高级英语第6册unit6MatriculationFixation

Period Six Grammar & Writing单元语法——Prepositions (time，place & movement) & Relative clauses(Ⅰ)Ⅰ.用适当的介词填空1.This exhibition starts on 1 July at the Newman Gallery in Dinham and ends on 15 September.2.At 6：00 pm on Friday 3 July there will be a talk on Chinese painting by Dr Alison Enwright.3.In August there will be talks on Chinese culture.4.During his lifetime，he developed the tradition of combining poetry with painting.5.Between 1933 and 1940，he held several exhibitions in Asia and Europe to promote Chinese art.6.He also used different shades of grey in a creative way to show the sweat along the horse’s body.Ⅱ.用适当的关系词填空1.Chen Zijiang is a paper-cutting expert whom/who/that I interviewed for my article on Chinese Art.2.Paper-cutting is something that he learned to do from an early age.3.Paper cuts of animals have been found in tombs which/that date back to the time of the Northern and Southern Dynasty!4.A young farmer who/that wanted a wife would look at a young woman’s paper-cutting skills before marrying her!5.Mr Chen went on to explain that there are three types of paper cuts which/that people still make today.6.A present for parents whose child has recently been born might show a paper cut of children，for example.7.Paper cuts which/that show the Chinese character for double happiness are often used to celebrate weddings.8.People to whom the dead person was related would make these offerings on specialdays and during festivals.Ⅰ.表示时间、地点和动作的介词一、表示时间的介词的区别1.at，in和onat后接时间点，即“在”钟点、(做某事的)时刻等，如at 8 o’clock，at noon等。

Unit 4 Matriculation FixationChinese Translation of Paragraphs1. 两年前的一天，我坐在费城一所医院的大厅里焦急地等待着，一位素不相识的人突然向我讲述了他女儿的大学就读计划。

由于那天下午我79岁的老母亲刚动了大手术，还没醒过来，我无法全神贯注地听他的叙述。

但是随着他讲述的深入，我却记住了其中的大部分与话题有关的细节。

2. 这位女生虽然算不上出类拔萃，但还算出色，她已经被一所一流名牌大学接受，不过没有助学金。

与此同时，一所当地的二大学也录取了她，并承诺全免学费。

由于家里还有几个孩子排在后面将上大学，经济自然有些紧，这位父亲便说服女儿接受了第二所大学的录取通知。

现在，他担心她某天会懊悔这个决定，因为她将来毕业的学校名气较小，结交不广，为她敞开的大门也少些。

虽然她的学位证书使她离通往成功的黄金大道并不遥远，但却不会把她直接放在这条大道上。

3. 我本世俗百姓，对一些陌生人的婚姻、职业和嗜好最为私密的细枝末节耳熟能详，因此很早便掌握了调解这类危机的必备技巧。

我告诉这位男士，我许多高中同学都毕业于这所二流大学，但他们都过上了丰富而充实的生活。

4. 我告诉他，我自己就毕业于费城一所二流大学，和她女儿要就读的学校并无二致，而我也已在世上为自己找到了一小块立足之地。

我还告诉他，我的大学岁月是我人生中最快乐的时光，教授们既有才识又很敬业，对他们的教诲和启发我永怀感恩之心。

他又追问我的个人情况，我解释说我是个自由作家，我扼要罗列了自己的资历，还告诉他我对自己的职业生涯也很满意。

5. 这位父亲从来没有听说过我，也没有读过我的作品。

尽管他对我那可怜的履历佯装兴趣，我依然看出他已经崩溃了。

他女儿也计划从事新闻行业，如果走上和我一样的学术道路，最终也会像我一样失败。

6. 我始终没有弄明白他为什么去那医院。

7. 我之所以提及此事，是因为它折射了在该送孩子上大学的时刻到来时家长们神经质到了什么程度。

《高级英语》课程教学大纲【课程英文名称】：Advanced English I【课程类型】专业核心课程【适用专业】英语语言文学专业【开课学期】第5学期和第6学期【先修课程】基础英语等【总学时数】 144 其中理论教学学时： 128 实验（实践）教学时数：16【总学分数】 8【教研室】三年级精读教研室一、课程教学目标《高级英语》是英语语言文学专业高年级的一门专业必修课程，旨在进一步拓展学生的知识面，加深学生对社会和人生的理解，培养学生的分析欣赏能力、逻辑思维能力与独立思考能力，提升其人文素养。

同时，通过听说读写译五项技能的综合训练，提高学生听力理解、即席发言、辩论、演讲的技巧与能力，扩大词汇量，提高阅读技巧与阅读速度，培养归纳与总结主题能力，使学生具备较熟练的英语综合运用能力。

本课程着重于加强和提高学生的综合技能，但不是基础阶段综合技能训练的简单重复。

听说读写能力应该作为一个统一体进行训练，各项能力的训练相互配合、相互关联、相互影响。

听力理解与口语训练相辅相成；口头讨论要有阅读的基础，但又能加深阅读理解；阅读为学生提供语言素材，有助于提高写作水平，是语言学习的源泉。

二、先修课的要求《高级英语》课程是《基础英语》课程的延续，对学生的英语听、说、读、写、译等技能提出更高的培养要求。

本课程不同于《基础英语》的是它更注重阅读理解技能的训练，更注重学生演讲及辩论技能的提高，更强调加强学生的创造力，要求学生的语言运用能力从有控制的练习过渡到自然的交际。

