Articles usage - 英语冠词用法专业详解

Used with permission from the RPI Writing Center by John R. KohlIntroductionThe articles a, an, and the are difficult for many non-native speakers of English to learn to use properly. Some of the rules that govern article usage are very subtle; only years of experience with the language will enable you to understand and apply these rules. However, Table 3 will help you eliminate many errors in article usage from your writing.In order to use Table 3, however, you have to understand two concepts: countability and definiteness. These concepts are explained in detail below. The last part of this handout discusses article usage with proper nouns as well as the difference between a and an. At the very end of the handout is an exercise that you can do to test your understanding.CountabilityCountable nouns refer to people, places, or things that can be counted (one dollar/two dollars, one house, two houses). They [these countable nouns] can always be made plural--usually by adding -s or some other variation of the plural ending, e.g.student(s), countri(es), child(ren). A few words are the same in both the singular and plural forms (deer, sheep).Uncountable nouns often refer to food, beverages, substances, or abstractions (meat, tea, steel, information); some uncountable nouns (but not the abstract ones) can be made countable by adding a count frame in front of them (two gallons of milk, six blocks of ice, a bar of soap, a bunch of celery).Unfortunately, there is no clear-cut distinction between countable and uncountable nouns. Some nouns can be both countable and uncountable even without adding count frames. For example, as an uncountable noun, experience refers to abstract knowledge or skill that can be gained by observing or participating in events. As a singular or plural countable noun (experience/experiences), the word experience refers to a particular instance (or instances) of participation in events. Similarly, the uncountable noun glass is a substance made from silicates; a glass (singular) is something you drink from; and glasses (plural) are frames containing lenses that correct imperfect vision.There are other exceptions to the countable/uncountable distinction as well. Moreover, a noun that is countable in your native language may be uncountable in English, and vice-versa. For example, soapis countable in Spanish but uncountable in English. However, as long as you are aware of these differences they probably will not cause you much difficulty.LEARNING HINT #1: The best thing to do is to memorize some of the most frequently occurring uncountable nouns (shown in Table 1 below), and to look up other nouns in a dictionary if you are not sure whether they are countable or uncountable. If your dictionary does not indicate whether nouns are countable or uncountable, then you should consult another dictionary, such as The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary.In the Oxford dictionary, nouns are countable unless they are designated by the letter [u]. If a noun can be either countable or uncountable (with different definitions, as in the examples given above), then the uncountable definitions are preceded by [u], and the countable definitions are preceded by [c], as in the following example:ad-ven-ture n. 1 [c] a strange or unusual happening (The explorer told the boys about his adventures in the Arctic). 2 [u] risk; danger (Robin Hood lived a life of adventure).Table 1: Some Common Uncountable English Nouns∙Food and Drink:bacon, beef, beer, bread, broccoli,butter, cabbage, candy, cauliflower, celery, cereal,cheese, chicken, chocolate, coffee, corn, cream,fish, flour, fruit, ice cream, lettuce, meat, milk, oil,pasta, rice, salt, spinach, sugar, tea, water, wine,yogurt∙Nonfood Substances: air, cement, coal, dirt,gasoline, gold, ice, leather, paper, petroleum,plastic, rain, rubber, silver, snow, soap, steel, wood,wool.∙Abstract nouns:advice, anger, beauty, confidence,courage, employment, fun, happiness, health,honesty, information, intelligence, knowledge, love,poverty, satisfaction, truth, wealth∙Others: biology (and other areas of study), clothing,equipment, furniture, homework, jewelry, luggage,lumber, machinery, mail, money, news, poetry,pollution, research, scenery, traffic, transportation,violence, weather, workDefinitenessA noun is definite if it refers to something specific that is known to both the writer/speaker and the reader/listener. (Note: You shouldmemorize this definition!) For example, if Jane needs to drive somewhere, she might ask her father, "May I use the car?" She uses the definite article the because both she and her father know which car Jane is referring to (the family car). But later Jane might say to her friend Bill, "I saw a funny-looking dog today." She uses the indefinite article a because she knows which dog she saw, but Bill doesn't.Table 2 below illustrates that there are four possible conditions involved in this decision, but only one results in a noun that is definite.Table 2: Matrix of Definiteness/Indefiniteness *In the following examples, definiteness is determined bywhether the Writer/Speaker and the Reader/Listener knowsspecifically what is being referred to:∙Definite: "Can I use the car?"Writer/Speaker: YESReader/Listener: YES∙Indefinite: "I saw a funny-looking dog today."Writer/Speaker: YESReader/Listener: NO∙Indefinite: "I heard that you once wrote a bookabout ecology."Writer/Speaker: NOReader/Listener: YES∙Indefinite: "I need to buy a new belt."Writer/Speaker: NOReader/Listener: NO* adapted from Brown, R., A First Language. Cambridge,MA: Harvard University Press, 1973.Five Sources of DefinitenessThere are five principal ways in which a reader/listener can know specifically what a noun is referring to (that is, five reasons a noun might be considered definite):1.The noun has been previously mentioned.o I saw a funny-looking dog yesterday [first mention,indefinite]. It looked like a cross between a Pekineseand a German shepherd. When it saw my cat, thedog ran away [second mention, definite].2. A superlative or ranking adjective makes the noun's identityspecific.o The tallest girl in the class is 6'2" tall. [There can be only one girl who is the tallest.]o Please read the fourth paragraph on page 3. [There can be only one fourth paragraph.]o Today is the most important day of my life. [There can be only one day that is the most important.]3.The noun describes a unique person, place, or thing.o The earth revolves around the sun once every 365 days. [There is only one earth and only one sun--inour solar system, that is!]4. A modifying word, phrase, or clause follows the noun andmakes it clear which specific person or thing you arereferring to. But not every noun that is modified in this way is definite; it depends largely on the situation and on what you can reasonably expect your listener/ reader to know about.o Do you remember the girl who went camping with us?