2018年上海高考英语语法填空解题点拨

语法填空题常用词不给关键词的情况：有几个空格只能填几个单词1. 冠词 a , an , the2. 介词：(一个词的) in , on , at , about, of, with, without, for, by , over, under , below , above , after, before, until , since , like , through, across, as , besides, despite , except , beyond（2-3个词的）because of=due to= thanks to=owing to= on account of=as a result of , in spite of , instead of=rather than ，regardless of , apart from, except for，apart from, such as, according to, in addition to , as well as 等3. 不定代词something , anything , those , another , both, all, one , ones, the other , others, each, either , neither,人称代词I, you , he , she , it, we, you , they , him, her, it , us , you, them 等物主代词my, mine, your ,yours, his , her , hers , theirs 等反身代词oneself , myself, yourself, himself 等4. 并列连词and, but , while（”然而”放两句话中间表示两个事物对比），or , otherwise , so , for ，either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also …5. 状语从句连词时间状语从句连词when , whenever , while , as , before , after , since , until , till, not …until…, every time , each time, the first time , the last time, by the time…, the moment , as soon as , hardly/ scarcely/ barely …when… , no sooner… than….条件状语从句if，unless, once, as long as , as far as地点状语从句where , wherever原因状语从句because , as , since= now that结果状语从句so that, so…that…., such…that …目的状语从句so that , in order that , in case让步状语从句thought , although , even though , even if , while , as , whether …or…, however = no matter how , whatever = no matter what方式状语从句as , just as , as if = as though比较状语从句也就是各种形容词副词原级，比较级和最高级的句型6. 定语从句连词关系代词：which , that ,who , whom , whose , as关系副词: when, where , why也可能是：介词+which 结构引导7. 名词性从句连词that , if/ whether , 及所有wh-8. 情态动词can , could , should, may, might , must , need , ought to , have to, used to9. 强调句It is… that…./ It was…that….10. it 做形式主语或者形式宾语11. 倒装句（部分倒装或者完全倒装，只有考倒装句语法的时候，才有可能在空格中单独填写助动词）给关键词的分两种情况：空格里的字数不受限制1. 括号里给动词，先考虑是不是做句子的谓语。

年上海高考英语真题试卷上海市高考英语试卷及参考答案年高考已经结束，相信大家都对高试卷感兴趣，下面是小编收集的上海市高考英语试卷及参考答案，供大家参考！第卷第一部分: 听力（共两节，满分分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节 (共小题。

每小题分,满分分)听下面段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的、、三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

. ?. . . . . .. ?. . . ’ .. .. ?. . . . . .. ’ ?. . . . . .. ?. . . . . .第二节（共小题，每小题分, 满分分）听下面段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后几个小题，从题中所给的、、三个选项中选出虽佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题秒钟; 听完后，各小题将给出秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话或独白读两遍。

听第段材料，回答第、题。

. ?. ’ . . ’ .. ’ .. ?. . . . . .听第段材料，回答第、题。

. ?. . . ’ . . .. ?. . . .. .听第段材料，回答第、题。

. ?. . . .. .. ?. . . . . .. ?. . . . . .听第段材料，回答第、题。

. ?. . . .. .. ?. . . .. .. ?. . . .. .. ?. . . .. .听第段材料，回答第、题。

. ?. . . . . .. ?. .. ’’ .. .. , ?. ’ . . ’ .. ’ .. ?. . . .. .第二部分：阅读理解（共两节, 满分分）第一节（共小题。

每小题分, 满分分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(、、和)中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

, . ’ $ , .. , ., . , ’ .. , . ., , , . .. , . , ’ ., () .. ...... ?. .. .. .. .. ,. .. .. ,...., , . , ..— , — , ’( ) , ’ . .(免疫) . . . , , , .(疫苗) . . .“— : ,” .“ , , , . , .”. “” .. . .. .. .... ’ .. ?. .. .. .. .. ?. . . . . . . ., , . !. , . , , . , . ,, , , , .. , , , .. , ., , , , , . . , .’ , . , .“” . .. ?. . . .. . . .. .. ’. ,. ’. ’. .. . . .. (: 夏令时) .“ , ,” . , . “’ ; ’ .” , . “ , , , . ’ , ,”“ .”. , . “ . . ”, . , (退黑激素) . , . .? , .. ?. ? . ?. ? . ?. ?. . . .. . . .. “” .. . . .. .. . . .第二节（共小题。

2018上海市高考英语试题（含解析）-一般过去时，故填did。

Passage B33 本题考查冠词用法。

由于engineer是可数名词，而electrical前面为元音读音，故该空填不定冠词an。

34 本题考查动词的时态和语态。

根据…and looks like a mini shop可知首先本句用的是一般现在时；其次本句是并列谓语结构；又由于The machine和equip是动宾关系，故该空填该动词的一般现在时的被动语态is equipped。

35 本题考查非限定性定语从句。

根据句式结构可看出，这是一个非限定性定语从句，而空中所缺的成分既代替先行词his invention，又在从句中做主语，故用关系代词which。

36 本题考查反身代词。

根据前句I couldn’t find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted可以推断“所以我自己做”。

故填myself。

37 本题考查形容词比较级。

该自动售货机英语为huge outdoor vending machine，但是认为用术语the term “automatic shop”相比之下应是“较合适”，即用比较级形式。

由于appropriate为多音节形容词，故前面加more。

38 本题考查考查动词时态。

根据时间状语In recent years可知，该句用现在完成时。

故正确答案为has forced。

39 本题考查现在分词做结果状语。

根据前句…about 400 village shops closed句意“……大约400家村店关闭”可以看出结果是“促使当地政府给挣扎的村店提供经济支持……”，故用现在分词urging。

40 本题考查介词用法。

根据短语offer sth to sb/ sth可知，该空填to。

Section B。

通过对近两年以来高考英语全国新课标卷和广东卷语法填空题的研究和梳理，并结合大量的语法填空模拟题，总结出以下几条适合广大考生的解题技巧，希望再通过有的放矢的训练，能对在专题上有所突破。

一、让学生真正了解语法填空题。

在知道高考题型改变之初，许多学生都出现了畏难情绪，主要源于大部分学生认为自己英语成绩主要原因就是语法不好。

针对这种情况，平复学生畏难情绪的最好办法就是让学生了解这个题型，并且能够在自己的知识水平的基础上斩获能够得到的分数。

解决这个问题需要三个步骤：首先，让学生清楚语法填空题的出题特点：提示性填空题和自由填空两大类。

提示性填空主要考察动词（包括时态、语态和非谓语动词）、形容词和副词（包括形容词和副词之间词性转换和词形转化以及比较级和最高级的变化）以及名词（比较少，但是曾有词性转换方面的题出现）。

而自由填空主要集中在冠词（和名词相生相依）、代词、介词、连词和关系词几个方面。

学生了解了语法填空题还是在考平时所学的内容，只不过换个考查形式而已。

其次，在广东卷选取一个相对简单的题给学生进行模拟训练，如2010年广东卷的语法填空不是很难，让学生在规定的15分钟内完成，结果，有近三分之一的学生能够做出5个左右，能够得到7.5分，有较好的同学做对了7个，也就是能够得到10.5分，这个成绩明显要比单项选择题得分高，但是也有不容忽视的问题，有至少10个学生得了零分，还有20多个学生做对了两三个空。

