上海市实验学校2021届高三第一周周考英语试题II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Last summer, I had just enough money (21) ________ (save) to buy a golden ticket -- a 3-month train pass that would take me to the furthest reaches of Europe. Excited for my journey, I packed all the necessities --- (22) ________ the guidebook.While the convenience of the Internet was definitely (23) ________ contributing factor to my decision not to carry the few expensive kilograms of out-of-date information in my suitcase, this was not the only reason I decided to fly solo.To be honest, my main problem with the guidebook is that I find it limits a journey -- like a bossy aunt (24) ________ is always telling you what to do, although she doesn't always know what is best. Sometimes it's better to read outside the lines. Sometimes it's better not to read any lines at all.Experience has taught me that there is a distinction between a tourist and a traveler. (25) ________ waiting in a queue to see Michelangelo's David in Florence, I met a man who had a checklist. He showed me his list of "Top 20 things to do it Italy" and boasted that he had seen everything Italy had to offer in just four days. The problem that I had with this man's approach to (26) ________ (travel) was that he was focused on ticking the boxes which were provided by his guidebook. He (27) ________ (lose) in the list of the "must-sees" and blind to all that was happening around him.Guidedbook-less (28) ________we were, my companion and I tasted the joy of being a traveler when visiting Estonia, the Baltic country bordering Russia. Arriving on nothing more than a whim（突发的念头）, we had no option but (29) ________ (approach) some friendly faces for advice. We introduced ourselves and asked them what was happening around town. When this resulted in an invitation to a beautiful Estonian home by a river (30) ________ we enjoyed a 110-degree wood-stove sauna（桑拿浴）, locally picked forest-mushrooms and the good company of our five new-found Estonian friends, we sure were glad we had left our bossy aunt at home.Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only beIn the 1960s and 1970s, classic social psychological studies were conducted that providedevidence that even normal, decent people can engage in acts of extreme cruelty when instructed to do so by others. However, in an essay published in the open access journal PLOS Biology, Professors Alex Haslam and Stephen Richer revisit these studies' (31) ________ and explain how awful acts involve not just obedience, but enthusiasm too -- (23) ________ the long-held belief that human beings are "programmed" for conformity（一致性）.This belief can be traced back to two landmark empirical research programs (33) ________ by Stanley Milgram and Philip Zimbardo in the 1960s and early 1970s. Milgram's "obedience to Authority" research is widely believed to show that people (34) ________ follow the instructions of an authority figure, and Zimbardos Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) is commonly understood to show that people will take on abusive roles uncritically.However, Professor Haslam, from the University of Queensland, argues that tyranny（暴行）does not result from blind conformity to (35) ________ and roles. Rather, it is a creative act of follower-ship, resulting from (36) ________ with authorities who represent vicious acts as virtuous."Decent people participate in horrific acts not because they become passive, mindless people who do not know what they are doing, but rather because they come to believe - typically under the influence of those in (37) ________ that what they are doing is right, "Professor Haslam explained.Professor Reicher, of the University of St Andrews, added that it is not that they were blind to the evil they were (38) ________, but rather that they knew what they were doing, and believed it to be right.These conclusions were partly informed by Professors Haslam and Reicher's own prison experiment, conducted in 2002 in cooperation with the BBC. The study generated three findings. First, participants did not automatically take their (39) ________ role; second, they only acted in terms of group membership to the extent that they identified with the group; and finally, group identity did not mean that people simply accepted their assigned position -- it also empowered them to resist it.Professor Reicher concludes that tyranny does not flourish because criminals are helpless and (40) ________; it flourished because they are convinced that they are doing something worthy.III. Reading ComprehensionsSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage, there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Many procedures are available for obtaining data about a language. They range from a carefully planned, intensive field investigation of a foreign language in a foreign country to a41________ study of one's own mother tongue carried out in an armchair at home. To do this, someone has to act as a 42________ of language data -- an informant. Informants are 43________native speakers of a language who provide words and sentences for analysis and other kinds of information about the language.Many factors must be considered when selecting informants -- whether one is working with a single speaker or more people interacting. Age, sex, social background and other aspects of44________ are important, as these factors are known to influence the type of the 45________ used. The topic of conversation and the characteristics of the social setting are also highly46_________, as are the personal qualities of the informants.Today, researchers often tape-record informants. This enables the linguist's claims about the language to be 47________, and provides a way of making those claims more accurate as difficult pieces of speech can be listened to repeated. But obtaining naturalistic, good-quality data is never