SAND TEST PROCEDURE

EIA-364（连接器产品常用测试规范之目录）Item Standard NO.Rev.Description1EIA-CB18Solid Tantalum Capacitor Shelf-Life固体的钽式电容器储存期限2EIA-364E ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR/SOCKET TEST PROCEDURES INCLUDING ENVIRONMENTAL CLASSIFICATIONS 电子连接器/插座（包括环境类）的测试程序3EIA-364-01B Acceleration Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors电子连接器的加速测试程序4EIA-364-02C Air Leakage Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors空气渗漏电子连接器的测试程序5EIA-364-03B Altitude Immersion Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors高度浸入电子连接器的测试程序6EIA-364-05B Contact Insertion, Release and Removal Force Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors电子连接器的端子插入、释放及取出测试程序7EIA-364-06C Contact Resistance Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors电子连接器的接触电阻测试程序8EIA-364-07B Contact Axial Concentricity Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors电子连接器的端子同心度测试程序9EIA-364-08B Crimp Tensile Strength Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors电子连接器的卷曲抗拉强度测试程序10EIA-364-09C Durability Test Procedure for ElectricalConnectors and Contacts端子连接器与端子的耐久性测试程序11EIA-364-10D Fluid Immersion Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors电子连接器的液体浸没测试程序12EIA-364-11B Resistance to Solvents Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors and Sockets电子连接器和插座的电阻测试程序13EIA-364-13D Mating and Unmating Forces T est Procedure for Electrical Connectors电子连接器的插入力和拔出力测试程序14EIA-364-14B Ozone Exposure Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors电子连接器的臭氧暴露测试程序15EIA-364-17B Temperature Life with or without Electrical Load Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors andSockets. 电子连接器和插座的温度寿命测试或没有电负载测试程序16EIA-364-18B Visual and Dimensional Inspection Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors and Sockets电子连接器和插座的外观与尺寸检验程序17EIA-364-20C Withstanding Voltage Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors, Sockets and Coaxial Contacts电子连接品、插座和同轴端子的耐电压测试程序18EIA-364-21C Insulation Resistance Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors, Sockets, and Coaxial Contacts电子连接品、插座和同轴端子的绝缘电阻测试程序19EIA-364-22B Simulated Life Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors电子连接器的模拟寿命测试程序20EIA-364-23C Low Level Contact Resistance T est Procedure for Electrical Connectors and Sockets电子连接器与插座的接触电阻测试程序21EIA-364-24B Maintenance Aging Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors电子连接器的维持能力测试程序22EIA-364-25C Probe Damage Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors电子连接器的探伤测试程序23EIA-364-26B Salt Spray Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors, Contacts and Sockets电子连接器、端子和插座的盐雾测试程序24EIA-364-27B Mechanical Shock (Specified Pulse) Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors电子连接器的机械震动(指定的脉搏)测试程序25EIA-364-28E Vibration Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors and Sockets电子连接器与插座的振动测试程序26EIA-364-29C Contact Retention Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors电子连接器的端子保持力测试程序27EIA-364-30A Capacitance Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors and Sockets电子连接器与插座的电容测试程序28EIA-364-31B Humidity Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors and Sockets电子连接器与插座的湿度测试程序29EIA-364-32D Thermal Shock (Temperature Cycling) Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors and Sockets电子连接器与插座的热冲击(温度周期变化)测试程序30EIA-364-35B Insert Retention Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors电子连接器的保持力测试程序31EIA-364-36B Determination of Gas-tight Characteristics test procedure for Electrical connectors and or contact systems. 电子连接器和（或）端子系统的气密特性测试程序32EIA-364-37B Contact Engagement and Separation Force Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors电子连接器端子结合力和分离力测试程序33EIA-364-38B Cable Pull-Out Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors电子连接器的电材拉拔力测试程序34EIA-364-39B Hydrostatic Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors, Contacts and Sockets电子连接器、接触和插座的液压静力测试程序35EIA-364-40B Crush Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors电子连接器v压坏测试程序36EIA-364-41C Cable Flexing Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors电报在电子连接的测试程序屈曲37EIA-364-42B Impact Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors电子连接器的机械冲压测试程序38EIA-364-45A Firewall Flame Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors电子连接器的阻燃火焰测试程序39EIA-364-46B MICROSECOND DISCONTINUITY TEST PROCEDURE FOR ELECTRICAL CONNECTORS,CONTACTS AND SOCKETS电子连接器、端子和插座的瞬断（微秒不间断）测试程序40EIA-364-48A Metallic Coating Thickness Measurement of Contacts Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors电子连接器端子喷涂层厚底测试程序41EIA-364-50A Dust (Fine Sand)Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors电子连接器的粉尘（细沙）测试程序42EIA-364-53B Nitric Acid Vapor Test, Gold Finish Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors and Sockets电子连接器与插座的硝酸蒸汽测试、黄金制品测试程序43EIA-364-54A Magnetic Permeability Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors, Contacts, and Sockets电子连接器、端子和插座的导电率测试程序44EIA-364-56C Resistance to Soldering Heat Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors and Sockets电子连接器和插座的焊接热电阻测试程序45EIA-364-59A LOW TEMPERATURE TEST PROCEDURE FOR ELECTRICAL CONNECTORS AND SOCKETS电子连接器和插座的低温测试程序46EIA-364-66A EMI Shielding Effectiveness Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors电子连接器的电磁干扰屏蔽效应测试程序47EIA-364-70B TEMPERATURE RISE VERSUS CURRENT TEST PROCEDURE FOR ELECTRICAL CONNECTORS AND SOCKETS 电子连接器与插座的温升与电流测试程序48EIA-364-71B Solder Wicking (Wave Solder Technique) Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors and Sockets电子连接器与插座的溢锡(波峰焊接技术)测试程序49EIA-364-75LIGHTNING STRIKE TEST PROCEDURE FOR ELECTRICAL CONNECTORS电子连接器的雷击测试程序50EIA-364-81A Combustion Characteristics Test Procedure for Electrical Connector Housings, Connector Assemblies and Sockets. 电子连接器塑料、组装成品与插座的燃烧特性测试程序51EIA-364-82A Corrosivity of Plastics Test Procedure for Electrical Connector and Socket Housings电子连接器与插座塑胶的塑胶腐蚀性测试程序52EIA-364-83Shell-to-Shell and Shell-to-Bulkhead Resistance Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors电子连接器的接地壳与接地壳及接地壳与主板之电阻测试程序53EIA-364-89A Space Application Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors and Sockets电子连接器与插座的空间应用测试程序54EIA-364-90Crosstalk Ratio Test Procedures for Electrical Connectors, Sockets, Cable Assemblies orInterconnect Systems电子连接器、插座、线束或互联系统的串扰率测试程序55EIA-364-91A Dust Test Procedure for Electrical Connector and Sockets电子连接器与插座的粉尘测试程序56EIA-364-95Full Mating and Mating Stability Test Procedures for Electrical Connectors电子连接器的完整互配与互配稳定测试程序57EIA-364-99Gage Location and Retention Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors电子连接器的计量位置与保留测试程序58EIA-364-100Marking Permanence Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors and Sockets电子连接器与插座的永久性标识测试程序59EIA-364-101Attenuation Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors, Sockets, Cable Assemblies or Interconnection Systems 电子连接器、插座、线束或互联系统的衰减测试程序60EIA-364-102Rise Time Degradation Test Procedure for Electrical Connectors, Sockets,Cable Assemblies orInterconnection Systems。

N-J 水电工程术语 1diversion procedure 导流方式diversion scheme 导流方案diversion period 导流时段diversion discharge frequency 导流流量标准early-stage diversion 初期导流angular movement 角运动haul road 运输道overbuild 建造过多; 建造在...上面spillage 溢出cast-in-place 现场浇铸Flexible Connection 柔性连接/扰性联接late-stage diversion 后期导流groove joint 槽缝winding-up works 结尾工程mechanical-electric equipment installation安装工程concealed works 隐蔽工程commissioning date 投产期stage acceptance 阶段验收final acceptance 竣工验收test run 试运行available working days 施工有效工日construction master(overall) schedule 施工总进度construction schedule 施工进度计划separated part project 分部工程separated item project 分项工程graphic progress 形象进度critical schedule 控制性进度construction period(duration) 施工cast-in-place concrete 现浇混凝土guardrail 栏杆pedestrian guardrail 人行道栏杆openwork 网格/眼unkeyed rockcemented valuebutt joint 对接接头Butt and butt 两头对接shift joint 移动接头beaking joint 角口边接control joint 控制缝gap-graded aggregate 间断级配骨料sandblasting 喷砂curing compound 养护剂reticulated hose 网状软管PVC(polyvinyl chloride) water hose 聚氯乙烯水管N-J 水电工程术语 2rutting 形成车辙ice flake 冰片sprinkler 洒水机stockpile 料堆；货堆recoverable rent 可收回的租金recovery cost 收回成本reclamation works 填海工程refitting 重新装修refurbishment 翻新refuse collection point 垃圾收集站refuse compactor system 垃圾压实系统refuse container 垃圾桶refuse storage area 垃圾站regrant premium 补地价rehabilitation 修复；美化rehousing 安置rehousing program 安置计划reimbursed at cost 按价补偿special annex wing 特别的附翼大厦stamp duty 印花税stanchion 支柱stabilizing agent 稳定剂squatting type toilet 蹲厕wire gauge 线规standby generator 后备发电机steel channel 槽钢steel composite pile 复合钢桩steel fabric 钢筋网steel fabricating yard 钢制件工场steel H-pile 工字钢桩steel pipe pile 钢管桩steel property 钢条特质steel sheet pile 钢板桩steel strand 钢绞线steel truss girder 钢桁梁hengcaisson 沉箱compaction density 压实密度reinforced earth /fill 加筋(填)土re-bar 钢筋条reinstate 修复；恢复原状grout slurry 灌注浆料Water jetting 水冲法water jet air pump 喷水空气泵reinstate and make good 修葺使之恢复water-jet air pump 射水抽气泵原状Nuclear density 核密度N-J 水电工程术语 3 nuclear surface moisture-density boulder beach 砾石滩gauge 表层型核子水分密度仪boulder blasting 爆破大石RCC(Roller Compacted Concrete) 碾压混凝土GE-RCC(Grout-enriched RCC) 浆液浓缩碾压混凝土GEVR(Grout Enriched Vibratable RCC) 变态混凝土fillet welding 角焊fill/embankment dam 堆填坝ledge 岩崖; 岩礁bedrock 基岩/岩床masonry 砖石结构/建筑/工程psi =pounds per square inch 磅每平方英寸jack hammer 手持式凿岩机/风镐sledge 大铁锤shoring/sheeting/bracing 挖方支撑rockfill breakwater 堆石防波堤make good a lost 赔偿损失rockfill dam/dike/cofferdam 堆石坝/ 堤/围堰to a scale of 1 to 50 按1比50的比例rainfall runoff 雨水径流geological mapping 地质填图field mapping 野外绘/填图cut slope 路堑边坡subgrade 路基tamper 夯实; 捣固（板/锤/具/器）compacting 压实/压紧overburden 上覆岩层wedging effect 楔入效应barring rod 盘车撬棒steel lagging 钢套; 钢挡板earthwork 土木工程recommence 重新开始spoil tip 废弃场stockpile 储存/储备/库存humus 腐殖质/土topsoil 土壤表层/表土borrow area 采料场quarry bed 天然石层quarry dynamite 采石场用炸药quarry blasting 采石爆破mean density 平均密度surveying grid 测网N-J 水电工程术语 4shaft sinking 向下凿井mean spot densitytrigonometric point 三角点triangulation datum 三角测量基准点Bored Pile Wall 桩墙Secant Pile Wall 叠桩墙Rendering 打底/初涂/抹灰Rendering coat 底涂/抹灰低涂层permanent datum 永久基准面Render and set 打底和结硬/两层抹灰ordnance datum 法定基准点/线/面zero datum 零位/零点Minna 明娜基准Lagos datum 拉各斯基准Orthometric 正交的invar staff 因瓦水准尺barcode 条形码prognosis formula 预报/预测公式weather prognosis 气象预报hydrologic prognosis 水文预测prognosis anceps 预后可疑prognosis bona 预后良好policy prognosis 非确定型决策breakthrough prognosis 转折点预测setting out 放样Contiguous 邻接的contiguous angles 邻角Render, float and set 打底、中层和罩面(三层涂抹)block-out concrete保温保压混凝土dental concrete 找平混凝土dental slush (mortar) 镶/堵缝砂浆”earth-rock works 土石方工程quarry area 石料场/采石场borrow area 土料场stockpile area 储料场waste disposal area 弃渣场mucking route 出渣线路adverse slope 反/倒坡topsoil 剥离层rubble 块石filling 填筑riprap 抛石closure gap 龙口contiguous obligations Secant 正割/割线连带责任bed protection for closure 截流护底maximum drop of closure 截流最大落差N-J 水电工程术语 5string of block pieces 葡萄串gabion[ei] 填石笼final gap-closing 合龙leakage stopping 闭气overflow cofferdam 过水围堰straw-earth cofferdam 草土围堰earth-rock cofferdam 土石围堰steelsheet-pile cofferdam 钢板桩围堰longitudinal cofferdam 纵向围堰transversal cofferdam 横向围堰pit dewatering 基坑排水regular pit dewatering 经常性排水ditch drainage 明沟排水tube well drainage 管井排水drainage sump 集水井drainage intensity 排水强度river closure 截流closure design discharge 截流设计流量ban-off advancing 进占closure dike 截流戗qiàng堤stage diversion 分期导流aqueduct flume diversion 渡槽导流open channel diversion 明渠导流culvert diversion 涵洞导流dam gap diversion 缺口导流flood protection 度汛retention structure elevation 拦洪高程flow operation method 流水作业法parallel operation method 平行作业法network diagram 网络图critical path method 关键线路法general layout 总平面布置on site access 场内交通site access 对外交通intermediate depot 转运站diversion discharge frequency 导流流量标准impounding 蓄水full river bypass diversion 断流围堰导流end-dump closure 立堵截流full width rising closure 平堵截流dumping intensity 抛投强度main works 主体工程winding-up works 