不过学生做完题后感觉不像想象中的那么难，所以对语法填空题的畏难情绪一扫而光。

第三，学生的畏难情绪消除之后，还要让学生理智看待语法填空题，并且和短文改错题进行比较，找到两个题型之间的异与同，虽然考查目的不同，但是考查的知识都是相同的，学生在做这两方面的题时，会自觉的想到知识之间的联系，一方面增加做题的自信心，另一方面可以对知识学习做到融会贯通。

二、细化做题方法，增加其可操作性。

学生消除了对语法填空题的畏难情绪后，做题方法的辅导不能笼统，一定要细化到学生可以掌握，像浏览全文，把握语篇；边读边填，先易后难；验证复查，清除难点这样纲领式的做题方法对学生来说一点作用都没有。

II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Sizing Up Carbon FootprintsKelsey Schroeder was “born green”, according to her mother, and she takes that environmental enthusiasm to class with her at the Oak Knoll School of the Holy Child in Summit, N. J.. The 12-year-old (21)_____ (be) a driving force in greening her school since she was a fourth-grader. But (22)______really motivates kids — especially the sort of achievers who attend an exemplary private school like Oak Knoll — is a little competition. So when Schroeder and her classmates found out about a website (23) _____ (launch) last year that sets teams from around the country against one another in a contest to see who could be (24)______(green), they jumped on board. Her seventh-grade Royal Acorns team is Carbonrally’s the most recent champion,(25)_____ (save) 11.21 tons of climate-changing CO2 to date.(26)_____Americans grow more green-minded, more of them want to approach environmentalism in concrete terms. Thanks to websites like Carbonrally, one increasingly popular way to do so is by measuring and measurably reducing our carbon footprints — the greenhouse gases we’re responsible for (27)_____(emit). The more dependent we are (28)_____ fossil fuels, the bigger our carbon footprints; unsurprisingly, Americans, who are responsible for more than 20 tons of CO2 per capita annually, have some of the biggest feet in the world. How big?A recent study by a class at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology found that even a homeless American (29)_____ have a carbon footprint of 8.5 tons —twice (30)_______global average. “We have contributed more than our fair share to this problem,” says Katherine Wroth, a senior editor at the green website . “It seems logical that we would want to contribute to the solution.”Keys: 21. has been 22. what 23. launched 24. greener 25. having saved26. As 27. on 28. emitting 29. would 30. theII. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections：After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Some ambitious office workers will stop at nothing to get ahead. And the use of email has provided an entire new box of dirty tricks for employees (21)______(hope) to climb the career ladder. Pushy office workers keen (22) ________(impress) bosses are increasingly using “ego mail” as a way to get ahead of their colleagues. And it seems men are the worst offenders.Showing off – or showing a colleague up - by copying management into an email thread is becoming more common, according to a study from a Cambridge scholar. Professor David De Cremer, of Cambridge University’s Judge Business School, found that workers who regularly CC, or “carbon copy,” their boss into email replies do so to unsettle their co-workers. “This finding suggests that when your co-workers copy your supervisor very often, they (23)______be doing so strategically, (24)________ they consciously know what the effect will be on you,’”he wrote in the Harvard Business Review.Men who “have no shame” are far more likely to engage these underhand tactics than women, according to Professor Tom Jackson of Loughborough University. “Interestingly from our research I would say that males are much more (25)________(focus) on doing this. Females might know how to do it (26)________ may not actually do it. Males have no shame - they just go ahead and do it,” he said. The method does seem to work, he added, because managers often remember (27)________ (pushy) employees when promoting members of staff.The ego email tactics could mean that women are missing out on promotions that are instead handed to male colleagues less embarrassed about using messages to show off. Some office workers go out of their way to email bosses at anti-social hours to show their commitment (28)_______the job. The study found that many would schedule messages (29)________(send) to management late at night or early in the morning to make it appear they are working even when they are not.This sort of behaviour could increase illness and stress in the workplace, according to experts. David D’Souza, of human resources organization the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, said ego emailing was a sign of an unhealthy working environment (30)_______employees were “fearful” for their jobs.Keys: 21.hoping 22.to impress 23.may 24. as 25. focused26. but 27. pushier 28. to 29. to be sent 30. whereII. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.New England, USA is the vacation land of many people from other parts of the country, because there are so many lakes, waterfalls, and beautiful spots for camps, streams for fishing, and in the Maine woods places for hunting deer and mouse. In New Hampshire there are mountains called the White Mountains and one of these White Mountain, (21) ______ (name) after our First President, is Mount Washington. It is the highest mountain in this part of the country , and just(22)_______ it is so high many people like to climb it. All along the New England coast are places(23) people go to spend the summer, because this part of the country is so cool while the rest of the country is so hot.But the thing that New England is (24)_______ (proud) of its schools and colleges. In their mills they make things, and in their schools and colleges they make men. Two of the most noted colleges in the country are in New England -Yale is in Connecticut and Harvard is in Massachusetts. Harvard is the oldest college in the United States.(25) (stick) out from Massachusetts like a long, (26) (bend) finger, (27)______ ______signaling people across the water to come to Massachusetts, is a piece of land called Capel Cod. It was named in honor of the codfish, because codfish are so plentiful in those waters, and they are caught and dried (28) _____ great quantities and shipped everywhere.The finger of Cape Cod has beckoned to (召唤）people of (29) _____ lands than England. People who speak strange languages have come to New England to work in factories and mills, (30) now almost one quarter of the people in New England are not from England; they are not Yankees.Keys: 21. named 22.because 23.where 24.proudest 25.Sticking26. bent 27.as if 28.in 29.other 30.so thatII. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.In short, those elf stories in Iceland might have represented a vague yet desperate attempt at control: if you did the right thing and helped out a hidden person, then at least through your response you had a tiny bit of power over your own destiny.In a category of their own (21) (be) the tales of elves who abducted mortal children or lured away adolescents. Those may have reflected an event more grim reality: children and teenagers who routinely died or went (22) (miss). Partly this happened (23) the adults had to work constantly and could not always be on call to supervise. During the summers they often had to work some distance from the farm,and when they did they would leave their children unattended for (24) (long) periods. Any number of things could happen to those children. They might wander off somewhere, possibly falling into a river, (25) a cliff, or into a deep crevice in the landscape. Or maybe the children (26)______were out working, with all the associated perils. As clearly as the age of five they were put into work watching the sheep, sometimes in a distant field.Imagine (27) a fog crept in and they tried to find their way home, only (28)_______ (become) hopeless lost. They could even have an accident, far from any available help. And so the (29)_______(bereave) parents,tormented by guilt, might conjure up a story in which their children had not,in fact,died,but had been taken away by elves who could provide a good life for them-even better than the one they (30)_______(provide).To the Icelanders,stories of elves and hidden people are an integral part of the cultural and psychological fabric of our nation. They are a part of our identity, a reflection of the struggles, hopes, resilience and endurance of our people. As such,they are very dear to us.Keys: 21.were 22.missing 23.because 24.longer 25.off26.whoever 27.if 28.to become29.bereaved 30.could have providedII．Grammar and Vocabulary Section ASection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Today the Statue of Liberty is a beloved landmark. It (21) (tower) above of the harbor of New York and is lovingly cared for by the National Park Service. Many thousands of visitors who visit Liberty Island each year might never suspect that getting the statue (22) (build) was a long slow struggle. More than a century ago, it (23)____ (be) the celebration of freedom and the commemoration of the friendship between America and France that inspired sculptor Auguste Bartholdi and finally he went forward with designing the potential statue and promoting the idea of building it. However, money was so big a problem (24) was haunting the two governments from the beginning to the end.Donations for the building of the statue first began coming in throughout France in 1875. Numerous people gave donations. A copper company donated the copper sheets that would be used to fashion the skin of the statue. Various donations were helpful, (25)_____ the cost of the statue kept riding. (26) (face) with a shortfall of money, the French-American Union held a lottery. Merchants in Paris donated prizes, and tickets were sold. Th e lottery was a success, but more money was still needed. The sculptor Bartholdi eventually sold miniature versions of the statue, (27) the name of the buyer engraved on them.Finally, in July 1880 the French-American Union announced that enough money had been raised to complete the building of the statue.While the French had announced that the funds for the statues were in place in 1880, by late 1882 the American donations, which would be needed to build the pedestal,were sadly lagging. The sculptor Bartholdi had travelled to America in 1871 to promote the idea of the statue. Despite Bartholdi’s efforts, the idea of the statue was difficult (28) (sell).Some newspapers, most notably the New York Times, often criticized the statue as folly, and vehemently opposed (29) (spend) any money on it. The newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer, who had purchased a New York City daily, The World, in the early1880s, took us the cause of the statue’s pedestal. He mounted an energetic fund drive, promising to print the name of each donor, (30) small the donation, Pulitzer’s audacious plan worked, and millions of people around the country began donating whatever they could.In August 1885, that final $100,000 for the statue; the pedestal had been raised. Construction work on the stone structure continued, and the next year the Statue of Liberty, which had arrived from France packed in crated, was erected on top.Keys: 21. towers 22. built 23. were 24. as 25. but26. faced 27. with 28. to sell 29. spending 30 howeverII．Grammar and Vocabulary Section ADirection: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.At least 10 terrorists were killed and nine policeman (21) (wound) on Sunday during a security raid in Giza province near the capital Cairo, the Egyptian Interior Ministry said in a statement.The terrorists were extremist elements (22) (escape) from North Sinai province and hiding in two apartments in Giza’s Ard al-Liwaa district in preparation for carrying out a number of terror operations, said the police statement.“Fire exchange with eight militants in the first apartment led to killing of them and shootout in the (23) apartment killed two,” said the statement , noting that the gunfire was started by the militants and it continued for four hours.“One of them threw an explosive device at the forces but it blew him off,” it added.The police said that the confrontations wounded nine policeman (24) four machine guns and ammunition were seized during the raid.Since March, similar security campaigns killed about 50 militants in the provinces of Cairo,Giza, Alexandria, Beheira, Fayoum, Qalioubiya,Minufiya, Ismailia and others.Egypt has been fighting against a wave of terror activities (25) killed hundreds of policemen and soldiers since the military toppled former Islamist president Mohamed Morsi in July 2013 in response to mass protests (26) his one-year rule and his currently outlawed Muslim Brotherhood group.Terror attacks in Egypt (27) focus on police and military men in North. Sinai before spreading nationwide and targeting the Coptic minority as well,with most of them (28)_______(claim) by a Sinai-based group loyal to the regional Islamic State militant group.Another militant group (29) (refer) to itself as Hasm, which appeared late last year and is regarded by the police as an affiliate with the Brotherhood, claimed responsibility for a number of terrorist attacks that killed several policemen in the country.Meanwhile, the Egyptian military and police have killed hundreds of militants and arrested a similar number of suspects as part of the country’s anti-terror war (30) (declare) by President Abdel-Fattah al-Sisi, the army chief then, following Morsi’s removal.Keys: 21.were wounded 22.escaping 23.other 24.while 25.that26.against ed to 28.claimed 29.referred 30.declaredII. