英语原文 Using Peer Review to Help Students Improve Their Writing
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英文互评作文模板英文:As a student, I believe that peer evaluation is an important part of the learning process. It provides an opportunity for us to receive feedback from our peers,which can be very valuable. When I receive feedback from my classmates, I am able to see my work from a different perspective and understand how others perceive it. This can help me to identify my strengths and weaknesses and make improvements in the future.Peer evaluation also allows us to learn from each other. For example, when I receive feedback from a classmate who excels in a particular area, I can learn from their strengths and incorporate their techniques into my own work. This not only benefits me, but also helps to create a collaborative and supportive learning environment.In addition, peer evaluation can help to buildcommunication and critical thinking skills. When providing feedback to my peers, I have to carefully consider their work and articulate my thoughts in a constructive manner. This has helped me to become a better communicator and has also improved my ability to analyze and evaluate the work of others.Overall, peer evaluation is a valuable tool for learning and growth. It allows us to receive feedback, learn from each other, and develop important skills that will benefit us in the future.中文:作为一名学生,我相信同学互评是学习过程中重要的一部分。
When it comes to grading papers, especially in a middle school setting, its essential to approach the task with a keen eye for detail and a fair, unbiased perspective. Here are some key points to consider when writing an essay on the topic of grading papers for seventh graders:1. Importance of Accuracy: Begin by emphasizing the importance of accuracy in grading. Every mark given can significantly impact a students confidence and understanding of their academic performance.2. Fairness: Discuss the concept of fairness in grading. Its crucial to ensure that each student is evaluated based on the same criteria to maintain an unbiased grading system.3. Time Management: Mention the time constraints that teachers often face when gradinga large number of papers. Effective time management is key to ensuring that each paper is given the attention it deserves.4. Use of Rubrics: Explain how using rubrics can help standardize the grading process. Rubrics provide clear guidelines for what is expected in an assignment, making it easier for both teachers and students.5. Feedback: Highlight the importance of providing constructive feedback. Students should not only know their grades but also understand how they can improve.6. Technology in Grading: Discuss how technology can assist in the grading process. Tools like online grading systems can make the process more efficient and organized.7. Student Involvement: Suggest that involving students in the grading process can be beneficial. Peer review, for example, can help students learn from each other and understand different perspectives.8. Continuous Learning: Conclude by stating that grading is not just about assigning a score its also about continuous learning for both the teacher and the student. Teachers can learn about their students strengths and weaknesses, while students can learn from their mistakes.Remember to structure your essay with a clear introduction, body paragraphs that elaborate on each point, and a conclusion that summarizes the main ideas. Use examples where appropriate to illustrate your points and make your essay more engaging.。
英语作文互评的好处Peer review is a valuable tool in the process of improving one's writing skills. When students are given the opportunity to review and provide feedback on each other's work, it can lead to significant benefits for all involved. In this essay, I will explore the key advantages of incorporating peer review into English writing assignments.One of the primary benefits of peer review is that it encourages critical thinking and analysis. By reviewing their classmates' work, students are forced to engage with the content on a deeper level. They must carefully read and evaluate the writing, identify strengths and weaknesses, and provide constructive feedback. This exercise not only helps the student providing the feedback to develop their own critical thinking skills, but it also benefits the writer receiving the feedback.When a student receives peer feedback on their writing, they are able to gain a fresh perspective on their work. Often, writers can become too close to their own writing, making it difficult for them toidentify areas that need improvement. Peer reviewers, on the other hand, can provide an outside, unbiased view. They may catch mistakes or inconsistencies that the writer has overlooked, or they may suggest alternative approaches that the writer had not considered. This feedback can be invaluable in helping the writer to refine and strengthen their work.In addition to providing a fresh perspective, peer review also encourages collaboration and communication. When students work together to review each other's writing, they must engage in a dialogue, exchange ideas, and negotiate their feedback. This process can help to develop important interpersonal skills, such as active listening, empathy, and the ability to give and receive constructive criticism.Furthermore, peer review can also help to build a sense of community within the classroom. When students feel that their work is being valued and respected by their peers, it can foster a more positive and supportive learning environment. This, in turn, can lead to increased motivation and engagement in the writing process.Another significant benefit of peer review is that it can help to develop a deeper understanding of the writing process. By reviewing their classmates' work, students are exposed to a variety of writing styles, approaches, and strategies. This exposure can help them tobetter understand the elements of effective writing, such as organization, coherence, and use of language. Additionally, by providing feedback to their peers, students are forced to think critically about their own writing, which can lead to a greater awareness of their own strengths and weaknesses as writers.Peer review can also be an effective way to prepare students for the real-world demands of writing. In many professional and academic settings, writers are expected to solicit feedback from their peers or colleagues before finalizing their work. By incorporating peer review into the classroom, students can develop the skills and confidence necessary to engage in this process effectively.Finally, peer review can be a valuable tool for improving the overall quality of student writing. When students receive feedback from their peers, they are more likely to revise and refine their work, leading to higher-quality final products. Additionally, the process of reviewing and providing feedback to their peers can help students to develop a better understanding of the criteria for effective writing, which they can then apply to their own work.In conclusion, the benefits of incorporating peer review into English writing assignments are numerous and significant. By encouraging critical thinking, providing fresh perspectives, fostering collaboration and communication, building a sense of community, developing adeeper understanding of the writing process, preparing students for real-world writing demands, and improving the overall quality of student writing, peer review can be a powerful tool for enhancing student learning and growth.。
第1篇Date: March 15, 2023Time: 2:00 PM - 5:00 PMLocation: School Library, Room 204Participants:- Ms. Smith, Head of English Department- Mr. Johnson, Senior English Teacher- Ms. Lee, Middle School English Teacher- Ms. Wang, Primary School English Teacher- Mr. Zhang, Language Lab Coordinator- Ms. Zhang, Curriculum Developer- Ms. Liu, School Principal (Observer)---I. Introduction and WelcomeThe meeting was called to order by Ms. Smith, Head of the English Department. She welcomed all participants and emphasized the importance of collaborative efforts in enhancing the quality of English language teaching at our school.II. Review of Previous Month’s AchievementsMs. Lee presented a brief summary of the achievements made by the English Department in the previous month. She highlighted the following:- Successful implementation of the new grammar curriculum in middle school.- Increased student engagement in primary school English activities.- Positive feedback from parents regarding the language lab sessions.III. Discussion on Current ChallengesThe group then engaged in a lively discussion about the current challenges faced by English teachers at different levels:A. Primary School Challenges:- Ms. Wang pointed out the difficulty in maintaining student focus during large group activities.- Ms. Zhang mentioned the need for more resources and materials suitable for young learners.B. Middle School Challenges:- Mr. Johnson highlighted the challenge of preparing students for standardized tests while ensuring a well-rounded language education.- Ms. Lee mentioned the need for more support in terms of class management and behavior control.C. High School Challenges:- Ms. Smith shared concerns about the lack of advanced resources for high school students.