中西方饮食文化差异论文
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中美饮食论文引言中美两国的饮食文化在世界范围内都拥有重要地位。
中华食文化源远流长,讲究营养均衡、口味多样;而美国饮食文化则以多样性和快餐文化而闻名。
本文将比较中美两国的饮食文化,探讨其异同并分析其中的原因。
1. 饮食习惯1.1 中华饮食文化中国是一个拥有五千年文明历史的古老国家,因此其饮食文化也流传至今。
中国饮食文化的标志主要有以下几个方面:•营养均衡:中华饮食文化中强调五谷杂粮、蔬菜水果、鱼肉蛋奶等食物的搭配,追求饮食的平衡和健康。
•烹饪技巧:中国有着丰富的烹饪技巧,如蒸、炒、炸、煮、炖等多种烹饪手法,使得食物保持原汁原味的同时增添了口感。
•地域差异:中国地域广阔,不同地区的饮食文化也存在差异,如川菜、粤菜、鲁菜等代表了不同地方的饮食传统。
1.2 美国饮食文化美国是一个移民国家,拥有多元化的饮食文化。
美国饮食文化的特点主要有以下几个方面:•多样性:美国饮食文化受到各国移民的影响,融合了来自世界各地的饮食习惯,如意大利披萨、墨西哥玉米卷等。
因此,美国被称为一个全球美食的集合地。
•快餐文化:美国是快餐文化的发源地,快餐食品如汉堡、炸鸡、薯条等已经成为国际知名的美式食品,并迅速传遍全球。
•超大份量:美国人对食物的要求通常是“量大且物美”,大份量的食物已经成为美国餐桌上的一种常态。
2. 饮食习惯的差异中美饮食文化存在一些差异,主要表现在以下几个方面:2.1 食材选择在食材选择上,中美两国由于地理环境和文化差异而存在不同。
中国食材以大米、面食、豆类、肉类、海鲜等为主,讲究食物的新鲜和滋补功效。
而美国则以牛肉、猪肉、鸡肉等肉类为主,同时辅以各类蔬菜和水果。
2.2 烹饪方式中华饮食文化注重食物的原味,烹饪方式多样。
常见的烹饪方法有蒸、煮、炒、炖等。
而美国饮食文化倾向于煎炸烤等高温烹饪方式,以追求食物的口感和香气。
2.3 用餐方式中国人通常以米饭或面食为主食,搭配多样的菜肴,采用筷子进行进食。
而美国人则以主食和菜肴的分别进食,用刀叉进行取食,注重菜肴的口感和味道。
中西⽅饮⾷差异论⽂论⽂常⽤来指进⾏各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的⽂章,它既是探讨问题进⾏学术研究的⼀种⼿段,⼜是描述学术研究成果进⾏学术交流的⼀种⼯具。
论⽂⼀般由题名、作者、摘要、关键词、正⽂、参考⽂献和附录等部分组成。
论⽂在形式上是属于议论⽂的,但它与⼀般议论⽂不同,它必须是有⾃⼰的理论系统的,应对⼤量的事实、材料进⾏分析、研究,使感性认识上升到理性认识。
中西⽅饮⾷差异论⽂1 摘要:饮⾷⽂化是跨⽂化交际中⾮语⾔⽂化的重要组成部分之⼀。
了解中西⽅饮⾷⽂化的差异,对于外语学习者来讲,不仅能加深对所学语⾔⽂化的理解,更能提⾼跨⽂化交际的成功率。
本⽂从中西⽅饮⾷⽂化⽤餐形式和礼仪的差异、饮⾷观念的差异、饮⾷结构的差异、烹饪的差异等⽅⾯⼊⼿,对中西⽅饮⾷⽂化进⾏了⽐较,⽬的在于明确中西⽅饮⾷⽂化差异,消除界限,增进了解,促进交流。
关键词:中西⽅饮⾷⽂化⽂化差异形式和礼仪观念结构 ⼀、引⾔ 饮⾷⽂化是跨⽂化交际中⾮语⾔⽂化的重要组成部分之⼀。
饮⾷与⽂化紧密相关,不同的民族因其⽣活地域、⽓候环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响,⽽创造出不同的饮⾷⽂化。
传统的西⽅⽂化是畜牧⽂化和海洋⽂化,⽽中国是农耕⽂化和陆地⽂化,两种不同的⽂化反映出⼈们⽣活⽅式的差异,⽽饮⾷的差异则深刻透露⾃⾝的⽂化背景。
⼆、中西⽤餐形式和礼仪的差异 中国⾃古以来的礼仪就有以和为贵的思想观念,以和为贵的思想体现在从古⾄今中国⼈在开席时都有⼀家⼈在⼀起就餐的观念,体现了中国传统的饮⾷礼仪。
中国⼈的聚⾷制延续千年。
在中国,任何⼀个宴席,都是⼤家团团围坐,共享⼀席。
筵席要⽤圆桌,从形式上营造团结、礼貌、共趣的⽓氛。
这就是聚⾷制,聚⾷制的起源很早,从许多地下⽂化遗存的发掘可见,古代炊间和聚⾷的地⽅是统⼀的,炊间在住宅的中央,上有天窗出烟,下有篝⽕,⽕上安放陶釜、陶⿍,在⽕上做炊,就⾷者围⽕聚⾷。
这种聚⾷古俗⼀直延续⾄后世。
美味佳肴放在⼀桌⼈的中⼼,它既是⼀桌⼈欣赏、品尝的对象,⼜是⼀桌⼈感情交流的媒介物。
Hunan Information Science V ocational CollegeGraduation ThesisSubject: A Comparison of Food Culture BetweenChina and Western CountriesName: Tang WenStudent No.: 1103020239Specialty and Class: Business English,Class 2Department: Department of Hunan and ArtsSupervisor: Fang leiyiDate:2014-3-16ContentsIntroduction (1)1.Introduction to Diet Idea (2)1.1Diet Idea in Western Countries (2)1.2Diet Idea in China (3)2.The Differences of Diet Object Between China and Western Countries (3)2.1Materials of Food (3)2.2Differences of Diet Object (4)2.2.1Chinese Food Advocates.. Vegetarianism (5)2.2.2Western Food Pay Attention to Nutrition (5)3.The Different Method Of Diet (6)3.1Dinning Way (6)3.2 Table Ware (6)3.3 Dinning Etiquette (7)4.The Future Prospects Of Chinese and Western Diet (8)Conclusion (9)Bibliography (10)Acknowledgements (11)摘要在悠久的历史文化中,中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学造就了中西文化的差异,从而造就了中西方饮食文化的差异。
你有30分钟的时间写一篇关于中美文化饮食差异的短文
《中美文化饮食差异》
由于文化背景和历史传统的不同,中美两国在饮食文化上存在着显著的差异。
这些差异不仅体现在食物的选择、烹饪方法上,还包括用餐习惯和礼仪等方面。
美国是一个移民国家,其饮食文化受到来自世界各地移民的影响,因此形成了一种多元化的饮食风格。
美国人喜欢食用快餐、烤肉、汉堡、炸鸡等高热量、高脂肪的食物。
此外,美国人还非常注重食物的外观和口感,他们喜欢在食物中添加各种调味料和佐料,以满足自己的味蕾需求。
相比之下,中国的饮食文化更加注重食物的色、香、味、形的协调统一。
中国菜肴讲究荤素搭配、色香味俱佳,而且非常注重食材的选择和烹饪方法的合理性。
在中国,不同地区有着不同的饮食习惯和特色菜肴,如川菜、粤菜、湘菜等。
在用餐习惯和礼仪方面,中美两国也存在着一些差异。
在美国,人们通常使用刀叉就餐,而且在用餐时喜欢分餐制;而在中国,人们则更习惯使用筷子就餐,并且在用餐时往往采用共餐制。
中美两国的饮食文化各有特色。
了解并尊重彼此的饮食差异有助于增进两国人民之间的相互理解和友谊。
同时,通过相互学习和交流,我们可以促进中美两国饮食文化的融合与发展。
中西方文化之间的差异表现及原因论文精选4篇【摘要】:中西两家因为深受不同的社会文化、历史文化和各种社会背景的影响,从而导致两种不同文化的产生,餐桌礼仪文化业因此应运而生,餐桌礼仪文化是饮食文化的一部分,中西饮食文化的不同是中西民族文化差异的重要组成部分。
每个国家、每个地区的每种民族都在饮食中自觉不自觉的透露着自己深刻的文化背景。
本着重论述中西方在餐桌礼仪文化上的差异,剖析中西方餐桌礼仪文化差异的具体表现渊源。
【关键词】:餐桌礼仪文化差异宴会礼仪(1)在当你应邀赴宴时,你对同桌进餐的人和餐桌上的谈话,大概要比对饮食要更感兴趣。
因此进餐时,应该尽可能地少一些声响,少一些动作。
(2)女主人一拿起餐巾时,你也就可以拿起你的餐巾,放在腿上。
有时餐巾中包有一只小面包;如果是那样的话就把它取也,放在旁边的小碟上。