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.A great deal of attention (21)_________ (pay) today to the so-called digital divide--the division of the world into the info(information) rich and the info poor at present. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was (22)_______ (visible) then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. (23)______ the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access-after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and moregovernments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet (24)_______(net) together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow (25)______ ______widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet (26)______well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we've ever had.Of course, the use of the Internet isn't the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.(27)_________(take)advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries(28)________ still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure(the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built (29)________industrial infrastructure, it didn't have the capital to do so. And that is (30)_______ America's Second Wave infrastructure- including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on-were built with foreign investment.Keys: 21.is being paid 22.less visible 23.As 24.will be netted 25.rather than26.may 27.To take 28. that 29.its 30.whySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Kazuo Ishiguro, who won this year’s Nobel Prize in Literature, has a number of strings to his bow, or rather his guitar.u The 62-year-old is world famous as a writer of fiction, but his early dream was to be a great singer and songwriter, like last year’s winner, Bob Dylan.His friend and former publisher Robert McCrum recalls the young Ishiguro (21) (turn) up at the publishing house Faber and Faber with a bunch of his stories in one hand and a guitar over his shoulder. It was his stories (22) earned him the great honor he received two weeks ago (23) his name indicates, Ishiguro comes from a Japanese background, although he came to Britain from Japan at the age of 5 and is a British citizen who writes in English.He(24)________(educate) at the University of East Anglia, a school that has become known for training writers.Ishiguro’s writing is highly restrained. His characters are often reluctant to express (25) , except in a kind of code. This certainly gives his writing a quality in common with that of Jane Austen, an author to (26) he is often compared. The best example of this is his novel The Remains of the Day, which later became a successful film.The central character of the book is a butler called Stevens. He is an extremely loyal servant to an English lord, and is a character who some might call repressed. He misses out on affection and love (27) he will not confess his feelings to anyone.The story is told by Stevens, and his style is as polite and unrevealing as his behavior. Of course, we (28) read between the lines to uncover the “real” story, which isn’t quite the one the butler is telling. Stevens finds it a challenge (29) (communicate), and communication is often a theme in Ishiguro’s novels.In this author’s sense of the world, there is a gap between our feelings and our ability to communicate them. The Nobel Committee emphasized this theme (30) it talked about Ishiguro’s work. The writer has, the committee claimed, “in novels of great emotional force ... uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world”.Keys: 21. turning 22. that23. As 24. was educated25. themselves26. whom 27. because 28. have to 29. to communicate30. whenII. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.New UK Banknotes Causes ComplaintsAn argument has started over the use of the new plastic £5 (about 43 yuan) note in the UK.A petition (请愿) to the Bank of England has been launched by the thousands of vegetarians, --- (21) ______ (call) for the use of tallow (动物脂油), a substance made from animal fat, in thebanknotes to be stopped.The new £5 note, or fiver, (22) ______ features former prime minister Winston Churchill, is the UK’s first-ever bill (23) ______ (make) from a polymer (聚合材料). Its strong structure means it can deal with dirt and moisture better than the paper bill (24) ______ replaced.The notes started being used in September, and around 440 million new fivers (25) ______ (believe) to already be in circulation.“I understand old notes contain stuff as well --- we can’t do anything about what is already in use --- but the fact that they are producing new ones is (26) ______ really angers me.” Doug Maw, who started the petition, told the Press Association. “There have got to be other ways of making money without using animal products.”But in the eyes of Australian scientist David Solomon, who developed the first polymer bank note in Australia in 1988, the new £5 (27) ______ (contain) incredibly small amounts of tallow, which is also found in candles and soap.“It picks up fewer drugs than paper notes and you don’t chop down trees,” he told The Independent. “It’s more hygienic (卫生的) than a paper note by a long way.”It's not the first time that the latest version of the fiver (28) ______ (cause) controversy (争议). Another petition was created (29) ______ it was announced that Winston Churchill would replace English social reformer Elizabeth Fry on the face of the note, meaning no English banknotes would feature women (30) ______ ______ Queen Elizabeth II.After thousands expressed their anger, it was announced that British novelist Jane Austin would be the face of the new £10 note from summer 2017.Keys: 21. calling22. which23. made24. it25. are believed26. what 27. contain28. has caused29. when30. apart fromII. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.It’s time to go out for a run!As little as five minutes of running or jogging each day can help people reduce their risk of premature death by nearly one-third and extend their lives by about three years, according to a U.S. study.The researchers tracked the exercise habits of over 55,000 adults in the United States for six to twenty-two years. About 24 percent of the adults described themselves (21)_____ runners. Compared to those who didn’t run, those who did were 30 percent (22)_____(likely) to die of any cause during the course of the study. These figures (23)_____(adjust) to take into account people’s smoking and drinking habits, how old they were (24)_____ they enrolled in the study, their family’s health history and their other exercise h abits.The researchers divided up the roughly 13,000 runners into five groups (25)_____(base) on how many minutes they ran per week. Those (26)_____ were in the lowest group ran up to 50 minutes over a seven-day period, and those in the highest group ran for more than 175 minutes over the course of a week. According to the study, the benefits of running were pretty much the same for all runners.“Running even at lower doses or slower speeds was associated with significant benefits,” the researchers wrote in their report. (27)_____(reduce) the risk of premature death, they calculated, all it took was 30 to 59 minutes of running per week.“This finding has clinical and public health importance,” the report continues. “Time is one of the strongest barriers to (28)_____(participate) in physical activity. This study may motivate more people to start running. People who (29)_____ hardly devote 20 minutes to moderate physical activity each day may appreciate the efficiency of a five-minute run.” However, it is not clear (30)_____ the findings of this study would apply to the nation as a whole.Keys: 21. as22. less likely23. were adjusted24. when25. based26. who27. To reduce28. participating29. can30. whetherII. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form ofthe given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.While income worry is a rather common problem of the aged, loneliness is another problem that aged parents may face. Of all the reasons (21) _______explain their loneliness, a large geographical distance between parents and their children is the major one. This phenomenon is commonly known as “Empty Nest Syndrome”(空巢综合症).In order to seek (22) ________ (good) chances outside their countries, many young people have gone abroad, (23) ________ (leave) their parents behind with no clear idea of when they will return home. Their parents spend countless lonely days and nights, taking care of themselves, in the hope that someday their children will come back to stay with them. The fact (24) ________ most of these young people have gone to Europeanized or Americanized societies makes it unlikely that they will hold as tightly to the value of duty (25) ________ they would have if they had not left their countries. (26)_________ the case, it has been noted that the values they hold do not necessarily match (27)________ they actually do. This geographical and cultural distance also prevents the grown-up children from providing timely response (28) _________ their aged parents living by themselves.The situation in which grown-up children live far away from their aged parents (29)________(describe) as “distant parent phenomenon”, (30)_______ is common both in developed countries and in developing countries. Our society has not yet been well prepared for “Empty Nest Syndrome”.Keys: 21.that 22.better 23.leaving 24.that 25.as26.whatever 27.what 28.for 29.has been described 30.whichII. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.What families need is more affordable urban neighbourhoods with decent schools, safe streets, adequate parks ---and more housing space. As New York University’s Shlomo Angelpoints out, virtually all major cities worldwide（21）_______ (grow) outward more than inward, and becoming less dense in the process --- because density drives families away from urban cores and toward less dense peripheres(外围). The lesson is clear:（22）________cities were families, they should promote a mixture of density options.The solution is not to make war on suburbia, as urbanists have been doing for years. Following the notions (23)________ Jane Jacobs advanced a half-century ago, contemporary urbanists argue that high density creats a (24)______ (strong) sense of community. But that contention isn’t self-evident. The university of California’s Jan Brueckner and Ann Largely conducted 15,000 interviews across the country and found that for every 10 percent drop in population density, the likelihood of someone’s talking to his neighbour once a week went up 10 percent, (25)_______ _______ race ,income, education , martial statue, or age.In California, particularly , state and local officials push policies that favor the development of apartments over single-family houses and town houses. But by trying to cram people into higher-density space, planners help push up prices for the existing stock of family-friendly homes. Such policies have already been practiced for decades in the United Kngdom, (26)________(make) even provincial cities unaffordable, as British social commentator James Heartfield notes. London(27)_______ is among the least affordable cities in the world. Even middle-class residents(28)_______(know) to live in garages, converted bathrooms, and garden sheds.A city that continues to be high-density and high-cost hasn’t necessarily signed its own death warrant. Manhattan, parts of Brooklyn, and much of San Francisco, Seattle, Boston, and other amenity-rich cities---(29)________Tulane University geographer Richard Campanella calls “kiddie deserts” ---continue to flourish, (30)_____________other cities, such as Detroit, Cleveland, and Buffalo, can’t attract the same interest from young hipsters and the rich and are consequently less capable of withstanding the effects of family flight to the suburbs.Keys: 21. are growing 22. if 23.that 24. stronger 25.regardless of26. making 27. itself 28. have been known 29. what 30. butII. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections:After reading the passage below,fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and。