[Using the here implies that there was only one girlwho went camping with you; otherwise the clausewho went camping with us would not be sufficient toidentify the particular girl that you are referring to. Ifthere were two girls, then you would have to be morespecific, saying perhaps "Do you remember the girlfrom Iowa who went camping with us last May?"] o John is reading a book about quantum physics. [Here the noun book is modified by the phrase aboutquantum physics. But there is undoubtedly more thanone book about quantum physics. Therefore, to makebook definite, we would have to add moreinformation: "the book about quantum physics thatwas assigned by Professor Jackson last week."]5.The context or situation makes the noun's identity clear. Forexample, you might ask someone to "Close the door." You would use the because it would undoubtedly be clear to both of you which door you were referring to. Similarly, if you tell someone that you are going to the library, that person willassume that you are talking about whichever library is most familiar to both of you--RPI's Folsom Library, for example.Again, you have to be sure that your reader or listener has the same context or situation in mind that you are thinking of; otherwise, he or she will be confused by your use of the.For example, one student wrote the following sentence: o This magazine helps women analyze the problematic situation and offers possible remedies.But this was the first time she had mentioned a problematicsituation. Her readers were therefore confused because heruse of the word the implied that they were already supposedto know which problematic situation she was referring to.Choosing the Appropriate ArticleIn order to choose the appropriate article for a noun, you first need to decide whether the noun is singular. One way to determine this is to ask yourself whether you could put the number "one" in front of it. For example, you can say "one experiment," but not "one knowledge" or "one examples"; therefore, "experiment" is singular, whereas "knowledge" is uncountable and "examples" is plural.Table 3 below shows that if the noun is singular, you must use either "the" or "a"/"an" in front of the noun, depending on whether it is definite (known to both you and your readers) or not.If the noun is not singular, then it must be either plural or uncountable. Table 3 below shows that article usage is the same for both plural and uncountable nouns will use either "the" or "0" (no article) in front of the noun. Again, the decision depends on whether the noun is definite or not.Table 3: Choosing the Appropriate Article1.Singular Noun (one of something that is countable)Is the noun definite?YES: Use "the"a) The painting in the living room was given to meby an old friend.o Painting and living room are singularbecause we are referring to only onepainting and one living room.o Painting is definite because the followingphrase, in the living room, makes it clearwhich painting we are referring to (reason 4,above). (However, it could be indefinite ifthere is more than one painting in the livingroom that the speaker could be referring to;in that case, the speaker would say "Apainting...."o Living room is definite because it is clearfrom the context of the situation that thespeaker is referring to the living roomclosest to where he and the listener arestanding (reason 5 above).NO: Use "a" or "an"b) Eugene's lunch consisted of a sandwich, twocookies, and a can of soda.o Sandwich and can are both singular (there is only one of each). They could be definiteif the listener/reader had seen Eugene'ssandwich and can of soda, or if they hadbeen mentioned before. However, thespeaker/writer's choice of the indefinitearticle a for both nouns tells us that they areunknown to the listener/reader.2.Plural or Uncountable NounIs the noun definite?YES: Use "the"c) The technical reports that I gave you are topsecret. (plural and definite)o Reports, is plural (note that it ends in -s)because we are talking about more than onereport. It is definite because the followingphrase, that I gave you, makes it clear to thereader/listener which reports you arereferring to (reason 4, above).d) The wool that is produced in Scotland is used tomake sweaters and other garments. (uncountable and definite)o Wool is uncountable (you cannot say one wool). It is definite because the followingclause, that is produced in Scotland, makesit clear which wool you are referring to(reason 4, above).NO: Use 0 (no article)e) Long reports are difficult to write. (plural and indefinite)o Reports is plural (note that it ends in -s). The lack of an article in front of it means that thespeaker/writer is talking not about particularreports that are known to the listener/reader,but about all long reports in general.f) Scotland's major exports are wool and oil. (uncountable and indefinite).o Wool and oil are both uncountable nouns (you cannot say one wool or one oil in thiscontext). They are indefinite because theyrefer to these two substances in general, notto particular shipments of wool and oil thatare known to the reader/listener.LEARNING HINT #2: One of the most common mistakes that non-native speakers make with articles is using a or an with plural or uncountable nouns (a students and a research would be incorrect). But consider that the articles a and an are derived from the word one. Thus, it is illogical to use a or an with a plural noun, isn't it? It is also illogical