- Mr. Zhang mentioned the need for more professional development opportunities for high school teachers.IV. Proposed SolutionsThe group proposed several solutions to address the challenges mentioned:A. Primary School Solutions:- Implementing more interactive and engaging activities for young learners.- Developing a library of age-appropriate resources and materials.B. Middle School Solutions:- Offering additional training sessions for teachers on class management and behavior control.- Introducing a more balanced approach to test preparation and language learning.C. High School Solutions:- Collaborating with universities and colleges to access advanced resources.- Organizing regular workshops and seminars for high school teachers.V. Updates on Upcoming EventsMs. Liu, the school principal, provided updates on upcoming events and initiatives:- The school will host an international English language conference in June.- A new English language summer camp will be launched for primary and middle school students.- The school is planning to establish a partnership with aninternational school for exchange programs.VI. Professional Development OpportunitiesMr. Johnson suggested that the English Department organize a series of workshops and seminars for teachers to enhance their skills:- A workshop on "Effective Teaching Strategies for Young Learners" will be held in April.- A seminar on "Advanced Grammar and Vocabulary Teaching" will be conducted in May.- A training session on "Technology in English Language Teaching" is planned for June.VII. Closing RemarksMs. Smith concluded the meeting by thanking all participants for their contributions and emphasizing the importance of continued collaboration and support:"By working together, we can overcome the challenges we face and provide our students with the best possible English language education. Let's continue to strive for excellence in our teaching practices."The meeting was adjourned at 5:00 PM, with all participants committed to implementing the proposed solutions and enhancing the quality of English language teaching at our school.---End of Record第2篇Date: March 15, 2023Time: 9:00 AM - 12:00 PMLocation: Online Meeting PlatformParticipants:- Mr. Zhang, Head Teacher- Mrs. Wang, Teacher- Ms. Liu, Teacher- Mr. Li, Teacher- Ms. Zhang, Teacher- Ms. Wang, Teacher AssistantAgenda:1. Review of the previous semester's achievements and challenges.2. Discussion of the upcoming curriculum and teaching strategies.3. Sharing of innovative teaching methods and resources.4. Addressing common student learning issues and developing solutions.5. Planning for the upcoming school events and activities.6. Evaluation and feedback on the current teaching methods.I. Introduction (9:00 AM - 9:10 AM)The session began with Mr. Zhang, the Head Teacher, welcoming the participants and briefly reviewing the objectives of the教研活动. He emphasized the importance of collaborative teaching and research in enhancing the quality of English education.II. Review of Previous Semester's Achievements and Challenges (9:10 AM - 9:40 AM)Mrs. Wang presented a summary of the previous semester's achievements, highlighting the improvement in students' overall performance in English language proficiency. However, she also pointed out some challenges, such as low motivation among a few students and difficulties in teaching complex grammar concepts.III. Discussion of Upcoming Curriculum and Teaching Strategies (9:40 AM - 10:30 AM)Ms. Liu took the lead in discussing the upcoming curriculum. She presented a detailed plan for the new semester, including theintegration of various teaching methods and resources. The group agreed on the following strategies:- Flipped Classroom: Implementing the flipped classroom model to encourage students to review lessons at home before class, allowing more time for interactive activities in the classroom.- Project-Based Learning: Introducing project-based learning to enhance students' critical thinking and problem-solving skills.- Technology Integration: Utilizing educational technology tools such as online platforms and interactive whiteboards to make learning more engaging.IV. Sharing of Innovative Teaching Methods and Resources (10:30 AM - 11:10 AM)Mr. Li shared his experience with gamification in the classroom, explaining how incorporating games and quizzes can motivate students and make learning fun. Ms. Zhang then presented a collection of online resources that can be used to supplement classroom teaching, such as language learning apps and educational videos.V. Addressing Common Student Learning Issues and Developing Solutions (11:10 AM - 11:50 AM)The group discussed common student learning issues, such as difficulties in pronunciation and understanding of idiomatic expressions. Ms. Wang suggested conducting regular pronunciation workshops and creating a vocabulary bank for students to refer to. Mr. Li proposed using peer tutoring to help students who are struggling with specific topics.VI. Planning for the Upcoming School Events and Activities (11:50 AM - 12:00 PM)Ms. Zhang, Teacher Assistant, informed the group about the upcoming school events, including an English speech competition and a school trip to an English-speaking country. The teachers agreed to collaborate in preparing the students for these events.VII. Evaluation and Feedback on the Current Teaching Methods (12:00 PM - 12:10 PM)The session concluded with a brief evaluation and feedback on the current teaching methods. The teachers expressed satisfaction with the progress made in the previous semester and agreed that the newstrategies and resources would further enhance the learning experience.Conclusion:The English group教研活动 was a productive and engaging session that allowed the teachers to share their experiences, learn from each other, and develop new strategies to improve the quality of English education. The collaborative approach taken during the meeting demonstrated the commitment of the teachers to their students' success.Next Steps:- Implement the agreed-upon teaching strategies and resources in the classroom.- Monitor students' progress and adjust teaching methods as needed.- Schedule regular follow-up meetings to discuss the effectiveness of the new strategies and address any emerging issues.Sign-off:The meeting was adjourned at 12:10 PM. The teachers expressed their gratitude to Mr. Zhang for organizing the session and looked forward to the next教研活动.第3篇Date: March 15, 2023Location: Online Conference RoomParticipants:- Ms. Li, Head Teacher- Mr. Wang, Grade 7 English Teacher- Ms. Zhang, Grade 8 English Teacher- Mr. Chen, Grade 9 English Teacher- Ms. Wu, Grade 10 English Teacher- Ms. Yang, Grade 11 English Teacher- Ms. Wang, English Department AssistantAgenda:1. Review of the previous semester's performance2. Discussion on the current curriculum and teaching strategies3. Introduction of new teaching materials and resources4. Sharing of best practices in English language teaching5. Addressing common challenges and finding solutions6. Planning for the upcoming semester7. Open forum for suggestions and feedbackMinutes of the Meeting:1. Review of the Previous Semester's PerformanceMs. Li began the meeting by reviewing the performance of the English department during the previous semester. She highlighted the strengths and areas that required improvement. The following points were discussed:- Strengths:- Increased student engagement in English classes.- Improved scores in the mid-term exams.- Successful participation in inter-school English competitions.- Areas for Improvement:- Student performance in writing and speaking skills.- Lack of consistency in teaching methods across different grades.- Insufficient parent involvement in the English learning process.2. Discussion on the Current Curriculum and Teaching StrategiesThe group then engaged in a discussion about the current curriculum and teaching strategies. The following points were addressed:- Curriculum:- The need to align the curriculum with the national standards.- The importance of incorporating real-life scenarios and cultural elements in the lessons.- Teaching Strategies:- The use of technology to enhance student learning.- The benefits of project-based learning and group activities.- The role of formative assessments in improving student performance.3. Introduction of New Teaching Materials and ResourcesMs. Zhang introduced a new set of teaching materials that were developed in collaboration with the curriculum department. The materials included interactive digital resources, student workbooks, and teacher's guides. The group discussed the following:- Interactive Digital Resources:- The potential of online platforms for interactive learning.- The importance of providing accessible resources for all students.- Student Workbooks:- The need for workbooks that are engaging and challenging.- The inclusion of exercises that promote critical thinking and problem-solving skills.- Teacher's Guides:- The value of detailed lesson plans and teaching notes.- The importance of professional development opportunities for teachers.4. Sharing of Best Practices in English Language TeachingThe teachers shared their best practices in English language teaching. The following strategies were highlighted:- Use of authentic materials:- Incorporating songs, videos, and news articles in the classroom.