2018高考英语全国一卷语法填空考点深度解析61:答案longer考点深度解析：此题考点为形容词的比较级，形容词与副词在使用时要注意比较等级的变化。

形容词与副词在使用上首先要注意其比较等级的使用，表示两个或两方（注意表示两方时从个数上讲可能大于三个）的比较要用比较及形式；表示三个或三方以上的比较要用最高级形式。

比较等级可以用表比较的介词或连词than，也可以暗含在语境中而不用表比较的介词或连词than，介词as也可以表示比较，但as表示……一样，as表示的比较只能用原级。

62:答案：to see考点深度解析：此题考点是动词，动词为实词，在句子中要充当语法成分，动词在句子中一般做谓语居多，动词在句子中除做谓语外的其它语法成分叫非谓语或非限定动词。

本题中所给动词（see）作目的状语，因此用不定式（to see）。

此题比较简单，用不定式的一般式，对于非谓动词如果考得比较难的话，还必须考虑非谓语动词的具体语体与语态问题，比如不定式的完成式（to have seen）,被动式（to be seen）。

63:答案：dying考点深度解析：此题考点是动名词作介词宾语，非谓语动词中除了过去分词不能做宾语，不定式与ing形式（包括现在分词与动名词）都可以做宾语，有些动词只能用ing形式做宾语（finish, enjoy），有的动词只能用不定式做宾语（decide, want），还有的动词既可以用ing形式做宾语，也可以用不定式做宾语，但存在意思上的差异(try, remember)。