to use a or an with an uncountable noun--After all, how can you have one of something that is uncountable?An easy way to eliminate a lot of mistakes is to look through your writing for every occurrence of a and an. Then examine the noun that follows each a or an. If the noun is either plural or uncountable, then you have made a mistake, and you should refer to Table 3 to determine whether to use the or 0 instead.LEARNING HINT #3: Often mistakes occur not because a writer has used the wrong article (e.g., a or an instead of the), but because the writer has used no article at all for a singular noun. Notice in Table 3 that every singular noun must have an article in front of it.LEARNING HINT #4: Notice that every definite noun takes the article the, regardless of whether it is singular, plural, or uncountable. Therefore, if you cannot decide whether a noun is singular, plural, or uncountable, go on to the next step and ask yourself whether it is definite (known to both the writer/speaker and the reader/listener) or not. If it is definite, then use the.Using Articles with Proper Nouns (this section is slightly modified for use by ELP)So far, we have been talking only about using articles with common nouns. The rules for proper nouns are more complex.Proper nouns are names of particular people, places, and things (John F. Kennedy, New York City, Notre Dame Cathedral), and for that reason they are inherently definite. Nevertheless, the definite article is not used with most singular proper nouns. For example, if you are referring to your friend George, you wouldn't say "The George and I went to a movie last night." The only times "the" is used with a name like this are: a) when you want to be emphatic, as in "the Elizabeth Taylor" (to emphasize that you are talking about the famous actress, and not about another woman with the same name), and b) when you are actually using the name as a common noun, as in "the George that I introduced you to last night" (the real meaning of this phrase is "the man named George..."). Plural names, on the other hand, are always preceded by the: theJohnsons, the Bahamas, etc.Singular geographical names are very irregular with respect to article usage. For example, singular names of continents (Asia, Africa), mountains (Mount Fuji), and bays (San Francisco Bay) do not take the article the, but regions (the Crimea), deserts (the Sahara), and other geographical entities do.Most place names which include the seem to be structures composed of a noun and a modifier: The United States, the Dominican Republic, the Empire State (New York’s nickname) and The Empire State Building. However, names with New, North, South, East or West do not use the: New York, South Carolina, New South Wales, East Anglia.Great Britain does not use the, but the Great Lakes does. Pennsylvania has both the University of Pennsylvania (in Philadelphia) and Penn State University (in College Park).Indeed, the use of articles with singular proper nouns is complex and hence difficult to learn. For this reason, the best thing to do is to memorize whether the proper nouns that you use frequently are used with or without the.Examples:State StreetDelaware CountyGreat Britainthe(former) Soviet Unionthe University of VirginiaRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteHarvard UniversityOrganizations typically have the in their names. However, the abbreviations may or may not be said with the:The United Nations (the U.N.)The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, not ‘the OPEC’)The pattern seems to be that, if the abbreviation is said as one word, it will not take the. On the other hand, if theabbreviation is said as letters, the will be used:The CIAThe FBIUNESCONAFTA"A" Versus "An"This last topic is undoubtedly the easiest, because most non-native speakers already know about the difference between a and an. They are simply two variations of the indefinite article. A is used before words that begin with consonant sounds (a rock, a large park) and an is used before vowel sounds (an interesting subject, an apple).However, note that the choice of a or an depends on pronunciation, not spelling. Many words that begin with the vowel -u- are preceded by a instead of an because the -u- spelling is often pronounce -yu-, as in useful ("a useful idea"), and uranium ("a uranium isotope"). In addition, in a few words borrowed from French, the initial consonant -h- is not pronounced: an heir to the throne, an hour-long lecture, an honorable agreement, etc.A Strategy for SuccessKeep in mind that native speakers of English seldom use articles incorrectly; therefore, any errors that you make are very noticeable and distracting to them. That is why you should make an effort to use articles correctly.Study this handout--particularly Five Sources of Definiteness, Table 3, and the Learning Hints. Memorize the definition of definiteness ("known to both the writer/speaker and thereader/listener"). Then try the Exercise toward the end of this handout; the correct answers are provided on the following page so you can check your work.In the future, whenever you write in English, you will need to proofread your writing carefully and to apply the rules for article usage very deliberately. With practice, you can learn to use articles correctly--not only in writing, but also in speech!References∙Brown, Roger. A First Language: The Early Stages.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973. (Folsomlibrary P136 .B7)∙Celce-Murcia, Marianne, and Larsen-Freeman, Diane. The Grammar Book: An ESL/EFL Teacher's Course. Rowley,MA: Newbury House, 1983. 171-202.∙Hacker, Diana. The Bedford Handbook for Writers. Boston: St. Martin's, 1991. 312-17. (Available at the Writing Center) ∙Hornby, A.S. The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English. 3rd ed. London: Oxford UP, 1974.