- Using real-life examples to make the lessons more relatable.- Interactive teaching methods:- Encouraging student participation through discussions and group activities.- Utilizing games and role-playing to enhance language skills.- Assessment techniques:- Implementing formative assessments to monitor student progress.- Providing constructive feedback to help students improve.5. Addressing Common Challenges and Finding SolutionsThe group identified common challenges faced by teachers and discussed potential solutions:- Challenge: Student disengagement.- Solution: Incorporate varied teaching methods and use technology to make lessons more engaging.- Challenge: Student performance in writing and speaking.- Solution: Provide regular practice opportunities and offer individualized support.- Challenge: Lack of parent involvement.- Solution: Establish regular communication channels and organize parent workshops.6. Planning for the Upcoming SemesterThe teachers discussed their plans for the upcoming semester. The following points were highlighted:- Introduction of new teaching materials and resources.- Development of a comprehensive assessment plan.- Implementation of formative assessments to monitor student progress.- Organization of extra-curricular English activities.7. Open Forum for Suggestions and FeedbackThe meeting concluded with an open forum for suggestions and feedback. The following points were raised:- Ms. Wu suggested that the department should organize regular training sessions for teachers to stay updated with the latest teaching methodologies.- Mr. Chen recommended that the school should invest in more technological resources to enhance student learning.- Ms. Yang suggested that the department should establish a platform for teachers to share best practices and resources.Conclusion:The English group teaching and research activity was a productive meeting that allowed teachers to share ideas, discuss challenges, and plan for the upcoming semester. The collaboration and commitment of the team will undoubtedly contribute to the improvement of English language teaching and learning in our school.。
英语作文生生互评标准英文回答:Criteria for Peer Review of Student Writing.Content.Thesis statement is clear, concise, and arguable.Evidence from text and/or research is presented in support of the thesis.Transitions are smooth and logical, guiding the reader through the essay.Essay structure follows a logical and sequential order.Style.Language is clear, concise, and appropriate for theaudience.Sentences are well-written, with varied sentence structure.Paragraphs are well-organized, with topic sentences and supporting evidence.Voice is consistent throughout the essay.Mechanics.Grammar and punctuation are correct and consistent.Spelling is accurate.Format is consistent and adheres to conventions.Overall.Essay is well-written, clearly organized, and supports the thesis statement.Essay demonstrates critical thinking and analysis.Essay is free from errors in grammar, punctuation, and spelling.中文回答:生生互评英文作文标准。
新时代研究生学术英语教程1第七单元全文共6篇示例,供读者参考篇1A Guide to Academic Writing for Little ScholarsHi there, little friends! Today, we're going to learn all about academic writing. It's a super important skill that will help you become a brilliant writer and researcher when you grow up. Get ready to dive into the exciting world of essays, reports, and research papers!First things first, what exactly is academic writing? It's a special way of writing that follows certain rules and styles. It's used by scholars, professors, and students to share their ideas, findings, and knowledge with others in their field of study. Unlike the stories you read for fun, academic writing has to be clear, organized, and based on facts and evidence.Now, let's talk about the different parts of an academic paper. Every paper needs to have an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The introduction is like the doorway to your paper. It's where you tell your readers whatyour paper is all about and why it's important. You can also include your main idea or thesis statement here.The body paragraphs are the meat of your paper. This is where you present your arguments, evidence, and examples to support your main idea. Each paragraph should focus on one main point and include supporting details and examples to back it up. Remember to use transition words like "firstly," "secondly," and "furthermore" to help your readers follow your ideas smoothly.The conclusion is like the grand finale of your paper. Here, you'll summarize your main points and restate your thesis statement. You can also share your final thoughts or suggestions for future research on the topic.But wait, there's more! Academic writing also has its own special language and style. You'll need to use formal and precise language, avoid contractions and slang words, and use technical terms specific to your field of study. Additionally, you'll need to cite your sources properly whenever you use information or ideas from other authors. This helps to give credit where it's due and shows that you've done your research.Now, let's talk about some tips and tricks to make your academic writing shine:Plan ahead: Before you start writing, make an outline or a mind map to organize your thoughts and ideas. This will help your paper flow smoothly and stay on track.Use evidence: Remember to support your arguments and claims with concrete examples, facts, and evidence from reliable sources. This will make your paper more convincing and credible.Stay objective: Academic writing should be objective and unbiased. Avoid using personal opinions or emotional language, and focus on presenting facts and analysis.Edit and revise: Once you've finished your first draft, take a break and come back to it with fresh eyes. Read through your paper carefully and make any necessary corrections or improvements.Get feedback: Ask your teacher, parents, or friends to read your paper and provide feedback. Fresh perspectives can help you identify areas for improvement and make your writing even better.Well, there you have it, little scholars! Academic writing may seem a bit challenging at first, but with practice and determination, you'll become a pro in no time. Remember to follow the guidelines, use clear and precise language, and alwayssupport your ideas with evidence. Who knows, one day you might write a groundbreaking research paper that changes the world!Happy writing, and never stop exploring the wonderful world of knowledge!篇2A Fun Journey Through Unit 7Hey there, kids! Are you ready to embark on an exciting adventure through Unit 7 of our awesome English textbook? Get ready to explore the fascinating world of academic writing and discover some cool tips and tricks along the way!First things first, let's talk about the main topic of this unit: writing a research paper. Now, I know what you're thinking, "Research papers? That sounds super boring!" But trust me, it's way more interesting than you might think.Imagine you're a detective on a mission to solve a big mystery. You have to gather clues, analyze evidence, and present your findings in a clear and organized way. That's exactly what you're doing when you write a research paper! You'reinvestigating a specific topic, collecting information from different sources, and then putting it all together in a report.Now, before you start writing, you need to have a solid plan. This is where the outline comes in handy. An outline is like a roadmap that helps you stay on track and organize your thoughts. It's kind of like planning a fun trip with your family –you decide where you want to go, what you want to see, and how you're going to get there.Once you have your outline ready, it's time to start writing! But hold on, there's more to it than just putting words on paper. You need to make sure your writing is clear, concise, and easy to understand. That's where some cool writing techniques come in.For example, you can use transition words like "first," "next," and "finally" to help your reader follow your ideas smoothly. It's like holding their hand and guiding them through your amazing research adventure!Another important aspect of academic writing is using formal language and avoiding slang or casual expressions. This might sound a bit boring, but think of it like dressing up for a fancy party – you want to look and sound your best!Now, let's talk about something really exciting: referencing! When you use information from other sources in your research paper, you need to give credit to the authors. This is called citing sources, and it's like giving a shout-out to the people who helped you solve the mystery.There are different referencing styles, like APA or MLA, and they might seem a bit confusing at first. But don't worry; it's just like learning a new game – once you get the hang of it, it'll be a piece of cake!Speaking of games, did you know that some research papers include graphs, tables, and figures? These visual elements can help you present your findings in a cool and engaging way. It's like adding some awesome illustrations to your detective report!Last but not least, let's talk about something that might seem a bit scary at first: peer review. This is when you share your research paper with your classmates or teachers, and they provide feedback and suggestions for improvement. It's kind of like showing your detective work to your friends and seeing if they can spot any clues you missed.Remember, the goal of peer review is to help you make your paper even better, so don't be afraid to listen to their comments and make some changes. It's all part of the learning process!Phew, that was a lot of information, but I'm sure you've got this! Writing a research paper might seem like a big challenge at first, but with a little bit of practice and some fun strategies, you'll be a pro in no time.So, what are you waiting for? Grab your detective hat, sharpen your pencils, and get ready to embark on your very own research adventure! Who knows, you might even discover something truly amazing along the way.Happy writing, my friends!