介词的宾语一般只能用ing形式。

64:答案：is考点深度解析：be动词的使用，英语be动词既可以作为助动词用（构成时态与语态），也可以作为连系动词用（构成系表结构），此题的be动词为系表结构，系表结构也有谓语形式与非谓语形式，谓形式有is\are\am\was\were等形式，非谓语形式有to be\ being\been。

65:答案：than考点深度解析：此题考点为介词，介词不能单独使用，必须带上宾语构成介词短语，或依附在不及物动词后面使用。

专题21 语法填空2018年高考题【2018·全国I】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years ___61___(long) than non-runners. You don't have to run fast or for long___62___(see)the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of ___63___ (die) early by running. While running regularly cann't make you live forever, the review says it ___64___ (be) more effective at lengthening life___65___ walking, cycling or swimming. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014___66___showed a mere five to 10 minutes A day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all ___67___(cause).The best exercise is one that you enjoy and will do. But otherw ise… it's probably running. To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to___68___(strength)your leg muscles(肌肉),avoid hills and get good running shoes. Running is cheap, easy and it'salways___69___(energy).If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give___70___a try.【答案】61. longer62. to see 63. dying64. is 65. than66. that \which67. causes 68. strength69. energetic70. it \running【解析】本文是一篇说明文。

考点53 语法填空高考频度：★★★★★【考点解读】在一篇约200词左右的短文中留出10个空白，部分空白后面给出单词的基本形式，要求考生根据上下文在空白处填写1个适当的单词或所给单词的正确形式。

语法填空则更侧重考查考生语法和词汇在语境中的运用，强调词汇的变形。

同时强调语篇分析能力，凸显交际性和语境化特征。

【考点统计】2015—2017年高考新课标全国卷语法填空考点统计【考情分析】从统计表可以看出，语法填空题主要考查考生对语法、词汇和语用知识的掌握情况。

根据具体语境，借助词法、句法、特殊句式以及固定搭配进行考査，体现了＂考查实词为主，考查虚词为辅＂的命题原则。

有提示词类试题比重大。

表中统计表明，高考试题中语法填空题有提示词类试题均占考查总量的70%。

第一部分有提示词题目的解题技巧有提示词题目是指＂使用括号中词语的正确形式填空＂这类题，近年来的高考题只考查谓语动词的时态和被动语态、非谓语动词、形容词和副词的比较级、词类转化等四种情况。

专题一谓语动词【考点】【解题技巧】当句子缺少谓语动词时，括号中的动词就是谓语动词。

此时，要根据语境确定用哪种时态，根据主语与该动词的主动或被动关系确定用主动语态还是用被动语态。

具体解题技巧如下：第一步：确定句中是否缺谓语或并列谓语，如缺谓语动词，则填谓语动词。

第二步：若为谓语动词，就要看主语与谓语之间是主动关系还是被动关系，以确定用主动语态还是被动语态，同时还要根据语境考虑用哪种时态。

第三步：要注意主谓一致。

1.He ______(pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice.【解析】在主语He后， pretend显然是谓语动词；giving it(the tiger)a voice的主语应当是He, 因此，and giving与谓语动词是并列关系；由此推断，谓语动词应是过去进行时，故填was pretending。