(3)餐巾如果很大,就双叠着放在腿上;如果很小,就全部打开。
千万别将餐巾别在领上或背心上,也不要在手中乱揉。
可以用餐巾的一角擦去嘴上或手指上的油渍或脏物。
千万别用它来擦刀叉或碗碟。
(4)正餐通常从汤开始。
在你座前最大的一把匙就是汤匙,它就在你的右边的盘子旁边。
不要错用放在桌子中间的那把匙子,因为那可能是取蔬菜可果酱用的。
(5)在女主人拿起她的匙子或叉子以前,客人不得食用任何一道菜。
女主人通常要等到每位客人都拿到菜后才开始。
她不会像中国习惯那样,请你先吃。
当她拿起匙或叉时,那就意味着大家也可以那样做了(6)如果有鱼这道菜的话,它多半在汤以后送上,桌上可能有鱼的一把专用叉子,它也可能与吃肉的叉子相似,通常要小一些,总之,鱼叉放在肉叉的外侧离盘较远的一侧。
(7)通常在鱼上桌之前,鱼骨早就剔净了,如果你吃的那块鱼还有刺的话,你可以左手拿着面包卷,或一块面包,右手拿着刀子,把刺拨开。
(8)如果嘴里有了一根刺,就应悄悄地,尽可能不引起注意地用手指将它取出,放在盘子边沿上,别放在桌上,或扔在地下。
法国餐桌礼仪七忌答应对方的邀请后如果临时有事要迟到甚至取消约会,必须事先通知对方。
中西方饮食文化差异以及餐桌礼仪的对比摘要:中西两家因为深受不同的社会文化、历史文化和各种社会背景的影响,从而导致两种不同文化的产生,餐桌礼仪文化业因此应运而生,餐桌礼仪文化是饮食文化的一部分,中西饮食文化的不同是中西民族文化差异的重要组成部分。
每个国家、每个地区的每种民族都在饮食中自觉不自觉的透露着自己深刻的文化背景。
本文着重论述中西方在餐桌礼仪文化上的差异,剖析中西方餐桌礼仪文化差异的具体表现和渊源。
Chinese and western two because by different social and cultural, historical and cultural and social background of influence, resulting in two different cultures of generation, table manners culture industry so arises at the historic moment, table manners culture is part of the diet culture, Chinese and western diet culture of different cultural differences between Chinese and western nations is an important component. Every country and every area of each nationality they are consciously or unconsciously in food in the revealed himself deep cultural background. This paper elaborates on table manners cultural differences between Chinese and western table manners, analyzes the cultural differences between the concrete manifestation and origins.关键词: 跨文化交际; 饮食文化; 餐桌礼仪; 文化差异进入21世纪以来, 跨文化交际已经成为人们生活中不可或缺的内容。
中西饮食文化差异论文怎么写饮食文化是文化的重要组成部分之一,不同的国家,不同的文化背景,饮食文化也各具特色。
下面是店铺为大家整理的中西饮食文化差异论文,供大家参考。
中西饮食文化差异论文篇一:浅谈中西饮食文化差异摘要:本文主要介绍中西文化及其差异,从文化和差异两方面叙述。
中西饮食文化的发展历史分别叙述美国和中国不同的文化历程,由于两方面不同的文化底蕴,在饮食上出现了差异。
本文主要从观念上的差异、宴会礼仪的差异,中西饮食文化的融合等方面展开论述。
最后介绍了西方饮食对中国产生的影响,从正反两方面论述。
了解中西饮食文化差异的同时,接受可以接受的部分并与中国饮食相融合,使我们日常生活中的饮食更加丰富,但又不乏自身特色。
这才是我们正确对待中西饮食文化的态度。
关键词:中西差异饮食文化餐饮礼节不同的民族和国家存在着各具特色的饮食文化。
具有浓郁的民族性和多样性的特点。
饮食文化的差异也是跨文化交际中影响交际结果的因素之一。
中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化;西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。
中西饮食文化的碰撞和交流丰富了全球的饮食文化。
一、从筷子与刀叉文化看中西饮食观念的差异刀叉因为适应欧洲人饮食习惯而出现,它和筷子影响了东西方不同的生活观念。
中华饮食刀叉的出现比筷子要晚很多。
据游修龄教授的研究,刀叉的最初起源和欧洲古代游牧民族的生活习惯有关,他们马上生活随身带刀,往往将肉烧熟,割下来就吃。
后来走向定居生活后,欧洲以畜牧业为主,面包之类是副食,直接用手拿。
主食是牛羊肉,用刀切割肉,送进口里。
到了城市定居以后,刀叉进入家庭厨房,才不必随身带。
由此不难看出今天作为西方主要餐具的刀和筷子身份很是不同,它功能多样,既可用来宰杀、解剖、切割牛羊的肉,到了烧熟可食时,又兼作餐具。
大约15世纪前后,为了改进进餐的姿势,欧洲人才使用了双尖的叉。
用刀把食物送进口里不雅观,改用叉叉住肉块,送进口里显得优雅些。
叉子才是严格意义上的餐具,但叉子的弱点是离不开用刀切割在前,所以二者缺一不可。
中西文化议论文800字一、欧洲人都说世界上有三大美食,每个版本里都有中国和法国。
第三家说法不- ,有说是意大利,也有说是琪尼斯或摩洛哥。
尽管相持不下,但大家都有个共识饮食常能反映不同民族生活习惯和文化思维方面的差异。
一次在中餐馆举行宴会菜上得很慢不知不觉中过去了近两个小时,但菜似乎才了一半。
邻座的阿尔萨斯大区经社理事会的阿昂达女士是第一次参加中餐宴会。
她忍不住问我,你们中国人请客都上这么多菜吗?我说,在中国还要多,通常10道以上。
阿昂达很惊讶,连说中国的宴会实在太丰富了,难怪中国的美食很有名。
但过了一会儿,她又问我,有个现象很奇怪,你们中国人吃饭每次都上那么多菜可为什么都长得那么瘦我们法国人每次菜很少,但为什么都比你们胖呢?我一时语塞仅觉得她问得多少有点道理,因为那天同桌的几个中国人都显得比较瘦弱,而几个法国人个个人高马大。
我想了想向她讲了自己的一点想法:中国是个好客的民族只有上了一好菜才觉得没怠慢客人。
另外, 中国人有时候更加注重形式,所以中国烹调里菜的样式千变万化,具体到海-道菜又非常讲究色香味的搭配。
而欧洲人似乎更实际一些,在菜的花色变化上下的功夫显然不如中国,但更讲究其营养搭配和保护,注重菜的内在质量。
这是中法饮食的主要差异可能多少也能反映出一点中法文化性格的不同。
二、每个人都有自己喜欢的颜色,一个国家和民族也一样。
对不同颜色的喜好从整体上可以反映-个民族或者国家的审美情趣与好恶倾向。
有一次碰到欧盟委员会科技总司的维也加斯教授夫妇,谈起上海APEC会议上各国领导人穿的中国民族服装。
他们都说非常好看,但有一点不太明白,为什么亚洲领导人大多穿红,而西方领导人都选择了色。
我说颜色都是领导人自己选定的。
大概亚洲国家有着相同的文化背景,红色在中国文化里,也可能在整个亚洲文化中都代表着幸运、财富和喜事所以亚洲领导人都不约而同地选了红色。
我又问红色和蓝色在西方文化里代表什么?他们说红色在西防人的观念里是血的颜色,表示冲动、革命和动乱,而蓝色则代表冷静和沉着。
抚顺职业技术学院外语系毕业论文论中西饮食文化差异ON THE CULTURAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHINESE AND WESTERNFOOD作者沈倩院系外语系专业商务英语年级 2009级班级 ________商务英语二班_学号 08指导教师贾荣武二零一一年十二月内容摘要摘要:饮食是人类生活、生存与发展的必需,可是由于中西方文化传统的差异,导致了中西方饮食文化在观念、对象、方式、归属与性质方面产生了差异,研究这些差异,找出可以融会贯通的地方,促进中西文化交流。
台湾张起钧教授说过“古语说‘饮食男女人之大欲存焉’。
由此赋予饮食以丰富的文化内涵,虽然饮食文化在西方不够发达,但这种不发达本身也是一种文化发展的结果,所以对中西饮食文化的比较仍有意义。