课程为学习者提供大量的语言材料，加深他们对语言知识的理解，为使用语言打下扎实的基础。

本课程将有助于本专业其它专业课程（如英美文学、语言学和翻译等）的顺利开展。

三、教学内容及学时分配第五学期Unit 1 The Fourth of July主要内容：关键的词组与表达方式，课文写作的历史背景，美国的种族歧视，课文分析，作者的写作目的，课文中的修辞方法和写作策略，相关的练习。

人与自然单元Section A Text OneThe Obligation to EndureI. Filling in the blanks with the words and expressions provided, making some change when necessary1. tranquilized2. lethal3. sugarcoat4. mesmerized5. sinister6. insipid7. tamper with8. heredity9. flagrant 10. impetuous11. mutations 12. lingers 13. vernacular 14. lodging 15. inadvertenceII. Using the appropriate form of the words given in the brackets to fill in the blanks1.surroundings2.contaminations3.irrecoverable4. irreversible5.mysteriously6.inhabitants7. inventiveness8. implications9. escalation 10.vindication III.1.The quick change and the speed with which new situations are created follow thereckless / hasty and careless / thoughtless pace of man instead of the leisurely / unhurried pace of nature.2.I am saying, rather, that control must be based on realities instead of on imagined /invented situations, and that the methods used should not destroy us at the same time the insects are destroyed. (destroy the insects and human beings together) 3.Have we been so obsessed / tempted / captivated that we accept something lessinferior or harmful as an unavoidable fact, as if we had given up the determination or the dream to cherish something good?IV. Testing your general knowledge1—5 A D B B B 6-10 A ACCC 11-15 BDB D CV. Proofreading the following passage1. acreage 改为acreages2. of 改为by3. conceive to 去掉to4. simplify 改成simplifying5. limit 改为a limit6. adopted 改为adapted7. another 改为other8. construction 改为destruction9. chances 改为chance 10. rich 改为richlySection A Text TwoThe Good EarthI. Filling in the blanks with the words and expressions provided, making some change when necessary1. resilient2. complying3. imperil4. siege5. complacent6. eons7. metropolis8. ameliorated9. mandated 10. respiratory11. emissions 12. odorless 13. extincted 14. conceived 15. culpritII. Using the appropriate form of the words given in the brackets to fill in the blanks1.toxicity2.emits3.dramatically4. bleaknessplacency/ complacence6.amelioration7. pollutants8. extinction9. ruinously plianceIII. Translating the short paragraph into Chinese积极的发展趋势是不是意味着可以不再关心环境问题了？当然不是。

人们由于生活的哲学理念截然相反，形成了两种冲突的对立力量-----传统保守者和革新自由者。

前者满足于业已建立的等级制度，后者则努力去建立一种他们认为更好的新的宇宙秩序。

他们倚重的是完全不一样的东西：前者强调辉煌的往昔，后者则主要关注玫瑰般的将来。

前者将自己的观点建立在人类无可否定的局限之上，后者却坚信人类有着不容置疑的无限可能性来改善自己，完美自己。

若前者走远了，就会显示出对一种基本上不复存在的过去的怀念，从而会阻碍对更美好未来的追求；若后者太过了，他们会怀抱浪漫的梦想，变得不切实际。

如果人生有春夏秋冬四季，我们往往在春夏秋冬是革新自由者，但到了秋冬两季很有可能慢慢转变成传统保守者。

比如，著名现代主义诗人艾略特在他的早期诗歌中探索了现代西方文明在各个方面的衰败，但在晚期作品中，他却十分关注稳定和秩序People turn themselves into two conflicting forces – conservatives and liberals, owing to their respective opposing philosophical views about life. The former are complacent with the established hierarchies while the latter strive for a new cosmos order which they believe will be superior to the previous one. /They each give priorities to totally different things. The former emphasize brilliant past glories while the latter are chiefly concerned about the rosy future. / The former based their views on man’s incontestable limitations while the latter stand on his indisputable infinitude of possibilities in improving and perfecting themselves./ If the former go too far, they may display some nostalgia for a largely nonexistent past, which may handicap the pursuit of a still better future./ If the latter goes too far, they tend to cherish some dreams too romantic to be practical./ If human life consists of spring, summer, autumn and winter, we are inclined to be liberals in spring and summer, but there is every likelihood that we may turn ourselves into conservatives by degrees in autumn and winter./ For example, the famous modernist poet Elliot explored in his early poetry various aspects of decay of civilization in the modern Western world, but he attached muchimportance to stability and order in his later works.个性和对生活的看法是因人而异的。