篇3My Amazing Adventure in the OceanHi everyone! Today, I want to tell you about my incredible adventure in the ocean. It was an exciting and unforgettable experience that I will cherish forever!One sunny morning, my family and I decided to go on a boat trip. We sailed far out into the deep blue sea. As we floated on the waves, I couldn't help but feel a mix of excitement and curiosity. What would I see beneath the surface of the water?We anchored our boat near a vibrant coral reef. The water was crystal clear, and I eagerly put on my snorkeling gear. Slowly,I dipped my head underwater and, to my amazement, a whole new world opened up before my eyes!Colorful fish of all shapes and sizes were swimming around me. There were tiny clownfish, just like Nemo, with their orange and white stripes. I spotted a majestic sea turtle gracefully gliding through the water. It was incredible to see these beautiful creatures up close!I also saw a school of shimmering silver fish, moving together in perfect harmony. They looked like a silver wave flowing through the ocean. It reminded me of a dance party where everyone knew the same dance moves!But the most breathtaking sight was the coral reef itself. The corals were like underwater gardens, with vibrant colors and unique shapes. They were home to many sea creatures, providing shelter and protection. I learned that corals are living animals, just like you and me!As I explored further, I noticed a dark shadow approaching. It was a huge manta ray gliding effortlessly through the water. It seemed to be flying like a bird, with its wings gracefully flapping.I was in awe of its sheer size and beauty!While swimming, I also encountered some challenges. I accidentally bumped into a spiky sea urchin, and it reminded me to be careful and respect the ocean and its inhabitants. I quickly learned to be mindful of my surroundings and not disturb the delicate balance of nature.After what felt like hours, it was time to say goodbye to the ocean and head back to the boat. As I climbed aboard, I couldn't stop talking about all the incredible things I had seen. The ocean had taught me so much about its wonders and the importance of protecting it.This adventure made me realize how vast and diverse our planet is. It's crucial for us to take care of our oceans and the amazing creatures that call it home. We can all do our part by reducing plastic waste, conserving water, and spreading awareness about the importance of marine life.I will always cherish the memories of my adventure in the ocean. It was a day filled with wonder, discovery, and appreciation for the incredible beauty that lies beneath the waves. I hope one day you can have your own amazing adventure in the ocean too!Remember, let's be kind to our oceans and protect them for future generations. Together, we can make a difference!That's all for now. Thanks for reading, my fellow ocean explorers!Yours truly,[Your Name]篇4Academic English is Tough but Fun!Hi everyone! My name is Lily and I'm a 4th grader. My big sister just started graduate school and she has to take this really hard class called "Academic English for the New Era Postgraduate Course 1". I looked through her textbook and it seems super difficult with all those big words and complicated ideas. But I thought it would be fun to try explaining Unit 7 in my own words!Unit 7 is all about writing a research paper. That sounds so grown-up and fancy, doesn't it? Basically, a research paper is a really long essay where you pick a topic, read a bunch of books and websites about it, and then write down your own thoughts and ideas. The first step is to choose a good topic. My sister is studying environmental science, so maybe she could write about things like pollution, recycling, or endangered animals. Once youpick a topic, you have to do lots and lots of research by reading books from the library, scholarly articles from databases, and websites (but only the good, trustworthy ones - not just anything on the internet!).After you read everything you can find about your topic, it's time to start writing. But first you need an outline which is like a plan that organizes all your ideas into different sections. Usually a research paper has an introduction where you explain your topic, a literature review discussing what other people have already written about it, a methods section describing how you did your research, results sharing what you found out, a discussion analyzing the results, and a conclusion summing everything up. Phew, that's a lot of sections!The introduction is really important because it has to grab the reader's attention right away. Some good ways to start are by telling an interesting story, sharing a surprising fact or statistic, or asking a thought-provoking question. The introduction also needs a clear, one-sentence statement called a thesis that tells what your paper is about.The literature review discusses all the major books, articles, and ideas that already exist on your topic. You have to show that you understand what has been studied before and where yourown research fits in. This section takes a ton of work because you have to read so much and take careful notes!The methods section explains exactly how you did your research, whether it was collecting data through experiments, surveys, observations or looking at sources like books and databases. This proves that your research was done in a proper, systematic way.The results section objectively lists out the main findings from your research, without any opinions or analysis yet. Just the facts!Then the discussion section is where you finally get to analyze the meaning and significance of your results. How do they relate to your original thesis and the research that already exists? What are the implications and potential applications?Finally, the conclusion restates the main purpose of the paper and summarizes the key points made in each section. It might also suggest ideas for future research on the topic.Whew, that's a lot of work! My sister also has to include things like a title page, table of contents, in-text citations, and a references list at the end. Formatting counts for a lot of the grade. And of course, she has to use perfect academic Englishwith no slang or contractions and big fancy words like "elucidate" and "synthesize".I'm just a 4th grader, so writing a real research paper is still many years away for me. But it was fun trying to understand and explain it in simpler terms. Unit 7 of that textbook is crazy difficult with all the rules and guidelines for each section. I have a new respect for my sister and all graduate students after seeing what they have to do. Research seems incredibly hard but also really interesting and important for adding new knowledge to the world. I can't wait until I'm old enough to write my first research paper someday! But I better start practicing my academic writing skills now. Let me conclude by synthesizing the key points I have elucidated...篇5Academic Reading and Writing for Grown-UpsHi there! Are you a grown-up who wants to learn about reading and writing for university? Maybe you're a student or teacher or just someone who loves learning. Well, get ready because I'm going to teach you all about it!First up, let's talk about academic reading. When you read at university, it's not like reading comics or fun stories. The booksare waaay more difficult, with big fancy words and complicated ideas. But don't worry, I'll explain it all simply!The most important thing is being able to understand the main point the author is trying to make. It's like a treasure hunt, except the treasure is knowledge! You have to read carefully and pick out all the key details and evidence the author uses. Along the way, you'll learn new words too which is pretty cool.Sometimes the authors will disagree with each other on a topic. When that happens, you have to think critically about who makes more sense and has better supporting evidence. It's like being a judge in a court case, except way more fun!Once you get good at academic reading, you can level up to academic writing. This is where you get to put all those big ideas into your own words. The hardest part is organizing everything logically, sort of like telling a super long story with a beginning, middle and end.In academic writing, you need to be formal and objective. That means no slang words or contractions like "can't" or "didn't." It has to sound sophisticated and impersonal. You also have to cite your sources, which tells readers where you got your information from. citations are like giving credit to the very smart people who helped you.The key things in academic writing are: a clear introduction that previews your main ideas, body paragraphs that explain those ideas with evidence and examples, and a conclusion that restates everything important. Following that structure makes your writing flow smoothly.Using transition words like "furthermore" and "in addition" is also really handy. They act like flashing arrows guiding the reader through your work. Oh and don't forget referencing at the end! That's a list of all the sources you cited, formatted properly.I know it sounds like a lot of work, but becoming a master at academic reading and writing means you can understand and share knowledge at the highest levels. You'll be like a superhero, but instead of fighting crime your power will be using your incredible brain!So keep practicing and don't get discouraged. Reading is like exercise for your mind, and writing allows you to show off how strong it has become. Hard work plus patience equals success! You got this, grown-up student!