通过对中西饮食文化差异的分析,我们可以了解中西方各自的文化传统;同时能对中国文化进行改善与创新。
关键词:饮食文化文化传统差异AbstractDiet is absolutely necessary in the life of mankind, and even in the existence or development. Because of the differences between Chinese and western cultural traditions, the Chinese and western dietary cultures are different in concept, target, pattern, attribution and nature. We study these differences andthen find out the points that can be digested, in order to facilitate the communication about cultures between China and the west. Taiwan Professor Zhang Qijun said, “The old saying, 'Eat, drink, man, woman who wishes greatly'. Thus the diet is rich in culture. Food culture in the west is not developed enough, but this underdevelopment itself is the result of the development of a culture, so it is still significant to study the dietary cultures of Chinese and Western diet. By the analysis of the differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures, we can comprehend the respective cultural traditions of China and the west. And we can also improve and create the culture of ChinaKey Words:dietary, culturecultural, tradition differencesContentsPartI Introduction............................................................. . (5)Part II The differences in concepts (5)2.1 Cultural differences (6)2.2 Comparing with the Chinesediet, western diet tastes.....................Stereotyped (6)Part III Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet (7)3.1 T his dish is "delicious"………................................................ .73.2 Differences in targets all diet cannot be done without............vegetables (8)Part IV Westerners do not seem to have such a good habit…........ .84.1 There are more meat dishes in western lives (8)PartV The cultural behaviors (10)5.1 The difference cultural behaviors in western and Chinese (10)5.2 Difference in Diet Attribution There are differences between.... .Chinese And western diet attribution (12)5.3 Differences in Dietary Patterns (13)PartVI Conclusion (14)Reference s (15)On The Cultural Differences Between Chinese AndWestern FoodPart I IntroductionOnce there is a saying that "Food is eating well-deserved for human life”, so food is an indispe nsable condition for the survival and development of human beings. . There are two desires in life: one is feasting them to survive; and another is the lust of men and women, which can help the mankind to carry on the family line. Facing the two desires, China pays more attention to the former, while the west tends to the latter. Such phenomenon affects the cultural trend. Diet is actually the contents of our daily lives, but why we call it culture? That is because the diet has special status in the Chinese culture, and it also has a great distinction between China and the west. As one of the world ancient nations, China’s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization. But in western countries, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did, and there is even not aware of it to the "heaven" degree. Receiving the influence of respective cultural tradition, the Chinese and western dietary culture has had different characteristicPart II The differences in conceptsTargets, patterns, attribution and naturead reflected the different dietary culture in the different state characteristic;such characteristic hasenriched the research value of dietary culture2.1 cultural differencesWe can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject. It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.I. Differences in Concepts First, the Chinese and western diet have the differences that cannot be ignored