英2单词、词组(10%)
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第六章湍流模型湍流模型湍流运动中动量与能量交换主要受大尺度涡的影响湍流的基本方程无论湍流运动多么复杂,非稳态的连续方程和Navier-stokes 方程对于瞬时运动仍然是使用的。
对不可压流动:=01+=-+(grad )1+=-+(grad )1+=-+(grad )u p u v u t x v p v v t y w p w v w t zρρρ∇∂∂∇∇∂∂∂∂∇∇∂∂∂∂∇∇∂∂u u u u ()(v )()一、“雷诺平均”模式(RANS)根据湍流统计平均理论,湍流的速度、压强都可以分解为平均量和脉动量'i i iu u u=+p p p '=+其中,,i u p 为系综统计平均量,任意变量ф的时间平均值定义为:1()t ttt dt t φφ+∆=∆⎰,i u p ''为脉动量一、“雷诺平均”模式(RANS)对N-S 方程做系综平均()0i iu x ∂=∂遵循求导和系综平均可交换的原则,上式的线性项可直接写出:i iu u t t∂∂=∂∂21()i i i j i j i j ju u pu u f t x x x x νρ∂∂∂∂+=-++∂∂∂∂∂一、“雷诺平均”模式(RANS)对非线性对流项()()(()())()()i j i j j i i j i j i j i j i j j j j j i j i j ju u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u x x x x u u u u x ∂∂∂∂''''''==++=+++∂∂∂∂∂''=+∂将以上方程代入N-S 方程的系综平均中:'2'''''''2'''''''2=01+=-+(grad )+[---]1+=-+(grad )[---]1+=-+(grad )[---]u p u u v u w u v u t x x y z v p u v v v w v v v t y x y z w p u w v w w w v w t zx y z ρρρ∇∂∂∂∂∂∇∇∂∂∂∂∂∂∂∂∂∂∇∇+∂∂∂∂∂∂∂∂∂∂∇∇+∂∂∂∂∂u u u u ()()()()0i iu x ∂=∂21()()i i i j i j iji j j i u p u u u v u u f t x x x x x ρ∂∂∂∂∂''+=-+-+∂∂∂∂∂∂()ij i j R u u ρ''=-为雷诺应力项一、“雷诺平均”模式(RANS)()0i iu t x ρρ∂∂+=∂∂()1()[()]i i i j i j i ji j j u p u u u u u s t x x x x ρρμρρ∂∂∂∂∂''+=-+-+∂∂∂∂∂()()[()]j i j j i ju u s t x x x φρφρφρφ∂∂∂∂''+=Γ-+∂∂∂∂RANS方程和原N-S方程在形式上很相似,只是多了雷诺应力项(6个)。
典型考题解析【例1-1】【华南理工大学 2009年】有一输水管系统如下图所示,出水口处管子直径为φ55×2.5mm ,设管路的压头损失为16u 2/2(u 指出水管的水流速,未包括出口损失)。
求水的流量为多少m 3/h ?由于工程上的需要,要求水流量增加20%,此时,应将水箱的水面升高多少m ?假设管路损失仍可以用16u 2/2(u 指出水管的水流速,未包括出口损失)表示。
图1-5例1-1附图【解】以水箱液面作为1截面,管路出口作为2截面,从1到2列柏努利方程:221122122g 2gf P u P u z z Hg g ρρ++=+++∑ ① 11212102,,0z m m u u u P P ======2,z此时整个管路的阻力损失为:2221617222f u u u H =+=∑ 则①式变为28.558u =,得0.967/u m s = 那么2233.14V=d u=0.050.9673600=6.83m /44h π⨯⨯⨯ 水流量增加20%后,速度变为'u 1.20.967 1.16/m s =⨯=,设此时水箱水面高度为'z仍旧在两平面间列柏努力方程:得'2'17213.442u z m =+= 应将水箱高度升高3.44米。
【例1-2】【北京科技大学2004年】一定量的液体在圆形直管内作层流流动。
若管长不变,而管径减至原有的1/2,问因摩擦阻力而产生的压降为原有的若干倍。
【解】由摩擦阻力而产生的压降计算公式如下:22f l u P d ρλ∆=当管径发生变化时,由题意知'12d d = 20.785V u d = 6464Re du λρ== 其中流量不变则流速变为原来的4倍,λ变为原来的0.5倍,代入公式得:22(4)0.51620.52f f l u l u P P d d ρρλλ∆===∆原 【例1-3】【北京理工大学2004年】某敞口高位槽送水的管路如下图所示,所有管径均为50mm ,管长L OC =45m , L CB =15m (均包括所有局部阻力当量长度),当阀a 全关,阀b 打开时,压力表P B 的读数为2.4×104Pa 。
U11.The mayor decided to condense his speech in order to leave enough time for his audience to raise questions.市长决定把演讲的时间缩短,以便给听众留下足够的时间来提问。
2.It was reported that there was a vehicle missing every 20 seconds in the US. If the trends continue, experts predict annual vehicle thefts could exceed two million.据报道,在美国每20秒有一辆车失踪。
如果照目前的趋势持续下去,专家预测全年汽车被盗的可能超过二百万。
3.Researchers put patients through a set of psychological tests to determine the negative consequences of sleep deficit.研究者通过一系列心理测试来确定睡眠不足的负面影响。
4.T oo much exposure to dirty air can cause people to suffer from allergies and diseases that will eventually affect people's health.过多肮脏的空气暴露会导致人患上过敏症和疾病,最终会影响人们的健康。
5.Moving forward even in the face of great difficulties has become my most important asset in my life since it has helped me accomplish something remarkable.在我的生活中,即使面对巨大的困难也成为了我生命中最重要的资产,因为它帮助我完成了一件了不起的事。
6.The lawyer proclaimed they couldn't jump to conclusions because acceptable conclusions must be supported by adequate facts and evidence.律师宣布他们不能跳到结论,因为可以接受的结论必须得到充分的事实和证据。