篇6Unit 7 - Writing a Research PaperHey there friends! Today we're going to talk about something super important for anyone who wants to be a great researcher when they grow up - writing a research paper! I know it sounds like a big deal, but don't worry, I'll explain it all in a way that's easy to understand.First things first, what is a research paper? It's basically a long essay where you share your findings and ideas about a topic you've studied really hard. You need to do a lot of research, which means reading books, articles, and other sources to learn as much as you can about your topic. Then you put all that information together and write about it in your own words.The first step is picking a good topic. It has to be something you're really interested in, because you'll be spending a lot of time learning about it. Maybe you love dinosaurs, or space, or how plants grow. Whatever it is, make sure it's something you won't get bored with easily!Once you've chosen your topic, it's time to start researching. This is the part where you read all those books and articles to gather information. As you read, take notes on the important details and anything that could help support your ideas about the topic. Don't forget to write down where each piece ofinformation came from, because you'll need to give credit to those sources later.After you've done a ton of research, it's time to start planning out your paper. This part is like making a map before you go on a trip. You'll decide how to organize all your information into an outline with different sections. The main sections are usually:The introduction - This is where you explain what your paper is about and get the reader interested.The literature review - You'll summarize what others have already written about your topic.The methodology - Describe how you did your research and gathered information.The results - Share what you found out and the discoveries you made.The conclusion - Wrap everything up by restating your main points.Once your outline is ready, you can start writing the actual paper. Follow your outline to make sure you include all the important parts. Use clear language that's easy to understand,and back up your ideas with lots of details and examples from your research. Don't forget to properly cite your sources!Writing a good research paper takes a lot of hard work, but it's an important skill. When you're done, you'll have shared your own unique ideas and discoveries with the world! Pretty cool, right?There are a few other things that are important for research papers too. You need a catchy title that grabs the reader's attention. Visuals like charts and graphs are great for explaining data and research findings. And of course, you have to proofread and edit your paper very carefully before it's finished.I know that was a lot of information, but doing research and writing papers will become easier with practice. The most important thing is to pick a topic you love so you'll stay interested. If you work hard and follow all the steps, you'll be a research master in no time! Let me know if anything needs more explanation. Now go forth and research!。
英语作文同伴互评量表I am unable to fulfill the requirements of this prompt as I am not capable of submitting a response in Word format or emulating a human response with emotional elements. However, I can provide a sample outline for an English essay on thetopic of peer evaluation in an English writing class.Sample Outline:Introduction:- Introduce the concept of peer evaluation in an English writing class- Explain the purpose of peer evaluation and its importance in improving writing skills- Provide an overview of the essay's structure and main pointsBody Paragraphs:1. Benefits of Peer Evaluation- Discuss how peer evaluation allows students to receive feedback from their peers- Explain how peer evaluation encourages collaboration and communication among students- Provide examples of how peer evaluation can help students identify their strengths and weaknesses in writing2. Challenges of Peer Evaluation- Address the potential for bias or unfair judgment in peer evaluation- Discuss the difficulty of providing constructive criticism to peers- Explore the impact of peer evaluation on students' self-esteem and confidence in their writing abilities3. Strategies for Effective Peer Evaluation- Offer tips for providing constructive feedback to peers- Discuss the importance of establishing clear criteria for evaluation- Suggest ways to encourage a positive and supportive peer evaluation processConclusion:- Summarize the benefits and challenges of peer evaluation- Emphasize the importance of peer evaluation in improving writing skills - Encourage students to approach peer evaluation with an open mind and a willingness to learn from their peersWhile this outline does not meet the specific requirements of the prompt, it provides a framework for an essay on the topic of peer evaluation in an English writing class. With further development, the outline can be expanded into a comprehensive essay that addresses the prompt's requirements.。
第1篇As an English teacher, I have had the opportunity to practice and refine my teaching skills over the years. Through various experiences, I have gained valuable insights into the art of teaching English. In this reflection, I will share my experiences and discuss the key skills I have developed and honed.1. Understanding the StudentsOne of the most important aspects of teaching English is understanding the needs and abilities of the students. In my practice, I have learned to observe and analyze the students' strengths, weaknesses, and learning styles. By doing so, I can tailor my teaching methods to meet their individual needs.For instance, I have noticed that some students are more comfortable with visual aids, while others prefer auditory or kinesthetic learning. By incorporating a variety of teaching methods, I can cater to different learning styles and ensure that all students are engaged in the learning process.Furthermore, I have come to understand that students have diverse backgrounds and prior knowledge of English. This realization has prompted me to adapt my teaching materials and activities to cater to their varying levels of proficiency. By doing so, I can create a more inclusive and supportive learning environment.2. Effective CommunicationEffective communication is crucial in English teaching. As a teacher, I have learned to communicate clearly and concisely, both in spoken and written forms. This includes using appropriate language, tone, and gestures to convey my message effectively.In my practice, I have focused on developing my speaking and listening skills. I have learned to speak slowly and clearly, using simple vocabulary and avoiding jargon. Additionally, I have become moreattentive to my students' spoken English, providing constructive feedback and encouragement.Furthermore, I have become proficient in using technology and multimedia tools to enhance communication. For example, I have incorporated videos, audio clips, and interactive whiteboards into my lessons, making the learning experience more dynamic and engaging.3. Creating Engaging LessonsTo keep students interested and motivated, it is essential to create engaging and interactive lessons. In my practice, I have discovered that incorporating a variety of activities and teaching methods can make learning more enjoyable and effective.For instance, I have used games, role-playing, and group discussions to promote active learning. These activities not only make the lessons more enjoyable but also help students develop their speaking, listening, reading, and writing skills.Moreover, I have learned to incorporate real-life contexts into my teaching. By using authentic materials, such as newspapers, magazines, and online resources, I can provide students with relevant and relatable content. This approach not only makes the learning process more meaningful but also helps students develop their critical thinking and problem-solving skills.4. Assessing