(Available at the Writing Center)∙Master, Peter A. "Teaching the English Article to Foreign Technical Writing Students." The Technical Writing Teacher13.3 (1986): 203-10. (Folsom library reserve 808 .T49)∙Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the EnglishLanguage. New York: Longman, 1985. (Folsom libraryPE1106 .C65 1985)ExerciseInstructions: Fill in each blank with the appropriate article. If no article is required, put a "0" in the blank. The nouns that the articles go with are in italics.1. _______(a) Decline and Fall of ______(b) Roman Empire isa famous book about that subject.2. ________(a) complexity of _______(b) problem of______(c) decline and fall of the Roman Empire is madeevident by _______(d) wide variety of causes that areemphasized in varying degrees by _______ (e) differentauthors.3.Fortunately, ________(a) concise formulation of EdwardGibbon serves as _________(b) widely accepted basis for_______(c) modern discussion of _________(d) problem.4.According to Gibbon, _________(a) empire reached its peakduring _______(b) administration of ________(c) twoAntonines.5.After that, however, ________(a) extent of ________(b)Roman conquest became too great to be managed by_______(c) Roman government, and _______(d) declinebegan.6. ______(a) military government was weakened and finallydissolved as ______(b) barbarians were allowed toconstitute ______(c) ever-growing percentage of ______(d)Roman legions.7. ______(a) victorious legions began to dominate and corrupt_______(b) government, weakening it at ______(c) timewhen it most needed ______(d) strength to overcome_______(e) other problems.Answers and Explanations to the ExercisesNOTE: The explanations refer to reasons given in the section on "Five Sources of Definiteness."1.a) The -- singular; definite because of reason 4 (followingmodification: of the Roman Empire).b) the -- singular; definite because of the precedingadjective: Roman. This is not one of the five principalsources of definiteness, but in this case, "Roman empire" isvery specific (especially since "Roman" is derived from theproper noun, "Rome"), and the reader would be expected toknow that there was only one empire that is known as theRoman empire in English.2.a) The -- singular; definite because of reason 4 (followingmodification: of the problem...).b) the -- singular; definite because of reason 4 (followingmodification: of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire).c) the -- singular; definite because of reason 4 (followingmodfication: of the Roman Empire).d) the or a -- singular; could be either definite or indefinite.Even though a long string of modifiers follows the noun, thereader still might not be familiar with the variety of causesthat the writer is referring to.e) 0 -- plural; indefinite because the reader has no way ofknowing which different authors the writer is referring to.3.a) the -- singular; definite because of reason 4 (followingmodification: of Edward Gibbon).b) a -- singular; indefinite because there could be more thanone widely accepted basis for modern discussion of theproblem (the modification is not sufficient to make the noununique).c) 0 -- uncountable; indefinite. can be either countable oruncountable; here it is being used in the abstract,uncountable sense. It is indefinite because there could bemore than one modern discussion of the problem (themodification is not sufficient to make the noun unique).d) the -- singular; definite because of reason 1 (previouslymentioned).4.a) the -- singular; definite because of reason 1 (previouslymentioned).b) the -- singular; definite because of reason 4 (followingmodification: of the two Antonines).c) the or 0 -- plural; could be either definite or indefinite. Thewriter's use of the indicates that there were two and only twoAntonine emperors. Use of 0 would indicate that there weremore than two Antonine emperors.5.a) the -- singular; definite because of reason 4 (followingmodification: of the Roman conquest).b) the -- Conquest in this context is uncountable, meaning"the area or territory which was conquered." Because thepreceding adjective, Roman, is derived from a proper name (Rome), it makes the following noun unique in this context.c) the -- singular; definite. As in 5b, the preceding adjective,Roman, makes it clear which government is referred to in this context. However, note that in another context, it might be necessary to add a following modification in order tomake the noun definite (e.g., "the Roman government of the third century A.D.")d) the -- singular; definite because of reason 1 (previouslymentioned).6.a) The -- singular; definite because of reasons 1 and 5(Roman government was previously mentioned, and it isclear from the context that military government is alsoreferring to the Roman government).b) 0 -- plural; indefinite (not previously mentioned, nor isthere any other source of definiteness).c) an -- singular; indefinite. There could be more than onegroup, other than the barbarians, who constituted ever-growing percentages of the Roman legions; thus,modification is not sufficient to make the noun definite.d) the -- plural; definite. As in 5b and 5c, the precedingadjective, Roman, is sufficient to make it clear which legions are being referred to in this context. In another context,additional modification might be required to make the noun definite (e.g., "the Roman legions that invaded Britian in 6B.C.")7.a) 0 -- plural; probably indefinite. The author is notnecessarily referring to any particular group of victoriouslegions; moreover, even though legions have beenmentioned before, victorious legions have not; thus, thecriterion of previous mention does not apply.b) the -- singular; definite because of reason 1 (previouslymentioned).c) a or the -- singular; If we interpret when it most needed...as modifying time, then time is definite because of reason 4.However, most native speakers interpret both at a time and when it most needed... as adverbial modifiers modifyingweakening, so the the noun would be interpreted as being indefinite.d) the or 0 -- Strength can be either uncountable (theabstract quality of strength) or singular (a particular instanceof that abstract quality). So it is either singular and definite because of reason 4 (following modification: to overcome other problems), or uncountable and indefinite. Both would be equally acceptable, so it just depends on how the writer is thinking.e) 0 -- plural; indefinite (other problems have not been mentioned previously, and there is no other source of definiteness).。