结尾工程concealed works 隐蔽工程commissioning date 投产期N-J 水电工程术语 6final acceptance 竣工验收test run 试运行schedule 进度计划master/overall schedule 总进度graphic progress 形象进度critical schedule 控制性进度construction period/duration 工期Gantt chart 横道图(甘特图) aggregate productrate 骨料成品获得率metal working system 金属加工系统aggregate production 砂石料生产screening system 筛分系统primary crushing 粗碎secondary crushing 中碎fine crushing 细碎screening capacity 筛分能力oversize 超径undersize 逊径aggregate piles 骨料堆场open-cycle crushing 开路循环破碎dump volume 自卸容积(活容积) lost volume 损失容积(死容积) adjustable volume 调节容积aggregate batching 配料refrigerating plant 制冷厂cement silo 水泥罐transit-mixer trucker 混凝土拌和运输车close-cycle crushing 闭路循环破碎pre-cooling 预冷ice mixing 加冰拌和pipe cooling 水管冷却bituminous mortar 沥青砂浆epoxy mortar 环氧砂浆trestle 栈桥cold shock 冷击agitator truck 混凝土运输车foundation restraint crack 基础约束裂working shop 加工厂recovery cost 回收金额cost accounting 成本核算cost estimate 概算quota 工程定额缝temperature/thermal gradient温度梯度placing temperature 浇筑/入仓温度columnar placement method 柱状浇筑N-J 水电工程术语7continuous placement method 通仓浇筑法cold joint 冷缝surface insulation 表面保护concrete thermal control 混凝土温度控制non-destructive test 非破坏性试验assurance factor of strength 强度保证率strength deviation coefficient 变异系数(强度离差系数)thermal crack 温度裂缝stable temperature filed 稳定温度场rubble concrete 块石混凝土bucket 吊罐concrete pumping 泵送混凝土concrete placing 混凝土浇筑spreading and leveling 平仓form/surface vibrator 表面振捣器joint sawing 切缝surface roughening 凿毛(打毛,冲毛) laitance 乳皮(浮浆皮)craze 龟裂bleeding 泌水mass concrete 大体积混凝土lean concrete 贫混凝土rich concrete 富混凝土plain concrete 素混凝土(无钢筋混凝土) light weight concrete 轻质混凝土no-fines concrete 无砂混凝土low-slump concrete 低流态混凝土no-slump concrete 干硬性混凝土prepacked concrete 预填骨料压浆混凝土batching 配料mixing 拌和mix proportion 配合比sand ratio 砂率age 龄期concrete index 混凝土标号permeation resistance index 抗渗标号frost resistance index 抗冻标号durability 耐久性consistency 稠度workability 工作度(和易性)structural form 承重模板cantilever form 悬臂模板precast concrete form 预制混凝土模板form stripping 拆模N-J 水电工程术语8steel bars setting 钢筋安装moisture content 含水率aggregate segregation 骨料离析二次筛分(最终筛分) finish screening gap gradation 间断级配continuous gradation 连续级配specific surface of cement 水泥比表面积Portland cement 硅酸盐水泥slip form 滑动模板(滑模)expansive cement 膨胀水泥accelerator 速凝剂Portland-pozzolan cement 火山灰水泥retarder 缓凝剂dust control 防尘air-entraining agent 加气剂foundation treatment 地基处理air entrainment 含气量fault-fracture zone 断层破裂带water-reducing agent 减水剂Karst treatment喀斯特处理(岩溶处理)early strength agent 早强剂sand and gravel 砂砾lì石plastifier 增塑剂adit 施工支洞superplastifier 超塑剂new Australian tunnelingquick set(flash set) 速凝method(NATM) 新奥法false set 假凝heading and cut method 导洞掘进法Portland-slag cement 矿渣水泥heading and bench method 台阶掘进法soundness of cement 水泥体积安定性full face driving method 全断面掘进法latent hydraulic materials 潜在水凝材advance support 超前支护料advance grouting 超前灌浆hydration heat of cement 水泥水化热shotcrete-anchorage support 锚喷支admixture 掺和料外加剂additivealkali-reactive aggregate 碱活性骨料fineness modulus 细度模数护formwork jumbo 钢模台车arch closure 封拱standby piles 土牛N-J 水电工程术语9geomembrane 土工隔膜blasting cap(detonator) 雷管spark blasting cap 火雷管safety fuse 导火索primacord 传爆索relay primacord tube 继爆管blast hole 炮孔deck charging 分段装药stemming 炮孔堵塞光面爆破smooth blastingdrill-blast tunneling method 隧洞钻爆法tunneling boring machine method (TBM)掘进机法pipe jacking method 顶管法shielding method 盾构法water dynamics 水动力学hydraulics 水力学water-turbine engine 水轮机grout oozing out 冒浆grout leaking 串浆groutability 可灌性grout hole sealing 灌浆封孔diaphram trench 槽孔slurry wall stabilizing 泥浆固壁undercut 坡口carbonrundum saw 金刚砂锯bonding agent结/粘合剂dry-pack mortar 半干砂浆alluvium 冲/淤积层as-built drawing竣工图borehole 钻孔cut off wall 齿槽culvert 函洞dam base width 大坝底宽free draining 自由穿流genset = generate ser 发电机ha 公顷hydraulic transmission 液压传动carbonrundum dust 金刚砂粉power tunnel 发电洞packer permeability test (hydraulic pressure test) 压水试验filling grouting 回填灌浆Lawn sprinkler 草坪喷灌器Burlap 麻布Sealing compound 密封剂Plaster 涂抹石膏/胶泥N-J 水电工程术语10quarry采石场borrow area 采料场height of drop 落差rock-fill dam堆石坝pro rata 按比例bill of quantities 工程量清单absorption basin 消力池flange tolerance 法兰公差stop log 叠梁闸门trash rack 拦污栅skin plate 面板dowel （埋设）插筋bypass valve旁通阀bypass circuit breaker 旁路断路器solenoid valve 电磁阀flaring pier宽尾敦sluice 水闸pilot tunnel 导洞radial gate弧形闸门site weld现场焊接commissioning投产radiographic x光照相的kick plate 踢脚板seal welding密封焊接flapgate翻板闸门ferrule 陶瓷套圈pozzolan 火山灰dead load静载lateral live load横向活载breaking load 破断/极限负荷载allowable stress 容许应力girder (吊车)梁crane legs and sills吊车支腿和地脚bumper 吊车防碰装置，碰垫缓冲器freeboard 安全超高sluiceway 泄水道lifting lug吊耳limit switch限位开关，行程开关rated 额定的gate leaf门叶electro-hydraulic transducer电液转换器pilot valve 引导阀overload trip 过载跳闸ac fault 变压故障common alarm总告警hydraulic hoist液压启闭机gate seal导叶密封N-J 水电工程术语11grating 栅板hatch cover舱口盖cable channel 电缆管道butt strap对接搭板butt seam welding 对接缝焊expansive joint 伸缩缝trunnion bearing耳轴承appurtenance 附属物,附件bearing 轴承bushing 轴承套，轴瓦ingress = entering commensurate 相称的tread 履带板HBS 硬钢球BHW 超硬合金钢球ellipse椭圆sling dog 吊钩dog 止块; 止挡rail treadsubsoil 底土钢轨踏面annex 附件/则topsoil 表土surge chamber 调压室curbing 边石differential protection 差动保护gate shaft 闸门竖井lintel 门楣fluorocarbonclamp 夹;卡wall cladding碳氟化合物墙面覆盖层time relay 时间继电器butt weld 对接焊缝fillet weld 角焊缝crossbeam 横梁fiber cladding 光纤包层postal order 汇票compost堆肥scarify 翻松; 松土bracing member 拉紧连件拉筋hydro-seeding 喷草; 水力喷播gate slot 门槽ship lift升船机kg/ha 千克/公顷cellulose pulp 纤维素浆lattice girder 格子梁steel rib 钢拱架floating camel浮筒save that 除…之外N-J 水电工程术语12 right of appeal 上诉权shop splice 工厂拼接forthwith 即可side roller 衔接轮; 防护滚轮; 侧边滚轮register 记录lintel beam 水平横楣梁entry (一条)记录lintel 楣;过梁abode 住所particulars 细节细目butt jointlapped joint对接接头搭接surrender 交出spliced 叠接poll tax 人头税tax break 税务减免,减税provide 规定(provision) dynamic formula 动(态)式displacement pile 打入桩spliced pile 拼接桩capitation fee 均摊费用driven pile 打入桩defer 延期/缓uncased hole 无套管钻孔inducement 诱因/刺激oil cut off valve 断油阀repatriate 遣返回国rapid cut-off valve 快速切断阀foreign capital inducement 吸收外资shell 轴瓦requisite measure 必要的措施pipe shell 管外壳requisite oxygen 所需氧requisite space (机械操作的)必要空间contravene 违反cognate words 同源词metal shell 金属外壳hydraulic cement 水硬水泥alkyd 醇酸resin 树脂expansion shell rock bolt 锚杆胀壳式张拉epoxy 环氧butt-welded 对接焊接的rock anchor 锚索auger boring 螺旋钻孔Hiley formula 希利公式block out mold 钢板模板N-J 水电工程术语13 bracket 支架/固定架/座架/托架vulcanizing 硫化fixable 可固定的assembly shop 装配车间brickwork 砖工shop drawing 制作图; 装配图tie-bar 拉杆bar screen 铁栅筛signal shop 信号车间A.S.L. 海拔[Above Sea Level]screen set bar 筛板拉杆clogged screen 阻塞了的筛网fluorocarbon cladding包层氟碳外墙挂板/dowel plate 销钉板appurtenance 装备; 设备steel dowel 插筋chlorinated rubber 氯化橡胶wooden dowel 木销钉strata 地层stop dowel 定位销钉tapered dowel 锥形销钉pile head 桩头bore 钻(孔)auger machine螺旋钻机spudding 开钻pick hammer 鹤嘴锤; 风镐; 十字镐stone hammer 石锤jetting gun 喷射枪jetting drilling 水力(喷射)钻孔jetting piling 射水打桩法pile jetting 射水沉桩water jetting 水冲法one pack system 单组分chemical film 化学薄膜control module 控制模块differential head 压力差; 差异压头jetting and spudding method法interspace 间隙interspace of double glazing玻璃空隙bulkhead gate检修闸门flap gate 翻板闸门roller chain gate 链轮闸门fixed roller/wheel gate 定轮闸门plain gate 平面闸门platform hoist 平台式启闭机冲顿双层N-J 水电工程术语14I/O 输入/输出parallel I/O 并行输入输出LCB传输线控制块[line control block] torque 转矩water intake structure 取水建筑物water conveyance structure 输水建筑物permanent/temporary structure 永久auxiliary dam 副坝dam axis 坝轴线dam crest 坝顶dam base 坝底dam slope 坝坡dam abutment 坝肩dam heel 坝踵dam toe坝趾/临时性建筑物dam monolith 坝段main /secondary structure 主/次要建筑物project scale 工程规模load and safety factor 荷载及安全系数static load 静荷载dynamic load 动荷载fixed load 固定荷载permanent load 恒载live load 活荷载impact load 冲击荷载seepage pressure 渗透压力uplift pressure 扬压力frost heave pressure 冻胀力overload factor 超载系数dike 堤solid gravity dam 实体重力坝roller compacted concrete dam 碾压混凝土坝hollow gravity dam 腹拱坝(空腹重力坝) slotted gravity dam 宽缝重力坝crest overflowing 坝顶/表孔溢流crest overflowing orifice 泄水表孔mid-discharge orifice 泄水中孔bottom discharge orifice 泄水底孔(深孔)air vent 通气孔bypass pipe 旁通管equalizing pipe 平压管flip bucket 挑坎(挑流鼻坎)slotted flip bucket 差动式挑坎N-J 水电工程术语15slit-type bucket 窄缝式挑坎flaring pier 宽尾墩drainage gallery 排水廊道inspection gallery 检查廊道access gallery 交通廊道drainage conduit in dam 坝身排水管contraction joint 收缩缝settlement joint 沉降缝(变形缝) transverse 横缝longitudinal joint 纵缝inclined joint 斜缝staggered joint 错缝key 键槽water stop strip止水带/片water stop block(filler block)止水塞double curvature arch dam 双曲拱坝thickness to height ratio 厚高比extrados of arch 拱外圈/拱背线intrados of arch 拱内圈/拱腹线center line of arch 拱轴线parabolic arch dam 抛物线拱坝rock fill dam 堆石坝wave wall(parapet) 防浪墙slope protection 护坡cut-off collar 截渗环water intake works 引水/取水枢纽diversion ratio 引水比angle of off-take 引水角diversion ratio of sediment 进沙比generator hall 主机室(发电机室) unit bay 厂房段unit block 机组块erection bay 安装间super structure 厂房上部结构sub structure 厂房下部结构spiral casing storey/floor 蜗壳层draft tube storey/floor 尾水管层leakage water dewatering pit 渗漏排水井service dewatering pit 检修排水井switchgear room 开关室control room of service power 厂用配电室sulfuric acid 硫酸charging set room 充电机室oil storage room 油库oil refreshing room 油处理室compressor room 压气机室N-J 水电工程术语16bent 排架crane runway girder 吊车梁generator pier 机墩/座ventilation barrel 发电机风罩turbine casing 涡轮机外壳head wall拱面墙switch gear/board 开关柜synchronization 并网synchroscope 同步指示器T square 丁字尺T/G transformer 发变组tackling system 起吊系统tensile test 拉伸试验terminal box 接线盒termination flange 接口法兰theodolite 经纬仪thermo resistor 热电阻thermostat 恒温器thinner 稀释剂threaded flange 螺纹法兰through bolt 贯穿/双头螺栓thrust plate 推力板tier tube 间隔管kick plate 踢脚板tilting pad bearing 可倾瓦块轴承top plan view 俯视图torque meter 扭矩测量仪trajectory 轨道/迹transducer board 变送气屏transfer pipe 引出管transverse strength 弯曲强度transverse stress 横向应力transverse test 抗弯试验pothead yard 套管场Bill of Quantities(BOQ) 工程量表conditions of particular application 专用条件counterclaim 反索赔demobilization 退场shop drawing 车间图as-built drawing 竣工图blue drawing 蓝图electric works 电气工程Employer(Client/Owner) 业主engineering project 工程项目expatriate 外籍职员Federation 联合会hydromechanical works 金结工程N-J 水电工程术语17土木工程师协会layout 布置leading company(sponsor)牵头公司、责任公司lump sump 总包mobilization 进场prequalification 资格预审明挖（Open Excavation )bench excavation 台阶开挖fault excavation 断层开挖foundation excavation 基础开挖local excavation 局部开挖mass(bulk) excavation 大面积开挖protective layer excavation 保护层开挖excavation pit 开挖基坑intensity of excavation 开挖强度overexcavate ( overbreak ) 超挖pump sump 水泵坑Underexcavate ( underbreak ) 欠挖洞挖及地下开挖（Tunnel and Underground Excavation)a round of excavation 一个开挖循环adit 支洞advance 进尺advances depth 进尺深度breaking hole 崩落孔cushion hole 缓冲孔drift 掏槽bottom drift 底部掏槽slope excavation 边坡开挖center drift 中心掏槽soft ground excavation 软基开挖side drift 边部掏槽soil excavation 土方开挖top drift 顶部掏槽tooth excavation 齿槽开挖driving(progress) rate 进尺率unclassified material excavation 不easer 掏槽孔分类料开挖erecting supports for the roof and coefficient of nonuniformity 开挖不side wall 对顶拱及边墙进行支护均匀系数full face excavation 全断面开挖cutoff trench 截水槽heading and bench excavation 导流与N-J 水电工程术语18loading and hauling muck(mucking ) 装拉渣loading (charging) 装药perimeter hole 周边孔pilot tunnel 导洞removing dust 除尘removing ground water 清除地面积水shooting the explosive (blasting) 放炮top heading excavation 上导洞开挖ventilation 通风钻孔爆破(Drilling and Blasting) abandoned hole 废孔average hole depth 平均孔深average quantity used in unitvolume blasted 平均单耗blasting result 爆破结果blockness 块度controlled perimeter blasting 周边控制爆破data of explosive filled 装药参数data of holes drilled 钻孔参数delayed blasting 延时爆破exploratory hole 探孔explosive quantity in a sound 单响药量handling misfire 处理哑炮light charge 少量装药loosening blasting 松动爆破pattern 布孔方式distance between holes 孔距distance between rows 排距post shearing blasting 微差爆破prespliting blasting 预裂爆破quantity of holes 孔数smooth blasting 光面爆破延时支护(rock support)expansion shell rock bolt 胀壳式张拉锚杆feature rock anchor 随机锚索feature rock bolt 随机张拉锚杆feature rock dowel 随机砂浆锚杆feature rock reinforcement 随机加固lattice girder 钢桁架、格构大梁, 钢格栅pattern cement grouted rockdowel 系统水泥浆锚杆pattern resin grouted rock dowel系统树脂浆锚杆N-J 水电工程术语19pattern