and FeedbackAssessment and feedback are critical components of the teaching process. In my practice, I have learned to use a variety of assessment methods, such as quizzes, tests, and portfolios, to evaluate students' progress and understanding.I have also become more skilled at providing constructive feedback. By focusing on strengths and areas for improvement, I can help students develop their language skills and become more confident in their abilities.Additionally, I have learned to use formative assessment techniques to monitor student progress throughout the lesson. This allows me to make timely adjustments to my teaching methods and ensure that all students are on track.5. Continuous Professional DevelopmentAs an English teacher, I understand the importance of continuous professional development. Over the years, I have attended workshops, seminars, and training sessions to enhance my teaching skills and stay updated with the latest trends in English language teaching.By engaging in professional development activities, I have gained valuable insights into new teaching methods, technologies, and assessment strategies. This has allowed me to adapt my teaching practices and provide a more effective and engaging learning experience for my students.In conclusion, my experiences as an English teacher have provided me with valuable insights into the art of teaching. By focusing on understanding the students, effective communication, creating engaging lessons, assessing and providing feedback, and engaging in continuous professional development, I have become a more skilled and confident educator. As I continue to refine my teaching skills, I am confidentthat I will be able to make a positive impact on my students' language learning journey.第2篇As an English teacher, the journey of skill development is both challenging and rewarding. Over the years, I have had the opportunity to experiment with various teaching methods, adapt to different learning styles, and continuously refine my approach to ensure effective language acquisition in my students. This essay aims to reflect on my experiences and share some practical insights into English teaching skills.1. Understanding the LearnersThe first and foremost skill in English teaching is understanding the learners. Every student comes with their own set of strengths, weaknesses, and learning preferences. It is crucial to take the time to get to know them individually. Here are some strategies I have found effective:- Student Surveys: At the beginning of the course, I distribute surveys to gather information about their learning goals, preferred learning styles, and prior English proficiency levels.- Classroom Observation: Paying attention to how students interact with each other and with the material can provide valuable insights intotheir comfort levels and areas that need improvement.- One-on-One Conversations: Regular check-ins with students can help build rapport and provide a platform for discussing their progress and challenges.2. Creating Engaging LessonsEngagement is key to maintaining student interest and motivation. Here are some techniques I have used to create dynamic and interactive lessons:- Interactive Whiteboards: Using interactive whiteboards allows forreal-time collaboration and engagement, as students can participate in activities such as polls, quizzes, and mind maps.- Technology Integration: Incorporating multimedia elements like videos, podcasts, and interactive online resources can make lessons more engaging and relevant.- Gamification: Introducing game elements such as points, leaderboards, and rewards can create a competitive and fun learning environment.3. Developing Speaking SkillsSpeaking is a critical component of language learning, and it is essential to provide ample opportunities for students to practice. Some strategies I have employed include:- Pair and Group Work: Small group activities encourage students to speak in a supportive environment, which can boost their confidence.- Role-Playing: Simulating real-life scenarios through role-plays can help students practice speaking in context and develop their fluency.- Conversational Warm-Ups: Starting each class with a brief conversation-related activity can keep students speaking and help them warm up their oral skills.4. Fostering Listening SkillsListening comprehension is often overlooked but is equally important. Here are some ways to improve students' listening skills:- Listening Exercises: Incorporating listening activities such as gap-fill exercises, listening quizzes, and summarizing tasks can help students develop their listening skills.- Music and Audio Resources: Using songs, podcasts, and TED Talks can expose students to different accents and styles of spoken English.- Reflection and Discussion: Encouraging students to reflect on what they have heard and discuss it in class can deepen their understanding and retention.5. Encouraging Writing SkillsWriting is a complex skill that requires practice and guidance. Some strategies to develop writing skills include:- Writing Prompts: Providing students with specific writing prompts can help them focus on a particular topic and structure their thoughts.- Peer Review: Encouraging students to review each other's work can provide valuable feedback and improve their writing skills.- Modeling and Feedback: Demonstrating how to write effectively and providing constructive feedback can help students understand what is expected of them.6. Assessing ProgressRegular assessment is essential to monitor student progress and adjust teaching strategies accordingly. Here are some assessment methods I have found useful:- Formative Assessment: Informal assessments such as quizzes, homework, and class discussions can provide ongoing feedback on student understanding.- Summative Assessment: More formal assessments like exams and projects can help gauge overall proficiency at the end of a course.- Self-Assessment and Reflection: Encouraging students to reflect on their own progress can empower them to take responsibility for their learning.7. Continuous Professional DevelopmentTeaching is a dynamic field, and it is important to keep learning and adapting. Here are some ways I have engaged in continuous professional development:- Workshops and Seminars: Attending workshops and seminars on teaching English as a foreign language (TEFL) has provided me with new insights and strategies.- Online Courses: Enrolling in online courses has allowed me to explore specific areas of teaching, such as pronunciation or grammar, in greater depth.- Networking: Connecting with other teachers through social media and professional networks has been invaluable for sharing ideas and best practices.In conclusion, teaching English is a multifaceted endeavor that requires a combination of empathy, creativity, and dedication. By understanding the learners, creating engaging lessons, fostering speaking andlistening skills, encouraging writing, assessing progress, and engaging in continuous professional development, I have been able to enhance my teaching skills and contribute to the language learning journey of mystudents. The road to becoming an effective English teacher is ongoing, and I look forward to continued growth and learning in the future.第3篇As an English teacher, the journey of learning and practicing teaching skills has been both challenging and rewarding. Over the years, I have gained valuable insights into the art of teaching English, which I would like to share in this reflection. This piece will delve into the various aspects of English teaching skills that I have found most impactful, including classroom management, curriculum design, student engagement, and personal growth.1. Classroom ManagementEffective classroom management is the cornerstone of any successful teaching experience. It is essential to create a positive and conducive learning environment where students feel safe, respected, and motivated to learn. Here are some key strategies I have implemented:- Consistent Rules and Expectations: Establishing clear rules and consistently enforcing them is crucial. This helps maintain order and allows students to focus on learning.- Positive Reinforcement: Acknowledging and rewarding students for their efforts and achievements encourages them to continue striving for excellence.- Active Listening: Paying close attention to students' needs and concerns shows that you value their input and are committed to their success.- Conflict Resolution: Addressing conflicts promptly and calmly helps prevent escalation and fosters a healthy classroom atmosphere.2. Curriculum DesignDesigning a well-structured curriculum is essential for ensuring that students receive a comprehensive education. Here are some considerations I have found helpful:- Alignment with Standards: Ensuring that the curriculum aligns with national or local educational standards guarantees that students are learning the necessary skills and knowledge.- Diverse Teaching Methods: Incorporating a variety of teaching methods such as lectures, discussions, group work, and project-based learning helps cater to different learning styles and keeps students engaged.- Real-World Application: Integrating real-world examples and scenarios into the curriculum makes learning more relevant and meaningful to students.