大地名)44 Arctic ['ɑ:ktik] 北极(the Arctic北极北区；北冰洋)45 Grand Banks 大浅滩(纽芬兰岛东南的大西洋浅滩)46 Newfoundland [nju:fənd'lænd] 纽芬兰(加拿大岛或省名)47 remain [ri'mein] vi.仍然是，依旧是；剩下，余留48 observation [ɔbzə'veiʃən] n.注意，观察；观察物49 continually [kən'tinjuəli] ad.不停地，频频地50 gravitational [grævi'teiʃənl] a.吸引作用的，万有引力的，地心引力的51 diameter [dai'æmitə] n.直径52 disc [disk] n.圆盘；唱片，磁盘53 artist ['ɑ:tist] n.艺术家，美术家54 merely ['miəli] ad.仅仅，只不过 no more than55 reflect [ri'flekt] vt.反射，反映 vi.思考，考虑(on，upon)56 absolutely ['æbsəlu:tli] ad.完全地，绝对地；肯定地57 uncomfortably [ʌn'kʌmftəbli] ad.不舒适地，不安地58 inhabitant [in'hæbitənt] n.居民，住户59 earthlight n.地球光60 moonlight ['mu:nlait] n.月光61 lunar ['lu:nə] a.月亮的62 occasionally [ə'keiʒənəli] ad.偶尔地，间或63 sunlight ['sʌnlait] n.日光，太阳光64 except for 除了…外；除去；撇开65 keep...in mind 记住66 light up 使明亮，发亮67 speak of 谈起，提到Text 41 psychological [saikə'lɔdʒikəl] a.心理(学)的2 focus ['fəukəs] vt./vi.(使)聚焦，(使)集中 n.焦点，中心3 basic ['beisik] a.基本的，基础的4 principle ['prinsəpl] n.原理，原则；主义，信念5 meaningfulness n.富有意义6 organization [ɔ:gənai'zeiʃən] n.组织；团体，机构7 association [əsəusi'eiʃən] n.联合，结合，交往；协会，社团8 visualization n.想像，设想9 meaningful ['mi:niŋfəl] a.富有意义的，意味深长的10 rhyme [raim] n.韵，押韵11 ability [ə'biliti] n.能力，能耐12 random ['rændəm] a./ad.胡乱的，任意的，随便的 n.无目标13 organize ['ɔ:gənaiz] vt.组织14 jumble ['dʒʌmbəl] vt./vi.混杂15 chunk [tʃʌŋk] n.一大块，一厚块 vt.分块，组块16 easily ['i:zili] ad.容易地17 categorize ['kætigəraiz] n.分类18 following ['fɔləuiŋ] a.接着的，下列的19 category ['kætigəri] n.门类，种类；范畴；部门20 needless ['ni:dləs] a.不需要的，不必要的21 refer [ri'fə:] vi.提到，涉及；查阅 vt.把…归类于22 relate [ri'leit] vi.有关联 vt.讲述；使互相关联23 accurately ['ækjuritli] ad.准确地，精确地24 memorize ['meməraiz] vt.熟记，记住25 associate [ə'səuʃieit] vt.把…联系在一起；交往 n.同事 a.副的26 improvement [im'pru:vmənt] n.改进，增进27 visualize ['vizjuəlaiz] vt.想像，设想28 imagery ['imidʒəri] n.写作中直喻或比喻的使用；意象29 repetition [repi'tiʃən] n.重复，反复；背诵30 integrated ['intigreitid] a.成整体的，完全的，完整的31 image ['imidʒ] n.像，形象，映象，图像32 mental ['mentl] a.智力的，脑力的；精神的，思想上的33 preserve [pri'zə:v] vt.保护，维持；保存，保藏34 focus on 集中35 make sense 有意义36 make a difference 有影响，起(重要)作用37 needless to say 不用说38 refer to [rifə: tu:] 提到，涉及；参考，查阅39 relate...to 与…有关系40 associate...with 把…联系在一起；与…常在一起，与…为友41 Mount Fuji 富士山42 Japan [dʒə'pæn] 日本43 short-term a.短期的44 long-term a.长期的45 recall [ri'kɔ:l] vt.回忆，回想；召回；撤消，收回46 contrast ['kɔntrɑ:st] n.对比，对照 vi.形成对比 vt.把…与…对比47 dial ['daiəl] vt./vi.拨，打电话 n.表面；标度盘48 interrupt [intə'rʌpt] vt.打断，打扰；阻碍 vi.打断，打扰49 unable [ʌn'eibəl] a.[后接动词不定式]不能的，不会的50 psychologist [sai'kɔlədʒist] n.心理学家51 human ['hju:mən] a.人的，人类的 n.人52 apparatus [æpə'reitəs] n.器械，器具，设备53 rat [ræt] n.鼠54 release [ri'li:s] n./vt.释放；发布，发行；放开，松开55 reward [ri'wɔ:d] n./vt.酬劳，奖赏；报答56 interval ['intəvəl] n.间隔，间距；幕间(或工间)休息57 represent [repri'zent] vt.作为…代表(或代理)；表示；表现58 intermediate [intə'mi:diət] a.中间的；中级的59 advanced [əd'vɑ:nst] a.先进的，高级的60 native-speaking a.说本族语的，讲本国话的61 recording [ri'kɔ:diŋ] n.录制(尤指广播，电视等)节目62 speaker ['spi:kə] n.说话者，演讲者；扬声器63 paragraph ['pærəgrɑ:f] n.(文章的)段落，节64 alike [ə'laik] a.同样的，相像的65 wither ['wiðə] vt./vi.(使)枯萎，凋谢66 method ['meθəd] n.方法，办法67 system ['sistəm] n.系统，体系；制度，体制68 unrelated [ʌnri'leitid] a.无关的，不相关的69 proficiency [prə'fiʃənsi] n.[U]熟练，精通70 in contrast 成对比71 look up 在字典、参考书中查找72 be unable to 不能做某事73 turn on [tə:n ɔn] 开，接通(水源，电源，煤气等)74 turn off 关，关断(水源，电源，煤气等)75 to begin 首先，开始76 Los Angeles [lɔs'ændʒili:z] 洛杉矶(美国加州西南一港市)Text 51 fallacy ['fæləsi] n.谬见，错误的信念；谬误的推理，谬论2 quality ['kwɔliti] n.质量；品质，特性3 deer [diə] n.［单复同形］鹿4 savage ['sævidʒ] a.野蛮的，未开化的；凶猛的，残酷的5 tribe [traib] n.种族，部落；(植物，动物)族，类6 bravery ['breivəri] n.[U]英勇，勇敢；勇气7 man-eating n./a.食人；食人的8 eager ['i:gə] a.热切的，渴望的9 civilized ['sivilaizd] a.文明的，开化的10 ginger ['dʒindʒə] n.生姜，姜11 root [ru:t] n.根(部)；根源 v.(使)生根，(使)扎根12 magical ['mædʒikəl] a.魔术的，似魔术的；不可思议的，迷人的13 poisonous ['pɔizənəs] a.有毒的14 overseas [əuvə'si:z] ad.海外，国外 a.(在)海外的，(在)国外的15 widespread ['waidspred] a.分布(或散布)广的，普遍的16 muscle ['mʌsəl] n.肌肉；力量，实力17 chew [tʃu:] vt./vi.咀嚼18 helpful ['helpfəl] a.给予帮助的，肯帮助的；有益的，建设性的19 digestive [di'dʒestiv] a.消化(食物)的20 juice [dʒu:s] n.汁，液21 digest [di'dʒest 'daidʒest] vt.消化 n.文摘22 foundation [faun'deiʃən] n.根据；基金会；基础，地基23 mixture ['mikstʃə] n.混合；混合物24 belief [bi'li:f] n.相信；信念，信仰25 acid ['æsid] n.酸，酸性物质 a.酸的26 curdle ['kə:dl] vi./vt.(使)结成凝乳；变成凝乳状27 indigestible [indi'dʒestəbəl] a.难消化的；不能消化的28 digestion [di'dʒestʃən] n.消化；吸收29 cream [kri:m] n.奶油，奶油色30 combination [kɔmbi'neiʃən] n.结合，联合；化合，化合物31 protein ['prəuti:n] n.蛋白质32 carbohydrate [kɑ:bəu'haidreit] n.碳水化合物；[pl.]淀粉质食物33 chiefly ['tʃi:fli] ad.大半，主要34 contain [kən'tein] vt.包含，容纳35 be eager to 热切想做，渴望要做36 substitute for …的替代物37 have...to do with 与…有关38 as a matter of fact 事实上，其实；事实恰恰相反39 think of...as 把…看成40 insect ['insekt] n.昆虫41 ant [ænt] n.蚂蚁42 hardworking ['ha:d'wə:kiŋ] a.努力工作43 wrestle ['resəl] vi.角力；摔交 n.角力或摔交比赛44 mock [mɔk] vt./vi.愚弄，嘲弄 a.假的，模拟的45 engage [in'geidʒ] vi.(in)从事于，参加 vt.使从事于，使忙于46 sober ['səubə] a.冷静的，镇定的；认真的，严肃的47 frog [frɔg] n.蛙48 grave [greiv] a.严重的；严肃的，庄重的 n.坟墓49 owl [aul] n.猫头鹰50 nest [nest] n.巢，窝51 beaver ['bi:və] n.海狸52 dam [dæm] n.坝，堤53 arrange [ə'reindʒ] vt.安排，筹划；整理，排列54 plaster ['plɑ:stə] vt.粘贴；涂灰泥于(墙等) n.灰泥，石膏55 mud [mʌd] n.泥，泥浆56 spider ['spaidə] n.蜘蛛57 scarcely ['skeəsli] ad.几乎不，几乎没有58 creature ['kri:tʃə] n.生物，动物；人59 imitate ['imiteit] vt.模仿，仿效；仿制，仿造60 shepherd ['ʃepəd] n.牧羊人61 improvement [im'pru:vmənt] n.改进，增进62 fashion ['fæʃən] n.方式，样子；流行式样63 instinct ['instiŋkt] n.本能，直觉；生性，天性64 hut [hʌt] n.小屋，棚屋65 cage [keidʒ] n.笼66 variety [və'raiəti] n.