in concepts. Nobody will deny that the Western diet is a rational concept, regardless of the color of food, incense, flavor and shape, but nutrition must be assured. It cares about the intake of calories, vitamins, protein and so on during a day.2.2 Comparing with the Chinese diet, western diet tastes stereotypedAs simple as chewing the candle, but the sense tells them: We must eat them all because of the nutrition. And then they put it bluntly, just like refueling machine. The concept of western diet is compatible with the whole western philosophy. Metaphysics is the main feature of western philosophy. Such kind of philosophy brings vitality to western culture, so the natural sciences, psychology and methodology achieve a rapid development. In some other aspects, such philosophy proposition is a significantly obstacle, such as the dietary culture, which is the inevitable thing to drop behind, and just the metaphysics of methodology marks everywhere. In celebration, it stresses tableware, stresses the staple, stresses the servings, and stresses the color and shape mix of rawmaterials. But no matter how luxurious the grade is; from Los Angeles to New York, only one taste of steak, it is no art to speak of. And as dishes, the chicken is chicken; steak is steak, even in groups, which are also conducted in a shallow dish. In a dish of "French Muttonchops", one side is potato mud, and muttonchops sits next to it, another side is allocation of cooking beans, and plus a few tablets of tomato. Color is on clear, but the tastes of the various materials are separated, not to reconcile, and the entire flavor is also simple and clearPart III Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet3.1 This dish is "delicious"When people sample dishes, they often say this dish is "delicious", and that dish is "not delicious".But if you ask what is meant by "delicious", why "tasty" and what are the aspects of "delicious", I am afraid that it will be difficult to answer. This shows that which Chinese people hanker on a diet is just the “mood” that is difficult for one to say anything. Even using the "color, flavor, shape and implement "which people often said to make the" realm "reification, I am afraid it is still difficult to crown allIt contains a wealth of dialectics of Chinese philosophy, and all these depend on the degree of the wonderful flavor and harmony of dish. The ever-changing within degrees decides the changeable of Chinese food, and it also decides the characteristics of Chinese food as well as the characteristics on each of thechefs.3.2. Difference in targets all diet cannot be done without vegetablesThe word "dish" is for the sound in China, and it always has something to do with the plants. According to a survey of western plants scholar, there are 600 varieties of vegetables, six times more than in the west. In fact, the Chinese dishes, vegetable dish is usual food. Meat dish entered the normal diet only on holidays or higher living standards, so since ancient times, and there was a saying of "fresh vegetables". Mandarin language: "Common people eat fresh vegetables, fish only offered in the worship." It is said that fresh vegetables are mainly to the civilian in general, only being able to eat meat only in worship. Vegetarian diet takes the dominant position in the normal structure. Chinese people consider the vegetables as the main dish; it has inextricably linked with the advocacy of Buddhists. They deem animals as "people" and plants have "no soul." So, they advocate vegetarianism Part IV Westerners do not seem to have such a good habitThey up hold a cultural origin of nomadic, seafaring