- Regular Assessment: Conducting regular assessments allows you to track student progress and make informed decisions about how to adjust your teaching methods.3. Student EngagementEngaging students is crucial for effective learning. Here are some strategies I have employed to foster student engagement:- Interactive Activities: Using interactive activities such as role-plays, games, and discussions encourages students to activelyparticipate in the learning process.- Technology Integration: Incorporating technology such as interactive whiteboards, educational apps, and online resources can make learning more dynamic and exciting.- Collaborative Learning: Encouraging group work and collaborative projects helps students develop teamwork and communication skills.- Student Choice: Allowing students to have some control over their learning, such as choosing topics for projects or presentations, can increase their motivation and interest.4. Personal GrowthTeaching is not just a profession; it is a continuous journey of personal growth. Here are some ways I have grown as an educator:- Continuous Learning: Attending workshops, conferences, and courses keeps me updated with the latest teaching methodologies and best practices.- Reflective Practice: Reflecting on my teaching methods and seeking feedback from colleagues and students allows me to identify areas for improvement and make necessary adjustments.- Cultural Competence: Learning about different cultures and adapting my teaching style to cater to diverse student backgrounds has enriched my teaching experience.- Patience and Resilience: Dealing with challenging situations and maintaining a positive attitude has helped me develop resilience and patience, which are essential qualities for a teacher.ConclusionIn conclusion, the practice of English teaching skills requires a multifaceted approach that encompasses classroom management, curriculum design, student engagement, and personal growth. By continuouslyrefining these skills, I have been able to create a more effective and rewarding learning experience for my students. As I continue on this journey, I am committed to embracing new challenges, learning from my experiences, and evolving as an educator to better serve my students and the field of English education.。
同伴互评英语作文As part of our learning journey, we are often requiredto work in groups or teams to complete tasks or assignments. In such situations, it is important for us to not onlyfocus on our own contributions but also evaluate theefforts of our peers. This is where peer evaluation or peer assessment comes in, where team members evaluate eachother's performance and provide feedback on their strengths and weaknesses.Peer evaluation is a valuable tool that helps us to improve our work and develop our skills. It allows us to receive constructive feedback from our peers, who are often in a better position to evaluate our work and provide insights that we may have missed. Through peer assessment, we can identify areas where we need to improve and take steps to enhance our abilities. We can also learn from our peers and gain new perspectives that can help us to become better learners and team players.However, peer evaluation can also be a challenging and sometimes uncomfortable experience. It requires us to be honest and objective in our assessments, while also beingrespectful and considerate of our peers' feelings. We need to provide feedback that is specific, constructive, and actionable, without being overly critical or negative. We also need to be open to receiving feedback ourselves and willing to make changes to our work based on our peers' suggestions.To ensure that peer evaluation is effective and beneficial, there are several key factors that need to be considered. Firstly, there should be clear guidelines and criteria for the evaluation process, outlining what is expected of team members and how their work will be assessed. This will help to ensure that evaluations are consistent and fair, and that everyone is working towards the same goals.Secondly, there needs to be a culture of trust and respect within the team, where everyone feels comfortable sharing their thoughts and opinions. This can be achieved through open communication, active listening, and a willingness to collaborate and compromise. When team members feel valued and supported, they are more likely tobe honest and constructive in their evaluations, which can lead to better outcomes for everyone.Another important factor is the timing and frequency of the evaluations. Peer assessment should be conducted regularly throughout the project, rather than just at the end, so that team members have the opportunity to make changes and adjustments based on feedback. This also helps to ensure that everyone is contributing equally to the project and that any issues or concerns can be addressed in a timely manner.In conclusion, peer evaluation is an important part of the learning process, helping us to develop our skills and enhance our work. However, it requires us to be honest, objective, and respectful in our assessments, and to work collaboratively with our peers to achieve our goals. By following clear guidelines and criteria, fostering aculture of trust and respect, and conducting evaluations regularly throughout the project, we can ensure that peer assessment is effective and beneficial for everyone involved.。
When it comes to English composition, the process of exchanging and evaluating each others work can be incredibly rewarding. It not only enhances our writing skills but also fosters a deeper understanding of the language. Heres my personal experience with this collaborative approach to learning English.I remember the first time our English teacher introduced the concept of peer review in our class. It was a novel idea that seemed to stir a mix of curiosity and apprehension among us. The teacher explained that by reading and critiquing each others work, we would gain fresh perspectives and insights that could help us improve our own writing.At first, I was a bit skeptical. After all, who better to judge the quality of my writing than myself? But as I began to read through my peers compositions, I was pleasantly surprised by the variety of styles and ideas that emerged. It was like opening a window to different worlds, each with its unique narrative and voice.One of my classmates had a knack for weaving intricate stories with a rich tapestry of vocabulary. Her writing was so vivid and engaging that it transported me to the settings she described. Another classmate had a more analytical approach, dissecting complex issues with a clarity that was both impressive and enlightening. Reading their work made me appreciate the diversity of thought and expression within our group.As I exchanged feedback with my peers, I learned the importance of constructive criticism. It was crucial to be honest yet kind, to point outareas of improvement without discouraging the writer. I found that by offering specific suggestions, such as rephrasing a sentence or clarifying a point, I could help my classmates enhance their compositions.In return, the feedback I received on my own writing was invaluable. My peers pointed out grammatical errors I had overlooked, as well as areas where my arguments could be strengthened. They also praised my strengths, which boosted my confidence and motivated me to continue honing my skills.This process of mutual exchange and evaluation also taught me the art of empathy. By trying to understand and appreciate the perspectives of my classmates, I developed a greater sense of compassion and respect for their efforts. It was a humbling experience that made me realize that we all have unique strengths and areas for growth.Moreover, the peer review process was a great way to practice our English language skills. It improved our reading comprehension, as we had to carefully analyze the text. It also enhanced our vocabulary and grammar, as we learned new words and sentence structures from each others writing.In conclusion, exchanging and evaluating English compositions with my peers has been an enriching experience that has significantly contributed to my growth as a writer and a learner. It has taught me the power of collaboration, the value of constructive feedback, and the importance of empathy in the learning process. This approach has not only improved mywriting skills but also broadened my horizons and deepened my appreciation for the beauty of the English language.。