7.T o help the employees be more communicative, the company is offering workshops for those who may be professionally competent but socially awkward.为了帮助员工更好地沟通,本公司为那些可能是专业的,但社会尴尬的人提供工作坊。
事实上,大多数的父母对他们的子女在适应大学生活中的问题并不是很有帮助的。
你可以计算出有多少学生通过考试,但是心理和感情的感受不能准确测量。
10.In short, participation in sports is extremely beneficial for college students not only physically but also emotionally and socially.总之,参加体育运动对大学生不仅对身体,而且在情感上和社会上都非常有益。
U2在我们的课堂上,大多数的讨论和活动都是在指定的小团体中进行的。
这些群体提供了一个支持和安全的环境,促进学习。
2.It is the development strategy of the company to accelerate its overseas expansion in order to take a slice of the world market.公司发展战略,以市场份额为市场,加快海外扩。
3.Nearly six million people go to see the Mona Lisa every year, attracted by the mystery of her smile. When you're not looking at her, she seems to be smiling; when you look at her, she stops.每年有近六百万人去看蒙娜丽莎,被她神秘的微笑所吸引。
当你不看她,她似乎是微笑;当你看着她,她停止。
4.T o live with a family whose native language is English is the ideal way to further improve one's English and to gain insight into its culture.生活在一个以英语为母语的家庭中,英语是进一步提高英语水平的理想途径,深入了解它的文化。
5.There is a real need to boost academic achievement in schools and help with the development of a student's overall character.在学校里有一个真正的需要提高学习成绩,帮助学生全面发展的角色。
6.Einstein said his scientific discoveries grew from his imagination rather than from analysis , reason and language.爱因斯坦说他的科学发现是从他的想象中成长,而不是从原因和语言分析。
7.Being a single parent, there is no way for her to calculate the time and energy she has devoted to her children for the past 10 years.作为一个单亲家庭,她没有办法计算她在过去10年中一直致力于她的孩子们的时间和精力。
你开始听是很重要的,因为青少年和他们的父母在形成积极的关系中所面临的主要障碍之一是,他们都没有听对方。
9.We all know the dangers of an earthquake: the destruction to buildings, the troubles can be caused by falling trees, and the terror occurs when the earth actually opens up.我们都知道地震的危险:对建筑物的破坏,可以引起树木的破坏,当地球实际上打开时,会发生恐怖袭击。
10.Not until recently have we realized that the increasing world population may lead to a potential gloomy prospect for humanity: starvation.直到最近我们才意识到世界人口的增长可能会导致人类的潜在的悲观前景:饥饿。
U31.Ernest Hemingway's keen insight into his society, ardent love for people and perceptive abilities helped him to form his own peculiar characteristic of writing.海明威厄斯特对社会的敏锐洞察,对人的热爱和敏锐的洞察力,使他形成了自己独特的写作特色。
2.The project is on the point of collapse, and unless something very radical is done to repair the damage there will be no hope for the project.该项目是在崩溃的问题上,除非采取了非常激进的方案来修复损坏,否则该项目将没有希望。
3.It's not unusual for teenagers to go through a(n) phase when they feel ashamed of their parents, afraid that they might not live up to their friends' standards.青少年在他们父母感到羞耻的时候会经历一个阶段,这对他们来说是不寻常的,他们担心他们可能不会辜负他们的朋友的标准。
4.It is sensible for every family to make earthquake emergency plans and know how to leave the area during the chaos following an earthquake.每一个家庭都会明智的做出地震应急计划,并知道如何在地震后的混乱中离开该地区。
5.Economists are interested in all the factors that can help to predict the extent to which a price change will affect supply and demand in the market.经济学家对所有能有助于预测价格变化程度的因素都很感兴趣,这将影响市场的供求关系。
6.Starting Monday, all foods label ed"organic" must be up to the strict national standards that the government decided to put into effect now.从星期一开始,所有的食品都贴上了“有机”的标签,必须达到国家规定的严格的国家标准。
7.There is more to a woman than her looks, so I resent the fact that after a woman grows old and loses her looks people stop paying attention to her.看一个女人的长相比较多,所以我对这个事实感到不满:一个女人变老了,失去了她的容貌,人们不再关注她了。