2018年6月高考真题上海卷英语试卷-学生用卷一、语法填空（本大题共10小题）1、【来源】 2018年6月高考真题上海卷第21~30题A comprehensive study of 4, 500 children conducted by the National Institutes of Health in 2018 shows that children who spent more than seven hours a day staring at screens showed evidence of premature thinning of their brain's cortex—the outer layer that processes sensory information. "We don't know if it1（cause）by the screen time. We don't know yet if it's a bad thing. It won't be until we follow them over time2we will see if there are outcomes that are associated with the differences that we're seeing in this single snapshot, " Dr. Gaya Dowling. "What we can say is that this is3the brains look like of kids who spend a lot of time on screens. And it's not just one pattern."The problem isn't just screens4, but also the way screens tempt kids （and adults）away from something far more important: physical activity. More than 23 percent of adults and 80 percent of adolescents don't get enough physical activity, and according to a 2019 report from the World Health Organization（WHO）, these patterns of activity and restarise5habits we develop early in life. "What we really need to dois6（bring）back play for children, " says Dr. Juana Willumsen, a WHO specialist in childhood obesity and physical activity, in a statement about new WHO guidelines issued in April 2019. "This is about making the shift from sedentary time to playtime,while7（protect）sleep." Of course, children aren't completely to blame for their screen addiction.Sometimes, the parents8complain about the role of screens in familylife are just as guilty of spending too much time in front of one. A 2016study9（conduct）by Common Sense Media found that parents spend up to nine hours a day in front of screens, mostly not for work-related reasons. While 78 percent of parents said they believed they were good screen time role models, the study found a disconnect between their behavior and their perception of their behavior. Parents need to limit screen time for themselves and especially for their kids—10it means playing the bad guy. Our mental and physical health depends on it.二、选词填空（本大题共10小题）2、【来源】 2018年6月高考真题上海卷第31~40题Some Very "American" Words Come from ChineseMany of the Chinese words that are now part of English were borrowed long ago. They are most often from Cantonese（粤语） or other Chinese languages rather than Mandarin. Let's start with them.kowtowThe English word kowtow is a verb that means to agree too easily to do what someone else wants you to do, or to obey someone with power in a way that seems1. It comes from the Cantonese word kau tau, which means "knock your head". It refers to the act of kneeling and lowering one's head as a sign of respect to2—such as emperors, elders and leaders. In the case of emperors, the act required the person to touch their head to the ground. Britain's Lord George Macartney refused to "kau tau" to the Qianlong Emperor. Soon after, the English word "kowtow" was born. In 1793, Britain's King George Ⅲ sent Lord George Macartney and other trade ambassadors to Chinato3 a trade agreement. The Chinese asked them to kowtow to the Qianlong Emperor. As the story goes, Lord Macartney refused for his4to do more than bend their knees. He said that was all they were required to do for their own king.It is not surprising, then, that Macartney left China without negotiating the trade agreement. After that, critics used the word kowtow when anyone was too submissive to China. Today, the usage has no connection to China, nor any specific political connection.gung-hoAnother borrowed word that came about through5between two nations is gung-ho. In English, the word gung-ho is an adjective that means extremely excited about doing something. The Chinese characters "gōng" and "hé" together mean "work together, cooperate." The original term—gōngyèhézuòshè—means Chinese Industrial Cooperatives. The organizations were established in the 1930s by Westerners in China to promote industrial and economic development. Lt. Colonel Evans Carlson of the United States Marine Corps observed these cooperatives while he was in China. He was impressed, saying "…all the soldiers6themselves to one idea and worked together to put that idea over." He then began using the term gung-ho in the Marine Corps to try to create the same spirit he had7. In 1942, he used the word as a training slogan for the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion during World War Ⅱ. The men were often called the "Gung Ho Battalion". From then, the word gung-ho spread as a slogan throughout the Marine Corps. Today, its meaning has no relation to the military.typhoonIn English, a typhoon is a very powerful and8storm that occurs around the China Sea and in the South Pacific. The word history of typhoon had a far less direct path to the English language than gung-ho. And not all historical accounts are the same. But, according to the Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories, the first typhoons reported in the English language were in India and were called "touffons" or "tufans". The word tufan or al-tufan is Arabic and means violent storm or flood. The English came across this word in India and borrowed it as touffon. Later, when English ships encountered violent storms in the China Sea, Englishmen learned the Cantonese word tai fung, which means "great wind". The word's9to touffon is only by chance. The modern form of the word—typhoon—was influenced by the Cantonese but10to make it appear more Greek.三、完形填空（本大题共15小题）3、【来源】 2018年6月高考真题上海卷第41~55题When 17-year-old Quattro Musser hangs out with friends, they don't drink beer or cruise around in cars with their dates.1, they stick to G-rated activities such as rock-climbing or talking about books.They are in good company, according to a new study showing that teenagers are increasingly delaying activities that had long been seen as rites of passage into2.The study, published Tuesday in the journal Child Development, found that the percentage of adolescents in the U.S. who have a driver's license, who have tried alcohol, who date, and who work for pay has plummeted since 1976, with the most precipitous（急剧的）3in the past decade. The declines appeared across race, geographic, and socioeconomic lines, and in rural, urban, and suburban areas.To be sure, more than half of teens still engage in these activities, butthe4have slimmed considerably. Teens have also reported a steady decline in sexual activity in recent decades, as the portion of high school students who have had sex fell from 54 percent in 1991 to 41 percent in 2015, according to Centers for Disease Control statistics. "People say, 'Oh, it's because teenagers are more responsible, or more lazy, or more boring, ' butthey're5the larger trend, " said Jean Twenge, lead author of the study, which drew on seven large time-lag surveys of Americans. Rather, she said, kids may beless6in activities such as dating, driving or getting jobs because in today's society, they no longer need to.According to an evolutionary psychology theory that a person's "life strategy" slows down or speeds up depending on his or her7, exposure to a "harsh and unpredictable"environment leads to faster development, while a more resource-rich and secure environment hasthe8effect, the study said. In the first9, "You'd have a lot of kids and be in survival mode, start having kids young, expect your kids will have kids young, and expect that there will be more10and fewer resources, " said Twenge, a psychology professor at San Diego State University who is the author of "iGen: Why Today's Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy—and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood."In that model, a teenage boy might be thinking more11about marriage, and driving a car and working for pay would be important for "establishing mate value based on procurement of resources, " the study said. But America is shifting more towardthe12model, and the change is apparent across the socioeconomic spectrum, Twenge said. "Even in families whose parents didn't have a college education…families are smaller, and the idea that children need to be carefully13has really sunk in."The14of "adult activities" could not be attributed to more homework or extracurricular activities, the study said, noting that teens today spend fewer hours on homework and the same amount of time on extracurriculars as they did in the 1990s （with the exception of community service, which has risen slightly）. Nor could the use of smartphones and the Internet be entirelythe15, the report said, since the decline began before they were widely available. If the delay is to make room for creative exploration and forming better social and emotional connections, it is a good thing, he said.A. ThereforeB. RatherC. MoreoverD. BesidesA. childhoodB. neighborhoodC. adolescentsD. adulthoodA. escapesB. endsC. decreasesD. changesA. minoritiesB. majoritiesC. massesD. amountsA. takingB. avoidingC. sendingD. missingA. interestedB. enviedC. relievedD. realizedA. emotionsB. surroundingsC. customsD. habitsA. wrongB. sameC. oppositeD. similarA. eventB. issueC. caseD. occasionA. troubleB. questionsC. benefitsD. diseasesA. respectivelyB. delicatelyC. seriouslyD. considerablyA. slowerB. betterC. smallerD. fasterA. emphasizedB. relatedC. organizedD. educatedA. implementB. postponementC. achievementD. paymentA. causeB. impactC. factD. result四、阅读理解（本大题共11小题）4、【来源】 2018年6月高考真题上海卷（A篇）第56~59题Bitcoin and other so-called cryptocurrencies（加密货币） have been all over the news lately. Apparently, the idea of money that's not tied to a specific bank—or a specific country—is appealing to many. But it's worth remembering that the banking system that we now all live with is just that: A modern invention. Not so long ago, money was almost always created and used locally, and bartering was common.（In fact, it still is common among many online local networks, like the Buy Nothing Project. ）In the past, money's makeup varied from place to place, depending on what was considered valuable there. So while some of the world's first coins were made from a naturally occurring hybrid of gold and silver called electrum（银金矿）, objects other than coins have served as currency, including beads, ivory, livestock, and cowrie shells. In West Africa, bracelets of bronze or copper were used as cash, especially if the transaction was associated with the slave trade there. Throughout the colonial period, tobacco was used to replace coins or paper bills in Virginia, Maryland and North Carolina, even though it was used elsewhere in the colonies and extensively throughout Europe and the U. K.Today, on an island in the Pacific, a specific type of shell still serves as currency—and some people there are even hoarding（贮存） it, just like Bitcoin moguls, convinced that one day, it will make them wealthy beyond imagination. On Malaita, the most populated island that's part of the Solomon Islands, shells are accepted at most places in exchange for goods."How much tuna（金枪鱼） you can get for your shells depends on their color and shape, " Mary Bruno, a shop owner from the small town of Auki, on Malaita, told Vice. "One strip of darker shells might get you about two cans of smaller tuna, but the red ones are worth more. For the red ones, one strip might get enough tuna to feed a big family for a long time."Just like a mint that creates coins, there's only one place on the island where the shells, which are polished and strung together to form 3-foot-long ropes, are made. The strips of red, white, and black shells all come from Langa Langa Lagoon, where artificial islands were long-ago built by locals to escape from the island-dwelling cannibals. Once marooned（困住） out on their islands, locals needed a currency to use among themselves, and so the shell currency was born.Using shells for money was common throughout the Pacific islands as late as the early 1900s, but Malaita is unique in that they are still used today. And just like cryptocurrencies, there are those who think the islanders are smart to invest in this type of money, which is reported to have risen in value over the last three decades. It might seem strange to hoard a bunch of processed, strung-together shells, but what is a pile of dollars? Just a specially printed piece of paper and hemp that we've assigned value to—and probably less durable over time than those shells.(1) According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?A. Money was created and was widely used in the world.B. Tobacco was used as coins or paper bills in American in the past.C. The ingredients of the world's first coins may be the combination of gold and silver.D. Using shells for money has been out of date in the world.(2) The word "mint" in paragraph 5 is closest in the meaning to "".A. a kind of money that can exchangeB. the leaves of a mint plant used fresh or candiedC. a place to produce and polish shellsD. a factory that produces currency(3) What's opinion of the author towards shells for money?A. Reasonable.B. Imaginary.C. Convenient.D. Inventive.