Unit 6选择大学的忧虑：可怜天下父母心。

matriculation是大学入学许可的意思fixation注视的意思，但是也有焦虑，担心的意思。

课本讲的是关于大学选择的忧虑，所以翻译如上最合适两年前，我含情脉脉在费城一家医院的候诊室时，一个完全陌生的意外开始告诉我有关他女儿的大学计划。

当天下午，当我79岁的老母亲从大手术中恢复，我不能给他我的完整和不可分割的关注。

但是，作为简报会穿，我做管理，以争取最相关的细节。

女孩，明亮但不辉煌，已被接受，没有一线大学的财政援助，但也被接纳到一个地方，第二梯队的大学，她答应免费乘车。

钱紧张与其他大学结合儿童在家庭中的队列，该名男子曾劝说他的女儿接受第二大学的报价。

现在，他担心她有一天会后悔这个决定。

因为她会从一个不太著名院校毕业，少接触较少的大门将被打开。

她的学位，她把黄砖路的攻击距离内，但不是身体上的道路本身。

这使她的父亲撒旦之子？作为一个世界的人习惯于被告知“完全陌生的婚姻，职业和爱好的最亲密的细节，我早就掌握必要的技能以调解这场危机。

我告诉我的高中密友许多人毕业于二线大学的问题，并已经生活丰富，充实的生活的人。

我告诉他，我不象他的女儿已进入第二梯队的费城大学毕业，并已成功地开拓出自己一个可爱的小利基。

我告诉他我的大学时代，我生命中最快乐的，我感谢我的才华，专门教授提供的照明和灵感之神，太阳从来没有设置。

按下履历资料，我解释说我是一个自由撰稿人，列举了我的凭据，并说，我是很开心的方式，已变成了我的职业生涯。

该名男子从来没有听说过，我从来没有读我写的东西。

虽然他试图假装在我可怜的履历有兴趣，我可以看到他被摧毁。

按照学术路径类似地雷，他的女儿，还计划在新闻事业，是要结束的一大失败.我从来没有找出他为什么去医院。

我提到这件事，因为它说明了的神经质gabbiness折磨家长送子女上大学，当谈到时间。

我知道为这事我发言。

明年秋天，我的女儿去上大学。

三年之后，我的儿子会跟风。

Unit1在我成长的房子里有一间屋子，我们把它称作图书馆。

当然，那不是真正的图书馆，它仅仅是由电视机占据了主要位置的一间书斋。

但是它四面墙上全部装修了嵌入式书架，上面摆了数百本书籍——那些精装本的书籍呈现着各种颜色，它们在那间屋里把我们团团围住。

这些书是我父母和祖父母花了毕生精力收集起来的，它们成为我童年的一部分。

我们这一代人——即20世纪50年代和60年代的人——可能是了解这种心情的最后一代人了，那种被上百万文字环绕着的感觉；那些文字是历代知名的和默默无闻的作家们的作品。

当前，在20世纪70年代中期，我们正目睹一个不易察觉却毫无疑问存在的慢慢背离书籍这类事物的倾向。

恐怕美国的家庭很快就不会再留出房间做图书馆了。

精装的图书——那思想永驻的象征，那从一个时代向下一时代传留的智慧——可能会添加到我们即将灭绝的物种名单上去。

Unit 2 The foreign students at New York University come from more than 130 countries. Fifty percent are from Asia, especially South Korea, Japan and China. Foreign students are studying in all fourteen schools within the university. These include arts and sciences, law, business and education .Seventy-five percent of the foreign students are in graduate school. About twenty-five percent are in four-year programs that lead to a bachelor’s degree.The cost of attending New York University is different in each of its schools. For example, one year of study at the Wagner Graduate School of Public Service costs about $19,000. Some other schools within NYU cost more. Some cost less. The housing cost is about $9,000 a year.Bachelor’s degree students at NYU can borrow money from financial institutions to help pay for their studies. Foreign students in graduate school at NYU can get teaching or research jobs at the university. They can also get loans from financial institutions.Unit3.十五年前，计算机专家们扩展了因特网系统。