rock reinforcement 系统加固permanent rock support 永久支护post-tensioned cement groutedtendon rock anchor 后张拉水泥浆锚索rebound material 回弹料return rock bolt 回头张拉锚杆return rock reinforcement 回头加固shotcrete anchorage 喷锚shotcrete with wire mesh 挂网喷砼steel fabric shotcrete 钢纤维喷砼steel rib 钢拱架temporary rock support 临时支护tensioned resin grouted rock bolt 树脂张拉锚杆土石料的填筑及碾压施工工序（Working Sequence)blend 混合compact 碾压controlled sprinkling 控制洒水cut the slope 削坡dump 卸料exploit 开采level 整平load 装料place and spread 摊铺replace 重新回填retreat (do the work again) 返工scarify 翻松、刨毛screen and wash 筛分和冲洗trim 修整缺陷（Defects）calcium particles 姜石contaminated material 受污染料declination of the boundary 料界偏差lack of compaction 漏压lump sump 结块muddy 泥泞oversize material 超粒径材料pocket 囊穴seepage 渗流separation 分离shear area 剪力区lens 透镜体其它（Others)bonding surface 结合面byproduct 副产品controlling parameter 控制参数fill placement record 填筑记录N-J 水电工程术语20required embankment 必要填方subzone 分区混凝土（Concrete ）air-entrained concrete(aerated concrete) 加气砼asphalt concrete 沥青砼blinding concrete 垫层砼cast-in situ(site/place)concrete 现浇砼pre-stressed concrete 预应力砼pump concrete 泵送砼reinforced concrete 钢筋砼roller compactedconcrete( rollcrete) 碾压砼作业（Activity）clearance(clearing) 清理pouring(placement/casting) 砼浇筑membrane curing 薄膜养护plastic concrete 塑料砼moist curing 湿润养护fibrous concrete 纤维砼steam curing 蒸汽养护foamed concrete 泡沫砼scabbling (chipping/roughening) 凿毛high-performance concrete 高性能砼surface finishing 收面high-strength concrete 高强砼缺陷（Defects）intrusion concrete 压浆砼bug hole(pitted surface) 麻面lean concrete (poor concrete) 贫砼cavity 狗洞lightweight aggregate concrete 轻骨depression 坑洼料砼fire-damaged concrete 火损砼mass concrete 大体积砼formwork shifting(moving) 跑模non-fines concrete 无砂砼grout leakage 漏浆（挂帘）non-plastic concrete 干硬性砼honeycomb 蜂窝non-shrinkage concrete 无收缩砼incomplete vibration 不完全振捣、漏振normal concrete 常态砼irregularity 不规则plain concrete 素砼segregation(bleeding) 离析N-J 水电工程术语21tie rod hole 拉杆孔water leakage 漏水water seepage 渗水外加剂（Admixture）accelerator 速凝剂air-entraining agent 引气剂bloating(bulking /expansion) agent膨胀剂coring admixture 着色剂early-strength admixture 早强剂gas-forming admixture 发气剂（起泡剂）fluidizer 塑化剂retarding agent 缓凝剂set-controlling admixture 调凝剂super-plasticizer 增塑剂、高效减水剂surface-active agent 表面活性剂water-reducing agent 减水剂accelerating water reducer 速凝型减水剂retarding water reducer 缓凝型减水剂waterproof agent 防水剂指标（Indexes）compressive strength 抗压强度concrete class 砼等级final strength 终凝强度graduation 级配graduation curve 级配曲线impermeability 抗渗性initial setting strength 初凝强度mix design 配比设计resistance to freezing and thawing 抗冻融性shear strength 抗剪强度stability against sliding 抗滑稳定性strain 应变surface finish 表面平整度tensile strength 抗拉强度tensile stress 拉应力thermal stress 温度应力water-cement ratio 水灰比working stress 工作应力其他（Others）air pocket 气囊air-tightness 气密性alternative 替代物、替换方法bending moment 弯矩block 仓号N-J 水电工程术语22calibration 标定cement anchor 锚固卷concrete plug 砼塞concrete precast element 砼预制件concrete release sheet 发料单construction joint 施工缝contamination /pollution 污染conversion(reconstruction) 改建coverage 覆盖范围curing agent 养护剂delivery sheet 运料单direct discharge 直接入仓elevation 高程、正视图epoxy mortar application 还氧砂浆抹面existing 现有（存）的expansion joint 伸缩缝gabion 纤丝笼humidity 湿度identity 识别、标记inspection 检查、验收preliminary inspection 初验final inspection 终验appearance inspection 外观检查inter-tower joint 塔间缝introduce into 将……穿入isolate 隔离laitance 浮浆皮layer(lift)height 层高moment of inertia 惯性距Pocket (box out/preset hole) 预留孔post-cooling 后冷却post tensioning 后张拉pre-cooling 预冷却pre-stressing 预应力pre-tensioning 先张拉pull-off test 扒拉试验reinforcement cover 钢筋保护层remark 备注section area 截面面积shearkey 抗剪键key groove 键槽shotcrete dry-mix process 干喷砼生产shotcrete wet-mix process 湿喷砼生产simplify 简化simultaneously 同时地spacer 水泥垫块N-J 水电工程术语23stress concentration 应力集中symmetry 对称technical data 技术参数temperature control 温度控制temperature difference 温差temperature rise(gain) 温度升高theoretical elongation 理论延长量unloading 卸载water stop 止水PVC water stop PVC止水rubber water stop 橡皮止水copper water stop 铜止水watertightness 闭水性winter protection 冬季保温模板（Formwok/Shutteringform) erecting(setting up/fixing) formwork 立模Stripping (removing/dismantling) formwork 拆模bond breaker 脱模剂climbing cone 爬升锥dam bracket 大坝支架distance piece 横支撑double-curvature formwork 双曲模板formwork oil 模板油pigtail anchor 猪尾筋retractable formwork 进退式模板shearkey box 键槽盒sliding formwork 滑模steel form carrier 钢模台车steel formwork 钢模steel waling 钢围令、钢支撑stopend 堵头、封堵模板temporary formwork 临时模板tie rod(form tie) 拉杆tiltable formwork 倾斜式模板vault and invert formwork 顶拱及底拱模板wood formwork 木模钢筋（Reinforcement Rebar）distribution bar 分布筋dowel 插筋horizontal bar 水平筋lap length 搭接长度main stress bar 主应力筋overlap 搭接shear bar 剪力筋splice welding 绑条焊接N-J 水电工程术语24stirrup 箍筋support bar 架立筋vertical bar 竖直筋灌浆（Grouting）backfill grouting 回填灌浆consolidation grouting 固结灌浆contact grouting 接触灌浆curtain grouting 帷幕灌浆gap grouting 接缝灌浆gravity grouting 自重灌浆jet grouting 旋喷灌浆multi-stage grouting 多次灌浆pressure grouting 压力灌浆ring grouting 环行灌浆single-stage grouting 一次灌浆工艺过程（Activity）air test 通风试验backfilling of hole 封孔flushing test 通水试验joint washing 洗缝seal 密封soak 浸泡water pressure test 压水试验管路及组件（Circuit and Elements）arising pipe 升降管circuit 回路clamp 卡子cock 旋塞coil 蛇形管cylinder 缸套double nipple 对丝连接套expansion coupling 伸缩节female-quick coupling 内丝快接头fixed clamp 死卡flow rate meter 测量计galvanized elbow 镀锌弯头grout cap 灌浆帽grout cell 出浆盒grout stop plate 止浆片grout valve 灌浆阀inlet pipe 进浆管large radius elbow 大弧弯头main pipe 总管male-quick coupling 外丝快接头outlet pipe 出浆管packer 灌浆塞piston 活塞plug 堵头N-J 水电工程术语25return pipe 回浆管tee piece 三通管reduce tee piece 变径三通管displancement point 位移点electronic grout flow meter 电子流量计extensometer 变位计swivel-clamp 转卡flow transmitter 流量传感器U-bend U弯头foundation displacementunion 活接头indicator 基础位移指示器ventilation pipe 排气管grout pump 灌浆泵water supply 水包hydrometer 比重计参数及指标（Parameter andIndexes）joint meter 测缝计consistency 稠度mixing plant 制浆站fineness 细度monitor 监测器grout take 吃浆量osmometer 渗压计high take吃浆量大pendulum 钟摆grouting pressure 灌浆压力portable instrument 便携式仪器leakage rate 漏水率pressure gauge 压力表Lugeon 吕容pressure sensor 压力传感器mix proportion 浆比reinforcement meter 钢筋计pumping rate 泵浆率steel basin 搅拌槽refusal criteria 排浆标准strain meter 应变计refusal time 抽浆时间temperature sensor 温度传感器water absorption 吸水率terminal station 集线站仪器设备（Plant and Instrument ）其他（Others）agitator 搅拌站check hole 检查孔automatic recorder 自动记录仪N-J 水电工程术语26dense mix 浓浆foundation uplift 基础隆起grout hole 灌浆孔instrument hole 仪器孔primary/secondary and tertiarygrout holes 一序、二序、三序灌浆孔spilt spacing 加密灌浆孔距waste mix 弃浆测量（Survey）测量方法及术语（Methods and Terms）adjust 校正、调整adjustment 平差allowance 容许误差easily identifiable point 容易识别点error 误差first order triangulation 一等三角测量geodetic 大地测量学的geodetic surveying 大地测量joint survey 联合测量known point 已知点level surface 水准面local triangulation networks 局部三角网national coordination system 国家坐标网observe 观测、监视backsight point 后视点point to be located 待定点basic point 基础点position 定位、位置bench mark 水准点reconnaissance 选点、踏勘compass 罗盘reference point 参考点chainage(station number) 桩号second order triangulation 二等三角chain of triangulation 三角锁测量check 校核、对照set out 放线、放样control point 控制点stake-line 测桩线coordinate point 坐标点state plane coordinate system 国家平datum 基础面面坐标系datum point 基准点N-J 水电工程术语27theoretical point 理论点traverse(polygon) 导线（测量）、横断error of traverse 导线闭合差lattice traverse 网格状导线long side traverse 长导线open traverse 非闭合导线short side traverse 短导线traverse closure 导线闭合traverse station 导线点traverse survey 导线测量triangulation 三角测量triangulation network 三角网triangulation of high order 高等级三角网triangulation point 三角点trilateration 三边测量vertical-control net 高程控制网wood pile 木桩角度测量（Angular Measure）azimuth 方位角bearing 方位、象限角buddle 气泡、水准器circle 度盘、圆盘circular bubble 圆水准器cross-line(cross-hair) 十字丝depression angle 俯角elevation angle 仰角eyepiece(ocular) 目镜field pole(staff) 标杆foot-screw 脚螺栓horizontal angle 水平角mark 标志（明）objective lens 物镜plumb(plummet) 铅垂、垂线sight 瞄准、观测target 目标、瞄准theodolite 经纬仪tranverse axis 横轴tripod 三脚架vertical angle 竖直角vertical axis 竖轴望远镜（Telescope）centering 对中face left 盘左face right 盘右focus 集中、焦点focusing 调焦index error 指标误差N-J 水电工程术语28telescope(reverse telescope)倒镜、盘右normal position of telescope(direct telescope)正镜、盘右optical plummet 光学垂准器round 测回set 套、组station 测站距离测量（Distance Measure）barometer 气压计base line(basic line/datum line) 基线battery 电池EDM(electromagnetic distance measurement) 电磁波测距filter 滤光片、滤波器laser alignment system 激光准直系统laser beam 激光束prism 棱镜range 测程、距离long range 远程medium range 中程short range 短程range finder 测距仪signal 信号tape 卷尺invar tape 铟瓦钢卷尺高程测量（Height Measurement）altitude/elevation 高程、海拔approximate leveling 近似置平、粗平automatic level 自动定平水准仪difference in altitude(difference of elevation ,height difference) 高差error of closure in leveling 水准闭合差exact leveling 精平、确置平level 水准仪（测点）level circuit 水准闭合环level shoe 水准尺垫line of level 水准线路national geodetic vertical datum 国家大地高程基准面reduced level 归化高差run back 返测run out 往测three-wire leveling 三丝法水准测量地形测量（Topographic Survey）boundary 边界、界线construction stake 施工标桩。

盾构相关专业英语词汇词汇A部abnormal resistance 异常阻力abrasion resistant 耐磨性abrasion 磨损access 到达accumulator 蓄能器actual 实际的adopt 采用advance 推进agent 起泡母液agitator tank 搅拌罐air compressor 空气压缩机air conditioning 空调air filter unit 空气过滤装置air lock 气舱alignment control 线形控制allowable stress 容许应力angle 角度anti-corrosive paint 防锈漆anti-pressure seal 抗压密封appearance test 外观测试arching action effect 拱形效应articulate cylinder 铰接油缸articulation angle 铰接角度articulation jack 铰接千斤顶articulation stroke 铰接行程articulation system 铰接系统articulation 铰接assembling method K片组装方法assembling 组装automatic mode 自动模式automatic oil lubricating system 自动油脂润滑系统automatic 自动的auxiliary bit 保护切削刀头auxiliary cutter bit 辅助切削刀auxiliary pump 辅助泵axial 轴向的axis type screw conveyor 轴承螺旋输送机axis 轴词汇B部back filling injection device 壁后灌浆设备back filling injection 同步注入（背填）back grouting system 同步回填系统back up system 备份系统back-up gantry 支承架back-up pressure 备用压力balk head 隔板ball valve 球阀bar 巴（压强单位）baseline 基准线beam 梁bearing housing 轴承套bearing life 轴承寿命bearing roller 轴承滚轴bearing 轴承belt conveyor 带式输送机（传送带）bentonite 膨润土（皂土）blade 叶片bolt 螺杆bottom screw 底部螺旋机boundary condition 边界条件breasting plate 承冲板,面板brush packing 密封刷(注：packing 为填充) brush type tail seal 盾尾密封刷bulkhead 舱壁bull gear 大齿轮词汇C部cable reel电缆盘cable 电缆calibration 校验，标定cam switch 凸轮开关capacity 能力，运量casing I.D 螺旋输送机内径cavity 轴承腔center cutter 中央刀头center shaft radius 中心轴半径center shield 中盾chain hoist 链式葫芦circuit breaker 断路器（断路开关）clay layer 粘土层clay 粘土cleaning device 清洗装置clockwise and counterclockwise 顺时针和逆时针clogging 阻塞coefficient 系数cohesion 粘度，内聚力cohesive （土体）粘性coil 线圈compression system for man lock (regulator)人孔闸的压缩系统(调节阀) compression 压力compressor and slurry pumpcompressor 压缩机control cabin 控制室control circuit 控制电路control 控制cooling circuit 冷却回路copy cut device 仿形刀装置copy cutter 仿形刀（超挖刀）corrective operation 校正操作corresponding 相应的coupling 接头crack 断裂,破坏crane 起重机criterion 验收标准cross-sectional 截面积current 电流curvature 转弯段curve configuration 曲线轮廓curve radius 转弯半径，曲线半径curving performance 曲线段施工cutter bit 刀头cutter chamber 土仓cutter device 刀盘装置cutter driving unit 刀盘驱动单元cutter drum 刀盘滚筒cutter electric motorcutter head 刀盘cutter main sealing system 刀盘主密封系统cutting blade 切削刀cutting face 开挖面cutting resistance 切削阻力cylinder 汽缸词汇D部data logging system 数据录入系统data 数据date 日期dead load 恒载, 固定荷载defect 缺陷deformation 变形delivery 输送量density 密度description 名称designed figure 设计值detector 检测器deviation 偏差,误差device 装置diagram 图，图解diameter (dia.) 直径(outer diameter 外径；inner diameter 内径) dilution ratio 稀释倍率dimension 尺寸dimensional inspection 尺寸检验direct starting 直接启动discharge 排出displacement 排量,位移distance 距离distortion 变形,扭曲disturbance of ground 土体扰动disturbance 扰动down-stream equipment 后续设备drag bit 切削刀头drag type cutter bit 挖掘式切削刀drain water pump 废水泵drawing 图drilling 钻掘driving method 驱动方式driving motors 驱动马达drum 圆桶，卷盘duct 管,输送管词汇E部earth pressure gauge 土压计earth pressure 土压edge 边缘effective stroke 有效行程ELB 断路保护器electric control system 电控制系统electric drive (inverter drive) 电驱动（变频驱动）electric instruments 电气仪表electric items 电气项目electric motor capacity电动马达容量electric motor 电动马达electric system电气系统electronic pressure gauge 电子压力计emergency lighting 应急照明emergency stop 紧急停车energy-saving 节能EPB (EARTH PRESSURE BALANCED) 土压平衡盾构equipped force 装备推力erector operating box 拼装机操纵盒excavation diameter 挖掘直径explanation 解释,说明extension 伸出external unit of air conditioner ? 