(4) Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. The History of BitcoinB. Shells Still MoneyC. The Currency Is of Great UseD. Some Shells5、【来源】 2018年6月高考真题上海卷（B篇）第60~62题Moving a GiantThe logistics of excavating（挖掘） and relocating a town's century-old, living sequoia（红杉）tree. Inhabitants of Boise, Idaho, watched with trepidation earlier this year as the city's oldest, tallest resident moved two blocks. The 105-year-old sequoia tree serves as a local landmark, not only for its longevity but also because renowned naturalist and Sierra Club co-founder John Muir provided the original seedling. So, when Saint Luke's Health System found that the 10-story-tall conifer（针叶树）TAL#NBSP stood in the way of its planned hospital expansion, officials called tree-moving firm Environmental Design.The Texas-based company has developed and patented scooping and lifting technology to move massive trees. Weighing in at more than 800, 000 pounds, the Boise sequoia is its largest undertaking yet. "I（had）lost enough sleep over this, " says David Cox, the company's Western region vice president—and that was before the hospital mentioned the tree's distinguished origin. Before the heavy lifting began, the team assessed the root system and dug a five-foot-deep cylinder, measuring 40 feet in diameter, around the trunk to protect all essential roots. After encapsulating the root ball in wire mesh, the movers allowed the tree to adapt to its new situation for seven months before relocating it. The illustration details what followed. —Leslie Nemo1. Mark A. Merit and his team at Environmental Design installed underneath the root ball a platform of seven-inch-diameter, 44-foot-long steel bars and, just below the rods, a first set of uninflated airbags （shown in gray）. The team also dug a shallow ramp.2. In roughly 15 minutes, the movers inflated the airbags to about three feet in diameter to raise the root ball to the surface of the hole.3. By underinflating the front bags, the team allowed the platform carrying the tree to roll up the ramp and out of the hole while staying level. A trailer hauled the tree along as team members removed the airbags from the back of the platform and replaced them in the front. They repeated the process until the tree arrived at the edge of its new home.4. There a second set of partially inflated bags（shown in white）waited inside the hole. Soil surrounding the sequoia in its original location was relocated as well, because trees are more likely to survive a transplant when they move with their original soil.5. Using the first set of airbags, the movers rolled the platform into the new hole.6. The bags waiting there were then inflated further to take the weight of the sequoia while the transportation bags were deflated and removed from under the tree.7. The white bags were then deflated in about half an hour to lower the sequoia's root ball to the bottom of its hole. The bags were removed, but the metal bars were left with the tree because they rust and degrade over a number of years.8. For the next five years the local park service will monitor and maintain the tree in its new home. (1) Which of the following words can be used to replace the words underlined "TAL#NBSP stood in the way of"?A. Resisted.B. Balanced.C. Blocked.D. Promoted.(2) What is the reason for the relocation of Sequoia trees?A. Because the Scooping and lifting technology should be put into use.B. Because it blocks local hospital expansion plans.C. Because it corresponds to government's plan of Environmental Design.D. Because sequoia trees are over a hundred years old.(3) How will the migrated sequoia trees be dealt with?A. They will be given new soil in the new living environment.B. Metal rods used to move sequoia trees will not be left on the trees.C. They will be kept in transport bags all the time.D. They will be managed by specialists in the next five years.6、【来源】 2018年6月高考真题上海卷（C篇）第63~66题Understand the Economic Concept of a Budget LineThe term "budget line" has several related meanings, including a couple that are self-evident and a third that is not.The Budget Line as an Informal Consumer UnderstandingThe budget line is an elementary concept that most consumers understand intuitively without a need for graphs and equations—it's the household budget, for example.Taken informally, the budget line describes the boundary of affordability for a given budget and specific goods.Given a limited amount of money, a consumer can only spend that same amount buying goods. If the consumer has X amount of money and wants to buy two goods A and B, she can only purchase goods totaling X. If the consumer needs an amount of A costing 0.75 X, she can then spend only 0.25 X, the amount remaining, on her purchase of B.This seems almost too obvious to bother writing or reading about. As it turns out, however, this same concept—one that most consumers make many times each day with reflecting on it—is the basis of the more formal budget line concept in economics, which is explained below.Lines in a BudgetBefore turning to the economics definition of "budget line", consider another concept: the line-item budget. This is effectively a map of future expenditures, with all the constituent expenditures individually noted and quantified. There's nothing very complicated about this; in this usage, a budget line is one of the lines in the budget, with the service or good to be purchased named and the cost quantified.The Budget Line as an Economics ConceptOne of the interesting ways the study of economics relates to human behavior generally is that a lot of economic theory is the formalization of the kind of simple concept outlined above—a consumer's informal understanding of the amount she has to spend and what that amount will buy.In the process of formalization, the concept can be expressed as a mathematical equation that can be applied generally.A Simple Budget Line GraphTo understand this, think of a graph where the vertical lines quantify how many movie tickets you can buy and where the horizontal lines do the same for crime novels. You like going to the movies and reading crime novels and you have ＄150 to spend. In the example below, assume that each movie costs ＄10 and each crime novel costs ＄15. The more formal economics term for these two items is budget set.If movies cost ＄10 each, then the maximum number of movies you can see with the money available is 15. To note this you make a dot at the number 15（for total movie tickets）at the extreme left-hand side of the chart. This same dot appears at the extreme left above "0" on the horizontal axis because you have no money left for books—the number of books available in this example is 0.You can also graph the other extreme—all crime novels and no movies. Since crime novels in the example cost ＄15 and you have ＄150 available, if you spend all the available money crime novels, you can buy 10. So you put a dot on the horizontal axis at the number 10.You'll place the dot at the bottom of the vertical axis because in this instance you have ＄0 available for movie tickets.If you now draw a line from the highest, leftmost dot to the lowest, rightmost dot you'll have created a budget line. Any combination of movies and crime novels that falls below the budget line is affordable. Any combination above it is not.(1) Which sentence about the budget line is NOT TRUE?A. It is a limitation of affordability for a given budget and specific goods.B. Most costumers will be confused with this concept because of its complex.C. It is the effectively a map of future expenditures.D. It can be expressed as a mathematical equation.(2) What is the purpose of the passage?A. To tell us any concept can be expressed as a mathematical equation.B. To help us figure out the meaning Budget Line.C. To tell us we should budget before we buy goods.D. To give an instruction of drawing a budget Line.(3) Assume that each movie costs ＄10 and each crime novel costs ＄15, you have ＄150. Which is RIGHT according to this passage?A. The maximum number of movies you can see is 10.B. The maximum number of crime novels you can buy is 15.C. You can buy 7 crime novels and see 5 movies.D. You can buy 7 crime novels and see 4 movies.(4) What is the best title of this passage?A. Are we really know the economic concept of a budget line?B. The Budget Line as an Economics ConceptC. The Budget Line as an Informal Consumer UnderstandingD. The Complex Concept—Budget Line五、信息匹配（本大题共4小题）7、【来源】 2018年6月高考真题上海卷第67~70题Magazine Articles: More Valuable Than You May ThinkParents are often surprised when teachers suggest their children read magazines. Read on to learn about the benefits that reading magazines offers to young readers and how to introduce your children to the medium.Magazine BenefitsMagazine articles can provide reluctant readers with a lively, breezy writing style that can inspire them to read more.The articles in magazines are generally short, which allows a child to finish reading a feature article without losing interest due to a short attention span. The writing in magazines also tends to be easy to read, especially if it is a children's publication.By allowing your child to read magazines at an early age, you are encouraging development of a useful skill.1Getting into the habit of reading periodicals as a child will foster the habit of reading news articles that may continue into adulthood.2Magazine articles challenge students to think about issues they may have never considered or cause them to rethink their world view. Information is available in a wide variety of reading levels because magazines are written for every audience imaginable. Many publications cover the same material in different writing styles that might make it easier for your child to comprehend. Magazine ActivitiesReading magazines as a family can be used to introduce each other to the various interests that each family member possesses. When your children are finished with their magazines, encourage them to pass their issue on to a sibling or other family member.Once each family member has finished reading each magazine, you can use them for art and writing projects. These projects are for family members of all ages:1. Cut out pictures to help your preschool and kindergarten children learn their alphabet, numbers, and colors.2.3Paste the picture at the top of a page and have them write a story about what is happening or what the picture represents.3. Clip pictures to create a collage. Many teenagers love using their artistic talents to collage.4The skills that students utilize and strengthen when reading magazines can be applied to higher level reading and other academic subjects. Encouraging your child to read by giving them a magazine subscription could cause them to take the leap from being a reluctant reader to a voracious page-turner.A. The format of magazines enables children to be exposed to a wide variety of subjects.B. Magazines and newspapers provide adults with critical news.C. Being exposed to magazines and newspapers benefits you a lot.D. Keep interesting magazine pictures to give children story ideas.E. Magazines are valuable assets for many people, but in particular to children.F. Magazines and newspapers are expensive now but out of style.六、概要写作（本大题共1小题）8、【来源】 2018年6月高考真题上海卷第71题Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s）of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Becoming an Attractive EmployeeThe 2008 financial crisis created an unstable job market. Fast-forward to the present, and the economy has not fully recovered. Thus, it's of vital importance for job seekers to carefully strategize their approach to job application. And it's especially important for those new to the work force. They should look at making themselves as attractive as possible to employers.For young people, information technology skills will play an increasing role in the future. As the generation to have grown up in the Information Age, they are quite confident when it comes to showing off their interests and skills in this field. This makes them a natural fit for companies seeking expertise（专业技能） in technology, marketing and networking. They should emphasize these skills when applying for jobs that require the ability to multitask.Another attractive quality is experience. It's important that an applicant's resume list any activities that involved teamwork and goal-driven responsibilities. Membership in a sports or social club and participation as a volunteer are good examples of this. These activities involve goal management and planning along with the ability to focus while competing on a team. When hiring committees see this, they see a candidate who is capable of working in a variety of environments.Finally, an attractive quality when job-hunting is a great attitude toward a potential job. Young job seekers are known to be overconfident because they have been praised for everything they have done. But they must realize that the employment market is about how an employee will be a good fit for a company, not the other way around.In fact, in an interview, an important question to ask is: "What would be expected of me as an employee? " In today's tough job market, young job seekers need to provide a potential employer with good reasons to hire them.七、翻译（本大题共4小题）9、【来源】 2018年6月高考真题上海卷第72题翻译我看到他换上徒步鞋，走向草坪。