初中英语知识点总结：冠词Middle School English Knowledge Summary: ArticlesOverview:Articles are a type of n word that is not ___ learning articles。

it is important to note the difference een the word used to indicate "one" and a numeral。

The meaning of the word indicating "quantity" is not as strong as "one," and this should be noted in learning.n:An article is a n word that is placed before a noun to ___ ofthe noun。

There are two types of articles: the definite article。

"the," and the indefinite article。

"a" or "an."Usage of the Indefinite Article:A" is used before words beginning with a consonant sound。

and "an" is used before words beginning with a vowel sound。

1.When ___ for the first time:What is this。

It is a bus."Who is she。

She is a doctor."2.To indicate a general category of people or things:A snake is a cold-___."A ___ is a machine that can fly."3.To indicate any one of a category of people or things:___。

ARTICLES 冠词冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。

英语中的冠词有三种，I. 定冠词（the Definite Article）“the”II. 不定冠词（the Indefinite Article） “a”, “an”III. 零冠词（Zero Article）“-”Definite Article (“the” ) 定冠词1. 定冠词“the” 与指示代词this，that同源，有“那（这）个”的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。

2. “A” or “an” is used for something which is mentioned for the first time.“The” is used when the same thing is mentioned again. 之前提过的同一个物件。

(This is a ball. The ball is round.)3. To refer to a particular person, animal, thing or place. 确定的人、动物、东西或地方。

(the policeman, the cat, the pencil, the toilet)4. To refer to only one such thing as well as special names.世上独一无二的东西或专有名词前。

(the sun, the earth, the sky, the moon, the Klang River, the Himalayas)5. To refer to nouns in the highest degree (superlative). 最高级比较。

(the tallest, the sweetest, the most beautiful)6. 用在惯用语中：[ in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening), the day after tomorrow，the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky ( water，field，country )， in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of), in the end, on the whole, by the way, go to the theater]Indefinite Article ( “a”, “an” ) 不定冠词1. We use “a” and “an” to talk about a singular countable noun. The countable noun canbe a person, an animal or a thing.( a teacher, an axe )我们用 “a” 和“an”来指单数可数名词。

IntroductionMaggie and Sam are talking at the playground.Maggie: What do you want to do in the future?Sam : I want to be an astronaut. I want to go to the moon. How about you?Maggie: I want to be a pianist. I will learn to play the piano this summer.对话中，名词的前面多加…a‟、…an‟或…the‟，这些便是冠词articles。

Grammar Point冠词articles是限定词determiners的一种，用在名词nouns之前，以指出名词及其特点。

冠词有两种：不定冠词indefinite articles和定冠词definite articles.A．不定冠词indefinite articles1．…A‟和…an‟是不定冠词，都有「一个」的意思，所以只用于可数的单数名词。