变化，多样化；品种；多种多样67 boot [bu:t] n.靴68 etc. [et'setərə] (=et cetera)［缩］［拉］以及其他，等等69 wit [wit] n.智力，才智70 unlike [ʌn'laik] prep.不像…，和…不同 a.不相似的，不同的71 a great deal 大量，许多72 be true with 对…一样，对…也是真的73 engage in 从事，忙于74 be true of 对…一样，对…也是真的75 as if 好像，似乎，仿佛76 search for 搜寻，搜查，探察77 take care of 爱护；照顾，照料；处理，对付Text 61 rare [reə] a.稀有的，难得的2 substance ['sʌbstəns] n.物质；实质，本质；主旨，大意3 slight [slait] a.轻微的，纤细的4 carbon ['kɑ:bən] n.碳5 extreme [ik'stri:m] a.极端的；末端的 n.极端6 pressure ['preʃə] n.压力，压强7 liquid ['likwid] a.液体的，液态的 n.液体8 molten ['məultən] a.(指金属)熔化的9 crack [kræk] n.裂缝，裂口 vi.爆裂，破裂10 crust [krʌst] n.地壳；面包皮，硬外皮，外壳11 crystal ['kristəl] n.水晶；晶粒 a.清澈透明的，晶体的12 popular ['pɔpjulə] a.流行的，通俗的，大众的；受欢迎的13 gem [dʒem] n.宝石，珠宝14 handful [hændful] n.一把，一小撮15 gravel ['grævəl] n.碎石，砂砾16 formation [fɔ:'meiʃən] n.[地]岩层；形成，构成17 pipe [paip] n.管子，导管；烟斗 vt.用管道输送18 volcano [vɔl'keinəu] n.火山19 somewhat ['sʌmwɔt] ad.稍微，有点20 blast [blɑ:st] n.疾风，强风；爆炸 vt.炸，炸掉21 elevator ['eliveitə] n.电梯，升降机22 crush [krʌʃ] vt.压碎，碾碎；镇压，压倒23 destroy [di'strɔi] vt.破坏，毁灭；消灭24 grease [gri:s] n.油脂；滑脂25 impressive [im'presiv] a.给人印象深刻的，感人的26 greasy ['gri:si] a.涂有油脂的，油污的；油腻的，滑的27 pebble ['pebəl] n.小圆石；卵石28 experienced [ik'spiəriənst] a.有经验的29 miner ['mainə] n.矿工30 immediately [i'mi:diətli] ad.立即地，即刻地；直接地，紧密地31 be made of 由…构成32 be popular with 受…喜欢；受…欢迎33 run out [rʌn 'aut] 用尽34 sort out 分类，整理35 stick to 附着，粘住36 India ['indiə] 印度37 Brazil [brə'zil] 巴西38 Russia ['rʌʃə] 俄罗斯39 South Africa [sauθ'æfrikə] 南非40 beneath [bi'ni:θ] prep.在…下面(或底下)，低于41 haze [heiz] n.薄雾42 morning-glory n.牵牛花43 aside [ə'said] ad.在旁边，到(或向)一边44 magnify ['mægnifai] vt.放大；扩大，夸大45 puzzle ['pʌzl] vt./vi.(使)迷惑，(使)为难 n.谜，难题46 seed [si:d] n.种子47 observe [əb'zə:v] vt.注意到，察觉到；观察；遵守，奉行48 seaweed ['si:wi:d] n.海草；海藻49 former ['fɔ:mə] a.在前的，以前的 n.前者50 latter ['lætə] a.后者的；后一半的，接近终了的 n.后者51 inorganic [inɔ:'gænik] a.无机的52 dwelling ['dweliŋ] n.住处；住宅53 fairy ['feəri] n.神仙，仙人54 broad [brɔ:d] a.宽的，阔的；广泛的55 delicious [di'liʃəs] a.美味的；(味觉或嗅觉)使人愉快的56 closely ['kləusli] ad.紧密地；严密地，密切地57 suck [sʌk] v.吸，吸收58 sap [sæp] n.树液；元气，精气59 dissolve [di'zɔlv] vt.(使)溶解，(使)融化；解散，取消60 turn aside from 离开61 be satisfied with 对…感到心满意足62 take place 发生63 lie in 在于64 hold good for (对…)适用65 live on 靠…生活66 take in 吸收；让…进入；接纳，接受67 suck up 吸收，吸出，吸起68 take up 拿起；吸收，溶解；占去Text 71 definition [defi'niʃən] n.定义，释义2 marriage ['mæridʒ] n.结婚，婚姻3 descend [di'send] vi.传下，遗传；下来，下降4 ancestor ['ænsəstə] n.祖先，祖宗5 household ['haushəuld] n.家庭，户 a.家庭的，家常的6 grandparent ['grænpeərənt] n.(外)祖父或(外)祖母7 relative ['relətiv] n.亲属，亲戚 a.相对的8 traditional [trə'diʃənəl] a.传统的9 security [si'kjuəriti] n.安全10 basically ['beisikəli] ad.基本上，从根本上说11 nuclear ['nju:kliə] a.核子的，核能的；核心的，中心的12 extended [iks'tendid] a.展开的；延伸的，延续的；广泛的13 nucleus ['nju:kliəs] n.(原子)核；核心14 mother-in-law n.岳母；婆母15 agricultural [ægri'kʌltʃər(ə)l] a.农业的16 industrial [in'dʌstriəl] a.工业的，产业的17 industrialize [in'dʌstriəlaiz] vt.(使)工业化18 post-industrial a.后工业化的19 earner ['ə:nə] n.赚钱者；获得收入者20 split [split] vi.撕裂；分裂 vt.劈开 n.分裂，裂口21 divorce [di'vɔ:s] n./vi.离婚 vt.与…离婚，使分裂22 social ['səuʃəl] a.社会的；交际的，社交的23 remarry [ri:'mæri] vt./vi.(使)再婚24 care for ['keəfɔ:] 喜欢，对…中意；对…担心；照顾，照料25 split up [split 'ʌp] 分裂，分开；吵架，离婚26 talk of 谈到，谈起27 structure ['strʌktʃə] n.结构，构造；建筑物 vt.建造，建立28 generation [dʒenə'reiʃən] n.一代(人)；产生，发生29 customary ['kʌstəməri] a.习惯上的，惯常的；合乎习俗的30 partner ['pɑ:tnə] n.配偶；搭档，伙伙，合伙人31 similarity [simi'læriti] n.相似，类似32 role [rəul] n.角色；作用33 similarly ['similəli] ad.相似地，类似地34 physical ['fizikəl] a.身体的；物理的；物质的，有形的35 emotional [i'məuʃənəl] a.感情的，情绪的36 provider [prə'vaidə] n.供应者；提供者；养家糊口的人37 housework ['hauswə:k] n.家务劳动；家事38 preparation [prepə'reiʃən] n.准备，预备39 pregnant ['pregnənt] a.怀孕的，妊娠的40 primary ['praiməri] a.初级的；首要的，主要的，基本的41 preschool [pri:'sku:l] a.学龄前的，入学前的42 baby-sitter ['bebisitə] n.代人临时照看小孩的人43 dependent [di'pendənt] a.依靠的，依赖的(on，upon)44 provide for 赡养，为…提供必需品45 in addition [inə'diʃən] 另外，加之46 give up [giv 'ʌp] 交出，让出；放弃，抛弃，辞去47 instead of [in'sted] 代替；而不是…48 be busy doing 忙于做(某事)49 in conclusion 最后，在结束时Text81 telecommunication [telikəmju:ni'keiʃən] n.电信，远距离通信2 via ['vaiə] prep.经由，经过，通过3 satellite ['sætəlait] n.卫星，人造卫星4 transmit [trænz'mit, træns-] vt.播送，发射；传送，传递；输送5 photography [fə'tɔgrəfi] n.摄影，照相；摄影术6 telegraph ['teligrɑ:f] n.电报(机) vt.用电报发送 vi.打电报7 establish [i'stæbliʃ] vt.建立，创办，设立；确立，使确认8 signal ['signəl] n.信号，暗号 vt./vi.(向…)发信号9 orbit ['ɔ:bit] vt./vi.绕(…的)轨道运行 n.轨道10 visual ['viʒjuəl] a.视觉的，看得见的11 capable ['keipəbəl] a.有能力的，有才能的；能…的(of)12 broadcast ['brɔ:dkɑ:st] n./vt./vi.广播，播音13 computer [kəm'pju:tə] n.计算机，电脑14 theory ['θiəri] n.理论，原理；学说15 access ['ækses] n.通道，入口；接近(或进入)的机会16 unlimited [ʌn'limitid] a.无界限的，无边际的；无限制的；无数的17 demonstrate ['demənstreit] vt.说明，演示；论证，证实 vi.示威游行18 educational [edju'keiʃənəl] a.教育的，教育方面的；有教育意义的19 remote [ri'məut] a.遥远的，偏僻的；(可能性)很小的20 isolate ['aisəleit] vt.使隔离，使孤立 a.孤立的21 transportation [trænspɔ:'teiʃən] n.运输；运输系统，运输工具22 instruction [in'strʌkʃən] n.教学，指导；命令，指示，用法说明23 conversation [kɔnvə'seiʃən] n.谈话，会话24 simultaneously [siməl'teinjəsli] ad.同时发生地，同时进行地25 channel ['tʃænəl] n.频道；航道；渠道 vt.通过…获得，传送26 risk [risk] vt.冒…的危险 n.冒险，风险27 privacy ['praivəsi, -pri] n.私事，私生活；隐私；独处28 personal ['pə:sənəl] a.个人的，私人的；亲自的29 movie ['mu:vi] n.电影30 contact ['kɔntækt] n.接触，联系 vt.与…接触，使联系31 technology [tek'nɔlədʒi] n.工艺，技术32 harm [hɑ:m] n./vt.伤害，损害，危害33 expert ['ekspə:t] n.专家，能手 a.熟练的，内行的34 application [æpli'keiʃən] n.