Unit SixI. Lead-inMovie ClipWatch the following video and then do the exercise. You can find the interpretation of some words and phrases in "Word Bank".Book 6 Unit 6.mp4 (00:00 – 02:35)ScriptToday I'm gonna talk about the differences between being a black American vs. being a black in England, and kinda like what to expect when you go there.Um, first of all, well, the major difference is black people in England, they know their heritage, you know, their culture, like you know, black people in America, you know, were born in slavery. And in U.S. basically where most black people are African-American, you know, they don't know anything because, you know, they are born and brought over in slave ships. And slave masters have wiped out all their history and, you know, they are brought up on, you know, white culture. And you know, what the slave master is basically you know "took total". But black people in England, you know, they ... you know, they know the history like, whatever like, Greek people in America like "Oh, I'm Greek-American. You know, I'm Greek." But out there in England, English people, black people, you know, they're Kenyan, you know, they're Ghanaian, they're Nigerian, they're Jamaican, wherever they're from. But a lot of ... I'll say, most of them know their heritage, where they're from, and so that's one of the very big differences, um, in England.And then I also want to talk about the music. The music differences, uh, they're not too big. One thing is that in America, we don't listen at all to really any hip-hop English music at all. Um for example, the biggest artist out in England is a guy named Tinie Tempah. And I can guarantee pretty much nobody knows who Tinie Tempah is in America. But in England, he's like the biggest thing out. But the thing is even some of our small artist out of America is still kind of big out in the U.K., and our big artists out of America are just well-known, um, you tell me about Rick Ross, Drake, anyone. I mean they're masters, you know, they sell out when they come, you know, to London. But it's like ... but in U.K., they almost support American music more than they support their own music. But they do support, you know, like their Grime music. They have, uh, you know, their hip-hop artists. Like they support, they really get behind the guy, I can say, Tinie Tempah. He's partly like a leader man out of London. They really support their man, like you know, their other artists. They do support their own, but they definitely support and love American music.And also I want to talk about, like, culture. It'll ... like interactive things, like women and things like that. And it is true like you have an American accent like "It's all good. Let me tell ya. It's a good thing." Like other, for example, you know, I'll be like, "Hey, excuse me", you know, "how're you doin'?" "I'm all good. Are you from America?" and I'm like, "Yeah, yeah". They're like, "I'm all good. What part of America are you from?" I'm like, uh, "I'm from Chicago". They're like, "Oh, really?" and you know, we just continue this conversation. But I come from this great open land. So if you're comin', if you're going to England, just put on your accent. Just talk.Word Bank1.Kenyan:a native of Kenya, a republic in eastern Africa 肯尼亚人2.Ghanaian:a native of Ghana, a republic in West Africa 加纳人3.Nigerian:a native of Nigeria, a republic in West Africa 尼日利亚人4.Jamaican:a native of Jamaica, an island in the West Indies 牙买加人5.hip-hop music:a style of popular music of U.S. black and Hispanic origin, featuring rap with an electronicbacking 嘻哈音乐6.sell out:be all sold so that there is no stocke.g. The new cakes were so popular that they sold out quickly.7.Grime music:a style of music that emerged from Bow, East London, England in the early 2000sExercise1.Unlike black people in America, black people in England ___________.A. are aware of their cultureB. know their heritageC. hate slaveryD. are mostly from West Africa2.Black people in England ___________.A. love American musicB. love African musicC. do not love American musicD. do not love African musicKey: 1. B 2. AInspirational QuotesEven if you do learn to speak correct English, whom are you going to speak it to?—Clarence DarrowDiscussionFor an English learner, is it important to have access to various types of English, both standard and "less standard", such as British English, American English, Australian English, Black English, Indian English, etc.? Why?II. Text IPre-reading Questions1.You may not be very familiar with the English used by the black people in the United States,specifically those who are under-privileged, but you must have encountered some uses of black English either in pronunciation, or in vocabulary, or in grammar that are typical of these speakers. Try to think of some instances of these.2.How does the English used by the under-privileged Blacks impress you? Do you think it is anon-standard or an inferior variety of American English?General ReadingI. Determine which of the following best states the purpose of the writing.A. To explore the origination of Black English.B. To present the author's opinion on the status of Black English.C. To investigate the contributing factors of Black English.Key: BII. Judge whether the following statements are true or false.1.Most white speakers of English regard Black English as a non-standard variety of English.2.Farb thinks it is racial discrimination to associate Black English with some physical featuresof the Black people.3.Black English distinguishes from standard English most significantly on the lexicaldimension.4.Farb cites Turner to show that Black English is a linguistic departure from Standard English. Key: 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. FBackground Notes1.Lorenzo Dow Turner (1890–1972): an Afro-American linguist and ethnologist who didseminal research on the Gullah language of the Low Country of coastal South Carolina and Georgia. Although established scholars then viewed Gullah speech as substandard English, Turner sensed that Gullah was strongly influenced by African languages. He set out to study the language, and identified and analyzed African survivals in the African American language.2.Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe: Daniel Defoe (1659–1731) was an English trader, writer,journalist, and pamphleteer, who gained fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe.The novel, published in 1719, tells of a man's shipwreck on a deserted island and his subsequent adventures.Text StudyTextBlack EnglishPeter Farb1 V ery few white Americans are aware of the extent to which the great majority of black Americans suffer from linguistic schizophrenia — of a unique sort. The diglossia problem of the lower-class black is unusual because he does not speak a colloquial or "incorrect" form of standard English. Instead, he speaks a dialect that has a strikingly different grammar and sound system, even though to white ears the black appears to be trying to speak Standard English. Anyone who speaks Black English is likely to find himself stigmatized as a user of an inferior kind of Standard English, whereas actually he is speaking a radically different dialect that is as consistent and elegant as whites consider their Standard English to be.2 The whole subject of Black English is so tied up with both racism and good intention that it rarely is discussed calmly, even by specialists in the field. At one extreme is the racist, conscious or unconscious, who attributes black speech to some physical characteristic like thick lips or a large tongue; he is certain that it is inferior speech and that it must be eradicated. At the other extreme is the well-intentioned liberal who denies that he detects much of a departure from white speech; he regards Black English as simply a southern United States dialect, and he is likely to attribute any departure from white speech to the black's educational deprivation. Both views are wrong. Black English's radical departure from Standard English has nothing to do with the anatomy of race or with educational deprivation. The history of the English spoken by New World blacks shows that it has been different from the very beginning, and that it is more different the farther back in time one goes. Of course, some blacks speak exactly like whites, but these cases are both recent and exceptional; the overwhelming majority speak Black English some or all of the time.3 By "Black English" I do not mean the spirited vocabulary whose adoption by some whites gives them the mistaken impression that they are talking real soul to their black brothers. These rich and metaphoric words are much less important than grammar for a description of Black English. They originated by the same processes that gave rise to the slang, jargon, and argot words of Standard English, and, like the Standard words, they have seeped out to become part of the general vocabulary. Many words that were once the exclusive property of speakers of Black English —groovy, square, jive, rap, cool, chick, dig, rip off, and so on — are now commonly used by speakers of white Standard English. I do not refer to the superficial vocabulary, which changes from year to year, but to its largely different history, sound system, and basic structure.4 What we hear today as Black English is probably the result of five major influences: African languages; West African pidgin; a Plantation Creole once spoken by slaves in the southern United States as well as by blacks as far north as Canada; Standard English; and, finally, urbanization in the northern ghettoes. The influence of African languages on black speech was long denied, until in 1949 Lorenzo Dow Turner published the results of his fifteen-year study of Gullah, a black dialect spoken in the coastal region around Charleston, South Carolina, and Savannah, Georgia. Gullah is important in the history of Black English because this region continued to receive slaves direct from Africa as late as 1858 —and so any influence from Africa would be expected to survive there longer. Turner accumulated compelling evidence of resemblances in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar between Gullah and various Western African languages. He listed some 4,000 Gullah words for personal names, numbers, and objects that are derived directly from African languages. Some of these words —such as tote, chigger, yam, and tater("potato") —eventually entered Standard English.5 The second influence, pidginization, is more apparent because the languages spoken today bythe descendants of slaves almost everywhere in the New World —regardless of whether these languages were based on English, French, Dutch, Spanish, or Portuguese — share similarities in sound patterns and in grammar. For example, the common Black English construction He done close the door has no direct equivalent in Standard English, but it is similar to structures found in Portuguese Pidgin, Weskos of West Africa, French Creole of Haiti, the Shanan Creole of Surinam, and so on. An analysis of the speech of slaves —as recorded in eighteenth-century letters, histories, and books of travel — indicates that the great majority of them in the continental United States spoke pidgin English, as much in the North as in the South. This was to be expected since blacks speaking many languages were thrown together in the West African slave factories and they had to develop some means of communication. No matter what their mother tongues were, they had been forced to learn a second language, an African Pidgin English that at least as early as 1719 had been spread around the world by the slave trade. We can be certain of that year because it marked the publication of Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, which contains numerous examples of this pidgin and also uses, in the character Friday, the West African and slave tradition of bestowing personal names based on the days of the week.6 Therefore most slaves must have arrived in the New World speaking a pidgin that enabled them to communicate with each other and eventually also with overseers. In the succeeding generations a small number of blacks were taught Standard English. But the great majority apparently expanded their pidgin into a Creole language —called Plantation Creole by some linguists even though it was also spoken in the North — by grafting an English vocabulary onto the structures of their native languages and pidgins.7 The wonder is that it took people so long to realize that Black English is neither a mispronunciation of Standard English nor an accumulation of random errors made in the grammar of Standard English. Utterances in Black English are grammatically consistent and they are generated by rules in the same way that utterances in Standard English are generated by rules. People may not regard utterances in Black English to be "good English" — but that is beside the point, because Black English is using a different set of rules than those of Standard English.(1,056 words)Words and Phrases1.liberal n.a person of liberal viewsadj. willing to respect or accept behaviour or opinion different from one's own; open to new ideas; favourable to or respectful of individual rights or freedome.g. It is not surprising that generally young people are more liberal than the old on the issueof pre-marital sex.The new government claims that it will work towards the goal of building the country into a liberal, democratic state.2.seep v. (of a liquid) flow or leak slowly through porous material or small holese.g. The oil that keeps seeping out through the cracks of the underwater pipes is causingserious pollution to the sea.With more follow-up reporting, details of the murder case are seeping out.pelling evidence: convincing evidenceDerived from the verb "compel", compelling has the meaning of evoking interest, attention, or admiration, e.g. a compelling film, compelling eyes, and also inspiring conviction, e.g.compelling argument.4.derive v. obtain sth. frome.g. In his late years he derived great pleasure from his grandchildren.Many words in the major European languages are believed to have derived from Latin.5.regardless of: without regard or consideration for, in spite ofe.g. He is such a reckless person that he will act regardless of what will happen next.Admissions are the same for all visitors regardless of age and gender.6.graft: The word both as a noun and a verb is most often used in the two areas of horticultureand medicine. Used in horticulture, it means a shoot inserted into a slit of stock, from which it receives sap, or to insert a graft. Used in medicine, it means a piece of living tissue that is transplanted, or to transplant as a graft.Figuratively, the word is used to mean to insert or fix sth. permanently to sth. else.e.g. Western type of democracy cannot be grafted to other countries of different historicalevolution.Another meaning of the word is practices, esp. bribery, used to secure illicit gains in politics or business; corruption.e.g. Strict measures are being enforced to curb graft in the administration.Notes1.linguistic schizophrenia — of a unique sort:the inconsistent, even contradictory conceptsconcerning the language they use2.The diglossia problem of the lower-class black is unusual because he does not speak acolloquial or "incorrect" form of standard English.: In the author’s opinion, black English is not the Low Form of a language in a diglossic situation because its speaker is not speaking an informal, non-literary form of English."Diglossia" refers to the sociolinguistic phenomenon that in a community two forms or varieties of the same language exist side by side.3.dialect: The word normally refers to a variety of a language used by people of a specificgeographical region, but here it is used, as is quite common in linguistic literature, in the sense of a linguistic variety associated with a social group, i.e. a social dialect or sociolect.4.Black English: Here it refers to the variety of English spoken by the black, especially theurban populations in the U.S.5.he is likely to attribute any departure from white speech to the black's educationaldeprivation: Most likely, he will think that the reason why the black speakers are not usingEnglish in the same way as the white speakers do is that they are not adequately educated.6.New World blacks: New World refers generally to North and South America regardedcollectively in relation to Europe, especially after the early voyages of European explorers.New World blacks in this context refer to the black people brought from Africa to North America by slave trade in the early days.7.spirited vocabulary: vocabulary which bears specific features of the blacks as a race8.they are talking real soul to their black brothers: they are talking in what they think agenuinely "black" way to their black fellow countrymenSoul, used as an adjective, can bear such meanings as related to, taking pride in, or displaying the characteristics of Black Culture, thus expressions like soul singer, soul radio station, soul music, soul brother, soul food, etc.9.slang, jargon, and argot words: Slang is a type of language that consists of words andphrases that are regarded as very informal and nonstandard, typically formed by creative, often witty juxtapositions of words or images, and usually restricted to a particular context ora group of people, e.g. army slang. Jargon refers to the technical language of occupational orother groups that is difficult for outsiders to understand, e.g. legal jargon, medical jargon.Argot is the jargon or slang of a particular group or class, e.g. teenage argot. The borderlines separating these categories are not always distinct, and some writers use these terms in a general way to include all the foregoing meanings.10.Many words that were once the exclusive property of speakers of Black English ...:Many words that were once used by speakers of Black English only ...Property in this sentence means attribute, quality, characteristic.Note the other