E.g. He has a nightmare.He has an old house.He has money.He has friends.2．…A‟用于辅音（子音）开始的字词，…an‟则用于以元间（a, e, i, o, u）开始的字词。

E.g. a c at an a pplea d esk an e aglea f riend an i rona g irl an o range3．注意：使用‘a’或‘an’是取决于字词开始的发音，而不是字词的写法。

请留意以下例子：a) 以…e‟开始的字词：√ an e agle√ an e lephant（以上两个字词以元音…e‟开始发音）×an E uropean √ a E uropean×an e unuch(太监) √ a e unuch（以上两个字词以辅音…y‟开始发音，像…you‟字的…y‟。

初中英语新课标语法项目八冠词Article冠词（The Article）是一种虚词，不能单独使用，用在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义。

冠词分不定冠词（The Indefinite Article）和定冠词（The definite Article）两种。

a (an) 是不定冠词，a用在辅音音标之前：如a book, a man, a useful book; an用在元音之前，如：an old man, an interesting book, an unhappy girl, an hour等。

the是定冠词。

一、不定冠词的用法1、指人或事物的某一种类（泛指）。

这是不定冠词a (an)的基本用法。

如：She is a girl. I am a teacher. Please pass me an apple.2、指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。

如：He borrowed a story-book from the library.3、表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈。

如：I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes.4、用在抽象名词前，表具体的介绍——a +抽象名词，起具体化的作用。

如：It is a pleasure to talk with you. 跟您交谈真是一件愉快的事情。

5、时间、速度、价格等名词前，相当于every：This kind of car can only run 80 kilometers an hour.6、用于某些固定词组中。

如：a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a pile of, a pair of, have a good time, for a while, for a long time结果as a result, have a cold等。

articles翻译基本解释●articles：文章，冠词●/ˈɑːrtɪklz/●n. 文章，论文；冠词变化形式●n. 复数形式：articles具体用法●●n. 文章，论文：o意思：书面作品，通常在报纸、杂志或学术期刊中发表o同义词：essay, paper, report, composition, pieceo反义词：speech, conversation, dialogue, talk, discussiono例句：●The article in the newspaper provided a detailed analysis ofthe economic situation, which helped readers understand thecomplexities involved.●报纸上的文章提供了对经济形势的详细分析，帮助读者理解其中的复杂性。

●She wrote an article about the importance of mental healthawareness, which was published in a leading magazine.●她写了一篇关于心理健康意识重要性的文章，并在一家知名杂志上发表。

●The scientific article was peer-reviewed and accepted by thejournal, marking a significant achievement for the research team.●这篇科学文章经过同行评审并被期刊接受，标志着研究团队的重要成就。

●His article on climate change received widespread attentionand sparked discussions among environmentalists.●他关于气候变化的文章引起了广泛关注，并在环保人士中引发了讨论。

冠词Article冠词是虚词，单独没有词义，用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。

冠词分为三种，定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词。

1、不定冠词a 和an 的用法。

a 和an 的意思一样，常译为“一个”，a 用于辅音音素前面，an用在原因音素前面。

1) 第一次提到某人或某事物时，用不定冠词a或an起介绍作用。

例如：E.G. 我们部门最近来了一个新同事。

There is a new colleague in our department recently.我以5000元买了一个笔记本电脑。

I bought a laptop at a price of 5000 yuan.我昨天在动物园看见一只大象。

I saw an elephant in the zoo yesterday.2) 表示一类中的一个,任何一个。

例如：E.G. 孩子需要爱。

A child needs love.大象比马更强壮。

An elephant is stronger than a horse.3) 用于专有名词之前，表示说话人不知道的人或事。

例如;E.G. 有一个叫Smith的先生给你打过电话。

A Mr. Smith called you.一位姓王的人正在找你。

A Wang is looking for you.4) 在月份，星期及evening, night, morning, afternoon等名词前有修饰定语时，一律用a.E.G. 在东北三月份冷是很平常的。

A cold March is usual in the Northeast.我是在一个阳光明媚的早上遇到他的。

It was on a sunny morning that I met him.我出生在一个严寒的冬天。

I was born on a freezing winter.5) 在使用不定冠词的过程要注意的事项●一般在口语中只用A\AN表示一个，只在强调数字的时候才用ONE●要注意以下这种情况：I have a black and white dog.\ I have a black and a white dog.两个句子是不同的。