申请，申请表；应用，实施35 be capable of (指人)有某种能力或倾向的36 have access to 可接近，可进入37 lead to 导致；通向38 Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会39 Tokyo ['təukjəu] 东京40 Olympics [əu'limpiks] 奥林匹克运动会比赛项目(=Olympic Games)41 obvious ['ɔbviəs] a.显然的，明显的42 widely ['waidli] ad.广泛地，普遍地；广博地；大大地43 shelter ['ʃeltə] n.掩蔽，保护；掩蔽处 vt.掩蔽，庇护44 atmosphere ['ætməsfiə] n.大气，大气层；周围环境，气氛45 deadly ['dedli] a.致死的，致命的46 ray [rei] n.光线，射线47 atmospheric [ætməs'ferik] a.大气的，空气的；大气层的；大气所引起的48 automobile ['ɔ:təməbi:l] n.汽车49 tire ['taiə] n.(=tyre)轮胎50 gas [gæs] n.气体；煤气；汽油51 per [pə:] prep.每，每一52 column ['kɔləm] n.柱，圆柱；栏，专栏(文章)53 electrical [i'lektrikəl] a.电的，电气的54 existence [ig'zistəns] n.存在；生存，生活55 gaze [geiz] vi./n.凝视，注视56 lightning ['laitniŋ] n.闪电57 thorough ['θʌrə] a./ad.彻底的，完全的；周到的，精心的58 radar ['reidɑ:] n.雷达59 create [kri:'eit] vt.创造；创作；引起，产生60 hydrogen ['haidrədʒən] n.氢61 curve [kə:v] n.曲线，弯曲 vt./vi.(使)弯曲，(使)成曲线62 unending [ʌn'endiŋ] a.永无止境的，不尽的；不断的，不停的63 meantime ['mi:ntaim] n.同时，其间64 element ['elimənt] n.成分，要素；元素65 atomic [ə'tɔmik] a.原子能的；原子的66 explosion [ik'spləuʒən] n.爆炸，爆发67 in order to 为了68 protect...from 防御(危险；敌人等)69 rest upon 依赖，依靠70 in the meantime 在此期间，(与此)同时71 pay attention to 注意72 Sydney Chapman 西德尼·查普曼(人名)Text91 scientific [saiən'tifik] a.科学的2 attitude ['ætitju:d] n.姿势，姿态；态度，看法3 environment [in'vaiərənmənt] n.环境，周围状况，自然环境4 curiosity [kjuəri'ɔsiti] n.好奇(心)；求知欲5 imagination [imædʒi'neiʃən] n.想像，想像力；空想，幻觉6 apart [ə'pɑ:t] ad.分离，分开7 stimulate ['stimjuleit] vt.刺激，激励8 scientifically ad.科学地9 relationship [ri'leiʃənʃip] n.关系，联系10 phenomenon [fi'nɔminən] n.(phenomena)现象，迹象11 unknown [ʌn'nəun] a.未知的，不知名的12 open-minded a.无偏见的；虚心的13 open-mindedness n.无偏见；虚心14 regardless [ri'gɑ:dləs] a.不注意的；不关心的 ad.不论如何，不顾15 previously ['pri:viəsli] ad.在前地，早先地16 disagreeable [disə'gri:əbl] a.让人讨厌的，不合心意的17 unpleasant [ʌn'plezənt] a.使人不愉快的；不合意的18 failure ['feiljə] n.失败；故障；没做到，不履行19 solution [sə'lu:ʃən] n.解答，解决办法；溶解，溶液20 thinking ['θiŋkiŋ] n.思想，思考；想法，见解21 adapt [ə'dæpt] vt.使适应，使适合；改编 vi.适应(to)22 perfect ['pə:fikt, pə'fekt] a.完美的，完满的；完全的 vt.使完美，改善23 acceptable [ək'septəbəl] a.可以接受的24 entirely [in'taiəli] ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地25 frequently ['fri:kwəntli] ad.经常地，频繁地26 evidence ['evidəns] n.根据，证据27 finding ['faindiŋ] n.发现(物)；［常pl.］(调查或研究)结果28 sprout [spraut] vi.发芽，抽条 vt.使发芽 n.新芽，嫩苗29 determine [di'tə:min] vt.决定；查明，确定；决心30 growth [grəuθ] n.增长，增加；生长，发展31 lay aside 把…放在一边，把…搁置一旁；留存32 take apart 拆散；拆开33 carry out ['kæri-aut] 实行；完成34 believe in 相信，信任35 regardless of 不顾，不管36 in advance 预先，事先；在前面37 adapt...to 使…适应…38 make up one's mind 下决心39 once and for all 永远地，一劳永逸地40 in the light of 按照，根据；鉴于41 respect for 尊重42 laugh at 嘲笑；讥笑43 Benjamin Franklin 富兰克林(美国政治家及科学家)44 Thomas Edison 爱迪生(美国发明家)45 Galileo [gæli'leiəu] 伽利略(意大利物理学家及天文学家)46 Louis Pasteur 巴斯德(法国化学家及微生物学家)47 solve [sɔlv] vt.解决，解答48 arouse [ə'rauz] vt.引起，激起；唤起，唤醒49 procedure [prə'si:dʒə] n.程序，手续，步骤50 obtain [əb'tein] vt.获得，得到51 solution [sə'lu:ʃən] n.解答，解决办法；溶解，溶液52 arise [ə'raiz] vi.出现，发生；(from)由…引起53 biological [baiə'lɔdʒikəl] a.生物学(上)的54 engineering [endʒi'niəriŋ] n.工程，工程学；操纵，管理55 microelectronics [maikrəui:lek'trɔniks] n.微电子学，超小型电子学56 account [ə'kaunt] n.叙述，说明；帐户 vi.说明(原因等)57 related [ri'leitid] a.有关的，相关的(to)；有亲戚关系的58 background ['bækgraund] n.背景59 logical ['lɔdʒikəl] a.逻辑(上)的，符合逻辑的60 mathematical [mæθə'mætikəl] a.数学(上)的61 analysis [ə'næləsis] n.(［复］analyses)分析；分解62 unanswered [ʌn'ɑ:nsəd] a.未予答复的；无响应的，无报答的63 indicate ['indikeit] vt.指示，指出；表示，表明64 inference ['infərəns] n.推论，推理，推断65 hypothesis [hai'pɔθisis] n.假说，假设；(无根据的)猜测，揣测66 prediction [pri'dikʃən] n.预言，预计；预报67 confidence ['kɔnfidəns] n.信任，信心68 probable ['prɔbəbəl] a.很可能的，大概的69 unreliable [ʌnri'laiəbl] a.不可靠的，靠不住的；不可信赖的70 modify ['mɔdifai] vt.修改，更改71 accurate ['ækjurət] a.准确的，精确的72 variable ['veəriəbəl] n.变量 a.易变的，可变的；变量的73 experimentation [eksperimen'teiʃən] n.实验，试验74 a variety of 种种；若干不同的75 result from 发生；因…引起，起因于76 in need of 需要77 build up 建立，逐步树立；加强78 carry out ['kæri-aut] 实现，进行；贯彻，执行79 turn out to be 原来是，(最后)证明是80 check with 与…相符，一致Text101 scientific [saiən'tifik] a.科学的2 attitude ['ætitju:d] n.姿势，姿态；态度，看法3 environment [in'vaiərənmənt] n.环境，周围状况，自然环境4 curiosity [kjuəri'ɔsiti] n.好奇(心)；求知欲5 imagination [imædʒi'neiʃən] n.想像，想像力；空想，幻觉6 apart [ə'pɑ:t] ad.分离，分开7 stimulate ['stimjuleit] vt.刺激，激励8 scientifically ad.科学地9 relationship [ri'leiʃənʃip] n.关系，联系10 phenomenon [fi'nɔminən] n.(phenomena)现象，迹象11 unknown [ʌn'nəun] a.未知的，不知名的12 open-minded a.无偏见的；虚心的13 open-mindedness n.无偏见；虚心14 regardless [ri'gɑ:dləs] a.不注意的；不关心的 ad.不论如何，不顾15 previously ['pri:viəsli] ad.在前地，早先地16 disagreeable [disə'gri:əbl] a.让人讨厌的，不合心意的17 unpleasant [ʌn'plezənt] a.使人不愉快的；不合意的18 failure ['feiljə] n.失败；故障；没做到，不履行19 solution [sə'lu:ʃən] n.解答，解决办法；溶解，溶液20 thinking ['θiŋkiŋ] n.思想，思考；想法，见解21 adapt [ə'dæpt] vt.使适应，使适合；改编 vi.适应(to)22 perfect ['pə:fikt, pə'fekt] a.完美的，完满的；完全的 vt.使完美，改善23 acceptable [ək'septəbəl] a.可以接受的24 entirely [in'taiəli] ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地25 frequently ['fri:kwəntli] ad.经常地，频繁地26 evidence ['evidəns] n.根据，证据27 finding ['faindiŋ] n.发现(物)；［常pl.］(调查或研究)结果28 sprout [spraut] vi.发芽，抽条 vt.使发芽 n.新芽，嫩苗29 determine [di'tə:min] vt.决定；查明，确定；决心30 growth [grəuθ] n.增长，增加；生长，发展31 lay aside 把…放在一边，把…搁置一旁；留存32 take apart 拆散；拆开33 carry out ['kæri-aut] 实行；完成34 believe in 相信，信任35 regardless of 不顾，不管36 in advance 预先，事先；在前面37 adapt...to 使…适应…38 make up one's mind 下决心39 once and for all 永远地，一劳永逸地40 in the light of 按照，根据；鉴于41 respect for 尊重42 laugh at 嘲笑；讥笑43 Benjamin Franklin 富兰克林(美国政治家及科学家)44 Thomas Edison 爱迪生(美国发明家)45 Galileo [gæli'leiəu] 伽利略(意大利物理学家及天文学家)46 Louis Pasteur 巴斯德(法国化学家及微生物学家)47 solve [sɔlv] vt.