nation. Living mainly by fishing and hunting, collection and planting are just the complement. There are more meat dishes in their lives.4.1 There are more meat dishes in western livesFeeding, clothing, and using are taken from the animals, and even Western medicine is derived from animals. When the westerners introduce the diet characteristics of their countries, they always feel thattheir diet is more reasonable on the mix of nutrition than China. The food industry is more developed, such as cans, fast food, although the taste is monotonous, but it saves time, and it also has good nutrition. Therefore, in their countries: people are generally healthier and taller than Chinese, and the people have strong shoulders and developed muscles; but Chinese people look short, their shoulders narrow and legs thin, their skin yellow and their body weak. The differences between Chinese and western food for Westerners to judge the merits of the two diet is not justified. Mr. Sun Yat-sen had profound study of the culture of food and incisive exposition. In his composing The Scheme for National Reconstruction, detailing the differences between Chinese and Western diet phenomenon, he concludes: "Chinese ordinary people drink green tea, and eat simple food such as vegetables and tofu for meal. Such kinds of food are the most healthy and beneficial according to the research of hygienist.Therefore, the remote people in china, whose diet are far from meat and wine, always live a long life. Also China has a big population, and Chinese people have enormous power to resist disease, but they never try the non-diet. “He added:" The Chinese vegetaria ns all eat tofu. Tofu is expected as the real meat in plants, as it has the nutrition that meat has. It is the meat without toxic materials. So the Chinese are vegetarian used to be a custom without the promotion of scholars. It is also a custom that the European and American drink thick Wine, eat meat and fish. So there wasscience promotion before and a severe law later, such as the United States Prohibition. And the transfer will not carry out in a short time."Mr. Sun’s words tell out the scientif ic benefits of Chinese diet and disadvantages of Western diet. According to the characteristics of the significant differences between Chinese and Western diet targets, the Chinese character is called the plant character, while the Westerners’ is animal character.Part V the cultural behaviors5.1 The difference cultural behaviors in western and ChineseWesterners love adventure, exploration, conflict; but the Chinese people only like to live banallyAccording to American expert on folklore Ruth’s opinions o n the "cultural pattern" theory, Chinese culture is quite similar to the classical world Apollo-type character and Westerners’ is similar to the modern world Faust-type. Indeed, the Westerners such as Americans in the development of the west, they put the whole family on the truck, and go out of the city in amid rumbling with the supplies. The Chinese people are always thinking about "home" and "roots", despite the promotion that young people should take the world as home. But after a few decades, the overseas Chinese will come back to the mainland with crutch to seek their roots. This concept of return and such human spirit that can only be said to cooperate with the accumulation in the diet. Then it brings cohesiveness to the Chinese nation and then makes the humanfolk full of energy. Differences in Dietary Patterns The Chinese and Western dietary patterns can be very different, and these differences affect the national character. In China, a celebration, no matter what, there