空调出风口？词汇F部face angle of cutting blade 切削刀面角facilitate 便于facility 设施，设备，工具filter circuit 过滤回路filter 滤芯filtration 过滤fine sand 细砂fish tail 中央转刀（鱼尾板）flexural rigidity 抗弯刚度flow divider 流量分配器flow rate 流速flow 流量,流速,流入flow-meter 流量计fluctuation 晃动,波动fluorescent light 荧光灯foam injecting system 泡沫注入系统foam unit 泡沫系统foaming ratio 发泡倍率following carriage 后续车架force-fed 强制输入form injection system 泡沫注入系统formula 公式frequency converter 变频器frequency relay 频率继电器frequency 频率friction摩擦front shield 前盾,前筒词汇G部gantry 门架，台车gap 间隙gate jack 闸门千斤顶gear box 齿轮（变速）箱gear reducer 齿轮减速机gearing 齿轮装置geological condition 地质条件geological 地质的gradient 坡度granule gravel 砂砾gravel 介质,砾石grease cavity 油脂腔grease lubrication 脂润滑grease purging system 油脂清除系统grip 手柄gross weight 总重量ground tunneling job 地下隧道施工grout hole 注浆孔grout injection 注浆grouting system 同步注入系统guidance system 导向系统词汇H部handing weight 可操作重量hauling capacity 输送能力heat exchanger 热交换器helical rotor pump 螺旋泵heterogeneity 不均匀性high voltage transformer 高压变压器high voltage 高压hinge 铰链hoist beamhood 护罩horizontally 水平地hose reel 软管盘hydraulic accumulator 液压蓄能器hydraulic circuit 液压回路hydraulic cylinder actuated 液压汽缸传动hydraulic items 液压项目词汇I部idler roller 惰辊index 指数,索引indicator 指示器industrial water supply system 工业送水系统injection holeinjection pipeinjection port 注入口injection pump 注入泵injection 注入inner race 内环inspection report 检验报告Inspection 检查installation 安装insulation resistance 绝缘电阻integration operation 积分操作intelligent terminal 智能终端intermediate beam 中间梁intermediate support type 中间支撑型internal free space 内部自由空间internal friction angle 内摩擦角invade 侵入Inverter control 变频控制Inverter electric motor 变频电机Inverter panelisolated 被隔离item 项目词汇J部jack 千斤顶词汇K部key segment 楔形片（K片）,封顶块knife edge bitknife gate 闸门词汇L部labor safety hygiene regulations 劳动安全卫生规定Labyrinth seal 迷宫式密封laser space ？leaser guidance system 激光导向系统left wing 左侧length 长度lift cylinder 起重油缸lifting force 提升力lighting circuit 照明电路lighting 照明liquid 液体loading point 负载点lubricant 润滑油lubrication 润滑词汇M部magnetic flow meter 电磁式流量计main bearing 主轴承main component 主要部件maintenance 维修保养malfunction 故障man lock 人孔闸manhole 人闸孔manual mode 手动方式manual 手动的material 材料mean radius平均半径measured figure 测量值measurement device 计量装置measuring instrument 测量仪器medium sand 中砂metro 地铁middle screw 中部螺旋机moment 力矩mortar agitator 浆液搅拌器mortar injection 注浆mortar tank 储浆槽motor 马达moving average processing 移动平均处理muck discharging system 渣土排运系统（muck 意思为渣土）muddy clay 泥质粘土MV (manipulated value) 操作值词汇N部non-load operation 空载运行number of sampling 取样次数nut 螺帽词汇O部obstacle 障碍物oil lubrication 油润滑operating method 操纵方式operation panel 操纵盘,操作面板operation switch 操作开关over cut depth 超挖量over cutter 超挖刀overburden 覆土厚度overview 概述词汇P部painting 涂漆parameter 参数performance test 性能测试phase 相位pinion 小齿轮piping and wiring 管路和线路pitching rolling detector 俯仰、滚转检测器planetary gear 行星齿轮PLC control system and data collection system PLC控制系统和数据采集与监控系统plumbing 管件portable type 手提式portal shaped type 龙门型portal structure 门型结构powdery clay 粉质粘土powdery soil 粉土power board 配电板power circuit 电源电路power source 电源power 动力，功率precise 准确的,精确的preset earth pressure 预设土压pressure sensor压力传感器pressure transmitter 压力传感器pressure 压力prevent 防止primary transformer 一级变压器primary voltage 一级电压principle 原理procedure 程序，步骤propelling speed 推进速度proportional operation 比例操作propose 建议,推荐propulsion force per area 单位面积推力propulsion 推力protrusion allowance of cutter face 刀盘面的允许凸出长度protrusion 凸出provided torque 装备扭矩provisional 暂时的，临时的PU (power unit) 动力单元pulse monitoring device 脉冲控制装置pump 泵purge 清洗push button switch 按钮开关push-in force 推进力PV(process value) 进程值词汇Q部quantity 数量词汇R部radial 径向的radius 半径rail 轨道rake angle 前倾角range 范围rate 比率ratio 比例reaction load 反作用力rear shield 后筒rear 背部,后部regulate 调节,调整reinforced concrete segment 钢筋混凝土管片relatively 相对地reliability 可靠性relief valve 溢流阀remark 备注replacement 更换resin dry type 树脂干燥型resistance force 阻力retain 护圈？retract 收缩retraction 回缩reverse rotation 反转revolution 旋转ribbon type 带式right wing 右侧rigidity 刚度ring adjuster 整圆器ring gear 环形齿轮ring girder 环梁ring 环Robotic survey system 自动化测量系统robust 坚固的roll 滚转roller 滚轴room controller 控制室rotary speed 转速rotate 旋转rotating direction 回转方向rotation angle 转角rotation speed 转速rotation test 旋转测试roundness 圆度route 路线，航线rub 摩擦rubbing surface 摩擦表面rubbing wear 磨耗runnel 水的rust 锈蚀词汇S部Safety coefficient 安全系数Safety factor 安全系数safety valve 安全阀sampling cycle 取样周期sand paper 砂纸sandy silt 砂质粉土Scaffold 脚手架,支架Screw conveyor 螺旋输送机Screw gate opening 螺旋门开度Screw gate 螺旋门Screw inlet 螺运机进口Screw pitch 螺距Screw revolution 螺旋机转速Screw slide 螺旋滑动Screw trough 螺旋输送槽Screw’s angle of inclination 螺旋机倾角Screw’s lead angle 螺旋超前角seal mounting diameter 密封安装直径seal 密封sealing mastic 密封乳剂sealing system 密封系统secondary voltage 二级电压secondary 二次的Secure 保证，确保segment adjustor jack 整圆器千斤顶segment end surface 管片端面segment erector 管片拼装机segment feeder 喂片机segment hoist 管片提升器segment lining 管片内衬segment reformer 管片整圆器segment steel mould 管片钢模segment transportation system 管片输送系统segment 管片semi- 半sensor box 传感器盒sensor 传感器shaft slide 轴滑动shaft 轴shearing force 剪切力shield body 盾构壳体shield guidance system 盾构机导向系统shield machine 盾构机shield shell 盾构机体shield 盾体short-telescoped 小距离缩进side protection bitsilencer 消声器silty clay 粉质粘土silty sand 粉质砂土simultaneous back grouting system 同步反向注入系统skip 料罐，吊斗slide cylinder 滑动油缸slide jack 滑动千斤顶slide 滑动slurry injection system 泥浆注入系统soil conditioner injection system 加泥注入系统soil treatment 土质改良solenoid valve电磁阀solution 溶液SP(set point) 设定值spare electric plug 备用插头special knife bits 特殊切削刀头(先行刀) specification 规范spoke type 辐条式standard 标准star-delta starting 星形-三角形启动start condition 初始条件starting method 启动方式stationary 静止地steel construction 钢结构stoppage 停止，停工strain energy 应变能strain 应变strength 强度stress analysis 应力分析stress 应力stroke counter 行程测量stroke 行程submerged sand 含水砂层support cylinder 支撑油缸surface load 表面负载surrounding-preserve 环保survey inspection 验收symmetry 对称词汇T部tail clearance 盾尾间隙tail grease injecting system 盾尾油脂注入系统tail grease injection pipetail greasing system 盾尾油脂系统tail inner diameter 盾尾内径tail outer diameter 盾尾外径tail sealing compound 盾尾密封化合物tail sealing 盾尾密封tail thickness 盾尾厚度tank 箱，罐temperature 温度tension 张力terminal box 接线盒Terzaghi theory 太沙基理论thickness 厚度threaded muffle 螺纹消声器thrust cylinder pad 推力千斤顶顶靴thrust cylinder speed stroke detector 推力油缸速度、行程检测器thrust cylinder 推力油缸thrust jack 推进千斤顶timing 计时tolerance 公差torque 扭矩total station 全站仪total thrust 总推力totally enclosed fan-cooled outdoor 全封闭风扇冷却室touch-panel screen 触摸屏towing beam牵引梁transformer 变压器transistor megger 晶体管高阻表transmission 传递tungsten carbide tip 碳化钨刀刃tunnel 隧道tunneling machine 隧道掘进机tunneling routes 地铁沿线turning angle 回转角度turning 转弯two-chamber man lock 2室人孔闸type 类型词汇U部underground water level 地下水位unit weight 容重uptake 改善的词汇V部valve block 阀体valve 阀variable speed 速度可调ventilation duct 通风管道ventilation通风vertical earth pressure 垂直土压vertical stroke 垂直行程vertically 垂直地voltage 电压volume 容积词汇W部water injecting system 注水系统water tank 水箱water tightness 水密性wear 磨损wearing impact 磨损冲击weather 天气weight 重量weld 焊接wide opening ratio 开口率width 宽度wire connected pendant controller 有线控制器wireless controller 无限控制器wiring 配线。

DIRECT SHEAR TESTSOIL MECHANICSSOIL MECHANICS LABORATORYDEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERINGUNIVERSITY OF MORATUWASRI LANKADIRECT SHEAR TESTOBJEVTIVESTo determine the shear strength parameters for a given soil using the direct shear test. INTRODUCTIONThe test is carried out on either undisturbed samples or remoulded samples. To facilitate the remoulding purpose, a soil sample may be compacted at optimum moisture content in a compaction mould. Then specimen for the direct shear test could be obtained using the correct cutter provided. Alternatively, sand sample can be placed in a dry state at a required density, in the assembled shear box.A normal load is applied to the specimen and the specimen is sheared across the pre-determined horizontal plane between the two halves of the shear box. Measurements of shear load, shear displacement and normal displacement are recorded. The test is repeated foe two or more identical specimens under different normal loads. From the results, the shear strength parameters can be determined.THEORYThe strength of a soil depends of its resistance to shearing stresses. It is made up of basically the components;1. Frictional - due to friction between individual particles.2. Cohesive - due to adhesion between the soil particlesThe two components are combined in Colulomb’s shear strength equation,τf = c + σf tan øWhere τf=shearing resistance of soil at failurec = apparent cohesion of soilσf = total normal stress on failure planeø = angle of shearing resistance of soil (angle of internal friction)This equation can also be written in terms of effective stresses.τf = c’ + σ’f tan ø’Where c’ = apparent cohesion of soil in terms of effective stressesσ'f = effective normal stress on failure planeø’ = angle of shearing resistance of soil in terms of effective stressesσ'f = σf - u fu f = pore water pressure on failure planePROCEDURE1. Assemble the shear box2. Compact the soil sample in mould after bringing it to optimum moisture condition3. Carefully transfer the sample into shear box4. Place the loading plate on top of the upper porous plate. After recording the weight of theloading carrier place it is on the loading cap.5. Position all dial gauges and set the readings to zero. Remove the alignment screws whichhold two halves of the shear box together6.Tighten the remaining, two diagonally opposite screws, until there is a small gap betweenupper and lower boxes to reduce the frictional force7.Apply the desired normal load. If there is any vertical displacement, wait till the dialgauges indicate a constant reading and then reset the dial gauge to zero8. Check that screws have been removed and then start the motor to produce the desiredconstant rate of shearing9. Take readings of,a) Shear load from the proving ringb) Shear displacement (i.e. Horizontal displacement)c) Vertical displacement at every 10 division increment in horizontal dial gauge10.Stop the test when the shear load starts to reduce or remains constant for at least threereadings11.Remove the soil and repeat the procedure with different normal loads at least for anothertwo samplesCOMPUTATION1. For each specimen plot the following;a. Shear stress Vs shear displacementb. Normal displacement Vs shear displacementc. Void ratio Vs shear displacement2. Plot the graph of shear strength Vs normal stress for the three specimens and calculate theshear strength parameters for the soil.REPORTYour report should include a brief but accurate description of the test procedure and all the above mentioned graphs. Also it should include a discussion of the followings;a) Importance of the shear strength in soilb) The normal displacement behavior of the specimen during shearingc) Different types of shear testsd) The main advantages and disadvantages of shear box teste) Reliability of the results and the factors most likely to influence the reliabilityTEST :3Normal Stress = 150 kN/m2Observations :Calculations:Specimen calculation for Vertical displacement/ Void ratioSpecimen calculation for Shear displacementSpecimen calculation for Shear Force/ Shear stressTEST :1Normal Stress = 50 kN/mm2Observations :Calculations:Specimen calculation for Vertical displacement/ Void ratioSpecimen calculation for Shear Force/ Shear stress。