meanings of the word, e.g. possessions collectively; building or buildings and the land that belongs to it or to them; shares or investments in property; theatrical props.11.African languages: The languages spoken in Africa can be said to include the following fourmajor groups: (1) Afro-Asiatic, which spreads throughout the Middle East, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of the Sahel; (2) Nilo-Sahara, which is centered on Sudan and Chad;(3) Niger-Congo, which covers West, Central, and Southeast Africa; and (4) Khoe, which isconcentrated in the deserts of Namibia and Botswana.12.pidgin: a language that is a mixture of two other languages, one of which is usually aEuropean language and the other is a local language of Asia, Africa, or Latin America. Pidgin has a limited vocabulary and a reduced grammatical structure used between people who do not know each other's language well for restricted communicative purposes such as trade.13.Creole: a pidgin language that has become the native language of a group of speakers, beingused for all or many of their daily communicative needs. Usually, the sentence structures and vocabulary range of a creole are far more complex than those of a pidgin. Creoles are usuallyclassified according to the language from which most of their vocabulary comes, e.g.English-based, French-based, Portuguese-based, and Swahili-based creoles. Examples of English-based creoles are Jamaican Creole, Hawaiian Creole and Krio in Sierra Leone, West Africa.14.The influence of African languages on black speech was long denied: The influence ofAfrican languages on black speech was ignored or unnoticed for a long time15.Gullah: also called the Sea Island English, is the creole language spoken by the Gullahpeople. It is based on English, with strong influences from West and Central African languages on its vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammatical structure.Questions1.How do you understand Farb's statement "the great majority of black Americans suffer fromlinguistic schizophrenia — of a unique sort"? (para. 1)Key:Schizophrenia is a long-term mental disorder marked by breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, and withdrawal from reality. Black Americans are definitely not suffering from this mental disease, but the confusion and bewilderment they feel about the nature of their speech can be likened to the disorderly mental status of a patient of schizophrenia.2.On what grounds does Farb disagree with either of the two extreme views on the subject ofBlack English? (para. 2)Key:Farb does not think Black English's radical departure from Standard English has anything to do with the anatomy of race or with the Black people's educational deprivation. In his opinion, Black English has been a different language from the very beginning, and it is thus an entirely different language in its own right.3.In Farb's opinion, what should be taken into consideration if one wants to give acomprehensive linguistic description of Black English? (para. 3)Key:One should take into consideration all the three aspects of language, i.e. vocabulary, sounds, and grammar.4.What, in Farb's view, are the five major influences that have contributed to the formation oftoday's Black English? (para. 4)Key:The five major influences that have contributed to the formation of today's Black English are (1) African languages, (2) West African pidgin, (3) a Plantation Creole, (4) Standard English, and (5) urbanization in the northern ghettoes.5.Why does Farb cite Turner's study of the Gullah language? (para. 4)Key: He cites Turner's study of Gullah to support his view that today's Black English is not a non-standard departure from English, but a separate language based on some Western African languages for the many resemblances in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar between them found by Turner.6.How does pidginization contribute to the formation of Black English?Key: The blacks brought from different regions in Africa to North America as slaves needed a common speech to communicate with each other, which resulted in a kind of English-based pidgin, which in part contributed to the formation of Black English.7.What is Farb's position about the status of Black English?Key: Black English is not a sub-standard variety of English, but a language that has a set of rules different from that of Standard white English.Activity1.In para. 3 Farb mentions two views concerning Black English, i.e. the racist view and thegood-intentioned liberal view, both of which he rejects. Then in the essay he presents his own view, i.e. Black English is a language in its own right. Which of these views do you agree with? Or perhaps you do not agree with any of these three. Present your view of Black English in a short talk.Sentence patterns for your referenceI agree that ...In contrast to ... Black English ...To sum up, ...2.Do you think Black English will in the future come to enjoy the same privilege as StandardAmerican English does today? Air your views on the possible course of development of Black English in a group discussion.Sentence patterns for your referenceIn a world of ... Black English ...Although Black English ...As a result, ...Organization and DevelopmentArgumentative WritingIn terms of discourse type, this essay is basically a piece of argumentative writing. The author's argument is made clear in the first paragraph, and restated at the end of the essay.Main ArgumentHis argument is made clear by the last sentence of the first paragraph "... actually he is speaking a radically different dialect that is as consistent and elegant as whites consider their Standard English to be", which is restated by the last sentence of the essay "Black English is using a different set of rules than those of Standard English."Methods of ArgumentationThe main method Farb uses in his argument is referring to historical facts. In paras. 4 and 5, he traces the historical development of today's Black English, i.e. it originated with African languages rather than Standard English, and the need for the black from different African countries to communicate with each other made pidginization necessary. In this process, Farb cites Turner's seminal study to make his argument more convincing.Another device he uses is definition. As most people, both black and white, have confusing ideas of what Black English is, he needs first of all to clarify the notion of a language. In para. 3 he presents his notion of what makes a language a distinct entity. In his view, Black English is a language in its own right because it has a different history, its own distinctive sound system and grammar structure, apart from its spirited vocabulary.III. Text IIText StudyTextIf Black English Isn't a Language, Then Tell Me, What Is?James Baldwin1 The argument concerning the use, or the status, or the reality, of black English is rooted in American history and has absolutely nothing to do with the question the argument supposes itself to be posing. The argument has nothing to do with language itself but with the role of language. Language, incontestably, reveals the speaker. Language, also, far more dubiously, is meant to define the other —and, in this case, the other is refusing to be defined by a language that has never been able to recognize him.2 People evolve a language in order to describe and thus control their circumstances, or in order not to be submerged by a reality that they cannot articulate. (And, if they cannot articulate it, they are submerged.) A Frenchman living in Paris speaks a subtly and crucially different language from that of the man living in Marseilles; neither sounds very much like a man living in Quebec; and they would all have great difficulty in apprehending what the man from Guadeloupe, or Martinique, is saying, to say nothing of the man from Senegal —although the "common" language of all these areas is French. But each has paid, and is paying, a different price for this "common" language, in which, as it turns out, they are not saying, and cannot be saying, the same things: They each have very different realities to articulate, or control.3 What joins all languages, and all men, is the necessity to confront life, in order, not inconceivably, to outwit death: The price for this is the acceptance, and achievement, of one's temporal identity. So that, for example, though it is not taught in the schools (and this has the potential of becoming a political issue) the south of France still clings to its ancient and musical Provençal, which resists being described as a "dialect." And much of the tension in the Basque countries, and in Wales, is due to the Basque and Welsh determination not to allow their languages to be destroyed. This determination also feeds the flames in Ireland for among the many indignities the Irish have been forced to undergo at English hands is the English contempt for their language.4 It goes without saying, then, that language is also a political instrument, means, and proof of。