will be only one form, as sitting together, sharing one feast. Banquet uses round table, which has created a unity of form, which is courtesy, comity atmosphere. People toast each other and share the vegetables, which reflect the mutual respect between people in the face of the good things, also show the virtues of comity. Although from the health point of view, this approach has obvious deficiencies, but it is in our national "happy" mentality, it reflects the classical Chinese philosophy area of "and" impact for future generations. It is helpful to facilitate the collective emotional exchanges and consequently difficult to reform.The western-style banquets, although the food and wine are very important, but in fact they are just foil. The core of Banquet is friendship, by the conversation with the guests who sitting next to achieve the purpose of recreation. If making an analogous compare between the recreation of the banquets and dancing, it may be said that the Chinese banquet is like group dance, and the western banquet is like men and women dancing. This shows that communication purpose of Chinese banquet and western banquet are very obvious. The more obvious differences between Chinese and western dietary patterns is buffet dinner which is popular in the West. This method is to display all food, andeverybody is picking not fixed in his or her places to eat. They walk freely. This approach would provide the emotional interaction between individuals; they never need to put every word on the table. This also shows a western personality and self-respect. However, all the eating without jamming lacks the real affective tone like the Chinese people. Some people want to put the buffet in the Chinese food, but I think it is not feasible. Zhang Qijun in the Principles of Cooking tells us the main reason: "First, buffet is not like drinking tea. it, it is cold yet. Chinese cuisine will serve hot, if cold, nothing to eat. Secondly, buffet dishes only can do hard dishes and beneficial dishes. Then you can access for large plots. And those most representative of the Chinese culinary arts, such as the tender and lighter dishes, are not in this show. Third, the buffet can do stewing pot; it means a big pot in terms of food. Any sophisticated cooking of a dish can only be cooked in a pot at two most, and it is not able to cook the dish for dozens of people. So it will not be delicious, never talking of the taste.Under such circumstances, it is clear that the use of buffet dinner will deny Chinese culinary arts. "The Chinese people are drinking around the table to show harmony and unity, but the buffet has broken such pattern.5.2. diffrence in Diet Attribution There are differences between Chinese and western diet attribution.Western diet tends to be scientific and rational, but the Chinese diettends to be art and sentimental. During the underdevelopment era of diet, these two trends have only one aim – to live and never be hungry.5.3. Differences in Dietary PatternsThe Chinese and Western dietary patterns can be very different, and these differences affect the national character. In China, a celebration, no matter what, there will be only one form, as sitting together, sharing one feast. Banquet uses round table, which has created a unity of form, which is courtesy, comity atmosphere.. It is the objects for people to appreciate and taste, and it is also an intermediate of communication Although from the health point of view, this approach has obvious deficiencies, but it is in our national "happy" mentality, it reflects the classical Chinese philosophy area of "and" impact for future generations. It is