INDEX1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................2 1.1 Scope ....................................................................................................................................... 2 2 REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Normative references ................................................................................................................ 23 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION .............................................................................................................. 24 SAFETY CONDITIONS ......................................................................................................................... 25 SURFACE PREPARATION ..................................................................................................................... 36 MAGNETIZATION ............................................................................................................................... 3 6.1 General Conditions .................................................................................................................... 3 6.2 Magnetization Techniques ......................................................................................................... 4 6.3 Magnetization Check Out ........................................................................................................... 57 UV-A RADIATION SOURCES ................................................................................................................ 5 8MAGNETIC PARTICLES ....................................................................................................................... 5 9 CALIBRATION .................................................................................................................................... 6 10 VISUAL INSPECTION CONDITIONS ..................................................................................................... 6 10.1 Coloured Products ..................................................................................................................... 6 10.2 Fluorescent Products ................................................................................................................. 6 11 GLOBAL BEHAVIOUR CONTROL (PERFORMANCE) ................................................................................ 6 12 Definitions and Indications Classification .............................................................................................. 7 12.1 Definition of Indications............................................................................................................. 7 12.2 Severity Levels .......................................................................................................................... 8 12.3 Clasification of the Indications ................................................................................................... 9 13 RESULTS INTERPRETATION .............................................................................................................. 10 14 INDICATIONS RECORD ..................................................................................................................... 10 15 DEMAGNETIZATION ......................................................................................................................... 10 16 CLEANING........................................................................................................................................ 10 17 INSPECTION REPORT ....................................................................................................................... 12 17.1 Annex I:Inspection Report Template ........................................................................................ 13 17.2 Annex II (For Information only): Reference Pictures. Linear indications (SM) .............................. 15 17.3 Annex III (For Information only): Reference Pictures. Linear and aligned indications (LM and AM) 17RECORD OF CHANGES1INTRODUCTIONThis specification is applicable to any casting component requiring Magnetic Particles inspection for its acceptance.1.1SCOPEThis specification defines the procedure and severity levels for the inspection of cast iron and ferromagnetic cast steels components using magnetic particles technique (whatever it is the casting technique).This specification covers the inspection procedures and acceptance criteria to be fulfilled by any casting, forging, rolled and welded product supplier. Inspection areas are not covered by this specification. These can be found in the part specification.2REFERENCES2.1NORMATIVE REFERENCESThe following documents are invoked as part of this specification and must be fulfilled to the extent defined. Unless specifically over-ruled by the inclusion of a date, or an issue letter or code, the latest issue shall always apply.3PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONNDT-Personnel of the supplier must be qualified to one of the following certification standards: ∙SNT-TC-1A∙EN 473Gamesa Quality Assurance shall have access at any time to the NDT-Personnel qualifications.Gamesa Corporación Tecnológica (GCT) requires level II NDT personnel.Gamesa Quality deptartment shall investigate the documentation for qualifications before the work is commenced.4SAFETY CONDITIONSTest by means of magnetic particles can require the use of toxic, inflammable and (or) volatile products. In this case, the zone of work must be ventilated and properly away from the source of heat and flames. It is convenient to avoid the prolonged or repeated contact of the skin and mucous with detection products and contrast paints.Test materials must be according to instructions of the manufacturer. At any moment, the national standard of security, accident prevention must be fulfilled in relation to electricity, dangerous substance manipulation and protection of people and the surrounding environment.In case of UV-A source use, it is necessary to make sure that the filtered radiations of the UV-A source do not impact directly at the eyes of the operator. The UV-A filters must be kept in good conditions, independently of being integral to the source or separated.5SURFACE PREPARATIONZones to be inspected by magnetic particles must be dry and free of dirty, oil, grease, oxide particles, slag products and any other product that could have an effect in the sensitivity of this test.Surface conditions described above can be reached by means of detergent, organic solvent, cleaner, sand blasting, vapor grease remover, etc.Quality surface requirements depend on the size and orientation of the discontinuities to be detected. The surface shall be prepared properly in order to be able to detect all the relevant indications considering the possibility to machine or grind the surface to separate false from relevant indications, due to the fact that irregularities could cover an indication of a possible defect.Non magnetic surface coatings up to 50μm (0,05 mm) thickness, such as continuous adherent paint systems (without cracking), usually do not modify detection sensitivity. Thicker coatings reduce it dramatically, so it is necessary to check out the level of sensitivity.There must be contrast enough between the indications and the surface to be inspected. When using white light (non fluorescent technique), it can be necessary the use of adherent, uniform paint (varnish) with approved contrast. If the magnetization electrode technique is used, all no conducting material must be removed from the contact areas.6MAGNETIZATION6.1GENERAL CONDITIONSMinimum induction in the component shall be at least 1T. Flux density is obtained by a relatively high permeability and a tangential magnetic field of 2kA/m.The test shall be performed using the continuous method, namely, the magnetic field shall be applied by the time the particles are drop on the component, and the excess removed.In case that flaws or any other discontinuity are susceptible to orient themselves in a particular direction, when possible, the magnetic flux shall be oriented in such a particular direction.It can be considered that the magnetic flux is effective, if allows to detect discontinuities with an orientation no higher than 60º with the optimum sensitivity direction. It can be then obtained a complete coverage performing the magnetization of the surface in two perpendicular different directions (maximum deviation ≤ 30º).Test shall be carried out overlapping consecutive positions in order to guarantee that 100% of the surface is covered.1 Directions of the magnetic field2 Optimum sensibility3 Sensibility decrease.4 Low sensibilityα Angle between the magnetic field and the indication direction.αmin. Angle for indications detection.αi Example of indication orientation.Figure 1. Directions of detectable indications.6.2MAGNETIZATION TECHNIQUESTo carry out the magnetization process an alternating current PORTABLE ELECTROMAGNETS (Yoke) will be used.Both poles of the alternating current electromagnet are placed in direct contact with the component to test, producing a magnetic field between both poles. The area of each component, near by each pole is not possible to test due to the high magnetic field intensity. It must be ensured a complete coverage of areas to be inspected.Equipment supplier must provide all necessary technical data (recommended distance between poles, poles cross section measurements, wave shape, current control method and wave shape, maximum current flow time, dimensions, weight, etc.)Electromagnets (yokes) must comply with the following requirements at room temperature 30ºC and working at maximum power.❑Cycle coefficient………≥ 10%❑Current flow time.......... ≥ 5s❑Handle surface temperature…. ≤40 ºC❑Tangencial field Ht at Smax...... ≥ 2 KA/m (RMS).❑Rise force……..≥ 44 N (*)(*) To lift up 4.5 kg it is required an elevation force of approximately 44N.Electromagnets must be equipped with a power switch on / off, if possible mounted on the handle.Other techniques can be applied (current flux between electrodes, fix equipment, coils, central conducting or adjacent, etc.) and current (continuous, rectified), if previously agreed with GCT.6.3MAGNETIZATION CHECK OUTThe easiest way for checking out magnetization is to control a test component with small discontinuities made artificially or naturally in the most critical zones. In the absence of these specimens, it can be used any other method based on the stated principles.7UV-A RADIATION SOURCESIt can be carried out the test with UV-A radiation (between 315nm and 400nm) using a source with a maximum nominal intensity of 365nm.Radiation shall be measured in working conditions, on the testing surface, using a UV-A radiometer.Measurement shall be carried out once the intensity of the lamp is constant (no less than 10 minutes after switch it on).The supplier of the source must provide all the necessary technical data (surface temperature in the UV-A radiation housing, after 1 hour time, cooling system, electrical requirements, dimensions, weight, irradiated area at 400mm from the source, irradiance after 15 minutes; 220 hours, luminance after 15 minutes; 220 hours, etc.)UV-A sources must satisfy minimum requirements listed below at a room temperature of 30ºC❑Filter resistant to splashes of the detection media.❑Protection against the dangers caused by portable units when in stand by position.