2024年人教版八年级上册英语第一单元课后基础训练（含答案和概念）试题部分一、选择题：1. Which of the following words is an adjective?A. runB. happyC. eatD. studyA. a teacherB. teachersC. teacherD. the teacher3. What is the past tense of "do"?A. didB. doneC. doesD. doing4. Which of the following sentences is in the present continuous tense?A. She eats an apple.B. She is eating an apple.C. She ate an apple.D. She will eat an apple.A. goB. wentC. goesD. going6. What is the opposite of "expensive"?A. cheapB. costlyC. valuableD. worthless7. Which of the following is a question word?A. becauseB. howC. butD. although8. What is the plural form of "child"?A. childsB. childC. childrenD. childesA: "Can you help me with my homework?"B: "________, I'd be happy to."A. Yes, I canB. No, I can'tC. Sure, I canD. I don't know10. Which of the following is a conjunction?A. andB. butC. howeverD. all of the above二、判断题：1. "She goes to school bus." is in the past tense. ( )2. "I am reading a book." is in the present simple tense. ( )3. "They are playing football." is in the past continuous tense. ( )4. "He can swim very fast." is a negative sentence. ( )5. "The sun rises in the east." is an interrogative sentence. ( )6. "This dress is too expensive." means the dress is very cheap. ( )8. "She is a doctor." and "She is doctor." have the same meaning. ( )9. "Who" and "whom" can be used interchangeably in questions. ( )10. "They speak English." is in the present perfect tense. ( )三、填空题：1. The opposite of "hot" is ________.2. "I ________ my homework every day." (present simple tense)3. She ________ (go) to the store yesterday. (past tense)4. They ________ (watch) a movie right now. (present continuous tense)5. My brother is ________ than me. (tall)6. If it ________ (rain) tomorrow, we will stay at home. (present simple tense)7. He ________ (not have) any money. (negative sentence)8. ________ you like to go to the park this weekend? (question word)9. There ________ (be) many cars in the parking lot. (plural noun)10. She ________ (write) a letter to her pen pal last week. (past tense)11. The cat is ________ the table. (preposition)12. "I have ________ brothers." means more than one brother. (plural noun)13. ________ is your favorite color? (question word)14. They ________ (travel) to Japan last year. (past tense)15. She ________ (not finish) her dinner yet. (negative sentence)16. The sun ________ (set) in the west. (present simple tense)17. He is ________ to help you. (adjective)18. ________ you like tea or coffee? (question word)19. They ________ (be) happy to see their friends. (present continuous tense)20. "I ________ (do) my homework after dinner." (future tense)四、简答题：1. What is the difference between "a" and "an"?2. Write a sentence using the past perfect tense.3. Explain the difference between "it's" and "its".4. What is a verb? Give an example.5. How do you form questions in English?6. What is an adverb? Give an example.7. Write a sentence using the future continuous tense.8. What is the difference between "too" and "enough"?9. What is a conjunction? Give an example.10. How do you make a word plural in English?一、选择题答案：1. B2. A3. A4. B5. B6. A7. B8. C9. C10. D二、判断题答案：1. ×2. ×3. ×4. ×5. ×6. ×7. √8. ×9. ×10. ×三、填空题答案：1. cold2. do3. went4. are watching5. taller6. rains7. doesn't have8. Would9. are10. wrote11. under12. two13. What14. traveled15. hasn't finished16. sets17. ready18. Do19. are being20. will do四、简答题答案：1. "A" is used before words that begin with a consonant sound, while "an" is used before words that begin with a vowel sound.2. She had finished her homework before the teacher arrived.3. "It's" is a contraction of "it is" or "it has," while "its" is a possessive pronoun showing ownership.4. A verb is a word that expresses an action or a state of being. Example: "run," "sleep," "is."5. Questions in English are often formed using question words (who, what, where, when, why, how) or inverting the subject and the auxiliary verb.6. An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a sentence. Example: "quickly," "very," "often."7. She will be sleeping when you call her.8. "Too" is used to add extra information, often about an amount, while "enough" is used to indicate that something isas much as required.9. A conjunction is a word used to connect clauses or sentences. Example: "and," "but," "or."10. In English, most nouns form the plural adding s ores to the singular form.Parts of Speech (词性): Identifying adjectives, adverbs, verbs, nouns, and conjunctions.Tenses (时态): Understanding and using present simple, present continuous, past simple, past continuous, and future tenses.Question Formation (疑问句构成): Using question wordsand inversion of subject and auxiliary verb to form questions.Article Usage (冠词使用): Differentiating between "a," "an," and "the."Plural Nouns (名词复数): Forming plurals of regular and irregular nouns.Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives (代词与物主形容词): Distinguishing between "it's" and "its."Negative Sentences (否定句): Forming negative sentences with auxiliaries and not.各题型知识点详解和示例：选择题：测试学生对词性、时态、疑问词、冠词使用等基础知识的掌握。