helpful to facilitate the collective emotional exchanges and consequently difficult to reform. The western-style banquets, although the food and wine are very important, but in fact they are just foil. The core of Banquet is friendship, by the conversation with the guests who sitting next to achieve the purpose of recreation. This shows that communication purpose of Chinese banquet and western banquet are very obvious. Only the Chinese banquet is more popular in the communion, but western banquet shows guests reflected in the friendship between neighbors. The more obvious differences between Chinese and western dietary patterns is buffet dinner which is popular in the West. This method is to display all food, andeverybody is picking not fixed in his or her places to eat. They walk freely. This approach would provide the emotional interaction between individuals; they never need to put every word on the table. This also shows a western personality and self-respect.PartVI ConclusionHowever, all the eating without jamming lacks the real affective tone like the Chinese people. People want to put the buffet in the Chinese food, but I think it is not feasible. Zhang Qijun in the Principles of Cooking tells us the main reason: "First, buffet is not like drinking tea. In the course of development it absorbs a lot of different cultures. Moreover, now China does more efforts to draw all the outstanding achievements in the World. China's reform and opening up policy create the conditions on international relations and cultural exchanges. We need to use such an opportunity to absorb the excellent cultures from other countries, to develop and create China's new culture.References1. 安静.解读美国[M]. 北京:中国旅游出版社,2007.2. 陈洁.得心应手---西餐礼仪[M].北京:世界知识出版社, 2005.3. 金炳镐.民族理论通论[M].北京:中央民族大学出版社,1994.4. 刘枋.吃的艺术[M].山东:山东画报出版社,2003.5. 刘玫君,陈加真.出国点菜不求人---别人不会告诉你的旅行智慧[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2005.6. 马文.哈里斯(美).好吃:食物与文化之迷[M].山东:山东画报出版社,2001.7. 苏珊.罗德里格.亨特.巴黎:一席浮动的豪宴[M].北京:生活.读书.新知三联书店,2004.8. 唐鲁孙.天下味[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2004.9. 王晓昕,李学友.传统文化与道德建设[M].贵阳:贵州民族出版社,2004.10. 萧家成.升华的魅力---中华民族酒文化[M].北京:华龄出版社,2007.11. 徐先玲,李祖状.西方饮食文化[M].北京:中国戏剧出版社, 2005.12. 向世陵.中国哲学智慧[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2000.13. 殷珍泉.礼仪有学问[M].北京:北京台海出版社, 2002.14. 张茗阳.食物改变你的一生[M].上海:学林出版社, 2003.15. 张志伟,欧阳谦.西方哲学智慧[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2000.。
中西方饮食文化差异概述:中西餐桌礼仪的差异,深受中西哲学思想及各种社会因素的影响,使两种文化的距离相差甚远。
在中国,任何一个宴会,不管是什么目的,都会有一种形式。
就是大家团团围坐,共享一席;宴席要用圆桌,这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌共趣的气势。
美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心,它既是一桌人欣赏品尝的对象,又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。
人与人相互敬酒相互让菜劝菜,再美好的事物面前,体现了人与人之间相互尊重争让的美德。
反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响,便于集体的情感交流,因而至今难以改革而西方这个主要以面食为主的群体,餐桌礼仪的细节就显得更加繁琐而有条不紊。
他们所用的餐则是分餐制,个人自扫盘中菜,不管他人碗里汤,互不相扰。
西方人喝酒也听凭自愿,白兰地,威士忌,鸡尾酒,喜欢什么喝什么,想喝多少喝多少,所尊重的是个人意志,体现出的饮食思想观念要合理的多。
中西餐桌礼仪差异1、席位安排礼仪(1)中餐餐桌礼仪。
在中餐宴请活动中,往往采用圆桌。
不单是在不同位置摆放的圆桌有尊卑的区别,每张圆桌上的不同座次也有尊卑之分。
由两桌组成的小型宴请通常是两桌横排或两桌竖排的形式。
当两桌横排时,面对正门右边的桌子是主桌;当两桌竖排时,离正门最远的那张桌子是主桌。
由三桌或三桌以上的数桌所组成的宴请除了注意“门面定位”,“以右为尊”,“以远为上”等规则外,还应兼顾其他各桌离主桌的远近。
通常,距离主桌越近,桌次越高;距离主桌越远,桌次越低。
每张餐桌上排列位次的基本方法有以下五点: ①主人大都应面对正门而坐,并在主桌就坐。
主宾和副主宾分别坐在主人的右侧和左侧。
②举行多桌宴请时,每桌都要有一位主桌主人的代表在座。
位置一般和主桌主人同向,有时也可以面向主桌主人。
③各桌次的尊卑,应以与这桌主人的距离远近来定,离主人近的位置比较尊贵。
④与本桌主人的距离相同的位次,则以本桌主人面向为准,主人座位右边的位置比较尊贵。
⑤如果主宾身份高于主人,为表示尊重,可以安排在主人位子上坐,主人则坐在主宾的位置上。
对于少于5人的便餐,位次的排列可以遵循四个原则:右高左低;中坐为尊;面门为上;灵活安排。
2、西餐餐桌礼仪西餐中,一般均使用长桌。
在正式宴会上桌次的高低尊卑以距离主桌的位置远近而定,越靠右的桌次越尊贵,在同一桌上,越靠近主人的位置越尊贵。
在正式宴会上,英国式座位的顺序是:男女主人坐在桌子的两头,客人男女错开坐在桌子两侧,男主宾和女主宾分别坐在女主人和男主人的右边。
如果客人中没有主宾,女主人可把客人中年龄最大的女士安排在男主人右边。