Lesson 11. Virtue is......self-centered.By right action, we mean it must help promote personal interest.2. ... (poverty) was a product of their excessive fecundity...The poverty of the poor was caused by their having too many children.3....the rich were not responsible for either its creation or its amelioration.The rich should not be asked to solve the problem of the poverty as it is not their fault for the existence of poverty.4. It is merely the working out of a law of nature and a law of God.It is only the result or effect of the law of the survival of the fittest applied to nature or to human society.5. It declined in popularity, and references to it acquired a condemnatory tone.People began to reject and criticize Social Darwinism because it seemed to glorify brutal force and oppose treasured values of sympathy, love and friendship6. ...the search for a way of getting the poor off our conscience was not at an end; it was only suspended.The desire to find a way to justify the unconcern for the poor had not been abandoned; it had only been put off.7. ...only rarely given to overpaying for monkey wrenches, flashlights, coffee makers, and toilet seats.Government officials, on the whole, are good; it is very rare that some would pay high prices for office equipment to get kickbacks.8. This is perhaps our most highly influential piece of fiction.It is a very popular story and has been accepted by many but it is not true.9. Belief can be the servant of truth--but even more of convenience.Belief can be useful in the search for truth. But more often than not it is accepted because it is convenient and self-serving.10. George Gilder...who tells to much applause that the poor must have the cruel spur of their own suffering to ensure effort...George Gilder advances the view that suffering is necessary to motivate and force the poor to work hard.1. An imbalance between the rich and poor is the oldest and most fatal ailment of republics.贫富不均乃共和政体最致命疾.2. Their poverty is a temporary misfortune, if they are poor and meek, they eventually will inherit the earth.他们的贫穷只是一种暂时性的不幸，如果他们贫穷但却温顺，他们最终将成为世界的主人.3. Couples in love should repair to R H Macy’s not their bedrooms.热恋的夫妇应该在梅西百货商店过夜,而不是他们的新房4. The American beauty rose can be produced in the splendor and fragrance which bring cheer to its beholder only by sacrificing the early buds which grow up around it. And so is in economic life. It’s merely the working out of a law of the nature and a law of God. 美国这朵玫瑰花以其华贵与芳香让观众倾倒，赞不绝口，而她之所以能被培植就是因为在早期其周围的花蕾被插掉了，在经济生活中情况亦是如此。