解决，解答48 arouse [ə'rauz] vt.引起，激起；唤起，唤醒49 procedure [prə'si:dʒə] n.程序，手续，步骤50 obtain [əb'tein] vt.获得，得到51 solution [sə'lu:ʃən] n.解答，解决办法；溶解，溶液52 arise [ə'raiz] vi.出现，发生；(from)由…引起53 biological [baiə'lɔdʒikəl] a.生物学(上)的54 engineering [endʒi'niəriŋ] n.工程，工程学；操纵，管理55 microelectronics [maikrəui:lek'trɔniks] n.微电子学，超小型电子学56 account [ə'kaunt] n.叙述，说明；帐户 vi.说明(原因等)57 related [ri'leitid] a.有关的，相关的(to)；有亲戚关系的58 background ['bækgraund] n.背景59 logical ['lɔdʒikəl] a.逻辑(上)的，符合逻辑的60 mathematical [mæθə'mætikəl] a.数学(上)的61 analysis [ə'næləsis] n.(［复］analyses)分析；分解62 unanswered [ʌn'ɑ:nsəd] a.未予答复的；无响应的，无报答的63 indicate ['indikeit] vt.指示，指出；表示，表明64 inference ['infərəns] n.推论，推理，推断65 hypothesis [hai'pɔθisis] n.假说，假设；(无根据的)猜测，揣测66 prediction [pri'dikʃən] n.预言，预计；预报67 confidence ['kɔnfidəns] n.信任，信心68 probable ['prɔbəbəl] a.很可能的，大概的69 unreliable [ʌnri'laiəbl] a.不可靠的，靠不住的；不可信赖的70 modify ['mɔdifai] vt.修改，更改71 accurate ['ækjurət] a.准确的，精确的72 variable ['veəriəbəl] n.变量 a.易变的，可变的；变量的73 experimentation [eksperimen'teiʃən] n.实验，试验74 a variety of 种种；若干不同的75 result from 发生；因…引起，起因于76 in need of 需要77 build up 建立，逐步树立；加强78 carry out ['kæri-aut] 实现，进行；贯彻，执行79 turn out to be 原来是，(最后)证明是80 check with 与…相符，一致Text111 garage ['gærɑ:ʒ] n.车库；加油站2 unwanted [ʌn'wɔntid] a.没人要的；不需要的，无用的，多余的3 rid [rid] vt.使摆脱，使去掉4 homemade [həum'meid] a.家里做的；自制的；本国制造的5 neighborhood ['neibəhud] n.四邻，邻近地区，附近6 advertisement [əd'və:tismənt] n.(简写为ad)广告7 local ['ləukəl] a.地方性的，当地的；局部的8 buyer ['baiə] n.购买者；买主9 basement ['beismənt] n.地下室10 wherever [weər'evə] conj.无论哪里 ad.无论什么地方11 ever-increasing ['evə in'kri:siŋ] a.不断增长的，持续增长的12 replica ['replikə] n.复制品13 stuff [stʌf] n.原料，材料；东西 vt.填满，塞满14 castoff a.抛弃的；穿旧的 n.被抛弃的人或物15 seller ['selə] n.卖者；销售物16 extra ['ekstrə] a.额外的 ad.特别地 n.额外的事物17 save [seiv] vt.救助，搭救；储蓄，积攒；节省18 original [ə'ridʒənəl] a.起初的，原来的；独创的 n.原物；原文19 computerization n.计算机的使用；计算机化20 remnant ['remnənt] n.残余，剩余；残余物，残存部分21 era ['iərə] n.时代，纪元22 hobby ['hɔbi] n.业余爱好23 weekend ['wi:kend, wi:k'end] n.周末24 bargain ['bɑ:gin] n.交易；特价商品 v.讨价还价25 hunter ['hʌntə] n.猎人，狩猎者；搜寻者。

英语(一)、英语(二)——大学英语自学教程(上册)——电子版教材大学英语自学教程(上)01-A. How to be a successful language learner?―Learning a language is easy, even a child can do it!‖Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner.Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as much as you can in the new language.”“ Practice speaking the languageevery day. ”“Live with people who speak the language.”“Don‘t translate-try to think in the new language.”“ Learn as a child would learn;play with the language.”But what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from their mistakes.Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore,successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or1to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn tothink in the language than to know the meaning of every word.Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn fromthem. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently,actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.01-B. LanguageWhen we want to tell other people what we think, we can do it notonly with the help of words, but also in many other ways. For instance, we sometimes move our heads up and d own when we want to say "yes‖and we move our heads from side to side when we want to say "no." People who can neither hear nor speak (that is, deaf and dumb people) talk to each other with the help of their fingers. People who do not understand each other's language have to do the same. The following story shows how they sometimes do it.An Englishman who could not speak Italian was once traveling inItaly. One day he entered a restaurant and sat down at a table. When the waiter came, the Englishman opened his mouth, put his fingers in it,took them out again and moved his lips. In this way he meant to say, "Bring me something to eat." The waiter soon brought him a cup of tea. The Englishman shook his head and the waiter understood that he didn't want tea, so he took it away and brought him some coffee. The Englishman, who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty, looked very sad.He shook his head each time the waiter brought him something to drink.2The waiter brought him wine, then beer, then soda-water, but that wasn‘tfood, of course. He was just going to leave the restaurant when another traveler came in. When this man saw the waiter, he put his hands on his stomach. That was enough: in a few minutes there was a largeplate of macaroni and meat on the table before him.As you see, the primitive language of signs is not always very clear. The language of words is much more exact.Words consist of sounds, but there are many sounds which have ameaning and yet are not words. For example, we may say "Sh-sh-sh‖ when we mean "keep silent.‖ When babies laugh, we know they arehappy, and when they cry, we know they are ill or simply want something.It is the same with animals. When a dog says ―G-r-r‖ or a cat says "F-f-f‖ we know they are angry.But these sounds are not language. Language consists of words which we put together into sentences. But animals can not do this: a dog can say ―G-r-r‖ when he means "I am angry,‖ but he cannot say first "I‖ and then "am‖ and then "angry.