❑UV-A Irradiance at 400mm from the source............... ≥ 10 W/ m❑Luminance at 400mm form the source............... ≤ 20 lx❑Surface handle temperature ............. ≤ 40º C8MAGNETIC PARTICLESMagnetic particles to be used shall be applied in wet conditions (in a suitable carrier solution, previously shaked to mix up and provide a homogeneous particle – liquid suspension).High permeability and low retentivity particles shall be used with suitable size and shape for the procedures and techniques used for the evaluation. Magnetic particles colour will contrast properly with the surface to be tested.GCT suggests using fluorescent magnetic particles in wet conditions. GCT must approve the use of any other kind of magnetic particles.Magnetic particles suspension can be obtained directly mixed to use or made up using concentrate products, including powders and solid solutions.Magnetic particles shall be applied so that they produce an uniform and light coverage on the surface to be tested, while the magnetization current is set up.After magnetic field application and before switching off the electrical current, remaining particles shall be removed without distortion of the particles that contribute to the indication on the discontinuity.9CALIBRATIONAll the equipment for work (yoke, etc.) and measurement (white light luxometer, UV-A radiometer, etc.) used for the test must be officially calibrated and the corresponding information to disposition of GCT if it is required.10VISUAL INSPECTION CONDITIONSBefore coming up with the procedure of inspection, a visual inspection shall be performed all over the surface to test. When it is difficult to do so, magnetic equipment or specimen can be moved in order to have a clear access to the whole component. Special attention must be paid in order to avoid the modification of the indications previously detected and registered.10.1COLOURED PRODUCTSWhen using coloured products:a)It is necessary a good contrast between the detection product and the tested surface;b)Surface to be tested must be lighted using natural or artificial white light (it is not allowed the use ofmonochromatic sources such as sodium lamps), avoiding shine or reflection and using a level of luminance higher than 500lx (lux).10.2FLUORESCENT PRODUCTSWhen using fluorescent products for detection purposes, examination zone must be dark up to 20lx as a maximum illumination level. Examination area must be illuminated using UV-A. UV-A energetic illumination must be at least 10 W/m2(1000 W/cm2) measured on the surface to be tested. A higher level of UV-A luminance allows the use of white light intensity proportionally higher, always considering that it is necessary to have a clear contrast between the indications and the surface subjected to evaluation.Enough time must spend before the test in order that eyes become accustomed to the reduction of ambient illumination.Ultraviolet lamp shall be switched on some time before (usually 5 minutes or what stated by the manufacturer) before using, in order to guarantee a suitable level of radiation.It is not allowed the use of photochromatic glasses when working with UV-A light, because when exposed to this radiation can become dark and this effect could reduce the capacity to detect discontinuities in people wearing these glasses.11GLOBAL BEHAVIOUR CONTROL (PERFORMANCE)Before beginning the test, it is recommended to do a global behavior control (performance) of the used method. That is useful to bring up anomalies in both operational method, magnetization technique, or in the detection instrument.The most reliable test to perform is that to be done on a representative sample having natural or artificial discontinuities with previous knowledge of location, type, dimensions and distributions. Control samples have to be demagnetizes and be exempt of indications previously done in other test.In absence of production samples with real known discontinuities, artificial samples can be made up with defects, for instance a cross magnetic flux indicator or a similar one as it is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2. Magnetic Particles field indicator according to ASME V, article 7, T-727.12 DEFINITIONS AND INDICATIONS CLASSIFICATIONSpecial attention must be paid in order to separate real indications from the false ones, for example those corresponding to scratches, section changes, limit between zones with different magnetic properties or magnetic written.It is necessary to take control and define the procedures to identify and remove, if possible, the source of these false indications.Discontinuities usually observed in cast components are defined in Table 1 and are reviewed with symbols (A, B, C, D, E, F, or H). These discontinuities can give to indications, magnetic diagrams or groups of indications all over the surface. These indications can all be of different types.inspection.12.1 DEFINITION OF INDICATIONSIndications corresponding to different discontinuities when testing using magnetic particles technique may have different shape and size. In order to distinguish between indications and discontinuities it is useful the use of a relationship between length, L, and width, W./ Pieces of low carbon steel welded/ Non metallic handle with adequate length/ Artificial defect between all pieces/ Copper piece12.1.1Non linear Indications (SM)Indications are considered to be non linear if length, L, is lower than three times width, W.12.1.2Linear Indications (LM)Indications are considered linear if length, L, is equal or higher than three times width, W.12.1.3Aligned Indications (AM)Indications are considered to be aligned in the following cases:a)Non linear Indications: Distance between indications is lower than 2 mm, and at least, threeindications are observed.b)Linear Indications: Distance between two indications is lower than length, L, of the biggerdiscontinuity aligned.Aligned indications are considered as a simple indication. Its length is equal to the total length, L, of the corresponding alignment (see Figure 3).Length L, is the distance between the starting point of the first indication and the ending point of the last discontinuity L l ₁ + l ₂ + l ₃ + l ₄ + l ₅Figure 3. Example of total length for aligned indications.12.2SEVERITY LEVELSSeverity levels are fixed as a reference scale and are defined as a function of the indications.12.2.1Non Linear IndicationsFor non linear indications, severity levels are defined (see Table 2) using the following criteria:a)Length (largest dimension), L1, of the smaller indication taken into account.b) When possible to perform, maximum total surface of the indications detected in a given area(rectangle of 105 mm x 148mm).c)Maximum Length, L2, of the observed indications.12.2.2Linear and aligned indicationsIn case of linear or aligned indications, severity levels (see Table 3) are defined as follow:a)Length (largest dimension), L1, of the larger indication that has been considered.b)Maximum length, L2, of the linear and aligned observed indication.c)The sum of lengths of each linear or aligned indication, within a 105mm x 148mm rectangle, thatexceeds the length L1.12.2.3Severity Level SelectionSeverity level can be chosen from Tables 2 and or 3 and, when necessary, from the reference pictures that appear in annex II and III. Reference pictures are taken 1:1 scale and are included herein as an example.Table 2 and Annex II are referred to non linear indications (isolated) (SM).Table 3 and Annex III are referred to linear indications (LM) and aligned (AM).The selection of the reference picture depends on the section thickness.12.2.4Cross section thickness rangeThree different thicknesses are established for the cross section (see Table 3):a)t ≤ 16mmb)16mm ≤ t ≤ 50mmc)t > 50mmBeing t the section thickness.12.3CLASIFICATION OF THE INDICATIONSTo classify a discontinuity indication, it is necessary to place a 105mm x 148mm rectangle profile is the most critical zone, that is in the zone where high severity level indications appear.12.3.1Non Linear IndicationsJust consider indications having lengths larger than L1 (see Table 2).The sum of the areas of each one of the indications must be calculated (if the surface of the casting is smaller than the reference surface, area of the indications must be proportionally reduced).Length of the indications must be measured.The level of the indications (SM) shall be carried out according Table 2.Note: Only values defined in this Table are valid and reference pictures are just included for information (see Annex II).Table 2. Severity Levels in magnetic particles inspection for isolated non linear indications.12.3.2Linear and aligned indicationsLength L of the isolated indications larger to the minimum length defined by the required severity level must be measured. The sum of the indications within a rectangle of 105mm x 148mm must be carried out.The thickness of the section, t, must be measured in the zone in which inspection is performed.The level of indications LM and AM must be determined with the help of Table 3.The sums of the lengths of the linear and aligned indications that are higher than the minimum length are to be measured, and the result must be compared with the specified "accumulated" length in Table 3.Some of the severity levels defined in Table 3 are illustrated in the same reference picture, shown in Table 4. In some cases, the equivalence with the picture is just approximate due to slightly differences in parameters showed in Table 3. In these cases, equivalences are indicated using 1) mark in Table 4.12.3.3Reference PicturesReference pictures that correspond to non linear indications, linear and aligned indications (see Table 2 and Table 3) are shown in Annex II and III, respectively.A real picture and a reference picture are considered to be equivalent when the same total surface has been detected for non linear indications and/or the same length for linear or aligned indications.13RESULTS INTERPRETATIONCast components tested according to this specification are considered SUITABLE (ACCEPTABLE) if discontinuities correspond to a level equal or lower than that stated as reference.14INDICATIONS RECORDAcceptable indications are not to be recorded unless otherwise specified directly by GCT.Indications must be recorded in such a way that they are completely defined in both characteristics (type, dimensions, etc.) and location.Record shall consist of sketches, drawings or photography. Other recording media could be used if previously agreed with GCT.15DEMAGNETIZATIONIn all cases in which the remaining magnetism could interfere with the following processes or applications this element must be demagnetized once the test has been finished, using suitable techniques to reach a minimum value of residual magnetism in the component.a)Demagnetization requires the use of an decreasing alternating magnetic field equal or higher thanthe one used for the magnetization.b)Components previously magnetize using continuous current require the use of low frequency currentor alternating change with continuous current.c)Demagnetization is necessary before carrying out the control when the level of residualmagnetization is so that any adherent fillings, opposite flow or false indications can limit the effectiveness of the control.16CLEANINGWhen necessary, after the control and acceptance, all the components must be cleaned to eliminate the detection product.Note: Only values defined in this Table are valid and reference pictures are just included for information (see Annex III).Table 3. Severity levels in magnetic particles inspection for linear (LM) andaligned indications (AM).1⁾Table 4. Linear indications (LM) and aligned (AM).17INSPECTION REPORTInspection report must include at least the following information:a)Name and address of the organism performing the inspection and the location where it was carriedout.b)Name and address of the manufacturer.c)Name and address of the customer.d)Data referent to the component inspected (reference, number, etc.)e)Examination procedure and section defining acceptance criteria.f)Surface conditions of the component.g)Instrumentation used for the test and reference.h)Electrical current characteristics.i)Type and color of the particles (brand and reference).j)Sketch with detected indications.k)Interpretation and evaluation of indications.l)Test Date.m)Name, qualification level and sign of personnel performing the inspection.Title: Magnetic Particles Inspection in Cast Iron 17.1ANNEX I:INSPECTION REPORT TEMPLATE17.2ANNEX II (FOR INFORMATION ONLY): REFERENCE PICTURES. LINEAR INDICATIONS (SM) All reference pictures in this section are just for information purposes and must be used in the appropriate scale 1:1.10 mmFigure B.1 – Severity level SM 1.10 mmFigure B.2 – Severity level SM 2.10 mm Figure B.3 – Severity level SM 3.10 mm Figure B.4 – Severity level SM 4.10 mmFigure B.5 – Severity level SM 5.17.3ANNEX III (FOR INFORMATION ONLY): REFERENCE PICTURES. LINEAR AND ALIGNEDINDICATIONS (LM AND AM)All reference pictures in this section are just for information purposes and must be used in the appropriate scale 1:1.10 mmFigure C.1 – Severity level LM 1a or AM 1a.10 mmFigure C.2 – Severity level LM 1b o AM 1b [LM 2a* - AM 2a*].* Comparable with other levels.10 mmFigure C.3 – Severity level LM 1c o AM 1c [LM 2b* - AM 2b* or LM 3a* – AM 3a*].10 mmFigure C.4 – Severity level LM 2c o AM 2c [LM 3b* - AM 3b* or LM 4a* – AM 4a*]. * Comparable with other levels.10 mmFigure C.5 – Severity level LM 3c o AM 3c [LM 4b* - AM 4b* or LM 5a – AM 5a*].10 mmFigure C.6 – Severity level LM 4c o AM 4c [LM 5b* - AM 5b*].* Comparable with other levels.10 mmFigure C.7 – Severity level LM 5c o AM 5c.。