easy. People 48________ abnormally when they know they are being recorded, and sound quality can be poor. A variety of tape-recording procedures have thus been devised to 49________ the "observer's paradox", a situation in which people feel strange to each other. Some recordings are made without the speakers being aware of the fact -- a procedure that obtains very natural data, though ethical（道德的）50________ must be expected.51________, attempts can be made to make the speaker forget about the recording, such as keeping the tape-recorder out of sight, or using radio microphones. A useful technique is to introduce a topic that quickly involves the speaker, and stimulates a 52________ language style, like asking older informants about how times have changed in their locality.An audio tape recording does not solve all of the lingust's problems, however. Speech is often ambiguous or unclear. Where possible, therefore, the recording has to be 53________ by the observer's written comments on the non-verbal behavior of the participants , and about the context in general. A 54________ expression, for example, can dramatically alter the meaning of what is said. Video recordings avoid these problems to large extent, but even they have 55________ as the camera cannot be everywhere, and the transcriptions always benefits from any additional commentary provided by an observer.41. A. linguistic B. casual C. familiar D. social42. A. source B. store C. means D. medium43. A. mostly B. naturally C. ideally D. merely44. A. education B. identity C. knowledge D. experience45. A. system B. element C. structure D. language46. A. suitable B. sensitive C. relevant D. flexible47. A. checked B. remembered C. drafted D. organized48. A. judge B. talk C. greet D. act49. A. monitor B. analyze C. guide D. minimize50. A. instruction B. values C. objections D. awareness51. A. Alternatively B. Oddly C. Eventually D. Consequently52. A. familiar B. native C. natural D. certain53. A. transformed B. released C. developed D. supplemented54. A. usual B. facial C. free D. flexible55. A. options B. accusation C. conditions D. limitationsSection BDirections: Read the following two passage. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)As unpleasant emotions go, anxiety is the sketchiest. It's a vague, pit-of-the-stomach dread that sneaks up to you -- that unease you get when your boss says that she needs to talk to you right away, when the phone rings at 4:00 a.m., or when your dentist looks into your mouth and says "Hmmmm" for the third time.Lingering anxiety can keep you up at night, make you irritable, undermine your ability to concentrate, and either ruin your appetite or cause Olympian eating binges. And the constant state of readiness generated by anxiety -- adrenaline pumping, heart racing, palms sweating --- may contribute to high blood pressure and heart disease.How to prevent anxiety then?Meditate, Maybe you're just high-strung. If so, meditation is worth a try. It cultivates a calmness that eases anxious feelings and offers a sense of control. A study at the University of Massachusetts found that volunteers who took an 8-week meditation course were considerably less anxious afterward. People who are high-strung find that they are dramatically calmer with 20 minutes of meditation in the morning and another 20 minutes after dinner.If you've never done meditation, try this technique: Sit quietly in a comfortable position and take a few deep, cleansing breaths to relax your muscles. Then choose a calming word or phrase. (Experts suggest either a word or short phrase with religious significance, or the word one.) Silently repeat the word or phrase for 20 minutes. As you find your thoughts straying, gently return your focus to your repeated word and continue to breathe deeply.Jog, walk, swim, or cycle. If you can't make time for meditation, be sure to make time for regular exercise. Exercise can have the same calming effect as meditation, particularly if it's something repetitive like running or swimming laps.Treatment?Odds are that you learn to handle anxiety better. Here's how.Remember to breathe. When you're anxious, you tend to hold your breath or breathe too shallowly. That makes you feel more anxious. Breathing slowly and deeply can have a calming effect. To make sure that you're breathing correctly, place your hand on your diaphragm（横膈膜）, just below your rib cage. Feel it rise with each inhalation and fall with each exhalation.Analyze and act. The antidote（矫正方法）to anxiety is analysis and action. To rid yourself ofthat vague sense of dread, you have to figure out exactly what it is that you dread. Then you can map a plan of action to do something about it. Usually the first step in this action plan is to find out more about the problem.Let's say you are anxious about your competence on the job. Ask yourself, "What, in particular, am I afraid that I'll muff?" Maybe you're afraid that you'll get further behind and miss your deadlines. Or maybe you're worried that you're blowing it whenever you present your ideas in meeting. Are your worries founded? Have you had several near misses with deadlines? Are your suggestions routinely vetoed? If not, the anxiety is needless. If there is a real problem, work on a solution: Pace yourself to better meed deadlines, or join a public speaking class.56. What does the word "sketchiest" in Paragraph One Mean?A. The most uncomfortableB. The least serious.C. The most dreadful.D. The most irritable .57. Which of the following symptoms is NOT directly caused by anxiety?>A. Lower in concentrationB. No appetite.C. Heart racingD. High blood pressure.58. Jog, walk, swim, or cycle is, to a certain extent, similar to meditation because ________A. it can relieve your uneasiness effectively.B. exercise can make anxious people calm.C. doing exercises can relax your muscles.D. it's kind of repetitive exercise.59. Which of the following statements about breath is CORRECT?A. Quick and deep breathing have a calming effect.B. Breathing deeply can calm an anxious person.C. The diaphragm falls with each inhalationD. The rib cage rises with each exhalation.