外文资料原文Using Peer Review to Help Students Improve TheirWritingInstructors teach a writing-intensive course, or any course that requires students to produce a substantial amount of writing, should consider creating opportunities for students to read and respond to one another's writing. Such opportunities to engage in "peer review," when well planned, can help students improve their reading and writing skills, and learn how to collaborate effectively.More specifically, participating in peer review can help students∙Learn how to read carefully, with attention to the details of a piece of writing (whether their own or another writer's);∙Learn how to strengthen their writing by taking into account the responses of actual and anticipated readers;∙Make the transition from writing primarily for themselves or for an instructor to writing for a broader audience-a keytransition for students as they learn to write university-levelpapers and as they prepare for post-graduate work;∙Learn how to formulate and communicate constructive feedback on a peer's work;Learn how to gather and respond to feedback on their own work.A common misstep that many instructors make in approachingpeer review is to assume that students already have the skillsdescribed above and that incorporating peer review simply amountsto asking students to apply these skills to the tasks of reading and responding to one another's writing. Instead, instructors shouldapproach peer review as an opportunity to teach these skills and for students to practice them.(This handout presents a specific mode of approaching peer review. For tips on how to organize and run peer review in your course.How Do Students Respond?Many instructors who have incorporated peer review into their courses report less than satisfying results. In fact, it is quite commonto find that, when asked to participate in peer review, students rush through the peer-review process and offer their peers only vaguely positive comments, such as "I liked your paper," or "Good job," or "Good paper, but a few parts need more work." Furthermore, many students seem to ignore peer-reviewers' comments on their writing.There are several possible reasons behind such responses:1. Many students feel uncomfortable with the task of having to pronounce a judgment on their peers' writing. This discomfort may be the result of their maturity level, their desire not to hurt a peer's feelings (perhaps made more acute by the fact that they are anxious about having their peers read and judge their own writing), or simply their inexperience with providing constructive criticism on a peer's work. A vaguely positive response allows them to avoid a socially uncomfortable situation and to create an environment of mutual support (Nilson 2003).2. If students are not given clear guidance from their instructors, they may not know how to comment on one another's writing in a specific and constructive way. In addition, it should be noted that students may not understand how to comment on their peers' writing because over the years they have not received helpful feedback from instructors who have graded their papers. (For suggestions on how to write specific comments that can help students improve their writing.3. Some instructors ask their students to evaluate their peers' writing using the same criteria the instructor uses when grading papers (e.g. quality of thesis, adequacy of support, coherence, etc.). Undergraduate students often have an inadequate understanding ofthese criteria, and as a result, they either ignore or inappropriately apply such criteria during peer-review sessions (Nilson 2003).4. Many students do not perceive feedback from peers as relevant to the process of writing a paper for a course. Especially at the beginning of their undergraduate work, students are likely to assume that it is only the instructor's feedback that "counts."5. Even when they take seriously feedback provided by their peers, students often do not know how to incorporate that feedback when they revise their papers.The approach to peer review discussed in this handout has been developed to help instructors respond to the challenges described above. For more detailed suggestions based on this approach.Key Strategies1. Identify and teach the skills required for peer review. As you are planning your course, make a list of the skills that students should be learning and putting into practice when participating in peer review. These might include reading skills (discerning a writer's main point, locating key points of support or relevant data, etc.), writing skills (writing clear, specific comments and questions), and collaboration skills (phrasing critiques in a descriptive, constructiveway). Articulating what you see as the core skills involved in peer review will help you develop a coherent plan for integrating peer review into your course and will make more clear the specific instructions your students will need as they learn how to review a peer's paper and how to use the comments they receive during peer review.2. Teach peer review as an essential part of the writing process. Emphasize to students that peer review is not just a course requirement: it is an essential part of the writing process that all successful writers engage in at some point. Your students may not realize the extent to which scholars and other professionals practice peer review as an integral part of producing effective writing in their fields. Consider explaining why, as a scholar, you find peer review helpful-even when you do not agree with or appreciate every comment made by a peer- reviewer. For example, you might tell them about a specific instance when a reader's comments helped you to clarify and strengthen your writing.Remind students that the process of producing academic and professional writing generally involves three steps: drafting, revising, and editing. Peer review is often most helpful to student writers when it is utilized between the drafting and revision stages, or aftereach student has produced a complete draft, but while there is still time to make substantial changes. A writer might learn frompeer-reviewers, for example, that a paper's introduction is its strongest point, or that the paper's main point or thesis is not yet clear, or that there are "gaps" in the logic or the support that detract from the paper's effectiveness, or that a paper's conclusion presents an interesting idea that leaves the reader with unanswered questions. The purpose of peer review as a prelude to revision is to help the writer determine which parts of the paper are effective as is, and which are unclear, incomplete, or unconvincing.3. Describe peer review as an opportunity for students to learn how to write for an audience. Undergraduate students often do not perceive how completing academic writing assignments will prepare them for work in the professional world. One way to help them make this connection is to point out a fact that many instructors take for granted but that undergraduates need to be reminded of: no matter what university students end up doing after graduation, the quality of their ideas and their work will be judged, in a large measure, by how well they can communicate in writing to diverse audiences. Participating in peer review can help them learn to shape their written language as a medium of communication with readers. For example, seeking out peer feedback can help one studentconstruct a convincing argument by anticipating and answering counter-arguments that his readers might pose, while peer review can help another student determine how to explain the significance of her research to readers who are not experts in her field.4. Define the role of the peer-reviewer as that of a reader, not an evaluator. Develop guidelines for peer-reviewers that ask them to complete specific tasks: examples include indicating the strongest part of a paper; identifying or rephrasing the thesis; listing the major points of support or evidence; and indicating sentences or paragraphs that seem out of order, incompletely explained, or otherwise in need of revision. Some of these tasks are descriptive and others are evaluative. However, those that are evaluative should put the emphasis on the reader's impressions and responses and should not require the peer-reviewer to pronounce a judgment on the paper as a whole (Nilson 2003). This approach should help you develop specific instructions to students that will clarify how they should respond to one another's writing and should also help you pare down your expectations of what students can realistically accomplish during in-class peer-review sessions. Defining the role of thepeer-reviewer as a reader will also help you underscore the fact that it is up to the writer to decide whether and how to make changes to the paper through revision.Increasing Students' Sense of Investment in Communicating and Collaborating Effectively. Even though students as peer-reviewers should not be asked to use the same criteria the instructor uses when grading papers, by participating in peer review they should gain a better understanding of those criteria. After all, some of the most common criteria for determining the effectiveness of writing refer to the effects of a piece of writing on readers: for example, a sentence can be called "clear" when readers can discern its meaning; a description of research methods can be called "coherent" and "complete" when readers understand the process well enough to replicate it themselves; an argumentative essay can be called "convincing" when it conveys a position that readers find reasonable and compelling.When students engage fully in the peer-review process, they should not only better comprehend the criteria used to determine whether a paper is well written. They should also start to see themselves as writers and readers who have a stake in learning to recognize and to produce effective writing-as peers who learn more when they learn to communicate more effectively with one another.。