（ 1092）溶出度试验的开发和验证【中英文对照版】INTRODUCTION前言Purpose目的The Dissolution Procedure: Developmentand Validation<1092>provides a comprehensive approach covering items to considerfor developing and validating dissolutionprocedures and the accompanyinganalytical procedures. Itaddresses the use of automation throughout the testandprovides guidance and criteria for validation.It also addresses thetreatment of the data generated and the interpretationof acceptance criteriafor immediate-and modified-releasesolid oral dosage forms.溶出实验:开发和验证（1092）指导原则提供了在溶出度方法开发和验证过程中以及采用相应分析方法时需要考虑的因素。

本指导原则贯穿溶出度实验的全部过程，并对方法提供了指导和验证标准。

同时它还涉及对普通制剂和缓释制剂所生成的数据和接受标准进行说明。

Scope范围Chapter<1092>addresses the development andvalidationof dissolution procedures,with a focus on solid oral dosage forms.Many of the concepts presented, however, may beapplicable to other dosageforms and routes of administration. General recommendations are given with theunderstandingthat modifications of the apparatus and procedures as given in USP general chapters need to be justified.<1092>章节讨论了溶出度实验的开发和验证，重点是口服固体制剂。

Guidance for Industry Investigating Out-of-Specification (OOS)Test Results forPharmaceutical ProductionU.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesFood and Drug AdministrationCenter for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)October 2006Pharmaceutical CGMPs Contains Nonbinding RecommendationsGuidance for Industry Investigating Out-of-Specification (OOS)Test Results forPharmaceutical ProductionAdditional copies are available from: 本文件可自以下途径得到Office of Training and Communication 培训和交流办公室Division of Drug Information HFD-240 药品信息分部Center for Drug Evaluation and Research 药品审评中心Food and Drug Administration 食品药品管理局5600 Fishers LaneRockville, MD 20857(Tel) 301-827-4573/cder/guidance/index.htmU.S. Department of Health and Human Services 美国卫生和福利部Food and Drug Administration 食品药品管理局Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) 药品审评中心October 2006Pharmaceutical CGMPs Contains Nonbinding RecommendationsTABLE OF CONTENTSInvestigating Out-of-Specification (OOS) Test Results for Pharmaceutical Production (4)I. INTRODUCTION 介绍 (4)II. BACKGROUND 背景 (5)III. IDENTIFYING AND ASSESSING OOS TEST RESULTS界定和评价OOS检验结果— PHASE I: LABORATORY INVESTIGATION第一步：化验室调查 (6)A. Responsibility of the Analyst 化验员职责 (7)B. Responsibilities of the Laboratory Supervisor化验室主管职责 (8)IV. INVESTIGATING OOS TEST RESULTS 对OOS结果的调查— PHASE II: FULL-SCALE OOS INVESTIGATION 第二步：全面OOS调查 (10)A. Review of Production 生产情况审核 (10)B. Additional Laboratory Testing 附加化验室测试 (11)C. Reporting Testing Results 报告测试结果 (14)V. CONCLUDING THE INVESTIGATION 调查结论 (17)A. Interpretation of Investigation Results 调查结果解释 (18)B. Cautions 注意事项 (19)C. Field Alert Reports (20)GUIDANCE FOR INDUSTRY1行业指南Investigating Out-of-Specification (OOS) Test Results forPharmaceutical Production药物生产中不合格结果的调查This guidance represents the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) current thinking on this topic. It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind FDA or the public. You can use an alternative approach if the approach satisfies the requirements of the applicable statutes and regulations. If you want to discuss an alternative approach, contact the FDA staff responsible for implementing this guidance. If you cannot identify the appropriate FDA staff, call the appropriate number listed on the title page of this guidance.本指南代表FDA对本专题现行的想法。

喷砂技术规范Procedure for Sand BlastingBLOCK 6 LIGHT CRUDE TIE IN TO BV2 OF GNPOC PIPELINE PROJECTCONTRACT NO.: PETRO-ENERGY/10/2008-5320DOCUMENT NO.: PE5320-CPF-CS-0050Procedure for Sand BlastingEPCC CONTRACTOR PMC CLIENTTable of Contents1.0Scope .................................................................................................................... .. (3)2.0Definition ............................................................................................................. . (3)3.0 Referencedstandards (3)4.0 Inspection Equipment and BlastingEquipment (3)5.0 SurfacePreparation (3)6.0 Method of SandBlasting (4)7.0Dedusting ............................................................................................................. .............. 4 8.0 Tank blasting and SafetyPrecaution (4)9.0 Inspection andTesting (5)10.0Safety ................................................................................................................... (5)11.0 Attachment........................................................................................................... .. (5)1.0 ScopeThis construction procedure is applicable for sand blasting used in Block 6 Light Crude Tie in to BV2 of GNPOC Pipeline Project.2.0 Definition2.1 Owner: PETRO-ENERGY2.2 Contractor: ZPEB/ASAWER CONSORTIUM3.0 Referenced standards- ISO8501-1 Preparation of Steel Substrate before Application of Paintand Related Products- Visual Assessment of SurfaceCleanliness--- Part1- NACERP0287 Field Measurements of Surface Profile of AbrasiveBlast Cleaned Steel Surface Using a Replica Tape- PE5320-MPF-QC-0030 Quality Control of Sand Blasting- PE5320-SPE-0000CC02 Specification for Anti-corrosion Materials of Field-weldJoint- PE5320-MPF-HSE-0013 Personnel Protecting Appliances4.0 Inspection Equipment and Blasting Equipment? ◆Hygrometer 湿度计? ◆Non-contact thermometer (Laser) 非接触温度计? ◆Talysurf 粗糙度比测仪? ◆Dry abrasive blasting equipment with air compressor 空压机All the equipment and tools must be in good working order during blasting operations. 5.0 Surface PreparationPrior to preparation, the entire metal surface shall be visually examined for dents, laps and other obvious defects. Defective surface shall be repaired by light grinding. Weldspatter shall be removed by wire brushing or light grinding. Any foreign substance (oil, grease, salt, mud, etc.) shall be removed from the metal surface6.0 Method of Sand BlastingUsing dry blasting techniques only, the metal surface shall be abrasively cleaned to remove all mill scale, and other impurities from the surface. Blast cleaning shall be to Grade Sa2? quality defined as “near white metal blast”. The surface profile表面粗糙度shall be between 25 and 40 microns, tested once daily in accordance with NACE Standard RP0287.Abrasive slag shall be local sand, kept dry, clean and free from contamination. The abrasive medium shall not be recycled more than two times. Blasting and other dust producing operations shall be kept separate from coating application operations. 7.0 DedustingUsing the air compressor for dedusting , and the compressed air supply used for it must be of sufficient pressure and volume to prepare the surface to be free of dust.After completion of dedusting operations, the steel surface must be thoroughly checked. After inspection and acceptance, the coating operation shall immediately follow blasting such that there is no deterioration or flash rusting of the surface. Surfaces that have deteriorated shall be re-blasted. If time lapse between blasting and coating exceeds 4 hours, the surfaces shall be re-blasted.8.0 Tank blasting and Safety Precaution8.1 Blasting of platesBefore blasting, all plate materials shall be properly stacked on supportsat least 100mm （在喷砂前所有的材料必须放在100mm高的支架上）from ground level. And Plates will be lifted by the Gantry Crane with suitable Vertical Lifting Clamps.8.2 Blasting after tank erectingAfter the tank is finished erecting , need install the scaffold and protecting wire net around the tank in order to blasting the tank body.在罐安装完毕后，需要安装脚手架和钢丝带来保护，以便对罐体进行喷砂When employees who are worked on tank blasting shall be require to wear safety belt and other protective equipments. (refer toPE5320-MPF-HSE-0013 Personnel Protecting Appliances.)9.0 Inspection and Testing9.1 GeneralIt shall be the responsibility of contractor to conduct the test and inspection as follows in accordance with project specification. OWNER shall monitor all tests preformed by Contractor.9.2 Environment Check 环境检查Before commencing work on surface preparation and coating, the atmospheric temperature 大气温度and relative humidity 相对湿度shall be measured in order to determine the dew point露点. Relative humidity readings shall be recorded every 2 hours during the blasting operation in the immediate vicinity of the operation.在喷砂过程中附近环境的相对湿度必须每2小时记录一次9.3 Visual Check for Surface Preparation 外观检查Pre-blast cleaning, inspection of the original surface condition should be carried out for laminations, lap, burrs and protrusions, 喷砂工作开始前表面杂物必须清理干净the presence of surface deposits and for the general overall condition to be assessed. All the prepared metal surfaces shall be visual checked for compliance with the specified surface cleanliness requirements.On dry blast cleaned surfaces, Talysurf shall be used for measuring surface profile.干燥喷砂表面，粗糙度仪用来测量表面粗糙度10.0 SafetySafety in grit blasting operations is paramount. Both operators and supervisors must be fully conversant with all safety requirements associated with grit blasting as per project safety manual.All spraying equipment shall be grounded, all high Voltage lines checked daily, operators shall wear all approved safety equipment at all times when spraying operations are in progress, and warning signs erected when blasting work is in progress. 11.0 Attachment11.1 Forms: Blasting recordsBlasting RecordReport No.:。