(B)California's new governor, Gavin Newsom, faces an early policy dilemma: whether to take action to expand the rights of workers in the gig economy. Newsom's ailies in organized labor support reform; his technology-industry backers oppose it. A compromise is possible, and that's what Newsom should propose.In the U. S., at least 1.6 million people - Uber and Lyft drivers, repairmen - earn money through online - service platforms. Since they are classified as independent contractors and not employees, these workers do not receive benefits like overtime or sick pay, aren't covered by minimum-wage laws, and lack collective-bargaining rights（集体谈判权）.Lawmakers in California are weighting proposals that aim to give independent workers the same benefits as employees. Such mandates（命令）, however, risk driving up labor and consumer costs, accelerating automation, and crushing start-ups that want to experiment with new modes ofemployment.Newsom should intervene and there's pressure to act quickly. In a decision last April, the California Supreme Court ruled that Dynamex Operations West, Inc., a same-day courier service, had to satisfy a strict three-part test in order to continue classifying its delivery drivers as independent contractor. Broadly applied, the ruling could force online companies to designate nearly all workers who use their platforms as employees.This might make sense if companies were using large numbers of unprotected freelancers as the equivalent of full-time employees, but that's not the case. Despite the proliferation（激增）of Uber-style apps, recent data shows that the share of U. S. workers in non-traditional jobs has remained steady for the last decade, at around 7 percent. The majority of independent workers don't rely solely on gigs for their livelihoods: They use online platforms to supplement income from other jobs.Tech companies are pushing California's legislature to block the Dynamex standard from becoming statewide law. The industry is right to oppose such sweeping regulations -- but wrong to prevent more limited reforms that could clarify the status of workers in the gig economy and reduce litigation（诉讼）in the process.Newsom should look to strike a deal. He should persuade the tech industry to accept, legislation that gives gig workers more benefits than they currently receive, includinganti-discrimination protections and access to portable benefits, but not the full range of benefits that typically flow to hourly employees, including overtime pay and unemployment insurance. To satisfy demands from labor groups, California could give digital - platform workers organizing right and a way to bargain collectively -- a model the city of Seattle has introduced for domestic workers such as nannies, cleaners and home caregivers.A grand bargain for California's gig economy workers wont' please all sides. But it would avoid serious harm to innovation and work opportunities, and move the issue from the courts to the legislative arena, where it belongs.60. California lawmakers' proposal might bring about________.A. improved labor efficiencyB. increased service pricesC. more job opportunitiesD. new modes of employment61. Which of the following best represents the authors' view on a broad application of the Dynamex standard?A. It accords with tech companies' working process.B. It overlooks full-time employees' legitimate rights.C. It provides a safeguard for freelancers' basic interests.D. It neglects gig's primary role as a source of side income.62. The author holds that it is wise for the tech industry to ________.A. push the Dynamex standard to become state lawB. offer a full range of benefits to independent workersC. substitute gig workers with hourly employeesD. embrace limited legislative protections for gig workers(C)In recent months Google and Facebook have made changes that may escape the notice of most of their billions of users, but not of news organizations. Facebook began displaying the logos of publishers in some of its posts, so readers can identify the news source. And Google for the first time gave publishers the ability to control how many times the search engines' users can visit news sites free of charge. Both Sill directly help papers to sell subscriptions.To critics of the social - media giants, that might look like wolves offering to help the sheep while still feasting on the herd. The business of both Facebook and Alphabet, parent of Google and YouTube, is to occupy people's time and attention with their free services and content, and to sell ads against those eyeballs. For them, quality journalism is just another hook.Facebook calls its "News Feed" offering its most important product, but in recent years it has twisted the feed in ways that de-emphasize actual news, instead prioritizing updates from friends and family over those from publishers. The associated ad revenues for many publishers have been either nominal, in the case of Facebook's fast-loading "instant articles", or as yet mostlynon-existent, in the case of videos they make for the social network. News sites have found they have no choice but to work with the two tech giants, however: Facebook, with its 2bn users, and Google, which directs 10bn clicks a month to publishers, are where their readers are.So there is no confusion about where the power lies. That is unlikely to change much in future, although publishers are fighting back a bit. A union of nearly 2,000 news organizations, the News Media Alliance, is asking Congress for an antitrust exemption to allow publishers to negotiate collectively which the two firms. That the tech giants are making concessions may be because they sense that the