2017上海高考英语语法填空解题点拨2017上海高考英语学科改革，推出语法填空新题型．这种题型能全面检测学生在英语词汇、语法，甚至是句法上的运用能力，能更科学地反映学生的英语综合水平。

本题型分两种情况：一种为已给单词提示，一种为不给单词提示。

试题结构由原来的A，B2篇16分改变成一篇10分。

继续体现了“重词汇，轻语法”的思想，但语法还是在整个高中英语教学和测试中起着重要作用。

一、已给单词提示题型的技巧：此类题可以考查学生对动词、形容词副词等形式变化的掌握程度。

技巧一：动词形式变化。

动词的形式变化比较多，有谓语的变化(时态、语态、语气、情态动词)，有非谓语的变化(不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词)。

学生复习时需要花一定的功夫对动词部分的语法知识进行一次全面复习。

例1：A talk (give)tomorrow is written by Professor Zhang．句中的is是整句的谓语，所以横线所在的动词应当用作非谓语。

从tomorrow可以看出，报告是“将来”作的，故用不定式；且报告是give 动作的承受者，故可以判断出横线所在处用give的不定式被动式——to be given。

知识体系：时态：考纲要求的11种时态谓语动词语态：主动语态和被动语态 be+过去分词动词情态动词动词不定式一般式、进行式、完成式主动与被动非谓语动词动名词一般式、完成式主动与被动现在分词一般式、完成式主动与被动分词过去分词技巧二：形容词、副词比较级变化。

英语中大部分形容词和副词都有原级、比较级和最高级的变化。

形容词、分词在上海试卷中只改变比较级最高级。

构成比较级和最高级的方式，或通过加后缀一er和．est，或在词加more／less和most／least，且形容词的绝对最高级还要冠以the。

例3：I am (tall)than Liu Wen．He is the tallest students in my class．此题后句交代了Liu Wen是班上最高的学生，那“我”肯定比他矮，所以不能用taller，只能用表示程度不如的“less tall”。

2018年高考语法填空真题(思维导图+高考真题+变式训练) 原卷版距离高考还有一段时间，不少有经验的老师都会提醒考生，愈是临近高考，能否咬紧牙关、学会自我调节，态度是否主动积极，安排是否科学合理，能不能保持良好的心态、以饱满的情绪迎接挑战，其效果往往大不一样。

以下是本人从事10多年教学经验总结出的以下学习资料，希望可以帮助大家提高答题的正确率，希望对你有所帮助，有志者事竟成！养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。

做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。

总之，在最后的复习阶段，学生们不要加大练习量。

在这个时候，学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式，最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。

英语最后的复习要树立信心，考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”，遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。

越到最后，考生越要回归基础，单词最好再梳理一遍，这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。

另附高考复习方法和考前30天冲刺复习方法。

【语法填空题思维导图】【语法填空题真题再现一】第二节语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。

2018年全国卷IAccording to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years 61 (long) than non-runners. You don’t have to run fast or for long 62 (see) the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduceyour risk of 63 (die) early by running.While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it 64 (be) more effective at lengthening life 65 walking, cycling or swimming. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67 (cause).The best exercise is one that you enjoy and will do. But otherwise … it’s probably running. To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to 68 (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes. Running is cheap, easy and it’s always 69 (energy). If you are time poor, you need to run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give 70 a try.【变式训练】一、词类转换1.evident adj→n2. effect n→adj3. length n→vt4. die v→n5. die v→-ing6. die v→adj7. energy n→adj8. strength n→vt9. mere adj→adv10.benefit n→adj二、形容词副词比较级+than+…1. (2020全国I)The far side of the moon is of particular interesting to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so________ the familiar near side.2. (2020全国) Oranges: Orange trees are more ________decoration; they are a symbol of good fortune and wealth.3. (2020北京) They were much stronger than modern humans, but it's long been assumed that human ancestors were ____________ (smart) than the Neanderthals.4. (2020浙江) The first is declining birth rates, which means old generations are large compared to younger generations,and so, on average, the population becomes ________ (old) than before.5. (2019全国I)Hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are ________ (high) than they actually are.6. (2018全国I)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years ____________(long) than non-runners.7. (2018全国I)While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it is more effective at lengthening life _______ walking, cycling or swimming.8. (2016全国I) If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work, you should take a step back and identify (识别) those of _________ (great) and less importance.9. (高三模拟) The fibers are ____________(strong) and more flexible than ordinary materials.10. (高三模拟) In addition to clothing, the company is entering more new markets ___________ before.【语法填空题真题再现二】第二节语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。