锻造术语中英文对照-(3)锻造术语中英文对照锻压forging and stamping金属塑性加工metal plastic working金属压力加工mechanical metal working体积成形bulk forming锻造forging / hot forging锻造技术forging technology / forging technique锻造工艺forging technology / forging process锻工forger / blacksmith / hammer man / hammer smith / hammerer塑性plasticity超塑性superplasticity可锻性forgeability切削性能machinability最小阻力定律the law of minimum resistance体积不变条件constance(y) of volume / incompressibility锻造流线grain flow / forging flow line滑移线sliding line / slip-line模锻die forging / closed-die forging / impression die forging开式模锻closed-die forging / impression die forging闭式模锻no-flash die forging / flashless die forging锤模锻closed-die forging / impression die forging / drop forging / stamping锻压机模锻mechanical press forging平锻upsetting / heading无飞边模锻no-flash forging无拔模斜度模锻no-draft forging模锻件forging / workpiece锻件重量forging weight普通锻件conventional forging精确（公差）锻件close-tolerance forging锻造工序卡forging process chart工序operation / process / procedure工步process step打击blow / strike锻件图forging drawing加工余量machining allowance镦锻、顶锻upsetting / heading镦粗upsetting压扁flattening去氧化皮scale-breaking拔长工步drawing / elongating / fullering拔夹钳头tong-hold drawn / tagging滚压工步edging / edge rolling / gathering弯曲工步bending制坯工步pre-forming平锻聚料gathering / pushing up / upsetting锥形镦粗taper upsetting / coning粗（初）锻blocker-type forging预锻pre-forging / blocking终锻finish-forging返回锻模校正re-striking分模线parting line模锻斜度、拔模角、拔模斜度draft angle外拔模角outside draft内拔模角inside draft自然拔模角natural draft相配拔模角matching draft外圆角corner内圆角fillet未注明圆角all radii not specified尺寸按交点注all dimensions specified form intersections 模锻方案forging form一料多件multi-forging on one billet (bar)一模两件two at a time一模多件multi at a time调头锻turn-end forging一火多件multi-forging in one heat打零件号、炉号码及模具号处raise part No. heat code and die No. here除注明处外unless otherwise noted冲孔、切边、校正冲连皮punching the wad / punching the slug冲孔pierce盲孔non-penetrated hole / blind hole连皮wad / recess / slug切边clipping / trimming飞边flash残余飞边、残余飞刺flash extension / residual flash切边线、飞边线flash line / trim line整形forming to size校平flattening / planishing校直straightening精压、压印coining / sizing校正sizing / setting冷校正cold sizing / cold setting锻造公差、锻造缺陷及检查锻造公差forging tolerance / tolerance for impression die forging 确定公差的因素information required in determining tolerance锻件形状复杂系数shape complexity factor of forging材质系数difficulty of material分模线形状shape of die line公差等级tolerance grad锻件公称尺寸nominal dimension of forging厚度公差thickness tolerance模具闭合公差die closure tolerance长度、宽度、高度公差length 、width and height tolerance模具磨损公差die wear tolerance错差、错差公差mismatch / match tolerance中心距公差tolerance for centre to centre dimensions平面度公差platness tolerance直线度公差straightness tolerance残余飞边及切入深度公差residual flash and trimmed flat tolerance 顶杆压痕公差ejector mark tolerance表面缺陷公差surface tolerance壁厚差difference in wall thickness冲孔公差pierced hole tolerance同轴度公差axiality tolerance折叠、折纹lap / overlap / fold缺肉、未充满under-fill模锻不足under-pressing表面缺陷surface imperfection氧化皮坑scale pit变形distortion / deformation毛刺、飞刺burr / fin凹陷void出气孔金属柱vent plug偏心eccentricity中间检查intermediate inspection流动检查patrol inspection外观检查visual inspection最后检查final inspection抽检random inspection其他锻造方法多向模锻multi-ram forging / multidirectional die forging 精密模锻precision forging闭塞模锻croe forging合锻combination forging挤压锻造extrusion forging挤压extrusion正挤压forward extrusion / direct extrusion反挤压backward extrusion / indirect extrusion复合挤压combined extrusion辊锻roll forging / reducer rolling制坯辊锻roll forging of blank成形辊锻finishing roll forging辗环ring rolling楔横轧cross wedge rolling / transverse rolling超塑成形superplastic forming等温锻造isothermal forging冷锻cold forging温锻warm forging无屑加工chipless working粉末锻造powder metal forging / powder forging液态模锻melted metal squeezing电热镦electric upset forging摆辗swing-rolling / rock rolling / tambling转动辗压turn-rolling / rotary-rolling径向锻造radial forging自由锻自由锻open die forging / flat die forging胎模锻loose tooling forging送进量feed延伸系数coefficient of stretching高径比ratio of height to diameter锻造比forging ratio镦粗upsetting局部镦粗local upsetting拔长drawing out / stretching / swaging / fullering芯棒拔长drawing out with the core bar滚圆、摔圆rolling倒棱chamfering压痕、克印indentation压肩necking错料offset弯曲bending扭转twisting切割、切断cutting冲孔punching / piercing扩孔expanding冲头扩孔expanding with a punch马杠扩孔、码圈saddle forging / saddling锻接forging welding空冷air cooling堆冷cooling in heap(pile)坑冷cooling in hole(box、pit)灰砂冷cooling in dust or sand炉冷furnace cooling塌角rollover / shear droop龟裂crazing角裂chink中心裂纹chevron crack发纹hairline cracks / hair-crack铁砧anvil花砧swage block冲子punch剁刀triangular chisel摔子tups / swager / swaging die胎模loose tooling马架mandrel supporter芯轴、马杠mandrel手锤hand hammer大锤sledge hammer夹钳tong自紧吊钳self closing crane tong锻压设备及装置锻锤forging hammer落锤drop hammer单作用锤drop hammer双作用锤double-action hammer重力落锤gravity-drop hammer夹板锤board drop hammer / board drop gravity hammer 皮带锤belt drop hammer链条锤chain drop hammer模锻锤die forging hammer蒸汽-空气模锻锤steam or air dir forging hammer锤头ram砧座anvil-block下砧座、砧套、夹持器anvil cap / sow block对击锤counter-blow hammer高速锤high energy rate forging hammer液压机hydraulic press快速锻造液压机high speed forging hydraulic press机械压力机mechanical press曲柄压力机crank press热模锻压力机、锻压机forging press楔式锻压机wedge-tyoe mechanical press开式压力机c-frame press / gap frame press闭式压力机straight side press单点压力机single point press双点压力机two point press单动压力机single action press双动压力机double action press滑块slide / ram导轨guide工作台table / bed顶出器ejector平锻机horizontal forging machine / forging machine / upsetter切边压力机trimming press校正压力机restriking press精压机、肘杆式精压机coining press / knuckle joint coining press 液压曲柄扭转机、扭转机hydraulic twister for crank-shaft / twister 多工位自动热锻机multistage automatic hot forging machine / automatic forging-pressing machine哈德堡热成形机HATEBUR metal-forming equipment / HATEBUR hotmatic 螺旋压力机screw press摩擦压力机friction screw press液压螺旋压力机hydraulic screw press径向锻轴机radial forging machineGFM自动模锻机GFM automatic die forging machine感应抛丸机stress abrator抛丸清理室shot blasting cleaning chamber抛丸机wheel abrator / throw shot machine喷丸机shot blasting machine / peening machine起重机crane桥式起重机overhead traveling crane / bridge type crane塔式起重机tower crane起重葫芦hoist电动葫芦electric hoist气动葫芦pneumatic hoist磁粉探伤机magnetic particle detector荧光磁粉探伤机fluorescent magnetic particle detector无损探伤机non-destructive inspection machine硬度计hardness tester布式硬度计Brinell hardness tester洛式硬度计Rockwell hardness tester金属材料试验机metallic material testing machine非金属材料试验机non-metallic material testing machine拉力试验机tensile testing machine压力试验机compression testing machine扭转试验机torsion testing machine疲劳试验机fatigue testing machine冲击试验机impact testing machine弯折试验机reverse bend tester显微镜microscope金相显微镜metallographic microscope试样（样品）specimen辊锻机forging roll扩孔机ring rolling machine瓦格纳环轧机WAGNER ring roll摆辗机rotary forging press快速换模装置quick die change device换模翻转装置tool changing and turnover fixture锻造自动线automated forging line机械手manipulator / mechanical hand / mechanical operated arm 除氧化皮装置descaler高压水去氧化皮high pressure hydro-peening传送装置transfer equipment悬挂输送链suspension conveyer chain链式传送带chain conveyer板式传送带pallet conveyer毛坯滑道stock guide工件箱parts gondola / work bin飞边箱flash gondola / flash bin型号type / model公称压力capacity / nominal force锻造吨位forging tonnage落下部分重量droping weight / weight of falling每分钟打击次数blow per minute / strick per minute打击速度blow speed打击效率blow efficiency滑块行程stroke of ram行程次数number of stroke滑块行程调节量adjustment of ram stroke下死点lower dead point / bottom dead centre上死点upper dead point / top dead centre寸动inching最大装模高度maximum die set height最大封闭高度maximum shut height空气锤pneumatic hammer / air hammer锻件热处理锻件热处理forging heat-treatment加热规范heating schedule正火normalizing淬火quench-hardening / hardening / quenching回火tempering调质quenching and tempering / hardening and tempering 退火annealing等温退火isothermal annealing形变热处理thermomechanical treatment (TMT)锻件余热淬火quenching from forging heat残余应力residual stress消除残余应力stress relieving淬火裂纹quenching crack / hardening flaw淬火应力quenching stress / hardening stress淬火介质quenching medium拉长淬火机stretch-quench machine硬度hardness布式硬度试验Brinell hardness test / Brinelling洛式硬度试验Rockwell hardness test锻件清理抛丸清理shot-blasting / peening抛丸室（机）shot-blast chamber(machine)喷砂清理sand blast cleaning酸洗pickling / dipping滚筒清理tumbling / roller cleaning磨毛刺grinding / burring设备分类工艺设备manufacturing equipment标准设备standard equipment非标准设备non-standard equipment通用设备vniversal equipment专用设备special equipment热处理设备heat treatment equipment热处理主要设备main equipment for heat treatment热处理辅助设备auxiliary equipment for heat treatment热处理成套设备（热处理生产线）complete set of heat treatment equipment热处理炉heat treatment furnace燃料炉fuel-fired furnace燃气炉gas-fired furnace燃油炉oil-fired furnace燃煤炉coal-fired furnace电热设备electro-heat installation电热装置electro-heat equipment工作温度working temperature工作区尺寸working space dimensions生产率production rate额定温度rated temperature炉温自动控制automatic control of furnace temperature炉温程序控制program control of furnace temperature炉温的时间比例控制time ratio control of furnace temperature 风室wind chamber连续式炉continuous furnace多区域炉multi-zone furnace感应加热设备表面加热surface heating感应加热induction heating工频mains frequency低频low frequency中频medium frequency超音频ultrasonic frequency高频high frequency超高频ultrahigh frequency感应加热设备induction heating equipment。

安全阀出厂试验规程英文范例Navigating the labyrinthine world of safety valve factory testing protocols can be akin to traversing a dense jungle without a compass. For those unfamiliar, safety valvesserve as guardians of industrial processes, poised to act should pressures escalate beyond acceptable thresholds. Yet, understanding the intricacies of their factory test procedures can feel as daunting as decipheringhieroglyphics without a Rosetta Stone.The essence of safety valve factory testing lies in its meticulous adherence to standards, ensuring the integrity and reliability of these vital components. Picture a symphony conductor meticulously guiding each note to perfection; similarly, factory test protocols orchestrate a harmonious performance of precision and accuracy.At the heart of these protocols lies the hydrostatic test,a baptism of sorts for safety valves. This test subjectsthe valve to hydraulic pressures far exceeding normal operating conditions, akin to a stress test for the humanheart. Just as a physician monitors vital signs during stress testing, engineers meticulously observe the valve's response, ensuring it can withstand the rigors of real-world operation.But the journey doesn't end there. Like a sentinel standing guard, the safety valve undergoes seat tightness testing to verify its ability to seal against leakage. Imagine a medieval castle fortifying its gates against invaders; similarly, the valve must fortify its seal against the relentless onslaught of pressure.Temperature testing adds another layer of scrutiny, simulating the diverse climates these valves may encounter in their operational lifetimes. From scorching deserts to icy tundras, the valve must prove its resilience against the elements, akin to a seasoned adventurer weathering the storms of fate.Yet, amidst this rigorous testing regimen, lies the thread of innovation. Manufacturers continually push the boundaries of safety valve design, incorporating cutting-edge materials and engineering techniques. Like a master craftsman honing their trade, they refine their creationsto meet the evolving needs of industry.In the realm of safety valve testing, documentation is king. Every nuance, from test parameters to results, is meticulously recorded, forming a digital tapestry of the valve's journey from birth to deployment. This documentation serves as a roadmap for engineers, offering insights into the valve's performance history and aiding in troubleshooting should issues arise.But beyond the realm of technical specifications lies a deeper narrative - one of trust and reliability. Safety valves are not mere mechanical components; they are guardians of safety, entrusted with the well-being of workers and the integrity of industrial processes. Behind every factory test protocol lies a commitment to this noble cause, ensuring that when the chips are down, the safety valve stands as an unwavering bastion of protection.In conclusion, safety valve factory testing protocols arenot just a series of procedures; they are a testament to human ingenuity and dedication. From the crucible of innovation to the crucible of testing, these protocols embody the relentless pursuit of excellence. So, the next time you encounter a safety valve, remember the journey it undertook - from the drawing board to the factory floor, each step a testament to our unwavering commitment to safety and reliability.。