political mood is turning against them, or because of genuine concern for the media ecosystem.Media executives at firms that rely more on selling ads than subscriptions are more enthusiastic about Facebook and Google. "We see them as a friend," says Paul Zwillenberg, owner of the Daily Mail. Mail Online has doubled daily visitors and engagement in part by making videos for Facebook and YouTube. That does not mean giving up on direct internet traffic (on which Mail Online can sell ads without sharing revenue with Facebook or Google).But selling digital ads on their own websites is a challenge for most news organizations, in part because of the competition from the duopoly. Facebook and Alphabet will take the majority of all digital - ad revenue globally this year. Their data on user's browsing activities give them a huge advantage in micro - targeting users. Wherever journalism turns, Facebook and Google loom large. Their recent moves, although welcome to many publishers, are unlikely to alter the path of the relationship.63. The underlined phrase (Para.2) most probably means that Google and Facebook are________.A. providing the sources of their news to usersB. hindering newspapers from selling subscriptions.C. using quality journalism to attract attentionD. attempting to take over news organizations64. According to Paragraph 3, in recent years "News Feed" has ________.A. highlighted news updated by journalistsB. favored updates within the circle of friendsC. begun uploading quality news from publishers.D. experienced a serious decline in ad revenues65. The News Media Alliance is mentioned to show that publishers are ________.A. dissatisfied with the free news on social mediaB. worried about the ecosystem of news publishingC. striving to strengthen their competitive forceD. suing the media giants for monopoly behavior66. What is the subject of the text?A. Publishers should fight against the media giants' duopolyB. The digital ads era:Publishers' fortune or misfortune?C. Publishers have no choice but to work with the media giantsD. Social media or publisher:Who has the power?Section CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.Although many companies offer tuition reimbursement（偿付）, most companies reimburse employees only for classes that are relevant to their positions. ________67________ A company that reimburses employees for all college credit courses --- whether job related or not --- offers service not only to the employees, but to the entire company.One good reason for giving employees unconditional tuition reimbursement is that it shows the company's dedication to its employees and it is important for a company to demonstrate to its employees that it cares. The best way to do this is make investment in them.________68________ A company that puts out funds to pay for the education of itsemployees will get its money back by having employees stay with the company longer. It will reduce employee turnover（流动）, because even employees who don't take advantage of tuition reimbursement programs will be more devoted to their company, just knowing that their company cares enough to pay for their education.Although companies do indeed run the risk of losing money on employees who go on to another job in a different company as soon as they get their degree, more often than not, the employees will stay with the company. ________69________ Thus, throughout those years, the employer will have a more sophisticated, more intelligent, and therefore more valuable and productive employee. And, if the employee stays, that education will doubly benefit the company: Not only is the employee more educated, but now that employee can be promoted so the company doesn't have to fill a high-level vacancy from the outside. ________70________.Though unconditional tuition reimbursement requires a significant investment on the employer's part, it is perhaps one of the wisest investments a company can make.第II卷IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.For decades, it has been common practice for rich countries to give aid to their poor counterparts. However, in recent years there has been a growing belief that international aid could be harmful to the recipients. I agree that giving aid to poor countries could do more harm than good.It is true that foreign aid has some benefits. Poor countries can use financial aid to build infrastructure such as roads and schools, thereby facilitating economic growth. Millions of Africans now have access to clean water wells, built with aid money, when previously many of them got sick drinking filthy water. When natural disasters strike poor countries, it is common for the international community to send medical assistance and food to them, thus helping to relieve the suffering of those affected and save lives.However, international aid has far more drawbacks. Around the globe poor countries are often troubled by poor governance, and it is likely that aid to these countries will end up being embezzled（盗用）by corrupt officials, rather than bringing real, concrete benefits to people in need. In war-torn areas, financial assistance may even be used to purchase weapons and in effect fuel conflicts. Foreign aid also has the effect of disrupting the local markets of the recipient countries. When farmers can receive free food on a regular basis they may lose the incentives to grow food on their own. This will hinder the growth of the food industry and create a culture of dependence that is harmful to a country's long-term development.In summary, although international aid does have its positive aspects, these remain limited in both scope and scale. In many cases, giving aid to poor countries often defeats its purpose, andgovernments the world over should be prudent（审慎的）when it comes to sending and receiving aid.V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 在成长的道路上面对各种挫折和诱惑，我们必须不忘初心。