Unit6词汇(Vocabulary)blackmail ( n.) :the obtaining of money or advancement by threatening to make known unpleasant facts about a person or group敲诈；勒索----------------------------------------------------------------------------------suite ( n.) :a group of connected rooms used as a unit，such as an apartment一套房间----------------------------------------------------------------------------------cryptic ( adj.) :having a hidden or ambiguous meaning；mysterious隐蔽的，秘密的；神秘的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------fray ( v．) :make or become weakened or strained(使)变弱；(使)紧张----------------------------------------------------------------------------------dispatch ( v．) :send off or out promptly，usually on a specific errand or official business(迅速地)派遣，派出(常指特别差事或公事)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------errand ( n.) :a trip to carry a message or do a definite thing，esp. for someone else差事(尤指为别人送信或办事) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------piggy ( adj. ) : like a pig；gluttonous猪一般的；贪婪的(=piggish)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------sardonic ( adj.) :bitter，scornful(used of smile or laughter)disdainfully or bitterly sneering，ironic or sarcastic 讥讽的；嘲笑的／sardonically adv．----------------------------------------------------------------------------------gross ( adj.) : big or fat and coarse—looking；corpulent；burtly肥胖的，臃肿的；粗壮的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------jowl ( n.) :the fleshy，hanging part under the lower jaw下颚的下垂部分----------------------------------------------------------------------------------encompass ( v．) :shut in all around；surround；encircle 围绕，环绕----------------------------------------------------------------------------------flip ( v．) :toss or move with a quick jerk；flick(用指等)轻弹；轻拂----------------------------------------------------------------------------------decor ( n.) :[Fre.]decoration[法语]装饰，装璜----------------------------------------------------------------------------------obese ( adj. ) :very fat；stout；corpulent过度肥胖的；肥大的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------appreciative ( adj.) :feeling or showing appreciation欣赏的；有欣赏力的；有眼力的；有鉴赏力的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------incongruous ( adj.) :lacking harmony or agreement; incompatible不和谐的；不调和不相容的；自相矛盾的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------falsetto : ①n．an artificial way of singing or speaking，in which the voice is placed in a register much higher than that of the natural voice假声(说、唱)②adj.假声的；用假声唱的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------emission ( n.) :the act of sending out or giving forth(heat，light，smell)；the action of uttering(sound)(热、光、气味等的)散发，放出；(声音等的)发出----------------------------------------------------------------------------------spit ( v．) :eject，throw(out)，emit，or utter explosively喷出，吐出；激烈地说出----------------------------------------------------------------------------------savagery ( n.) :savage act，behavior，or disposition；barbarity暴行；残忍；凶猛----------------------------------------------------------------------------------blandness ( n.) :being mild and soothing温和，和蔼；文雅----------------------------------------------------------------------------------adversary ( n.) : person who opposes or fights against another；opponent敌手；敌方；对手----------------------------------------------------------------------------------high—tail ( v.) :[colloq．]leave or go in a hurry；scurry off (chiefly in high—tail it )[口]匆忙离开，匆忙走开；迅速撤退；迅速逃走(主要用于high—tail it)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------blink ( v．) :wink(the eyes)rapidly；cause(eyes)to wink眨(眼)；使眨(眼)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------inbred ( adj.) : innate or deeply instilled天生的，生来的，先天的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------flicker ( v．) :move with a quick，light，wavering motion摇曳，摇动，晃动----------------------------------------------------------------------------------interject ( v．) :throw in between；interrupt with打断；插入，插(话)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------clasp ( v．) :hold tightly(with the arms or hands)；grasp firmly握住；紧握----------------------------------------------------------------------------------conceal ( v．) :put out of sight；hide把……藏起来，隐藏，隐匿----------------------------------------------------------------------------------puff ( v．) :blow，drive，give forth，etc．in or with a puff or puffs(一阵阵地)吹；喷出----------------------------------------------------------------------------------leastways ( adv．) :(chiefly dial．)leastwise；anyway(多用于口语)至少；无论如何----------------------------------------------------------------------------------smug (adj.) :narrowly contented with one’s own accomplishments，beliefs，morality，etc．；self—satisfied to an annoying degree沾沾自喜的；自鸣得意的；自满的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------tuck ( v．) :put into a secluded or isolated spot把……放入隐蔽或隔离的地方；使隐蔽；(收)藏起----------------------------------------------------------------------------------cluck ( v．) :make a low，sharp，clicking sound，as of a hen calling her chickens or brooding；utter with such a sound(母鸡唤小鸡时的)咯咯叫，作咯咯叫声；(人)咯咯地叫；咯咯地说----------------------------------------------------------------------------------reproving ( adj. ) :expressing disapproval of指摘的；非难的／reprovingly adv．----------------------------------------------------------------------------------hunch ( n.) :[colloq．]a feeling about something not based on known facts；premonition or suspicion[口]预感，预兆；疑心----------------------------------------------------------------------------------jockey ( n.) :[Am．slang]one who operates a specified vehicle，machine，etc．[美俚](某种车辆的)驾驶员；(机器等的)操作者----------------------------------------------------------------------------------bust ( v．) :[slang]burst or break[俚](使)爆裂，(使)击破----------------------------------------------------------------------------------despairing ( adj.) :feeling or showing despair；hopeless绝望的，没有希望的／despairingly adv．----------------------------------------------------------------------------------shrug ( v．) :draw up(the shoulders)，as in expressing indifference，doubt，disdain，contempt，etc．(为表达冷漠、无奈等)耸肩----------------------------------------------------------------------------------twig ( v．) :[Brit．colloq．]observe；notice[英口]观察；注意----------------------------------------------------------------------------------discreet ( adj.) :careful about what．one says or does；prudent：keeping silent or preserving confidences when necessary (言行)谨慎的；慎重的；考虑周到的／discreetly adv．----------------------------------------------------------------------------------holler ( v．) :[colloq．]shout or yell[口]叫喊，呼喊----------------------------------------------------------------------------------oafish( adj.) :stupid愚蠢的，笨拙的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------grotesque (adj.) :ludicrously eccentric or strange；ridiculous；absurd；fantastic怪僻的；荒谬的；滑稽可笑的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------unequivocal ( adj.) :not equivocal；not ambiguous；plain；clear不含糊的；不模棱两可的；明确的；明白的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------bulbous (adj.) :shaped like a bulb；fat and round(often derog．)球茎形的；又肥又圆的(常用作贬义)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------countenance ( n.) :the face；facial features；visage脸,面孔;面貌，面容，容貌，脸色----------------------------------------------------------------------------------peremptory (adj. ) :intolerantly positive；dictatorial；dogmatic；imperious高傲的；武断的；专横的；强制的／peremptorily adv．----------------------------------------------------------------------------------rivet ( v．) :fix or hold(the eyes，attention，etc．)firmly(把目光、注意力等)集中于……----------------------------------------------------------------------------------imperious (adj.) : overbearing；arrogant；masterful，domineering傲慢的；专横的；盛气凌人的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------respite ( n.) :an interval of temporary relief or rest暂时的休息；暂时的喘息----------------------------------------------------------------------------------whiplash (adj. ) : showing resentment and ill humor by morose，unsociable withdrawal愠怒的，闷闷不乐的／sullenly adv．----------------------------------------------------------------------------------vacillation ( n.) :he state of wavering in mind；hesitation；indecision犹豫；踌躇----------------------------------------------------------------------------------dally ( v．) :be slow or waste time闲荡；延误----------------------------------------------------------------------------------bulge ( v．) :swell or bend outward；protrude or project膨胀，肿胀；鼓起，隆起，突出----------------------------------------------------------------------------------beady ( adj.) :(esp．of an eye)small，round，and glittering like a bead(尤指眼睛)似珠子般小而亮的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------<短语(Expressions)put out: stop sth．burning熄灭例：I threw water over him．desperately trying t0 put out the flames．我往他身上泼水，拼命地想扑灭他身上的火焰。