英语冠词的用法总结Definitive Guide to the Use of English ArticlesEnglish articles, including the definite article "the" and the indefinite articles "a" and "an," play a crucial role in sentence structure and meaning. Although seemingly simple, mastering the use of articles can be challenging for non-native speakers. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the rules and exceptions for using these articles correctly in various contexts.1. The Definite Article "The""The" is used to refer to a specific noun or a noun that has already been mentioned or is clear from the context. Here are some key points to remember:a. Defining vs. non-defining: "The" is used to refer to a specific noun when it is necessary to define or specify which noun is being discussed. For example, "I saw the cat that scratched me." In contrast, when the noun does not need specification, "the" is not used. For example, "She owns a cat."b. Singular and plural nouns: "The" is used with both singular and plural nouns. For example, "the dog" (singular) and "the dogs" (plural). However, keep in mind that when referring to a whole category, "the" is not used. For example, "Dogs are loyal animals."c. Superlative forms: "The" is often used with superlatives to indicate the highest or lowest degree. For example, "He is the tallest person in the room."d. Ordinal numbers: "The" is used before ordinal numbers that indicate a specific position in a series. For example, "I was the first to arrive."2. The Indefinite Articles "A" and "An"The indefinite articles "a" and "an" refer to a nonspecific noun or one that hasn't been previously introduced. Here are some guidelines:a. "A" is used before words that begin with a consonant sound. For example, "a dog," "a house."b. "An" is used before words that begin with a vowel sound. For example, "an apple," "an hour." Note that it is based on the sound rather than the actual first letter.3. Omission of ArticlesThere are instances when articles are not used. Here are a few examples:a. Generalizations: When referring to a noun in a general or abstract sense, articles are not used. For example, "I love flowers" (general) versus "I love the flowers in her garden" (specific).b. Names of countries, cities, and languages: Articles are not used before the names of countries, cities, or languages. For example, "She lives in New York" and "He speaks Spanish."c. Titles and professions: Articles are usually omitted before certain titles or professions. For example, "She is President of the company" and "He works as a doctor."4. Exceptions and Special CasesEnglish articles also have exceptions and special cases that deviate from the general rules. These include:a. Unique nouns: Certain unique nouns such as "sun," "moon," "earth," and "universe" are not typically used with an article.b. Expressions of time, money, and speed: Articles are often omitted in expressions of time, money, and speed. For example, "She wakes up at noon" and "He can run at lightning speed."c. Idiomatic expressions: Idioms and fixed phrases may not follow the general rules of article usage. For example, "kick the bucket," "at the drop of a hat."In conclusion, mastering the use of English articles is essential for clear and accurate communication. By understanding the rules, exceptions, and special cases presented in this guide, non-native speakers can improve their proficiency in utilizing articles correctly. As with any language skill, practice and exposure to authentic English texts will ultimately strengthen your command of article usage.。

英语冠词的用法与区别English Articles: Usage and DifferencesIn English grammar, the use of articles - a, an and the - is important for communication. Understanding the rules and nuances of articles can help you convey your message more accurately and effectively. In this article, we will discuss the usage and differences between different types of English articles.1. Indefinite Articles: 'A' and 'An'Indefinite articles are used before singular nouns that are not specific or particular. 'A' is used before words that start with consonants, and 'an' is used before words that start with vowels. For example, "I saw a cat in the tree" and "She bought an apple from the store."2. Definite Article: 'The'The definite article 'the' is used before singular and plural nouns when you want to specify a particular object or set of objects. For example, "I saw the cat that was in the tree" and "She bought the apple that I recommended."3. Zero Article: No Article UsedSometimes, no article is used before a noun. This is known as the zero article. It can occur with singular or plural countable nouns, as well as with uncountable nouns. For example, "I like dogs" and "She drinks coffee".4. When to use 'A' instead of 'An'As mentioned earlier, 'a' is used before words that start with a consonant sound, and 'an' is used before words that start with a vowel sound. However, there are some exceptions to this rule. You use 'a' instead of 'an' when the next word begins with a vowel sound that is pronounced as a consonant sound. For example, "a university" and "a European country".5. Omission of ArticlesThere are some situations where articles are not used and the noun is used on its own. For example, when talking about general things in a non-specific way, or when referring to a category of things rather than a specific item. For example, "I like basketball" and "Dogs are loyal animals."In conclusion, understanding the usage of articles in English is crucial for effective communication. Always remember the rules and nuances of indefinite and definite articles, and when to use the zero article or omit articles entirely. By following these guidelines, you can improve your grammar and make your message clearer.。