‖ A parrot can talk like a man; it can repeat whole sentences and knows what they mean. We may say that aparrot talks, but cannot say that it really speaks, because it cannotform new sentences out of the words it knows. Only man has the power to do this.02-A. Taxes, Taxes, and More TaxesAmericans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes, Americans do not have a corner on the "death" market, but many people feel that the United States leadsthe world with the worst taxes.Taxes consist of the money which people pay to support their government. There are generally three levels of government in the United States: federal, state, and city; therefore, there are three types of taxes.Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay3a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government. The percentage varies from person to person. It depends on their salaries. The federal government has a graduated income tax, that is, the percentage of the tax (14 to 70 percent) increases as a person's income increases. With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due.The second tax is for the state government: New York, California, North Dakota, or any of the other forty-seven states. Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government. Of course, the percentage for the state tax is lower. Other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.For example, a person might want to buy a packet of cigarettes for twenty-five cents. If there is a sales tax of eight percent in that state, then the cost of the cigarettes is twenty-seven cents. Thisfigure includes the sales tax. Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues. The state tax laws are diverse and confusing.The third tax is for the city. This tax comes in two forms: property tax (people who own a home have to pay taxes on it) and excise tax, which is charged on cars in a city. The cities use these funds for education, police and fire departments, public works and municipal buildings.Since Americans pay such high taxes, they often feel that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes. People always complain about taxes. They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs. Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.02-B. AdvertisingAdvertising is only part of the total sales effort, but it is the part that attracts the most attention. This is natural enough because advertising is designed for just that purpose. In newspapers, in magazines, in the mail, on radio and television, we constantly see andhear the messages for hundreds of different products and services. For the most part, they arethe kinds of things that we can be persuaded to buy – food and drinks,4cars and television sets, furniture and clothing, travel and leisure time activities.The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad. Every day the newspapers carry a few pages of these ads; in the large Sunday editions there may be several sections of them. A classified ad is usually only a few lines long. It is really a notice or announcement that something is available.Newspapers also carry a large amount of display advertising. Most of it is for stores or for various forms of entertainment. Newspapers generally reach an audience only in a limited area. To bring their message to a larger audience, many who want to put out their ads use nationalmagazines. Many of the techniques of modern advertising were developed in magazine ads. The use of bright colors, attractive pictures, and short messages is all characteristic of magazine ads. The most . The message itself is usually short, important purpose is to catch the eyeoften no more than a slogan which the public identifies with theproduct.The same techniques have been carried over into televisionadvertising. Voices and music have been added to color and pictures to catch the ear as well as the eye. Television ads are short –usually only15,30, or 60 seconds, but they are repeated over and over again so that the audience sees and hears them many times. Commercial television has mixed entertainment and advertising. If you want the entertainment, you have to put up with the advertising-and millions of people want the entertainment.The men and women in the sales department are responsible for the company‘s advertising, They must decide on the audience they want to reach. They must also decide on the best way to get their message to their particular audience. They also make an estimate of the costs before management approves the plan. In most large companies management is directly involved in planning the advertising.03-A. The Atlantic OceanThe Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceans that separate the Old World5from the New. For centuries it kept the Americas from being discoveredby the people of Europe.Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic made early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it. One idea was that it reached out to "the edge ofthe world." Sailors were afraid that they might sail right off the earth. Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific, but it isstill very large. It is more than 4,000 miles (6,000 km) wide where Columbus crossed it. Even at its narrowest it is about 2, 000 miles(3,200 km) wide. This narrowest place is between the bulge of south America and the bulge of Africa.Two things make the Atlantic Ocean rather unusual. For so large an ocean it has very few islands. Also, it is the world's saltiest ocean.There is so much water in the Atlantic that it is hard to imaginehow much there is. But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers. It would take the ocean about 4,000 years to dry up. On the average the water is a little more than twomiles (3.2 km) deep, but in places it is much deeper. The deepest spotis near Puerto Rico. This "deep" 30, 246 feet - almost six miles (9.6 km).One of the longest mountain ranges of the world rises the floor ofthe Atlantic. This mountain range runs north and south down the middleof the ocean. The tops of a few of the mountains reach up above the sea and make islands. The Azores are the tops of peaks in the mid-Atlantic mountain range.Several hundred miles eastward from Florida there is a part of the ocean called the Sargasso Sea. Here the water is quiet, for there islittle wind. In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed here. Sometimes they were.Ocean currents are sometime called "rivers in the sea." One of these "river" in the Atlantic is called the Gulf Stream. It is a current of warm water. Another is the Labrador Current - cold water coming downfrom the Arctic. Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.The Atlantic furnishes much food for the people on its shores. Oneof its most famous fishing regions, the Grand Banks, is near6Newfoundland.Today the Atlantic is a great highway. It is not, however, always a smooth and safe one. Storms sweep across it and pile up great waves. Icebergs float down from the Far North across the paths of ships.We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller. Columbus sailed for more than two months to cross it.A fast modern steamship can make the trip in less than four days. Airplanes fly from New York to London in only eight hours and from South America to Africa in four!03-B. The MoonWe find that the moon is about 239,000 miles (384,551km) away fromthe earth, and, to within a few thousand miles, its distance always remains the same. Yet a very little observation shows that the moon is not standing still. Its distance from the earth remains the same, butits direction continually changes. We find that it is traveling in a circle - or very nearly a circle - round the earth, going completely round once a month, or, more exactly, once every 27 1/3 days. It is our nearest neighbour in space, and like ourselves it is kept tied to the earth by the earth's gravitational pull.Except for the sun, the moon looks the biggest object in the sky. Actually it is one of the smallest, and only looks big because it is so near to us. Its diameter is only 2, 160 miles (3,389 km), or a little more than a quarter of the diameter of the earth.Once a month, or, more exactly, once every 29 1/2 days, at the time we call "full moon," its whole disc looks bright. At other times only part of it appears bright, and we always find that this is the partwhich faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark. Artists could make their pictures better if they kept in mind -- only those parts of the moon which are lighted up by the sun are bright. This shows that the moon gives no light of its own. It merely reflects the light of the sun, like a huge mirror hung in the sky.Yet the dark part of the moon‘s surface is not absolutely black;7generally it is just light enough for us to be able to see its outline, so that we speak of seeing "the old moon in the new moon's arms." The light by which we see the old moon does not come from the sun, but from the earth. we knows well how the surface of the sea or of snow, or even of a wet road, may reflect uncomfortably much of the sun's lighton to our faces. In the same way the surface of the whole earth reflects enough of the sun's light on to the face of the moon for us to be able to see the parts of it which would otherwise be dark.If there were any inhabitants of the moon, they would see our earth reflecting the light of the sun, again like a huge mirror hung in the sky. They would speak of earthlight just as we speak of moonlight. "The oldmoon in the new moon's arms" is nothing but that part of the moon's surface on which it is night, lighted up by earth light. In the same way, the lunar inhabitants would occasionally see part of our earth in full sunlight, and the rest lighted only by moonlight; they might call this "the old earth in the new earth's arms.‖04-A. Improving Your MemoryPsychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that help memory: meaningfulness, organization, association, and visualization. It is useful to know how these principles work.Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels. Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember. There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful. Many people, for instance, learn a rhyme to help them remember. Do you know the rhyme―Thirty days has September, April, June, and November…? ‖ It helps many people remember which months of the year have 30 days.Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember. How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order?Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information. One example of organization is chunking. Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information. For example, the number 4671363 is more easily remembered if it is chunked as 467,13,63. Categorizing is another means of organization. Suppose you are asked to remember the following8list of words: man, bench, dog, desk, woman, horse, child, cat, chair. Many people will group the words into similar categories and remember them as follows: man, woman, child; cat, dog, horse; bench, chair, desk. Needless to say, the second list can be remembered more easily than the first one.Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately. In memorizing a number, you might try to associate it with familiar numbers or events. For example, the height of Mount Fuji in Japan - 12, 389 feet - might be remembered using the following associations: 12 is the number of months in the year, and 389 is the number of days in a year(365) added to the number of months twice (24).The last principle is visualization. Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered. In one study, subjects in onegroup were asked to learn some words using imagery, while the second group used repetition to learn the words. Those using imagery remembered 80 to 90 percent of the words, compared with 30 to 40 percent of thewords for those who memorized by repetition. Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory.04-B. Short-term MemoryThere are two kinds of memory: shore-term and long-term. Information in long-term memory can be recalled at a later time when it is needed. The information may be kept for days or weeks. Sometimes information in the long-term memory is hard to remember. Students taking exam often have this experience. In contrast, information in shore-term memory is kept for only a few seconds, usually by repeating the information over and over. For example, you look up a number in the telephone book, and before you dial, you repeat the number over and over. If someone interrupts you, you will probably forget the number. In laboratory studies, subjects are unable to remember three letters after eighteen seconds if they are not allowed to repeat the letters to9themselves.Psychologists study memory and learning with both animal and human subjects. The two experiments here show how short-term memory has been studied.Dr. Hunter studied short-term memory in rats. He used a special apparatus which had a cage for the rat and three doors, There was alight in each door. First the rat was placed in the closed cage. Next, one of the lights was turned on and then off. There was food for the ratonly at this door. After the light was turned off, the rat had to wait a short time before it was released from its cage. Then, if it went to the correct door, it was rewarded with the food that was there. Hunter did this experiment many times. He always turned on the lights in a random order. The rat had to wait different intervals before it was released from the cage. Hunter found that if the rat had to wait more than ten seconds, it could not remember the correct door. Hunter's results show that rats have a short-term memory of about ten seconds.Later, Dr. Henning studied how students who are learning English asa second language remember vocabulary. The subjects in his experiment were 75 students at the University of California in Los Angeles. They represented all levels of ability in English; beginning, intermediate, advanced, and native-speaking students.To begin, the subjects listened to a recording of a native speaker reading a paragraph in English. Following the recording, the subjects took a 15-question test to see which words they remembered. Each question had four choices. The subjects had to circle the word they had heard in the recording. Some of the questions had four choices that sound alike. For example, weather, whether, wither, and wetter are four words thatsound alike. Some of the questions had four choices that have the same meaning. Method, way, manner, and system would be four words with thesame meaning. Some of them had four unrelated choices. For instance,weather, method, love, and result could be used as four unrelated words.Finally the subjects took a language proficiency test.Henning found that students with a lower proficiency in English made more of their mistakes on words that sound alike; students with a higher proficiency made more of their mistakes on words that have the same meaning. Henning‘s results suggest that beginning students hold the10sound of words in their short-term memory, while advanced studentshold the meaning of words in their short-term memory.05-A. Fallacies about FoodMany primitive peoples believed that by eating an animal they couldget some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves. They thought, for example, that eating deer would make them run as fast asthe deer. Some savage tribes believed that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave. Man-eating may have started because people were eager to become as strong and brave as their enemies.Among civilized people it was once thought that ginger root by some magical power could improve the memory. Eggs were thought to make the voice pretty. Tomatoes also were believed to have magical powers. They were called love apples and were supposed to make people who ate themfall in love.Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up - the idea that they were poisonous. How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonouswould be if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War II.Even today there are a great many wrong ideas about food. Some of them are very widespread.One such idea is that fish is the best brain food. Fish is good brain food just as it is good muscle food and skin food and bone food. But no one has been able to prove that fish is any better for the brain than manyother kinds of food.Another such idea is that you should not drink water with meals. Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea, but some water with meals has been found to be helpful. It makes the digestive juices flow more freely and helps to digest the food.Many of the ideas which scientists tell us have no foundation have to11do with mixtures of foods. A few years ago the belief became general that orange juice and milk should never be drunk at the same meal. The reason given was that the acid in the orange juice would make the milk curdle and become indigestible. As a matter of fact, milk always meets in the stomach a digestive juice which curdles it; the curdling of the milk is the first step in its digestion. A similar wrong idea is that fish and ice cream when eaten at the same meal form a poisonous combination.Still another wrong idea about mixing foods is that proteins and carbohydrates should never be eaten at the same meal. Many people think of bread, for example, as a carbohydrate food. It is chiefly a carbohydrate food, but it also contains proteins. In the same way, milk, probably the best single food, contains both proteins and carbohydrates. It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and potatoes together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.05-B. Do Animals Think?The question has often been asked, Do animals think? I believe that some of them think a great deal. Many of them are like children in their sports. We notice this to be true very often with dogs and cats; but it is true with other animals as well.Some birds are very lively in their sports; and the same is truewith some insects. The ants, hardworking as they are, have their times for play. They run races; they wrestle; and sometimes they have mock fights together. Very busy must be their thoughts while engaged in these sports.There are many animals, however, that never play; their thoughts seem to be of the more sober kind. We never see frogs engaged in sport. They all the time appear to be very grave. The same is true of the owl, who always looks as if he were considering some important question.Animals think much while building their houses. The bird searchesfor what it can use in building its nest, and in doing this it thinks. Thebeavers think as they build their dams and their houses. They think in getting their materials, and also in arranging them, and inplastering them12together with mud. Some spiders build houses which could scarcely have been made except by some thinking creature.As animals think, they learn. Some learn more than others. Theparrot learns to talk, though in some other respects it is quite stupid. The mocking bird learns to imitate a great many different sounds. The horse is not long in learning many things connected with the work which he has to do. The shepherd dog does not know as much about most things as some other dogs , and yet he understands very well how to take care of sheep.Though animals think and learn, they do not make any real improvement in their ways of doing things, as men do. Each kind of bird has its own way of building a nest, and it is always the same way. And so of other animals. They have no new fashions, and learn none from each other. But men, as you know, are always finding new ways of building houses, and improved methods of doing almost all kinds of labor.Many of the things that animals know how to do they seem to know either without learning, or in some way which we cannot understand. They are said to do such things by instinct; but no one can tell whatinstinct is. It is by this instinct that birds build their nests and beavers their dam and huts. If these things were all planned and thoughtout just as men plan new houses. there would be some changes in the fashions of them, and some improvements.I have spoken of the building instinct of beavers. An English gentleman caught a young one and put him at first in a cage. After a while he let him out in a room where there was a great variety of things. As soon as he was let out he began to exercise his building instinct. He gathered together whatever he could find, brushes, baskets, boots, clothes, sticks, bits of coal, etc., and arranged them as if to build a dam. Now, if he had had his wits about him, he would have known that there was no use in building a dam where there was no water.It is plain that, while animals learn about things by their sensesas we do, they do not think nearly as much about what they learn, andthis is the reason why they do not improve more rapidly. Even the wisest of them, as the elephant and the dog, do not think very much about what they see and hear. Nor is this all. There are some thing that we understand,but about which animals know nothing. They have no knowledge of13anything that happens outside of their own observation. Their minds are so much unlike ours that they do not know the difference betweenrightand wrong.06-A. Diamonds。