在非正式宴会上,遵循女士优先的原则。
如果是男女二人进餐,男士应请女士坐在自己的右边,还要注意不可让她坐在人来人往的过道边;若只有一个靠墙的位置,应请女士就坐,男士坐在她的对面;如果是两对夫妻就餐,夫人们应坐在靠墙的位置上,先生们则坐在各自夫人的对面;如果两位男士陪同一位女士进餐,女士应坐在两位男士的中间;如果两位同性进餐,靠墙的位置应让给其中的年长者。
此外,男士应当主动为女士移动椅子让女生先坐。
二、餐具的使用礼仪1、中餐餐具的摆放和使用方法(1)筷子。
筷子是中餐最重要的餐具。
在使用当中,用餐前筷子一定要整齐的放在饭碗的右侧,用餐后一定要整齐的竖向放在饭碗的正中。
不论筷子上是否残留着食物,都不要去舔;和人交谈时,要暂时放下筷子;不要把筷子竖直插放在食物上面;不能用筷子剔牙、挠痒或夹取食物以外的东西。
(2)勺子。
勺子主要是用来喝汤的,有时也可以用来取形状比较小的菜。
用勺子取食物时,不要过满,免得溢出来弄脏餐桌或自己的衣服。
用勺子取食物后,要立即食用或放在自己的碟子里,如果取用的食物太烫,可以先放到自己的碗里等凉了再吃,千万不要用嘴去吹,也不要把勺子塞进嘴里,或反复吮吸。
(3)盘子。
盘子主要用来盛食物的,根据所盛食物的多少和形状不同而大小形状各异。
稍微小一点的盘子为食碟,一般放在碗的左边,是用来暂放从公用菜盘里取来享用的菜肴。
用食碟时,一次不要取过多的菜肴,不要把多种菜肴放在一起,以防它们相互串味。
不吃的残渣、骨、刺应放在食盘的前端,放的时候不能直接从嘴里吐在食碟上,要用筷子加放到碟子旁边。
(4)水杯。
水杯主要用来盛放清水、汽水、果汁、可乐等饮料,一般放在碟子的左上方。
不要用它来盛酒,也不要倒扣水杯。
另外,喝进嘴里的东西不能再吐回水杯。
(5)餐巾。
在用餐前,比较讲究的餐厅或主人,会为每位用餐者上一块湿毛巾,它只是用来擦手的,擦手后,由服务员或主人拿走。
有时候,在正式宴会结束前,会上一块湿毛巾,它是用来擦嘴的,不能擦脸、抹汗。
(6)牙签。
剔牙时,应用另一只手掩住口部,剔出来的东西,不要当众欣赏或再次入口,也不要随手乱弹,随口乱吐。
剔牙后,不要长时间的叼着牙签。
2、西餐餐具的摆放和使用方法(1)餐具摆放和取用原则。
餐具摆放时托盘居中,左叉右刀,刀尖向上,刀口向内,盘前横匙,主食靠左,餐具靠右,其余用具酌情摆放。
酒杯的数量与酒的种类相等,摆法是从左到右,依次摆烈性酒杯,葡萄酒杯,香槟酒杯,啤酒杯。
西餐中餐巾放在盘子里,如果在宾客尚未落坐前需要往盘子里放某种事物时,餐巾就放在盘子旁边。
餐具的取用应由外而内,切用时可以使用法式方式,即左手拿叉右手拿刀,边切边用;也可用英美式,即右手拿刀,左手拿叉,切好后再改用右手拿叉取用。
一般用右手拿汤匙和杯子用餐具把食物送到嘴里,而不要把盘碗端起来。
(2)餐具的使用方法。
①刀叉的使用原则:使用刀叉进餐时,刀用来切割食物,叉用来送食物入口。
使用刀时,刀刃不可向外。
而且不可将刀叉的一端放在盘子上,另一端放在桌子上;进餐中需要暂时放下刀叉时,应摆成“八”字型,分别放置餐盘边上,刀刃朝向自己,表示还要继续吃;用餐结束后,将叉子的背面向上,刀刃向内与叉子并拢,平息放置于餐盘上,表示用餐结束。
谈话时有肢体语言或传菜时,应将刀叉放下,不要手拿刀叉在空中挥动。
用完刀叉后,应将其横放于餐盘中央,而不是盘边或餐桌上;放置方式为刀口朝着自己,叉口朝左,以便于取走时的安全性。
②餐匙的使用原则:通常,餐匙可以分为两种,一种是汤匙,个头比较大,被摆放在右侧最外端,与刀并齐摆放;一种是甜品匙,个头比较小,被横摆在吃甜品所用的刀叉正上方。
当用汤匙合调味料时,需右手拿汤匙,左手拿叉。
食物切好后,在盘中上将食物与酱料一同舀起食用;喝完汤之后,应该把汤匙放在餐盘对面的一方。
要注意餐匙绝对不能直接用来舀取任何主食或者菜肴,已经开始使用的餐匙不能放回原处。
③酒杯的使用原则:在西餐中,吃不同的菜需要搭配不同的酒,通常不同的酒杯用来喝不同的酒。
在每位用餐者右边餐刀的上方,会摆着三四只酒水杯。
可一次由外侧向内侧使用,一般香槟酒杯、红葡萄酒杯、白葡萄酒杯以及水杯是不可缺少的。
3、西餐上菜顺序的差异中餐上菜顺序是:先上凉菜、饮料及酒,后上热菜,然后上主食,最后上甜食和水果。
宴会上桌数很多时,各桌的每一道菜应同时上。
上菜顺序依然保持传统,先冷后热。
热菜应从主宾对面席位的左侧上;上单份菜或配菜和小吃先宾后主,上全鸡、全鸭、全鱼等整形菜,不能头尾朝向正主位。
上菜的方式大体上有以下几种:一是把大盘菜端上,由各人自取;二是由侍者托着菜盘逐一给每位分让;三是用小碟盛放,每人一份。
在正式宴席上,菜式的吃法很像放映的幻灯片,每一次一道菜。
西餐上菜程序通常是:面包黄油→凉菜→汤→海鲜→主菜→甜点心→咖啡和水果。
冷菜、汤,同时就着面包吃。
凉菜也叫开胃小菜,作为第一道菜,一般与开胃酒并用。
汤分渍汤和奶油浓汤。
主菜有鱼、猪肉、牛肉、鸡等。
甜食常有冰淇淋、布丁等。
4、用餐过程中应注意的礼仪(1)餐桌上取食的礼仪。
中餐的取食原则:菜品需由主宾先取;取菜时,不要取得太多;邻座的男士可以替女士服务。
敬酒应以年龄大小、职务高低、宾主身份为序,要先给尊者、长者敬酒。
应注意的事项:取菜时不要左顾右盼,在公用的菜盘里挑挑拣拣;多人一桌用餐,取菜应注意相互礼让,依次而行,取用适量;够不着的菜,可以请人帮忙盛取,切忌起身甚至离座去取;进餐时不要打嗝,吃面喝汤时也不要发出“呼噜声”;假如打了喷嚏、肠鸣、咳嗽,应说一声“对不起”之类的话以示歉意。
西餐的取食原则:进餐时尽量不要发出餐刀刮盘子的声音;就餐时尽量少说话,饭后吃甜点时才是聊天时间;喝汤时,用汤勺从里向外舀,不要发出声;吃面包时,先用刀将其切成两半,然后用手撕成块吃;吃意大利面时应用叉子慢慢将面条卷起来送入口中,如果不是条形的面,直接用叉匙舀起来即可;吃水果时不要拿着水果整个去咬,应先用水果刀切成几瓣,再用刀去掉皮、核,用叉子叉着吃。
应注意的事项:不要用自己的餐具为他人夹菜;不要将盘子里的食物全部切好后再用右手拿叉子吃;骨头或者不吃的食物,不能扔在地上或放在台布上,而应当放在盘子的一角。
(2)餐桌上交谈的礼仪。
中餐讲究热闹,喜欢边吃边聊。
交谈时注意几点:讲话要有分寸、有礼节、有教养、有学识。
避隐私、避浅薄、避粗,委婉,礼让对方。
西方餐桌上以静为主,进餐时与左右客人交谈,但应避免高声谈笑。
不要只同几个熟人交谈,左右客人如不认识,可选自我介绍,别人讲话不可搭嘴插话。
5、餐桌上离席的礼仪中餐在宴会结束时,只能由主人来示意宴会结束;在主人和主宾离开座位后,其它宾客才能散席;主人应在门口为宾客送行;客人应向主人致谢;如果中途道别只需和主人打个招呼或向左右宾客点头示意即可。
西餐在宴会结束时,首先将腿上的餐巾拿起,随意叠好,再把餐巾放在餐桌的左侧,然后起身离座。
用餐后,须等男、女主人离席后,其他宾客方可离席。
离席时,应帮助隔座长者或女士拖拉座椅,告别时应向主人致谢,更为慎重时,还可再以电话或谢卡致谢。
结语中西文化历来是世界文化的两大派系。
而饮食文化在其中占有非常重要的地位,餐桌礼仪文化又是构成饮食文化的一个重要角色。
餐桌礼仪文化的差异又离不开饮食对象的差异。
西方人认为菜肴是充饥的,所以专吃大块肉,整块鸡等“硬菜”;而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的。
中国人的食物以植物为主菜,这就与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千丝万缕的联系。
荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时,才进入平常的饮食结构。
而西方国家的饮食特点是:节省时间,且营养好。
所以他们吃饭讲究低声细语,用餐时也很讲究营养的平衡。
中西餐桌礼仪文化的不同是中西民族文化差异的重要组成部分,传统的西方文化是畜牧文化和海洋文化,而中国是农耕文化和陆地文化,两种不同的文化反映出人们生活方式的差异,其中餐桌礼仪文化的差异是具有代表性的一个方面,每一个国家,每一个地区的人民都在饮食中自觉不自觉地透露着自身深刻的文化背景。
如:中国,吃的形式后面蕴藏着一种丰富的心理和文化的意义以及人们对事物的认识和理解,从而获得了更为深刻的社会意义,这一转化成对社会心理的一种调节,有许多学者将中国人的这种特有的“民以食为天”的观念称之为“泛食主义”的文化倾向,中西文化之间的差异造就了中西餐饮文化及餐桌礼仪文化的差异,这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。